De gitip cho cac em co each nhin sau sac hon ve cac phirong phap va each tlurc giai nhtr dii trinh bay 6 phan thir nhat, ciing nhu giiip cho cac em co the nr duy mot bai toan nhanh nhat dap irng duoc yeu cau d6i rnoi cua viec h9C va thi do la sir sang tao trong lam bai, tu duy nhanh va d9C lap. Chung toi gioi thieu t6i cac em 50 bai tap co 100i giai rna moi bai tap 6 day duoc sir dung toi thieu la 2 each tinh. Day cling la mot each tlnrc ren luyen de chuan bi tot cho 19 trinh thi trac nghiem VI trac nghiem ve ban chat doi hoi cac em h9C sinh mot nr dllY nhanh va ap dung mot each giai ngan nhat cho mot bai toano
Viec dira ra toi thieu Ia 2 each tinh 6 day ta phai hieu la co the 1 bai toan cluing toi se trinh bay tci thieu bang 2 phuong phap giai hoac trong cung 1 phtrong phap giai nhirng 14;1i co nhieu hinh thirc giiii khac nhau. Di;ic bier nhirng each giai rna cluing toi trinh bay 6 day khong phai d1:l la her tat ca cac phirong phap tinh cua bai toan, cac em nen suy luan d~ tim toi cac phirong phap tinh khac. Can err vao hinh thirc cua ham so diroi dau tich ph an rna cluing toi chia thanh tirng nhom sau :
_ ._ , ~ .... J_?
I - NHUNG SAl lOAN VE HAM SO HUU 11
Bdi 1 :
J3 3 Tinh tich phan 1 = J x2 dx . o x +1
Gidi :
each J : Dung d6i bien bang bien phap luong giac hoa.
Bai toan nay c6 ve kha de dang voi nhieu ban tuy nhien ta de y rang trong bai to an tren neu bac cua (3 - 2x4) khong phai Hi 3 rna cao hon nira. VI du nhu bac 200 chang han, khi d6 each 1 se qua kh6 khan de thuc hien duoc, nlnrng neu sir dung phuong phap nhir each 2 hoac each 3 thi bai toan lai duoc thirc hien mot each de dang. Va a day phirong phap dung vi ph an thea each 3 la dan gian va hieu qua hon.
Bili 5:
I 2
Tlnh tich ph an 1= f 4x -~ dx.
I x(x +3x +2)
2
Gidi :
Cach 1 : Dung each thirc tach tich phan. " Nhan thay mau so ph an tfch duoc thanh :
x(x4 + 3x2 + 2) = x(x2 + I )(x2 + 2) , do vay ta lai sir dung phtrong phap tach phan thirc :
x2 -3 A Bx+C Dx+E
------ = - + + -----,---
x(x4+3x2+2) x x2+1 x2+2
den day, ban c6 the nhan thay neu tiep tuc lam nhir vay se kha dai dong, mac du ve mat If thuyet thl chac chan thuc hien diroc,
Cach 2 : Dung each thuc tach tich ph an nhirng ket hop voi d6i bien. Nhan ca tv va mau cua ham duoi dau tfch phan voi x .
.fi 2
1= f x(x -3) dx
I x2(x4 +3x2 +2) .
65
')
Dat t = x- => dt = 2xdx.
D6i can : x = 1 => t = 1 ; x = .fi => 1 = 2. 2
I =_!_ J (t-3)dt
2 I t(t2 + 31 + 2) .
Den day Slr dung tach tfch phan thi thirc hien d~ dang hon nhieu :
Cho t = - 1 => -4 = A.O + B( -1)( -1 + 2) + e.0 => -4 = -B => B = 4.
S Cho t = -2 => -S = A.O + B.O + C(-2)(-2 + 1) => -S = 2C=> C = --. 2
1[2-3/2 2 4 2_S/2]
1=- J-dt+ J-dt+ J-dt
2 I t 11+1 I 1+2
= _!_[-3In I t 112 +41n I t+ 111~ + -SIn I t+2112]
2 2 I 2 I
= -21 In 2 + .!2ln 3.
4 4
Cac em hru y thong qua bai toan nay cluing ta thay viec dong nhat 2 ve M tim A, B, C khong nhat thiet phai giai h~ 3 phirong trinh 3 an nhu cluing toi dii d6 cap a phan thtr nhat rna cac em co the sir dung each chon doi so d~ tim fa A, B, C nhir bai toan tren.
Bai 6 :
I
Tinh tich phan I = J 2 2x +; dx.
o(x +3x+2)(x +7x+12)
Gidi :
C aeh I : Dung each tlnrc tach tfch phan.
Ta nhan thay day la dang tich phan hfru ti rna mau so cua phan thirc ph an tfch diroc thanh tlch cac da thirc bac nhat
66
(x2 + 3x + 2)(x2 + 7 x + 12) = (x + l)(x + 2)(x + 3)(x + 4), do vay ta se sir dung phirong phap tach ph an thirc cu th~ nhir sau :
Cho x = -2 => 1 = A.O + B(-2 + 1)(-2 + 3)(-2 + 4) + C.O + D.O
=> 1 = - 2B => B = -..!_.
2
Cho x = -3 => -1 = A.O + B.O + q-3 + 1)(-3 + 2)(-3 + 4) + D.O
=> -I = 2C => C = -..!_.
2
Cho x = -4 => -3 = A.O + B.O + e.0 + D(-4 + 1)(-4 + 2)(-4 + 3)
=> -3 = -6D => D = ..!_.
2
Vay tich phan can tinh se diroc tach thanh 4 tich phan don gian sau :
I ~ ,[ ~ -j_-j_+j_}lX
({l x+1 x+2 x+3 x+4
=..!_[Sd(X+l) _ Sd(X+2) _ Sd(X+3) + Sd(X+4)]
2 0 x+1 0 x+2 0 x+3 0 x+4
= ~ [ In I x + lll~ -In I x + 2 II~ -In I x + 3 II~ + In I x + 4 II~ ]
= ..!_ (2In 2 - 2In 4 + In 5) = ..!_ In (~).
2 2 4
67
Ca ell 2 : Dung phuong phap d6i bien, ket hop voi tach tich phan.
Cach I giai quyet diroc bai toan nlurng co ve kha dai, neu ta d~ y mot chut thi se co duoc each lam khac ngan gon han. Nhan xet thay I!lau so viet lai duoc nhu sau :
Sau do sir dung phirong phap dong nhat he so ta se tim duoc A, B, C, D.
Tuy nhien ta thay rang mac du van co th~ di den loi giai nhung thuc hien thea phuong phap nay kha dai va phirc tap,
Cdch 2 :
Chia ca ttr va mau cho x2
I 1- 2
f x2
1= 4 2 dx.
I (x2 + 2 )+2(x+- )+5
2 x x
2 2
D~t t = x + - => dt = (1 - 2 )dx .
x x
" 1 9
D6i can x = - => t = - . x = 1 => l = 3.
. 2 2 '
9 9
I = f dt = _ fd(t + 1) = _I_Ii =_l_
9 t2 + 2t + 1 3 (t + 1)2 f + 1 3 44'
2
69
Cach 3 : Neu mot h9C sinh kha hon va thuan thuc ki nang dira bieu thirc vao vi phan co thti thirc hien nhtr sau :
I 1- :2 If d(x +x~) •
1= f dx
4 2 = 22 2
I (x2 + 2)+2(x+)+S I (x+ ) +2(x+ )+1
2 x x 2 x x
3 44
Bai 8:
~I f dx .
