Functions

• A function is a special relationship between two sets such that for each element x
in its domain there is assigned one and only one element y in its range.
• A function creates the uniqueness of the assignment. There cannot be assigned
two values of y to one x.
• In a function, no two ordered pairs can have the same initial element and a
different second element.
• There will be no ordered pairs in a function, that will be in the form (a1, b1) and
(a2, b2) with a1 = a2 and b1 ≠ b2.
• The correspondence between x and y is usually expressed with the function
notation: y = f(x), where y is called the dependent variable and x is called the
independent variable.
• The value of y depends on the value of x plugged into the function.
For example, the square root function can be written as y = f (x) = . To

calculate the correspondence for x = 4, we get y = f (4) = = 2. The square root

function assigns the unique y value of 2 to the x value of 4. Most expressions can
be turned into functions.
For example, the expression becomes the function

f(x)=

Relations and functions in mathematics involves relation between the pairs of

objects in certain order. (0,1)
In mathematics too, we come across relations such as
. A is a subset of B
. line l is parallel to line m
. number m is less than number n.
• A function expresses the intuitive idea that one quantity (the argument of the
function, also known as its input) completely determines another quantity (the
value of the function or output).
 Types of Functions

• Onto function: A function is said to be an onto then all the element bin the co-
domain, there is at least one element a in the domain such that b = f(a)
• This can be restated as: A function is onto when its image equals its range, i.e.
f(X) = Y.

is an onto function

is not an onto function

• One-to-one function: If the domain element is associated exactly with all the
element rang of the function then it is a one-to-one function. if domain (A) have
two different elements and co-domain (B) have different images.
is 1-1 provided
implies ,
is 1-1 provided
implies

• Identity function: A function is said to be identity function if f is a set of A and it

will also be the set of same A.
Example: f(y) = y
• Constant function: if the range of a function is a singleton set then the function
is called a constant function.
f(x) = 10 then f (15) = 10
Here f is called the constant function. Whatever comes in to f, the
number 10 comes out

• Linear function: If a function f : R → R is defined in the form f(x) = ax + b then

the function is called a linear function. Here a and b are constants.
Example:1
f(x) = 3x + 4 substitute the value for x = 4
Sol : Given f(x) = 3x + 4
Substitute the value in equation x = 4
Here the notation value has substituted
f(2) = 3(4) + 4
Here we have multiplied by 3( 4 ) = 12
f(2) = 12 + 4
f(2) = 16

Example: 2
f (x ) = x2 + 3x + 8 find the value of x = 4
Sol : Given f (x) = x2 + 3x +8
Substitute the value in equation x = 4
Here the notation has substituted in given equation
f(5) = 42 +3(4) +8
Here 42 = 16 and 3 * 4 = 12
= 16 + 12 +8
Add the all numbers you will get the final answer
= 36
 Practice Questions

1) Show the function f(x) = 8(x - 2) is

a) one-to-one function
b) onto function
c) Linear function
d) Not a function

2) Show the function f(x) = 7(x - 9) is {

a) one-to-one function
b) onto function
c) Linear function5, 2), (-3, 9) }
d) Not a function

3) Choose the constant function:

a) y = -3
b) y = -x
c) y + 7 =x
d) x = 10

4) Identifying the function for the following math table of values

x -2 -1 0 1 2
y 8 -1 0 1 8
a) y=x
b) y=-x
c) y = x3
d) y=-x2
 5) Reduce the linear function -2(x - 3) - 4x - 1 = 3(x + 4) – x
a) 7/9
b) -7/9
c) 9/7
d) -9/7

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