Cardiac system

Systemic circulation: - transports oxygenated blood away from the heart, to

the rest of the body, and returns oxygen-depleted blood back to the heart.
Systemic circulation is, distance-wise, much longer than pulmonary
circulation, transporting blood to every part of the body.

Pulmonary circulation: - transports oxygen-depleted blood away from the

heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart.

Oxygen deprived blood from the vena cava enters the right atrium of the heart
and flows through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle, from which it is
pumped through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary arteries
which go to the lungs. Pulmonary veins return the now oxygen-rich blood to
the heart, where it enters the left atrium before flowing through the mitral valve
into the left ventricle. Then, oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle is
pumped out via the aorta, and on to the rest of the body.

What is cardiac muscle tissue?

Myocardium- composed of muscle cells called myocytes-

striated like skeletal uscle but less oranised.
Single nuclei and rich in mitochondia generates own rhythm called inheret
rhymicity
intercalculated discs provide desmosomes for structural attatchment and
electrical contact by gap junctions - which are low resistant pathways between
cells

What is the inner surface of the heart covered by?

Endocardium

The fluid filled sac that surrounds the heart and keeps it contained
within the chest cavity is the ...?
Pericardium

Valves
1) semi lunar valves

Pulmonary (3cusps)
Aortic (3cusps)

2) Artventricular valves
Bicuspud (mitral) – Left
Tricuspid – Right

What is a commisure?
Line at which the cusp edges meet

Stenosis?
Narrow valves

Incompetant valves (regurgitation)?

Do not close properly and leak

Aortic pressure: -
Systolic- 110mmhg
Diastolic- 80mmhg
Mean 90mmhg

Arterial system
Contains 17% of blood

Veins
Contain 70% of blood

Thin walled

Cardiac output- volume of blood pumped per minute ~5l/m (21l/min in

vigerous exercise)

Heart rate x stroke volume

Stroke volume – Volume ejected per beat ~70ml/beat

Heart rate – 75bpm

Cardiac index= cardiac output/ body surface area

What is the normal blood pressure of a person? 120/80

Electrocarigram- supplies a cmposite recording of all action potentials

produced by nodal and muscle cells three principle deflections

P wave – signal from SA node spreads through atria, atrial excitation

QRS complex- firing of SA Node, ventricular depolarsiation, atrial re-
polarisation

(ST segment- following ventricular contraction and QRS period is a brief

period of low electrical activity)

T wave- ventricular repolarisation

121. How would an ECG be affected by an ischaemic event? ST
depression
122. How would an ECG be affected by an myocardial infarction? ST
elevation
Pericardial effusion The fluid reduces the heart’s ability to beat, as
represented on the ECG. On electrocardiogram (ECG) all her QRS
complexes are small.

pericarditis. ST elevation, but it is saddle shaped.

The functions of the cardiovascular system are modulated by?

Autonomic nervous system

What causes heart rate to increase?

Sympathetic stimulation and adrenaline increases heart rate

What causes heart rate to Decrease?

Parasympathetic decreases hr

Systole: - Contraction of the heart

Diastole: - Heart refills

During the systole phase of the cardiac cycle high blood pressure in the
ventricles causes what to open?
Aortic valves to open

When is ventricular volume higher?

At the beginning of systole

In the cardiac cycle when do atrio ventricular valves close?

During systole, when ventricles begin to contract

What detects mean arterial Blood pressre?

Braoreceptors stretch receptors located in carotid sinus and aortic arch

What happens with decreased mean arterial blood pressure?

Reduced arterial wall stretch decreases baroreceptor activity, resulting in
decreased firing in afferent nerves traveling via the glossopharyngeal and
vagus to medulla in brain therefore sympathetic nervous activity increases =
increase hr
What initiates a heart beat?
Sinoatrial node – action potential in the SA node activate adjacent atria sites
via gap junctions contained within intercalculated discs;desmosomes. A wave
of depolarization sweeps through atrial muscle . the imp;ulse is channeled by
AV node.

The av node contains small cells and conducts slowly and delays impulse
~120ms, allowing time for atrial contraction to complete ventricular filling.

Impulse then transmitted from AV node by specalised wide and fast

conducting myocytes the bundle of his and purkinje fibres

If epithelial cells burst platelets stick to collagen and form thrombus

58. What is a normal heart rate? 50-70- bpm

59. What is a normal stroke volume? 70ml

121.
122.

138. Where is a clot most likely to have come from if a patient

suffers from a pulmonary embolism?

DVT.

What increases heart rate, the parasympathetic or the sympathetic nerves?

Sympathetic (origin superior and middle cervical sympathetic ganglia, cell

bodies in T1-T5 Tx Sp nerve segments).

Which one of the following is not a cause of atrial fibrillation?

Pulmonary embolus
Pregnancy
Alcoholism
 Cushing’s disease
Hyperthyroidism

Which blood clotting factor does Haemophilia A affect?

V111

Which blood clotting factor does Christmas disease affect? And what is
another name for this disease? Factor IX. Haemophilia B

Which circulating blood glycoprotein is necessary for the aggregation of

platelets when forming the initial plug following a haemorrhagic
incident?

von Willebrand factor