11m =
x( 1 + x2(08)
Gidi:
C ach I : Trong ph an 1 cac em dii diroc xem mot each giai bang phirong phap them bot kha dan gian do la :
(X2008 + 1 _ x2008 ) dx ( 1 + x2008 ) ( x2008 )
I ~ f x ( I + x2OO8 ) ~ J x ( I + x2008 ) dx - f x ( I + x2()()') dx
( 2007)d
= fdx -f( x ) ~lnlxl-_l_1n(l+x2008)+c.
x 1 + x2008 2008
Tuy nhien bai toan nay ciing bang phirong phap them bot theo cong tlurc tach sau (dii diroc d~ cap b phan thrr nhat la :
f(x) 1 [f(X) f(x) 1 (a,b E Rm E ]':J*) thi ta
( X III - a) ( X 1/1 - b) = a - b (XIII - a) - ( XIII - b)
con co th~ giai bai toan nhtr sau :
70
cs-« 2 :
1 _ x 2007 dx _ x2007 dx .,(2007 dx
- f x2008 ( x2008 + 1) - f x2008 - f ( x2008 + 1 )
dx 1 d ( x2008 + 1 ) 1 2008
.~ J~- 200S f (x2008+1) ~lnlxl- 200s1n(x +1)+C.
Ca hai each tren cung la phirong phap them bot d~ tach tich phan nhirng each 2 lai mang tfnh cong tlurc cao hon va neu cac em thuoc cong thirc tach nay thi se giai quyet diroc rat nhieu bai toan khac,
Neu ta phan tich x2 thea luy thira cua 1 - x, ta co x2 = (1 - x)2 - 2(1 - x) + 1 thl ta co
f( 1 - x)2 dx f (1- x) dx f dx
1- -2 +
- ( 1 - x )2008 ( 1 - x l008 ( 1 _ x )2008
- f dx - 2 f dx +f dx
- (l_x/006 (l_x)2007 (l_x)2008
71
f( )-2006 ( ) f( )-2007 ( ) f( )-2008 ( )
=- I-x d I-x +2 I-x d I-x - I-x d I-x
= 1 _ 1 + 1 +C
2007 (1 - x )2007 1003 ( 1- x )2006 2005 ( 1 _ x )2005. .
Phuong phap them bot 6 each 2 moi nhin thi c6 ve kh6 nhirng neu cac em bier sit dung n6 thi se la mot each hfru hieu M ap dung cho viec giai cac bai tinh tich phan sau nay 6 cac loai ham khac nhu ham vo ti, hrong giac, ...
Bili 10:
J3 2 1 Tinh tich ph an I = f : - 2 dx .
I x +x
Gidi :
Cach I : Dung them bot vao nr so d<i tach tich phan
J3) J32 J3 J322
I = f x- -1 dx = f (x + 1) - 2 dx = f dx + 2 f x - (x + 1) dx
I x4 +x2 I x2(x2 +1) I x2 I x2(x2 +1)
J3 J3 J3
= f dx + 2 f __!!!__ - 2 f dx
x2 x2 + 1 x2
I I· I
J3 dx J3 dx IIJ3
=- f 2+2 f-2-=- +21.
IX Ix+l XI
cu: 1:
DiH x = tant => dx = (1 + tan2t)dt.
D6i can x = 1 => t = 1t ; X = J3 => t = 1t . ·43
1"[
3 1t
1 = fdt =12·
1"[
4
1 1t
Yay 1=--1+-.
. J3 6
72
Cacli 2 : Dung d6i bien bang bien phap hrong giac hoi. D:;i.t x = cot u ~ dx = -(1 + cot 2 u )du .
D6i bien: x = 1 ~ II = 'IT ,x = J3 ~ u = 'IT •
4 6
TC
TC
624
J cot II - 1 2 J 2 2
I = - 2 2 (1 + cot II 'ydu = - (1 - cot u) tan u.du
TC cot u(cot II + 1) TC
4
6
TC
TC
4 4
= - J(tan2 ll-l)du = - J(tan2 u + 1- 2)du
TC 6
TC
6
TC
4() TC
1 .... 1 'IT
= - J - 2 du = - ( tan II - 211 )\ ~ = - - 1 + - .
TC cos2 u 6 J3 6
6
Bui 11 :
2
Tinh tich phan I = J :) dx 3' I x +x
Gidi:
Cdch 1 : Sl'r dung cong thiic de tach tich phan.
S" d han ti h 1 ABC Dx + E '., d
ir ung p an tic 3 2 = -+2+3+ 2 r01 SU ung phirong
x (x + 1) x x x x + 1
phap dong nhat he so d~ tim ra A, B, C, D. Tuy nhien each nay kha dai dong. Ta co th~ lam don gian viec tim cac he so A. B, C, D bang each them bot tren tir so cua bieu thirc diroi dau tich phan nhir each 2 sau day:
Cacti 2 : Sir dung them bot d~ tach tich phan.
2 2 2 ~ )
1 = s(x + 1)-x dx = _1 1_. dx
x:) + x3 x3 x3 + x
I I
73
= 2t ~_ (I+X2)-X2Idx = 2r(_1 _ _!_+_X_)dX
~ l X X3 + X) ~ l X3 X X2 + 1
12 2 2 12
-1 2 1 d(x + 1) 3 1 2
=-2 -lnlxll] +- J 2 =--ln2+-1n(x +1)
2x ] 2] x + 1 8 2 I
3 1 (5)
="8-ln2+2In 2 .
Cach 3 :
2
Nh "" " - ". 1 hi I J xdx
an ca ttr so va mau so V<1! irong x t 1 = 4 2 .
] x (x + 1)
Dat T = x2 + 1 => dt = 2xdx .
D6i bien: x = 1 => 1 = 2, x = 2 => t = 5 .
I - _!_ Sf dt _ _!_ Sft - (t -l)dt _ _!_ sf dt _ _!_ sf dt
22t(1-1)2 22 t(t_1)2 22(t-l)222t(t-l)
= _!_ f dt - _!_ ft - (I -1)dt = _!_ fd(t -1) _!_ f~ + _!_ fdt
22(t-I)2 22 t(t-I) 22(1-1)2 22(t-I) 221
= -1 S -_!_lnlt-1f +_!_lnltIIS =~-ln2+_!_ln(~).
2(1 - 1) 2 2 2 2 2 8 2 2
_ " , ~ .... lit! _.,
II - NHUNG BAI TOAN VE HAM SO VO TI
Hili 12 :
3
Tfnh tich ph an I = f ~ . 2 x -1
Gidi :
Cach 1 : Dung d6i bien bang bien phap hrong giac hoa.
D- 1 d sin tdt
at x=--=> X=--.
. cost cos2 t
74
D;?·, 2 rt (1)
01 can x = => t = - ; x = 3 => t = a arccos - = a .
. 3 3
sin tdt dt
n c: tgt - n n
I = f cos2 t = f-cos t = f __!!_!_ = f cos tdt
TI ~ TI M TI cost TI I-sin2 t
3 ~C~s2t-l 3 3 3
[n a I
= _ _!_ f ~os tdt _ f ~os tdt
2 sin f - 1 sm t + 1
TI TI
3 3
1 I sin t - 11 all (sin a -1) ( 13 + 2) J
=-2'In sint+I ;=-2' In (sina+I)(13-2) .
