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Clastic rocks are made up of particles of pre-existing rocks and minerals. Clastic
rocks are made up of particles of a pre-existing rocks and minerals. These particles may have
originally been from igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks, or even other sedimentary rocks.
These particles Originally May have been from Igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks, or even
other sedimentary rocks. Clastic rocks are deposited under the influence of some type of
current (flowing water, waves, winds, or moving ice), therefore particle size is a reflection of
the amount of energy that transported the sediments to the place of deposition and tells us
something about how the rock was formed. Clastic rocks are deposited under the influence of
Some type of current (flowing water, waves, Winds, or moving ice), particle size is therefore
a reflection of the amount of energy That Transported the sediments to the place of
deposition, and tells us something about how the rock was formed.

Particle size is described in three major categories, gravel (all particles larger than 2
mm in diameter), sand (particles smaller than 2 mm, but larger than 0.0625 mm), and mud
(particles smaller than 0.0625 mm). Particle size is described in three major categories, gravel
(all particles larger than 2 mm in diameter), sand (particles Smaller than 2 mm, but larger
Than 0.0625 mm), and mud (particles Smaller Than 0.0625 mm). The first step in any
identification of a clastic rock is to determine the grain size of the particles. The first step in
any identification of a clastic rock is to determine the grain size of the particles. If more than
30% of a rock is composed of gravel sized clasts, then it is either a conglomerate or a breccia.
If More Than 30% of a rock is composed of gravel sized clasts, then it is Either a
conglomerate or a breccia. A conglomerate has clasts which have rounded corners, a breccia
has clasts with angular corners. A conglomerate clasts has the which have rounded Corners, a
breccia with angular clasts has Corners. Remember, the shape of the grains in the rock is the
important feature, not the shape of the hand specimen. Remember, the shape of the grains in
the rock is the Important features, not the shape of the hand specimens.

All clastic rocks which are made up of sand sized particles are called sandstones, but
not all sandstones are alike. All the which clastic rocks are made up of sand sized particles
are Called sandstones, but not all sandstones are alike sessions. The three common types of
sand particles are quartz, feldspars and rock fragments. The three common types of sand
particles are quartz, feldspars and rock fragments. If the sandstone is made up mostly of
quartz, it is called a quartz sandstone . If the sandstone is made up of quartz Mostly, it is
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Called a quartz sandstone . If the sandstone have a significant amount of feldspar grains, it is
called an arkosic sandstone . If the sandstone have a significant amount of feldspar grains, it
is Called an arkosic sandstone . In order to differentiate between a quartz sandstone and an
arkosic sandstone, you must be able to tell the difference between quartz and feldspar. In
order to differentiate Between a quartz sandstone and an arkosic sandstone, you must be Able
to tell the difference Between quartz and feldspar. Arkosic sandstones have a high percentage
of quartz, but also contain identifiable feldspar grains. Arkosic sandstones have a high
percentage of quartz, but contain identifiable Also feldspar grains. The final type of
sandstone is made up of rock fragments. The final type of sandstone is made up of rock
fragments. These may be pieces of basalt, shale, limestone, rhyolite or even other sandstone,
and the rock is called a lithic sandstone or litharenite . May These few pieces of basalt, shale,
limestone, rhyolite sandstone or other events, and the rock is Called a lithic sandstone or
litharenite.

