Integrated Service Digital Network

Table of contents

Abstract ……………………….. [Page 3]

Introduction ………………… [Page 4]

History

Definition ……………………. [Page 5]

Protocol

Configuration …………... [Page 6]

ISDN devices

Types of ISDN channels .. [Page 7]

Inverse Multiplexing

Types of ISDN ……………[Page 8]

ISDN connection topologies…. [Page 9]

Broadband ISDN ………… [Page 10]

Abstract

Telecommunication technology is always in progress. Researches for

new technologies are being introduced everyday to achieve maximum
communication capabilities and fulfill different communicative needs
and requirements. It is essential for users to have access to network
resources and use it to establish different form of information
exchange (weather voice, data or videoconferencing).
Introduction

Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN) is one of the many communication

standards developed in the modern world. The purpose of this service is to

provide users with access to vast communication applications without

sophisticated hardware implementation or expensive equipment. To this day,

ISDN is considered a breakthrough in the world of telecommunication although it

isn’t the latest technology.

History

1984 The International Telephone and Telegraph Consultative Committee

(CCITT), known now as International Telecommunications Union (ITU)

described initial guidelines for ISDN implementation.

1990 National ISDN 1 (NI-1) standard created, however many switch

manufacturers did not agree to this standard and did not deploy it

due to incompatibilities with their switches.

1995 Adoption of National ISDN 2 (NI-2) standard which adds to the

capabilities of (NI-1) and defines a uniform implementation of

primary rate access (PRA).

Definition

ISDN is a set of communications standards enabling

traditional telephone lines to carry voice, digital network

services, and video.

It integrates speech and data on the same lines, adding

features that were not available in the classic telephone

system. [Wikipedia]

ISDN offers users a wide range of services through use of

fully digitized telephone networks. The ISDN network is

accessible using a user interface network. (Defined by

ITU-T and ETSI)

 Protocol

ISDN access network consists of three layers. These layers are the three lower

layers of the OSI model

 Layer 1 – the physical layer

 Layer 2 – the data link layer

 Layer 3 – the network layer

Reference
configuration of an
ISDN user-network
interface
Configuration

ISDN is set-up on groups of bidirectional (full-duplex) transmission

channels. The interface of an ISDN is time division multiplexed into

channels.

ISDN Devices

ISDN devices are to include certain equipment.

 ISDN Terminals and terminal adaptors (TAs)

 Specialized ISDN terminals (TE1)

 Non-ISDN terminals (TE2)

 Network termination devices

 Type 1 (NT1) [Provided by the carrier]

 Type 2 (NT2) [Perform Layer 1 and Layer 2 functions]

 NT 1/2 [Single device that combines functions of

NT1 and NT2]

 Line termination equipment

 Exchange termination equipment

ISDN Configuration
(CISCO)

R: The reference point between non-ISDN

equipment and a TA

S: The reference point between user terminals and

the NT2

T: The reference point between NT1 and NT2

devices.

U: The reference point between NT1 devices and

line-termination equipment in the carrier network.
Types of ISDN Channels

There are two types of ISDN channels, bearer channels and delta channels.

Bearer Channels

Channels dedicated for user voice and different types of data transmission.

Operate at 64 Kbit/s (full duplex mode)

Delta Channels

Packet-switched links for call set-up and user data (signaling & control)

Operate at 16 or 64 Kbit/s (half duplex mode).

Inverse Multiplexing:

It is the process of combining multiple channels (pipes) to achieve higher data

rate for specific applications [video conferencing], and broken down again for

different applications [normal voice or data transmission].

Types of ISDN

Basic Rate Interface (BRI) [2B + D]

 Two 64Kbit/s B channels

 One 16Kbit/s D Channel

Note: B channels are often “bonded” to form a channel with a 128 Kbit/s

data rate channel for different applications

Primary Rate Interface (PRI)

 23 (North America – 1.472 Mbps) or 30 (Europe – 1.984 Mbps) B

channels

 One 64 Kbit/s D Channel [T1 (North America) or E1 (Europe)

T1 PRIs provide 1.472 Mbit/s data rate

E1 PRIs provide 1.920 Mbit/s data rate

Note: PRI pairing can be used to establish larger connections. A dual PRI

could have 47 B channels and 1 D channel or 46 B channels and 2 D

channels (backup signaling).

ISDN connection topologies

PRI connection
Broadband ISDN

Broadband ISDN is designed to handle “high bandwidth applications.”

BISDN currently uses ATM technology over SONET-based transmission

circuits to provide data rates from 155 to 622Mbps and beyond!

BISDN is still being researched and developed.