Cdch 2 " Ta them bot mot IUQ'l1g vao ca til s6 va mau s6 cua ham s6 diroi dau tich phan
3 ( x + ) x2 - 1 ) dx 3 d ( x + ) x2 - 1 ) 1 r;: 13 3 + 2 J2
Tir each 2 cac em co the rat de thay bai toan duCJC giai thirc su sang tao. khong nhirng the no con dira ra mot chu y quan trong la khi g~p ho nguyen ham
f dx
dang ~ thi ta chi viec them bot vao cii til s6 Hin mau s6 IUCJng
'1/ x2 + k
d( x+)x2 +k)
x +) x2 + k va ho nguyen ham nay se co dang f f;2;k va ket qua x+ x2 +k
cua honguyen ham la Injx+)x2 +kj+C(k E JR.).
Bdi 13 :
'T":1m I -_ f xdx (vo . 1 )
1 J vat x < - .
2oo~I_3x 3
75
cut .
Cach I : D6i bien.
2008 2007
D- 20()8~1 '1 1 3 2008 1- t d -2008t dt
at \/1 - _;x = l <=> - . x = I <=> x = => .t = -----
. 3 3
(1 (2008) (2007 dt
1= -2~08 f - ( = -2~08[ft2006dt_ ft4014dtJ
= _2008[,2007 _ (4015 ]+C
9 2007 4015
= -2008 r 200~(1- 3x )2007 200~(I - 3x )4015 J + C.
9 l 2007 4015
C ach 2 : Them bot d~ tach tich phan.
Ta phan tich x = ~1 (1 - 3x) + * thi 1 diroc tach thanh :
Nhu cluing toi dii nhan xet a hili 9 a phan thrr hai thi each 2 cua hili 13 va hili 14 chfnh la each thirc Slt dung them bot d~ tach tfch phan trong ham vo ti a ca 2 dang la ham vo tl co phan thtrc va khong co phan thirc. Sau mot so vi du tren chac cac em dfl ur dira rut ra cho minh mot bien phap tach phan thtrc rat dan gian phai khong!
Bdi 15 :
2
Tinh tfch phan I = J ~.
Jix x -1
Gidi:
Cach J : Dbi bien.
Dat ~ = t ¢::> x2 = t2 + 1 :::::> xdx = tdt.
77
D6i can x = 2 ~ t = Jj;x = J2 ~ t = 1.
2 fj fj
1= L2~= !t(t~d:r !(/:I)
du D~t t = tanu ~ dt = --2 - .
cos II
TC du TC
3 -- ... 3 TC
I = J cos2 II = J du = u 3 = 1t _ 1t = ~.
TC tan 2 II + 1 TC TC 3 4 12 4
4 4
C dell 2 : D6i bien.
I dx
Dat -=/~-=-dt .
. x x2
" 1 t: 1
Doi can x = 2 ~ I = -; x = ,,2 ~ I = r: :
. 2 ,,2
1 1
2 ~ E
I = f dx = - f dt ') = f dt 2 .
.J2x'Ji-;, j,M :,M
Dat t = sinu ~ dt = cos udu.
>. 1 rt 1 1t
DOl can t = - ~ II = -' t = - ~ II = -
. J2 4' 2 6
TC
TC
6 cs-» 3 : D6i bien.
D- 1 d suvtdt
at X=--~ X=--.
. cost cos2 I
6
78
D:!" r::::2 rt 2 rt
01 can x =" L. ~ t = _, x = ~ t = _,
, 4' 3
n sin tdt ~ 7t
3 .. ---2 3, 3 n •
1 = f cos t = f sm t dt = f dt = t 3 = 7t _ 7t = ~ ,
7t~I-cos2t 7tlsinll 7t : 3 4 12
4 cos2 t 4 4
Ca ba each giai tren vf ban chat chi la phirong phap d6i bien tuy nhien viec d6i bien a each nao thuan lei thi cac em nr danh gia,
2J3
De' thi tuyen sinh dai hoc, cao dcing nam 2003 - khdi A : 1 = f ~
.J5 X x2 + 4
(ket qua 1 = ~ In % ) cling co each tlnrc giai wong ur nhir bai toan nay, df nghi cac em nr giai.
Qua hai each giai tren thi cac em deu thay viec ap dung vi phan so vci dat an phu Iii hieu qua han rat nhieu
BiJi 18 :
Tinh tich phan I ~ f~ ,x dx. , x + 1
2
Gidi :
C ach 1 .' Dbi bien.
r::I 3 1 2 -2tdt
D~t f::.= ~ 1 -t- ~ <=> X = t2 -1 => 3x dx = (t2 -1 t .
Cadi 2 .' Dbi bien.
Dat t = xE <=> t2 = x3 => 2tdt = 3x2 dx.
D ? 1 1 1 1
01 can x = - => t = --; x = => t = .
. 2 2J2
I ~ f ..Jx.xJ-; dx ~ ~ f tdt ~ ~ f ( l+ ft2-:;:'}t
I~( ,)2 3I .. t.j;2;l 31_(t+.j;2;l).j;2;l
2' x.....; x. x-s x + 1
2J2 2J2
81
Bili 19:
2008
Tfnh tich ph an / = f J 200S2 - x2 dx . o
cu«.
Cdch 1 : Tich phan tirng phan ket hop voi d6i bien.
D,t{J200S2-x2=u {dU=J -x~x 2
a => 200S -x
dx=dv
v= x.
r---- 2008 2008 2
/ = x.J200S2 - x2 + f x dx
o 0 J200S2 - x2
2008 2008
= - f J200S2 - x2 dx + 200S2 f I d~ 2·
o 0 \j 200S - x
Dat x = 200S sin t => dx = 200S cos rdt .
D6i can x = 0 => t = 0; x = 200S => t = 7t .
. 2
1t
/ = -t + 200S2 f 200S cos tdt
o J200S2 - 200S2 sin2 t
n
=> 2/ = 200S2 f dt => / = 7t200S2
o 4
ca.« 2 : D6i bien.
82
Dat x = 2008 sin f => dx = 2008 cos tdt .
D6i can x = 0 => t = 0; x = 2008 => t = 7t .
· 2
7t
7t
2 20082 2
1= 20082 f cos2 tdt = f(1 + cos 2t )dt
020
n
7t
20082 2fd 20082 2f 2 d(2 )
= t + cos t t
2 0 4 0
(20082 20082. 2 J i 200827t
= t+ SIn f = .
2 4 4
o
Qua 2 each tren ta nhan thay viec d6i bien hrong giac ngay se Him bai toan ngan han.
Boi 20:
J3
Tfnh tich phan I = f b· o 3+x
Gidi :
each 1 : D6i bien.
Dat x = J3 tan f => dx = J3(tan2 t + 1)dt.
v , r;; 7t
DOl can: x = 0 => f = 0, x = '" 3 => t = -.
· 4
7t
7t
7t
4 (tan2 t + 1) 4 ~ 4 1
l=J3f~ df=f tan2t+ldt=f-dt.
o 3(tan2 t+l) 0 0 cost
D~t II = sin t => du = cos tdt.
D v , 0 0 7t 1
01 can : f = => II = ,t = - => U = r;;.
· 4 ",2
83
I I I I
Ji. JiJi Ji
1= f du =_!_ f(l+ll)+O-U)du= _ _!_ fd(l-U)+_!_ fd(l+ll)
() (I-I?) 2 0 (I -li)(1 + II) 2 () l-ll. 2 0 1 + u
I
1 Il+lliJi t:
= -In -- = In( ",2 + 1).
2 1-[( 0
Cach 2 : D6i bien.
c=: x+~3+x2 tdx dt dx
Dat t = x + V j + x~ => dt = dx = => - = .