Clastic rocks made up of mud sized particles have particles too small to see either
shape of composition, so classification is based on the properties of the rock as a whole
(rather than the grains), or by particle size. Clastic rocks made up of mud sized particles have
particles too small to see Either shape of composition, so classification is based on the
properties of the rock as a whole (rather Than the grains), or by particle size. Mud includes
two subgroups, the coarser grains are silt (0.0625 mm to 0.0039 mm) and the finer grains are
called clay (smaller than 0.0039 mm in diameter). Mud includes two subgroups, the coarser
grains are silt (0.0625 mm to 0.0039 mm) and the finer grains are Called clay (Smaller Than
0.0039 mm in diameter). A rock dominated by silt particles is called a siltstone . A rock
dominated by silt particles is Called a siltstone . A rock dominated by clay particles is called
a claystone. A rock dominated by clay particles is Called a claystone. By now you are asking
yourself, if the particles are too small to identify, how can I tell them apart. By now you are
Asking yourself, if the particles are too small to identify, how can i tell Them apart. Your
eyes are less sensitive than your touch. Your eyes are less sensitive Than your touch. Sand
will feel gritty between your fingers, but silt will feel smooth. Sand Between Gritty earnest
feel your fingers, but silt earnest feel smooth. Clay particles are so small that the particles
even feel smooth on your teeth (a test which must be performed to be believed). Clay
particles are so small That even the particles feel smooth on your teeth (a test the which must
be performed to be believed). Most rocks in the mud family are made up a mixture of silt and
clay sized particles. Most rocks in the mud family are made up a mixture of silt and clay
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sized particles. In these cases, if the rock shows some degree of bedding (layering caused by
gravity) then the rock is called a shale . In these cases, if the rock shows Some degree of
bedding (layering the caused by gravity), then the rock is Called a shale . If the rock shows no
evidence of bedding (described as massive) it is called a mudstone. If the rock shows no
evidence of bedding (described as massive) it is Called a mudstone.

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Four main groups of rocks can be recognized based on their composition; terrigenous clastic
sediments, carbonate sediments, evaporation deposition, and volcaniclastic.General and
specific composition to determine the nature of sediments and sedimentary rocks that formed
character.Classification scheme, naming, and descriptions have been developed to categorize
sediments and sedimentary rocks through the characteristics of a particular
material.Description of sediments and sedimentary rocks including estimates of origin of
mineral and biogenic constituent.Quantitative analysis of grain size, shape, and particle
distribution. Description of lithology can be made of loose material or hand specimen and
petrographic analysis completed by using a microscope. Some information about the process
and deposition conditions can be obtained through the study of sediment and rock as well as
with additional data from field and subsurface data. This chapter discusses the terrigenous
clastic sediments (gravel, sand, and mud) and litifikasinya; composed of minerals and rock
fragments derived from the weathering and erosion of older rocks.

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Sediments and sedimentary rocks can be classified based on the constituent or the origin of
the formation, or a combination of both.Distribution of sedimentary rocks is shown below
(Figure 2.1). 

TERRIGENOUS MATERIAL clastic 

Materials derived from clastic rock particles or older.This is the erosion of clastic detritus
from source rocks and are generally composed of silicate minerals; term detrital sediments
and sedimentary siliciklastik also be used for this material.Clastic sizes ranging from clay
particles (micrometer) to boulders (meters).Sandstones and conglomerates prepare as much
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as 20% - 25% of sedimentary rocks in the stratigraphic record and mudstone arrange 60% of
the total.

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Terrigenous clastic sediments is a collection of (aggregate) which separated from the clastic
material into terrigenous clastic sedimentary rocks when the material is terlitifikasi (litifikasi
is the process of rock formation) (7.21). Mud, silt, and sand is a loose aggregate; additional
affixes 'rocks' (mudstone, siltstone, sandstone) indicating that the material has been
terlitifikasi and has become rock solid.Loose gravel material named according to their size,
such as grain (granule), gravel (pebble), berangkal (cobble), and boulders (boulder) that can
terlitifikasi into conglomerates (sometimes added size, sample conglomerate gravel / 'pebble
conglomerate').


 

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Division based on grain size is used as a starting point for classifying and naming of sediment
and terrigenous clastic sedimentary rocks, pebbles and conglomerates composed of clastic
more than 2 mm in diameter, sand-sized grains between 2 mm to 1 / 16 mm (63 m); mud
(including clay and silt) consists of particles less than 63 ȝm in diameter. There are several
types of schemes and the division of categories, but sedimentologist tend to use the
Wentworth scale (Figure 2.2) to determine and name terrigenous clastic sediment.




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Commonly known by the name of Wentworth Scale, this scheme is used for classification of
aggregate particles of matter (Udden, 1914, Wentworth 1922).Scale division are based on a
factor of 2; examples are grains of sand diameter 0.25 mm - 0.5 mm, very coarse sand of 1
mm - 2 mm, and so on.This scale was chosen because the distribution of reflections showing
the natural distribution of sediment particle; simple, large blocks of broken into two parts,
and so on.


  
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