FILTERS

My assignment topic is filters.

Basically filters are a very important
tool and topic in electronics. Their
presence can make many complicated
things possible.

We must be wondering why do we actually need

filters. When we are actually analyzing any signal
we can get many unwanted signals in our present
signal. Also we can use a filter in many of our
electronic devices to vary the type of work we are
doing. First we analyze the type of filters.
Basically there are 4 types of filters:-

1) Low pass filter

2) High pass filter
 3) Band pass filter

4) Band Stop Filter

 Filters are electronic circuits which allow electronic signals of
certain frequencies to pass through the filter, while blocking or
attenuating electronic signals of other frequencies. Filters are
essential to the operation of most electronic circuits. Filters
are implemented in electronic circuits to alter the amplitude
and/or phase characteristics of a signal with respect to
frequency. Electrical filters are utilized to transmit desired
electrical signals by selecting or rejecting one or more signal
components, related to frequency. Many different types of
filters are known for the processing of electrical signals.

For example we are sitting in a room with a fan working. If we

are speaking something then that is a signal. Speech signal
has a frequency from 0.3 Hz to 3.4KHz.both these signals will
try to interfere with each other.
Speech Signal

Noise Signal
 Looking at these two signals we cannot possibly separate
them in time domain but we can separate them in frequency
domain using filters.We can see that noise signal has more
frequency content than the speech signal. So we can plot
their frequency curves with amplitude and then use a low
pass filter to separate our speech signal from noise.

Speech Signal
 Noise Signal
So here we can use a low pass filter to pass our speech signal
and get it.

Another example
Another use can be made when we transmit signal
for mobile phones. They transmit signal for
frequency of the range 890-915 MHz or 935-960
MHz. If there are other distortions we can use a
band pass filter to pass our desired band.

Another example

Sometimes certain frequencies are not required. Like suppose

in a system we are giving an input signal of a certain frequency
but we have an incoming frequency not desired in the output.
 Then we can use a stopband filter.

Bandpass and band-rejection filters have been widely used to

control the flow of signals that propagate in electronic circuits. A
bandpass filter is an electrical filter used to pass the spectral
components of a signal falling within a predetermined range of
frequencies while attenuating the frequency components above
and below that range. A band rejection filter, however, is an
electrical filter that rejects or suppresses a band of frequencies.
A low pass filter passes low frequency electrical signals, while
rejects high frequency electrical signals. Conversely, a high
pass filter suppresses the frequency electrical signals, while
passes high frequency signals.
NUMERICAL EXAMPLE
 APPLICATION
one of the main applications of filter circuits is the
use of them in creating digital music and mixing
them as done by DJ's.
 Creation of digital music is also done using filters.
The filter is one of a producer's must have tools in
their arsenal. Filters allow you to greatly shape the
sound that you are effecting, by isolating certain
frequencies from the ones that remain. Subtractive
synthesis was founded on this idea, and the result of
their influence was been seen in just many synthetic
music pieces over the years. All frequencies that we
hear reach a cutoff point, which is the main part
control of the filter. There are many different types of
filters that can be used in combination with each
other to get some pretty drastically altered sounds.
 APPLICATION
Application in opto- electronics
Devices and techniques for achieving signal filtering
in RF or microwave frequencies by optical filtering
via two optical resonators in two separate optical
paths. One optical resonator is tunable to tune the
filtering in RF or microwave frequencies. Tunable
opto--electronic oscillators may be constructed
based on described filters
APPLICATION
Use in speakers systems
"Filters" is an application for the calculation of
electronic filters for the construction of speaker
systems. The program automatically calculates the
values of electronic components (inductors,
capacitors) of electronic filters as a function of the
speaker impedance and the cutoff frequency
desired. The software can calculate and design their
circuits (filters) for high, medium, low, sub woofer,
etc. ... for different filter orders (first and second
order). Once calculated the filtering circuit diagram
you can see the relative frequency and phase (Bode
plots)

.
 APPLICATION
Noise removers.
They are remove unwanted noise signals over
large range of frequencies for a lot of devices.
APPLICATION
we have so many radio stations and all of them
are present at a different frequency. Our fm radio
system has a filter that is band pass filter. As we
rotate our knob the particular filter will move over
the range of frequencies and will pass only the
 frequency of that particular channel so we will
have that radio station on our system to hear.

APPLICATION
When we use a TV remote to access our channels
we don’t realize that basic filters is being used.
Different cannels have different frequencies. As
we press the remote the filter doe its work to stop
all other frequencies and give us the desired
channel.
Applications of filters are never ending in our daily
life.
Current trends
A new feedback method for pr current control of
LCL filter in inverter
For a grid-connected converter with an LCL filter,
the harmonic compensators of a proportional-
resonant (PR) controller are usually limited to
several low-order current harmonics due to system
instability when the compensated frequency is out
 of the bandwidth of the system control loop. In this
paper, a new current feedback method for PR
current control is proposed. The weighted average
value of the currents flowing through the two
inductors of the LCL filter is used as the feedback
to the current PR regulator. Consequently, the
control system with the LCL filter is degraded from
a third-order function to a first-order one. A large
proportional control-loop gain can be chosen to
obtain a wide control-loop bandwidth, and the
system can be optimized easily for minimum
current harmonic distortions, as well as system
stability. The inverter system with the proposed
controller is investigated and compared with those
using traditional control methods. Experimental
results on a 5-kW fuel-cell inverter are provided,
and the new current control strategy has been
verified.
Angular selective light filter based on photonic
crystal for photovoltaic applications
A new angular selective filter design that is
based on photonic bandgap engineering
principles. The operation of the filter is based on
 the occurrence of angular-dependent photonic
stopbands and passbands in a photonic crystal
structure. Such a filter allows for the
propagation of normally incident light while
disallowing the propagation of obliquely incident
light waves. When the filter is applied to a solar
cell structure that consists of a diffraction grating
structure on the back surface, a high-efficiency
light trap can be formed. Hence, the light-
trapping capacity of the new structure is
dependent on the photonic band structure of the
light filter rather than on refractive optical
properties of the active photovoltaic material.
This paper presents a model of such a structure
and investigates the possibilities afforded by the
new structure
OTHER APPLICATIONS

Digital filters are used in a variety of

communication systems which typically transmit
and receive amplitude and/or phase modulated
signals across a communication channel. Radio
systems using spread spectrum modulation
techniques are becoming increasingly popular for a
 variety of communication applications. Radio
transmitters and receivers require filters to remove
or suppress unwanted frequencies from being
transmitting or received. Surface acoustic wave
(SAW) filters are frequently used in commercial
and other applications as RF and IF filters to
provide frequency selectivity and other electronic
functions. A surface acoustic wave filter formed of
such an SAW (surface acoustic wave) device
includes a piezoelectric substrate on which are
formed interdigital transducers (IDTS) having
interdigital electrodes and reflectors having grating
electrodes. Bandpass and band-rejection filters
have been widely used to control the flow of
signals that propagate in electronic circuits. A
bandpass filter is an electrical filter used to pass
the spectral components of a signal falling within a
predetermined range of frequencies while
attenuating the frequency components above and
below that range. A band rejection filter, however,
is an electrical filter that rejects or suppresses a
band of frequencies. A low pass filter passes low
frequency electrical signals, while rejects high
frequency electrical signals. Conversely, a high
pass filter suppresses the frequency electrical
signals, while passes high frequency signals.

Shikha Bhatt
Roll no-907139
EEE-3