. ~ 3 + x2 ~ 3 + x2 t J 3 + x2
D6i din: x = ° => t = J3, x = J3 => t = J3 + 16.
J3+16 d J3 16
1= f __!_=InltIIA+ 6=ln(J2+1). fj t
C dch 3 : Dung vi phan,
fj d fj ~3 2 fj d(X+~3+x2)
I = f x = f x + -rs + x~ dx = f ------'--===_-'-
o J3 + x2 0 (x + J3 + x2 ) J3 + x2 0 x + J3 + x2
~ Inlx+ J3+ x21 J3 ~ In(1 +,/2\
o
Gifi'a each 2 va each 3 cac em de thay cluing chi la mot nhung neu cac em biet sir dung tich phan a each 3 thea chu y a bal 12 phan tlur hai thl se don gian hon rat nhieu,
Bai 21 :
fj 2
Tinh tich phan I = f h dx. o 3+x
Gidi :
Cdcli I : VI bieu thirc dtrol dau tich ph an c6 ~3 + x2 nen ta c6 th~ sir dung each dat x = J3 tan t , cac em c6 thegiai tiep tuc nhu bai so 20, nhirng cac em cling din hru y la each giai nay kha dai,
84
each 2 : Dung tich phan tung phan.
{ll = x {dU = dx
D:;U: dv = x d . => ~
I?:3 x v = vx2 +3.
~1.J3 13 r=r: 13 2 3
1 = xv x2 + 3 - f V x2 + 3dx = 3J3 - f J--i-;; dx
o 0 0 x2 +3
.J3 2 .J3 3 .J3 3
= 3J3 - f iz;; dx + f I?:3 dx = 3J3 - 1 + f I?:3 dx
o x + 3 0 x + 3 0 x2 + 3
13 dx
=> 21 = 3J3 +3 f I?:3.
o x +3
Den day ta str dung ket qua cua bai 20 tren se ra duoc
Theo each thong thirong ta co the d~t x = 2 tan t de dira ve tich phan ham luong giac, viec giai tiep gianh cho ban d9C VI day la phuong phap d6i bien bang bien phap IUQ'ng giac quen thuoc rna cluing toi dil trinh bay 6 nit nhieu bai tnroc.
each 2 :
I I 2 2 I 2
1 = f(x2 +1)~x2 +4dx- f Ji-:4dX- f [;2;4dx
o 0 x +4 0 x +4
~ N±X~(x2 +4)3)_ H1xN+4)- H21n(wJx2 +4»)
85
=J_X~(X2 +4)311 .i.;; +411 -2In(x+~x2 +4)/1
4 0 2 0 0
315 t: t:
= - - 21n(l + ",5) + 21n ",2.
4
III - NHUNG BAI loAN VE HAM 56 LUQNG GIAc
Bili 23 :
~ I f dx (vci I' h' ~)
1 1m =. . VO'l a a ang so .
smx-sma
Gidi :
C' I I T' d" h' Ini ( x - a x + a )
ac I : tr ong n at t ire cosa = cos -2---2- .
=--
2cosa
2
=--
2cosa
86
Cacti 2 :
_ x dx (2 x) 2dt
DC;lt tg-=t~ =dt~ l+fg - dx=2dt~dx=---.
2 2 cos 2 x 2 . 1 + t2
2
2dt
1 - cos a x 1 - cos a
= _I_In I_f_-_=sl=nc.;ca'--I + C = _I_In tg -2 --~~i~ + C.
1 + cos a cos a x 1 + cos a
t - tg - -------
sma 2 sina
cosa
Bili 24:
'r': I f sin xdx 11m =
sinx + cosx
Cac em theo doi bai toan nay a ph an thrr nhat thi cluing toi da trinh bay each giai bai toan nay bang 2 each thirc, Mot each a bai 36 va mot each a bal 37, tuy nhien 2 each tfnh nay chi cung sir dung mot phirong phap la dung tfch phan lien ket co khac chang chi la viec neu day la tlch ph an xac dinh (tich phan) thl cac em se dung viec d~t &n phu dac biet d~ tlm fa tich phan lien ket voi tfch ph an A con neu Ia tfch phan bat dinh (ho nguyen ham) thi ta 11! phai di 11m tich phan lien ket voi no. Den day cluing toi tiep tuc trinh bay them 3 each tinh khac nira.
Cach 3 :
sm x = A sin x + cos x + B cos x - sin x
sin x + cos x sin x + cos x sin x + cos x
87
. ( B. {A - B = 1 {A = 0,5
<=> SIIU = A - )SIllX + (A + B)cosx <=> . <=>
A+B=O B=-0,5.
I - 1 fd 1 fCOS x - sin x . _ 1 1 fd ( sin x + GOS x) .
-- x-- dx --x-- +C
2 2 sin x + cos x 2 2 sin x + cos x
. 1
= -( x +In Isin x + cosxl)+ C. 2
Cach'_;' :
1= f sin xdx .
J2 cos( x-;)
n
Dat x - - = I => dx = dt. . 4
. ( n)d
Sill t+ t
I = f 4 = _!_ fin t + cos t dt = _!_ fin tdt + _!_ f dt
J2 cost 2 cost 2 cost 2
-1 fd ( cos t) 1
=- +-t+C
2 cost 2
-1 1 -1 (n) 1 ( n)
=-Inlcostl+-t+C=-ln cos x-- +- x-- +C.
2 2 2 4 2 4
Cach 5 :
x 2dt , . 2t 1 - t2
Dat tan- = t =>dx= --va SIllX= --;cosx =--.
. 2 1 + (2 1 + t2 1 + (2
Nhu vay ta se d6i bien x thanh bien t tuy nhien day la mot each giai rat dai va plnrc tap, trong qua trinh tfnh toan cac em khong nen dung va cluing toi chi htrong dan a day voi tinh chat tham khao rna khong giai ra cu the VI tinh hieu qua khong cao. Thong qua 5 each giai tren thi cac em se nhan thay diroc tinh hieu qua cua each tlurc nao khi giai cac bai tfnh tfch phan ham lirong giac rna ham nay chi chua roan sinx, cosx bac nhat.
Bili 25 :
f dx
Tim 1= .
sin 2008x
88
Gidi .'
Cach. I .'
D~t tan(l 004x) ~ t z:» dx ~ ( d) va sin (2008x) = ~.
1 + [2 1004 1 + I
dt
( 2)
1 + t 1004 1 dt 1 1
1= f 2 =-f-=-lnltl+C=~lnltan(1004x)l+c.
, 2008 t . 2008 2008
( 1 + (2)
Cach 2 .'
I = rin 2008xdx = _1_ f d ( cos 2008x) sin22008x 2008 cos2 2008x-1
1 f d(cos2008x)
= 2008 ( cos 2008x -1) ( cos 2008x + 1 )
= _!_._1_[ fd( cos2008x -1) _ fd (cos2008x + 1 )]
2 2008 cos 2008x - 1 cos 2008x + 1
= _1_lnlcoS2008X-II+c. 40) 6 cos 2008x + 1
Bdi 26 :
Tfnh tich ph an 1 = f . d: .
1[ sm x
4
ou: .'
each 1 : Dung tfch ph an tirng phan,
+=ll {d _ -2sinx.cosxdx
Sill x u-.
dx => sm4 x
--=dv v=-cotx.
sin2 x
89
n n n
1 = - cot x 2 _ 2f2 sin x. cos x. cot xdx = 2 _ 2 2f( cos2 x) dx
. 2 . 4 . 4
sm x 7t 7t sm x n sin x
4 4
4
4
4
4
7t 7t
7t
2 ~ 2 ~ 2
== 2-2 f--+2 f-- = 2-2/-2cotx
. 4 . 2
7t sin x n sm x 7t
4 => 31 = 2 + 2 <=> 1 = -. 3
ca.» 2 :
7t dx 7t 7t
2 ,4 2 ( 1 + tan 2 x ) d ( tan x) :2
1 = fCOS x = f = f(tan-4 x+tan-2 x)d{tanx)
tan" x tan4 x
n n 7t
4
4
4
n
(-1 -1 ) 3
= 3 tan 3 x + tan x 7t = 3
4
4
Qua 2 each giai tren thi each 2 dan gian va hieu qua han nhieu, Tuong ttl cac em co the rna rong them mot each khac do la d6i bien thong qua viec d~t cotx = I, tuy nhien each giai nay cluing toi d6 nghi cac em ttl giai vi no kha dan gian
Bili 27 :
n
2
Tfnh tich phan 1 == f . d~ . 7t sm x
3
oui .
C deli 1 : D6i bien.
Vi ham diroi dau tfch phan la ham Ie d6i voi sinx nen Dat 1 = cosx => dt = +sin xdx.
90
D"'· rt 1 7t 0 01 can: x = - ::::> t = - x = - ::::> t = .
. 3 2' 2
I
1 =-f dt - f( 1 )2 1 f(O+t)+O-t»)'2
I (1 - t2)2 - 0 (1- t)(1 + t) = "40 (1- t)(1 + t)
2
C ach 2 : D6i bien.
x 1 2 x 1 2 2dt
Dat f=tan-::::>dt=-(tan -+I)dx=-(t +I)dx::::>dx= 2 .
2 2 2 2 (t +1)
s- 7t 1 rt
DOl can : x = "3 ::::> t = J3' x = "2 ::::> t = 1.
fl 2dl .: If(__!_+~. +t)dl='!'( -I +2Inltl+.C)1
1 2 8t3 4 1 13 t 4 2t2 2 1
r:;3 (t + 1) 2 3{;; J3
v » (t +1) ",3 .
1=
1 1 =-+-ln3. 3 4
Cdch 3 :
1 = fsin2 ~+3cos2 x dx = f ~x + fC~S: x dx = f_d_X_+1.
SIn x 1t SIn X 1t SIn x 1t SIn X
333
(* )
3
91
1t
2 ,2
S' d lch ha h'" h J fCOS X
U ung tIC p an tung p an C 0 = ,3 dx.
1tSIn X
3
_ ,{II = COS X {dU = -sin xdx
Dat : cosx => -1
dv=--dx v= .
. 3 2 . 2
SIn X SIn X
1t
n
1t
.I = - COS X 12 _.!. f dx =.!. -.!. f dx
2sin2x; 2;Sinx 32;sinx
1t
, 1 12fdX 1
Thay J vao (*) ta diroc : 1=-+- -- =-+ K.
. 3 2 n sin X 3
--
3
1t
Ta tiep tuc tfnh K = f ~x d6i bien. 1t SIn X
3
D~t t = cosx => dt = -sinxdx.
D" , 1t 1 1t 0 01 can: X = - => t = - X = - => t = .
. 3 2' 2
I I I
K--J dt -.!.f(l+t)+(I-t)dt-.!.f~+.!.f~
- I (l-t2) - 2 0 (l-t)(l+t) - 2 0 (l-t) 20 (l+t)
2
I
= .!.In 11 + ll2 = .!.In 3.
2 I-to 2
V fry I = .!. + .!.In 3.
. 3 4
each 4 : Dung tich ph an tirng phan.
92
D~t :
1 1
U=-- cosx
sinx {dU=---dX
=> sin2 x
1
dv = -.-2 -dx v = -cot X.
SIn X
1t
1t
1=- c~tx.li _ fCOS2 X dx,
SIn x1t 1t sin:' X
3 3
den day lam giong nlur each 3 (ta dung tich ph an tirng phan cho
, sin 2 x ( ,J3 + cot x ) , ( ,J3 + cot x) I I , 2
6 6 6
Qua each 2 cua bai toan nay thi mot 1<1n nira cac em lai thay viec phat hien mot cong thirc hrong giac d~ dung trong qua trinh giai mot bai tinh tich phan ham hrong giac la mot viec lam rat quan trong VI no se quyet dinh each giai dai hay ngan mot bai toano Tuy nhien M xet tinh quan trong thi each 1 lai dua ra mot
phirong phap giai tong quat cho nhieu loai ham dang . ( )1. ( )
sm x+a SIn x+b
1 1
--,------,-------:----,-- thong qua viec them bot d~ tach
cos ( x + a) cos ( x + h) 'sin ( x + a) cos ( x + h)
tich phan.
Bai 32,,: (De' thi D(_li hoc Thuong mai nam 2000)
1[
2f 4sinxdx
Tinh tich ph an I = 3 .
o ( sin x + cos x )-
(1)
Gidi :
Cacli I :
1[
1= _1_ J 4sinxdx .
2J2 ocos3(x-l)
98
7t
Dat x--=t=>dx=dt. . 4
D)/·, 0 7t 7t 7t
01 can x = => t = - -; x = - => t = -.
. 4 2 4
~ 4Sin(t + 7t)dt
1 = _1_ f 4 = 1 (sin t + c~s t) dt = 1 ( sin t 1 dt + 1 ( cos? dt
2J2 -7t cos ' t -7t cos t -7t cos t -7t cos t
7t
7t
n
4
~.~-
4
- .. -
4
4
IT IT
=-1 cos-3 td(cost)+ 1 ~=( 1 2 +tantJI:,~2.
~7t -IT cos t 2cos t 1-4
4 4
Cacti 2 :
D:;U (; - x J = t => dx = -dt.
" 7t 7t
D6i din x = 0 => t = -' x = - => t = O.
. 2' 2
IT
IT
---
2 2
1 = f 4costdt = f 4cosxdx .
o ( cos t + sin t)3 0 ( cos x + sin x)3
(2)
n
IT
IT
2 dx 2 dx (7tJ ')
0)+(2)=>2/= f . 2 =2f ( 7t .... )=2tan x-4 ~ =4.
o ( cos x + SIn x) 0 cos2 x - -- 0
4
=> 1 = 2. Cdch 3 :
Cac em co th~ de dang nhan thay I co mot tfch phan lien ket voi n6 Hi
IT
J 2f 4 cos tdt " d- d' .? hIT 'I J d? , fch hA 1
= . 3 va cac em e ang glaI ~ +. va - e tim ra tic p an ,
o ( cos t + SIn t)
each nay ve ban chat khong khac nhieu so voi each 2 nen chiing toi khong trlnh
99
bay cu the, d~ nghi cac em xem lai phan li thuyet a phan thtr nhat d~ nr giai quyet tiep,
Bili 33 :
T[
2 6
Tfnh tich ph an I = fc~s4 x dx.
T[SIn X
4
Gidi:
Cach I :
Ham dtroi dau tfch phan la ham chan voi ca sinx va cosx nen ta co th~ dat t = tanr, tuy nhien neu thirc hien thea each d6i bien nay, ta se diln den tich phan cua mot ham hfru ti rat kho. Tuy nhien neu thirc hien bien d6i hrong giac ham diroi dau tich phan ta se co duoc mot each giai khac nhanh va ngan hon,
cs-« 2 :
Ta se kheo leo tach tfch ph an nay ra thanh cac tich phan tfnh diroc :
T[
T[
1= 2f[COS x(l- sin2 x)]2 dx = 2fcos2 x - 2cos2 xsin2 x + cos2 xsin4 x
o cos ' x(tan x + 2)3 0 cos2 x(tan x + 2)3 0 (tan x + 2)3
TC
4( 1 2)
= - d(tanx+2)
I (tanx+2)2 (tanx+2)3
TC
( -1 -1) 4 1
- 2 -
- tanx+2 - 2(tanx+2)2 0 - 36'
101
Cdch 3 : D6i bien.
Cac em hru y co th~ bien d6i mau so cua ham so dtroi dau tich ph an :
sin x + 2 cos x = 15 ( Js sin x + 3s cos x ) = 15 cos ( x' - a)
( /. 1 . 2 ) T' d / / / h:! d C / h l' ,
val r;:: = sma; r;:: = cosa. U 0 cac em co t e ~t t = x-a. ac am nay
...;5 ...;5
wang tv nhir each I hili 32, tuy nhien each giai nay cluing toi khong trinh bay rna de nghi cac em tv giai tiep.
Bai toan nay thoat dau moi nhin qua thl cac em lai d~ nham rang da duoc giai tai hili 32 nhung neu quan sat ki thl bai to an nay khac bai toan tnroc d can Clla tick phdn va neu tich ph an co can nay thl cac em xem each giai dat
x = : - t hoac each giai tim tich phan lien ket thi co diroc chang. Chung toi goi Y M cac em tv giai vi co nhir vay cac em moi hieu dung ban chat cua nhirng each dung tich phan lien ket.
Bili 35 :
7t
4 1-2sin2 x
Tinh tfch ph an I = f 4 dx.
o (sin x+cos r)
Gidi:
C acli J : D6i bien.
7t
Bien d6i I = j cos 2x dx , den day ta thay ham diroi dau tich phan la 0(1 + sin 2x)2
ham le doi vci cos2x nen ta sir dung cong thirc d6i bien so.
D~t t = sin2x => dt = 2cos2xdx.
• n
D6i can: x = 0 => t = 0 ; x = - => t = 1.
. 4
1 1 0 )-1 1 ( 1 ) 1
Yay I=.!. f dt =.!. fO+t)-2d(l+1)=.!.. +t 0=--21 -2-!1 =-4·
. 2o(l+t)2 20 2 -1
102
Cdcli 2 :
7t
7t
4 2 . 2 4 .
B',' d)/' I f c. os x - SIn X d f cos x - SIn X d
len 01 = X = x. .
o (sin x+cos x)" 0 (sin r +cos r):'
D~t t = sinx + cosx =:') dt = (cosx - sinx)dx.
D6i din: x = 0 =:') t = 1 ; x = 1t =:') t = J2.
. 4
J2 dt 1 J2 1
V~yI= fl=-2t2 =4"'
I . I
Cacli 3 :
Tuy nhien bai tren co th~ sir dung phuong phap dira vao vi phan clnr khong nhat thiet phai sir dung d6i bien so, goi y
rt
n
- -
_ 4f cos2x .: 4fd(1+Sin2x)
1- . 2dx- 2'
o (1 + SIn 2x) 2 0 (1 + sin 2x )
Cac em thir thirc hien xem sao. Ca biet cac em co th~ bien d6i
7t
I 4f cos2x d "'d hi bi , " 'h)/ iai d
= 2 x rot ~t tanx = ttl at toan van co t e gtai ucc.
0(1 + sin2x)
each 4 :
Ngoai ra ta co th~ siX dung mot each khac ntra, goi y :
7t
n
4f cos2x d 4f cos2x.dx " , h' d 1t
I =. 4 X = (1t) va cac em co t e ~t x - 4 = t
o (sin x +cos r) 04cos4 x--
4
va cac em giai nhu each 1 hal 32. D~ nghi cac em tv giai tiep. Bai 36:
7t
2
T' h ich h I f 1 - cos x d
In tic p an = x.
7t 1 + cosx
~
3
103
Gidi :
Cach 1 :
VI ham diroi dau tfch ph an la ham khong chan khong Ie vci ca sinx va cosx nen ta co th~ sir dung each d~t f = tan ;. Cac ban thir thirc hien tiep nhe.
Cach 2 : Sii dung nhan lien hop.
n
1t
2 2 2 ( )
1 f (I - cos x) d f 1 2 cos x 2. d
= x = -- - + cot x x
. 2 . 2 . 2
TC Sill X TC sm x Sill x
3
3
n
TC
TC
3
3
3
1 2 2 2 2 1t
=-+-. - +( -cotx-x) = 2- r;;3 --6'
J3 Sill X TC -v j
3
3
TC
1t
cs.» 3 :
TC X TC
2 sin2 2
I = f 2 dx = ftan 2 x dx
2X 2
TC cos TC
3 2 3
1t( J 1t
2 1 x 2 2 1t
= f x-I dX=(2tan"2-x) =2---6
1t cos2 ~~ TC J3
3 2 ~3
Bai 37 :
TC
3
Tinh tich phan 1= ftan3 xdx.
TC
4
104
Giai:
Cach 1 :
n
3
1 = f(tan3 x + tan x - tan x)dx
1t
4
n
n
1t
1t
3f 2 3f 3 1. 3 sin x
= tanx(tan x+l)dx- tanxdx= ftanx. 2 dx- f-,-dx
1t n 1t cos X n cos X
4 4 4 4
1t
n
3f 3fd(COSX) tan2 x 1t 1t 1
= tanx.d(tanx)+ =-- 3 +lnlcosxl 3 =1--ln2.
cosx 2 1t 1t 2
1t n 4 4
4 4
C ach 2 : D6i bien.
Dat t = tanx=> dt = 2 dx = (tan2 x + l)dx = (t2 + l)dx => dx = ---f!-.
cos x t + 1
,,7t rt t:
Dei can x = - => t = 1 . x = - => t = ,,3.
. 4 '3
fj, 3 s, fj, fj, 2
1= f-2-t -dt= ft ;t-tdt= ftdt-_!_ fd(~ +1)
I t +1 I t +1 I 2 I t +1
2fj, fj,
= !_ - _!_ In I t2 + 111 = 1- _!_ In 2.
2 I 2 I 2
ca.« 3 : D6i bien.
D~t t = cosx => dt = - sinxdx.
e- A 7t J2 7t 1
DOl can x = - => t = - ; x = - => (= -.
. 4 2 3 2
1t I
3 . 3 2 2
I = f SIn X dx = - f (1 - t ) dt =
1t cos3 x J2 t3
--
4 2
J2
2f 1 1 (1 ) 2 1
(---)dt= ---lnt =1--ln2.
(3 t 2t2 I 2
I -
2
2
105
Cdch J tuy khong dan gian nhir cac each sau nhirng cac em co th~ d~ nhan thay day la each tlnrc kha tong quat dung d~ giai cac tich phan rna ham so diroi
dau tich phan co dang tan"x hoac cd'x voi n E N* ; n ~ 3 . Tuy nhien n cling khong th~ qua Ian VI moi bin tach tich ph an chi giam diroc 2 bac.
Bai 38 :
7t
2
Tinh tfch phan I = f sin 3 xdx. o
ouu .
C ach J : Dung tich phan tung phan.
_ {sin2 x = U {dU = 2 sin x cos xdx
Dat =>
. sin xdx = dv v = - cos x.
7t
~-~
7t 2
J = -sin2 x.cosx 2 + f2sinxcos2 xdx o 0
7t
7t
2 -2cos3 x 2 2
=-2 fcos2 xd(cosx)= =-.
o 3 3
o
ca.« 2 :
Sir dung cong thirc sin3x = 3sinx - 4sin3 x, ta co :
Nhtr vay bai toan nay d~ bai da huong dan mot phtrong phap tach cu th~ va ta chi viec SLr dung guy dong mau thirc chung cho hai ve roi dong nhat hai nr s6 ta se diroc :
Cac em hru y thi ta co the sir dung cong thirc sau cos6x = (cos2x)3 va tiep
di lui h b d? '( 2)3 (1 + cos 2x)3 '. khai -.» h'
tuc ung cong t ire a ~c e co cos x = 2 roi ai tnen ang
d~ng thirc d6 va tach thanh nhieu tfch phan nho, Tuy nhien each giai nay dai
111
hem cticli 1 va lai cling kieu bien d6i nen cluing toi khong trinh bay 6 day rna chi nen nen de cac em tham khao.
Btli 42 :
TI
2 31 . 3 .
T' h Ich h I f\Jsm x-smx
m tic p an = . 3 .cotxdx.
TI sm x
6
Gidi:
each 1 :
De dang nh~n thay ham duci dau tich phan diroc viet lai la
31 . 3 .
cos r.vsm x-smx do l' 'h' I'd''" ,.. ,- l' l' ,. d de
. 4 0 a mot am e 01 vor smr va cung a e VO'l cosx, 0 0
sin x
ta co th~ d~t I = sinx hoac t = cosx nhirng tinh y mot chiit ta se thay VI ham nay co nhieu sinx hon nen sii dung each d~t t = sinx thl thuc hien se de dang hon each d~t f = cosx.
Dat f = sinx => dt = cosxdx.
r , 1t 1 1t
D61 can: x = - => t = - . x = - => t = 1.
. 6 2' 2
n
I 3 3 I
I = f~ dt = f dt.
{4 t3
1 1
2
2
R 1 2
D~t u = => u3 = 1-2 => 3ll2du = 3dt.
t t
" 1 3r:;
D6i can: t = - => u = -,,3 ; t = 1 => U = O.
. 2
112
Cac em chu y bai toan 6 bien t cac em co th~ tham khao each giai 6 bai 17
h·' th' h . , 'd" 1" h'" , h ' h I If~ t3 - t l
P an U at va nr ay cae em <;11 co n leu eac tin = 4 ct.
I t
-~
2
cs» 2 :
Sir dung -+dx = d(cot x), ta se co each giai kha ngan gon nhtr sau : sm x
; sin X.~1-:12m i
1= f ' 3 sm x cotxdx = fVeot2 x.cotx .d~
7t sin x 7t sm x
6 6
7t
n 8 2
') ~
2f . -3cot3 x
= - cot ' xd(cot x) = 8
6
9~ 8
n
7t
Bai 43 :
7t
4 ~ 3
T' h ' h ha I f cos x - cos x d
m tic p an = 3 x.
o cos x
Gidi:
cs.« I :
dx D~t t = tan x => dt = -_-
eos2 x
1t
D6i can : x = ° => t = 0, x = - => t = 1.
4
cosx.[£~ _ tanx
cos ' x - cos2 x
~eosx-coS3 x
I 2 I
=> I = ftdt = !_
o 2 0
1 2
v ~ ban chat cac em co th~ bien d6i
113
31 COSX.~ 1 --I
vcosx-cos3 x cos2 x tan x
= =---
cos3 x cos3 x cos2 x
roi dung vi phan chir khong nhat thiet phai d~t an phu. each 2 :
I ~ 1 cosx.~ dx ~ 1 tan,x dx ~ 1 Si~x dx
o cos x 0 cos x 0 cos x
IT
IT
jd(COSX) 1 14 1
= - 0 cos ' x = 2 cos2 x 0 = 2".
ell 2 each giai tren tuy c6 each thirc giai tirong tv nhau nhung a day chung toi muon d~ cap toi viec cac em can phai linh hoat khi sir dung cong thirc hrong giac thi cac bai toan giai se hieu qua hon.
Bai 44:
Tim 1 = f.Jtanxdx.
Gidi :
each 1 :
Dat t = .Jtanx ~ t2 = tanx ~ 2tdt = (1 +tan2 x)dx ~ dx = ~dt. l+t
2
1 = 2 f-:f--dt den day ta lam thea phirong phap giai cua hili 3 phan thtr t + 1
hai. Ban doc c6 the giai tiep tuc, each 2 :
1 = fJSinx dx = f 2~in2 x
cosx sm2x
J2 f(sinx+cosx)-(cosx-sinx)d ( ,.
= - X VOl I sin x I = sin x)
2 .Jsin 2x
=_l_(rinx+cosx dx= fcosx-sinx dx]=_I_U1 +/2).
J2 .Jsin2x .Jsin2x J2
114
Tinh I, : Df y rang ~sin2x = JI-(sinx-cosx)2.
Nen ta d~t sin t = sin x - cos x ~ costdt = (cosx + sin x)dx.
Vay 1= ~ (arcsin(sinx-cosx)+ In 1 sinx + cos x+ ~sin 2x I) + C.
_ ..... f/I ~, J __
IV - NHUNG BAI TOAN VE HAM 50 51EU VI~T
Bai 45 :
1
Tfnh tich ph An I = f ~ dx .
o 2e2x + 2ex + 1
Gidi:
Cach J :
D:!· A 0 2 1 -I 1
olc~n X= ~t= ;x= ~t=e +.
115
( J;:) [e+I+)2e2+2e+I] e(2+J5).
= In 2 + '\j 5 - In = In .
e e+l+)2e2+2e+l
Cach 2 :
1 -dt
Dat -=t=>dx=-.
. eX t2
D6i can x = 0 => t = l;x = 1 => t = e-I•
-dt
I I
t = f dt = f dt
2(:y +~+I ,-'../12+21+2 ")(1+1)2+1
I (t+l+J(t+l)2 +1 )dt
~ J (1+ I +)(1+ 1)2 + 1))(1+ 1)2 + I
e(2+J5)
= In .
e + 1 + ) 2e2 + 2e + 1
Cach 3 :
I I xd
I--f dx --f ex '" h·'
hie nay cac em co t e d~t
o )2e2x + 2ex + 1 0 eX )2e2x + 2ex + 1
e' = t thl se diroc mot tich phan vo ti 6 dang quen thuoc. Tuy nhien do each nay dai nen cluing toi chi gioi thieu cho cac em nhir la 1 each thirc d~ tham khao,
116
Bdi 46 :
oui .
each 1 : SiX dung tfch phan lien keto I -xd
Lien kei A voi B = f ex.
eX + e-x
o
I
Ta co A + B = f dx = 1. o
(1)
I( X -x)d Id( X -x)
e -e x e +e I 2 1
VaA-B= f = f =In(ex +e-x) =ln~. (2)
o e' +e-x 0 eX +e-x 0 2e
, e2 + 1 1 e2 + 1
Ta lay (1) + (2) => 2A = 1+1n--=> A =-In--.
2e 2 2
each 2 :
<, 7t ( )
D6i can x = 0 => t = 4; x = 1 => t = a a = arctan e .
a
A = f dt = t 7t = a - : .
7t
4
a
4
each 3 :
117
D6i can x = 0 => t = 1: x = 1 => t = e.
v - NHUNG BAI loAN HaN HQP NHIEU LO~I HAM s6
Bai 47 :
e ~ 2
T' h Ich hA I fIn x 2 + In x A
In tic p an = --uX.
I X
Gidi:
cs-» J :
dx
D~t Inx = t => - = dt.
x
D6i can x = 1 => t = 0; x = e => t = 1.
ca.« 2 :
Sir dung vi ph an ta se dtroc loi giai ngan gon nhir sau :
e 1 e ~-----
/= fInx~2+ln2 xd(lnx)=- f\l2+ln2 xd(In2 x+2) 121
=! ~(ln2 x+2)4 e =~(3ifj-2lfi).
2 4/3 8
OlC em nen hru y tci viec sir dung vi phan con viec d6i bien nhtr each 1 thl cac em c6 quyen thuc hien rat nhieu kieu khac nhau nhir em c6 the dat In2x = t hoac 2 + In2x = t thi bai toan van ra duoc ket qua. Tuy nhien tren thirc te' de giai quyet mot bai toan c6 nhieu each cling la d6i bien thi ta nen chon hrong de dat an phu cang Ian thl bai toan cang don gian, don cir nhtr De' thi tuye"n sinh dai
118
hoc, cao ddng ndm 2004 - khoi B .' 1 = Slnx.Jl+31nx dx cac em co th~ d~t
1 X
lnr = t hoac dat I + 31nx = t, tuy nhien d~ bai toan don gian thl cluing ta nen di;lt
.JI + 31n x = t , d~ nghi cac em ur giai tiep (dap s6 : 1 = 116).
" 135
Bai 48 :
n
40
Tinh tich ph an 1 = J e2008x .cos20xdx.
o
Gidi .'
each 1 .' Dung tfch phan tirng phan.
{COS20X = U {dU = -20sin20xdx
D~t 2008 ~ 1 2008x
e x dx = dv v = -- e .
2008
7t
7t --
1 I 2008x 20 40 20 4JO 2008x . 20 d -1 20 I
=--e cos x +-- e SIn x X=--+--.
2008 2008 2008 2008
o 0
~ 20081 -20J =-1.
D6i voi .I ta tiep tuc dung tich phan tirng phan.
{. 20 {dU = 20 cos 20xdx
SIn x == U
D~t 2008 ~ 1 2008x
e x dx = dv v = -- e .
2008
(1)
7t 20087t
7t ~~
I~- 20 40 40 20
J = -- e2008x sin 20x 40 - -- J e2008x COS 20xdx = e - - 1
2008 2008 2008 2008
o 0
20087t ~2008J+201=e 40 .
(2)
119
Giai he (I) va (2) ta c61 = (2008/+ (20 )2 [ 20e 50:" - 2008} C deli 2 : Dung tich ph an tirng phan,
{ 2008x
_ {COS20XdX = dv du = 2008e dx
Dat 2008x ~ 1.
e = II V = -sIn20x.
20
TI
TI 40
1 1 2008x . 20 40 2008 f 2008x . 20 d
= -e .SIn x --- e SIn x X.
20 20 0
o
TI
40
Ta tiep tuc sir dung tich phan tirng phan doi voi tfch phan f e2008x sin 20xdx.
=_e2008x.sin20x 40 + __ e2008x.cos20x 40 - f e2008x cos20xdx
20 0 ( 20 )2 0 ( 20 )2 0
TI TI 2
1 2008 -- (2008)
= _. e2OO8x . sin 20x 40 + -- e2008x . cos 20x 40 - 1
20 0 (20)2 0 (20)2
2 2 TI TI
(2008) + ( 20 ) 1 2008x. 40 2008 2008x 40
--'----'---2::-'---"--1 = - e . SIn 20 x + --2 e . COS 20 x
( 20 ) 20 0 ( 20 ) 0
120
[50211 ]
I-
=> I = 2 2 20e 5 - 2008 .
(2008) +(20)
Ca hai each giai tren thoat nhin thi nrong chi la mot phuong phap dung tfch phan tung phan nhirng neu cac em tim hieu ki se thay nhirng bai tap d~ vira dat mot ph an la II va dat nguoc lai bang dv trong each tinh tich phan tirng phan khac la rat dac biet, De nghi cac em xem ki each giai cua bai nay d~ rut fa nhirng nhan xet quan trong cho minh.
Bai 49:
1
Trnh tich phan I = I eX x4 dx. o
Gidi :
cac« 1 :
Day la mot bai khong qua kho, bang each sir dung phirong phap tich phan tung phan ta co th~ giai diroc bai toan nay tuy nhien se kha dai VI phai Slr dung tfch phan tirng ph an 4 Ian. De nghi cac em d~t x4 = II va e'tlx = dv va tiep tuc giai.
ca.« 2 :
Ta co th~ giai bai nay bang each nhan xet nhir sau
Ta de thay : (j(x)ex) '= U(x) + f'(x»ex => IU(x) + f'(x))ex dx = j(xkx nen ta se giai bai tap nay nhir sau :
C acli 1 : D6i bien roi moi dung tfch phan tirng phan.
t dx
D~t Inx = t ¢:::> x = e ~ - = dt.
x
D6i can x = 1 ~ t = 0; x = 2 ~ t = In 2.
In2 . In2
1= f t~t = f e-ttdt.
o e 0
Dung tich phan tirng phan.
{t = U {dU = dt
Dar ~
. e -t dt = dv v = -e -( .
In2 In2
I . -t In2 f -td -In2 f -td( ) -In2 -t
= -te 0 + e t = -- - e -t = -- - e
o 2 0 2
Cach 2 : Dung tich ph an tirng phan.
In2 -In 2 1 =--+-.
2 2
o
{inX = 1.1 !dU = dx
Dat dx ~ x
. -=dv 1
x2 v=--.
x
I = _ In x 2 + f dx = _ In 2 _]_ 2 = _ In 2 + _!_ .
x I I x2 2 x I 2 2
Trang bai toan nay ca hai each deu dung tich phan tirng phan nhung each 2 thi hieu qua hon rat nhieu. Tuy nhien voi vai tro cua da phirong phap thi chung toi cling de nghi cac em tham khao them each dat tich ph an tirng phan nfra nhu
1
-=U
x
sau, dat ~
lnxdx = dv
x
-dx du=--
x2
In2 x v=--.
2
122
Tuy nhien day la mot each phirc tap va dai hon hai each kia rat nhieu. Cac em cling co the dira vao cac each giai tren de giai quyet bai toan trong De' thi 2
tuye'n sinh dai hoc, cao dang ndm 2008 - khoi D : Tinh tich phan 1= fIn x dx x3
1
(D ' .' I 3 - 2In 2 ) ap so: = .
16
V fli 50 bai tdp tren thi cluing toi deu co' gdng chi ra nhiing phuang phdp ((51 uu trong hdu /1('1 cdc bai gidi. DOl' viii nhiing cacti gidi qua dai hodc khong co tinh sang tao, trung ldp thi cluing toi chi huang dan cac em hodc thdm chi khong de' cap den. Vi¢c trinh bay phdn nay tuy co nhieu co' gdng nhung khong tranli khoi S(I xudt hade bo qua nhiing cacn gidi thu vi khac mong cdc em tu tim toi bd sung. D{ic biet fa cac vi du J tren co the' chua khdi quat hef duac vi can nhieu vi du khac hay han nhung viii mong muon fa tao su nhin nhdn dung vai tro cua tung phuong phap tinlz ciing nhu hieu qua cua tinh dao sail trong nghien cuu hoc tdp clio m6i hoc sinh nen chung toi dd co' gdng viet va tao nhiing each nhin nhdn mai han vephdn tinh ticli phdn nay.