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UML interview questions

1. What is UML? UML is Unified Modeling Language. It is a graphical language

for visualizing specifying constructing and documenting the artifacts of the
system. It allows you to create a blue print of all the aspects of the system,
before actually physically implementing the system.

2. What is modeling? What are the advantages of creating a model?

Modeling is a proven and well-accepted engineering technique which helps build
a model. Model is a simplification of reality; it is a blueprint of the actual system
that needs to be built. Model helps to visualize the system. Model helps to
specify the structural and behavior of the system. Model helps make templates
for constructing the system. Model helps document the system.

3. What are the different views that are considered when building an
object-oriented software system? Normally there are 5 views. Use Case
view - This view exposes the requirements of a system. Design View - Capturing
the vocabulary. Process View - modeling the distribution of the systems
processes and threads. Implementation view - addressing the physical
implementation of the system. Deployment view - focus on the modeling the
components required for deploying the system.

4. What are diagrams? Diagrams are graphical representation of a set of

elements most often shown made of things and associations.

5. What are the major three types of modeling used? Major three types of
modeling are structural, behavioral, and architectural.

6. Mention the different kinds of modeling diagrams used? Modeling

diagrams that are commonly used are, there are 9 of them. Use case diagram,
Class Diagram, Object Diagram, Sequence Diagram, statechart Diagram,
Collaboration Diagram, Activity Diagram, Component diagram, Deployment
Diagram.

7. What is Architecture? Architecture is not only taking care of the structural

and behavioral aspect of a software system but also taking into account the
software usage, functionality, performance, reuse, economic and technology
constraints.

8. What is SDLC? SDLC is Software Development Life Cycle. SDLC of a system

included processes that are Use case driven, Architecture centric and Iterative
and Incremental. This Life cycle is divided into phases. Phase is a time span
between two milestones. The milestones are Inception, Elaboration,
Construction, and Transition. Process Workflows that evolve through these
phase are Business Modeling, Requirement gathering, Analysis and Design,
Implementation, Testing, Deployment. Supporting Workflows are Configuration
and change management, Project management.

9. What are Relationships? There are different kinds of relationships:

Dependencies, Generalization, and Association. Dependencies are relations
ships between two entities that that a change in specification of one thing may
affect another thing. Most commonly it is used to show that one class uses
another class as an argument in the signature of the operation. Generalization is
relationships specified in the class subclass scenario, it is shown when one
entity inherits from other. Associations are structural relationships that are: a
room has walls, Person works for a company. Aggregation is a type of
association where there is a has a relation ship, That is a room has walls, �f
there are two classes room and walls then the relation ship is called a
association and further defined as an aggregation.

10. How are the diagrams divided? The nine diagrams are divided into static
diagrams and dynamic diagrams.

11. Static Diagrams (Also called Structural Diagram): Class diagram, Object
diagram, Component Diagram, Deployment diagram.

12. Dynamic Diagrams (Also called Behavioral Diagrams): Use Case Diagram,
Sequence Diagram, Collaboration Diagram, Activity diagram, Statechart
diagram.

13. What are Messages? A message is the specification of a communication,

when a message is passed that results in action that is in turn an executable
statement.

14. What is an Use Case? A use case specifies the behavior of a system or a
part of a system, �cases are used to capture the behavior that need to be
developed. It involves the interaction of actors and the system.

Medical management interview questions

1. If I called a member of your current staff and asked them to tell

me about you, what would they say?

2. What actions would you take if you came on board?

3. How do you lead?

4. What’s your secret to getting subordinates to follow you?

5. How do you motivate employees?

6. How do you reward employees?

7. Describe your management philosophy and management style.

8. Some managers supervise their employees closely, while others

use a loose rein. How do you manage?

9. How have you improved as a manager over the years?

10. How many people have you fired? How do you go about
it?

11. How would you deal with an employee who broke a policy
(ie: late for work)?

12. How would you deal with an employee who was not open
and honest in communication?

13. It is very hard to attract (critical care, ER, OR, OB etc.)

nurses to this area. What are some strategies you
might use to have enough qualified nurses to be sure patients get
quality care in the facility?

14. What single professional event made you most proud to

be a manager/leader?

15. What event made you least proud to be a leader?

16. In prior positions did you have budgeting responsibilities?

If so, what was the size of your operating budget?

17. Do you know how to figure FTE’s?

18. What is your definition of empowerment?

19. What is your definition of Quality Assurance (QA), and

who should be responsible, for QA?

20. Tell me about a time when your manager made a decision

you disagreed with. What actions did you take and why?

21. Tell me about a time when you had to handle a disruptive

employee. What did you do? What were the
results?

22. Tell me about a time when you had to deal with an irate
physician, patient, employee etc. How did you handle it and what
was the result?

23. How have you managed to foster a successful team in

your past positions?

24. What methods have you found successful in determining

the priorities when you start in a new facility?

25. What methods do you use to foster open communication

with staff and management?

26. Tell me about a work incident when you were totally

honest, despite a potential risk or downside for the
honesty.

27. How did you handle a recent situation where the direction
from above was unclear and circumstances were changing?

28. Describe how you motivated a group of people to do

something they did not want to do.

29. Who is your most effective subordinate and your least effective
subordinate?
What are the strengths and weaknesses of each? What have you
done to develop each of these subordinates?

30. Tell me about some of the people who have become

successful as a result of your management. What was your role in
their development?

31. What are the major training and development needs of the
people in your department? How did you identify them? What are
you doing about them?

32. Are there any techniques you have found useful in

identifying particular subordinates’ needs and potentials? Tell me
how they worked with a particular person.

33. What do you do differently than other managers? Why?

Examples?

34. What is the farthest you’ve had to bend your standards in

order to succeed?

35. What job duties would you like to avoid if at all possible?

36. Describe a time in which you weighed the pros and cons
of a situation and decided not to take action, even though you were
 under pressure to do so?

37. All of us have been in situations where we assigned work to

other people and they didn’t do what we intended. Can you tell me
about some of those? What were the circumstances and how did
you handle it?

38. Have you ever had problems in getting your subordinates

to accept your ideas or department goals? What approach did you
use? How effective was it?

39. Have you ever needed cooperation from groups that did
not report to you? What did you do to gain cooperation? What were
the satisfactions and disappointments?

40. Is there a trait or characteristic about you that you find is

frequently misunderstood, that surprises you when you find out
that people think that about you?

41. What 3 things do you hope to accomplish in your first

year?

42. What do you expect of those who report to you? If

candidate responds with a one word answer (for example saying,
“support” you can probe further by asking the candidate to describe
three behaviors that she/he would view as being supportive.

43. If you had an unfavorable plan (i.e., budget) to

implement, what would you do to get the managers’ buy in and
support?

44. With the current nursing shortage, what are two solutions
you would like to see put in place?

45. What kind of support do you offer managers, directors

and front-line staff, knowing the stress of the nursing shortage and
the increasing acuity of our patients?

46. Tell us about a high level innovative idea/change that you

implemented. Was it or was it not successful?

IT management interview questions

A recruiter for executive search company forwarded the list of

questions that are usually asked by one top technology company for
newly hired IT managers, CIOs, CTOs and division Vice Presidents. No
answers, naturally, as some questions are highly personal and there
are no 100% correct answers.

1. Summarize the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of

the financial position of the company as you understand them.

2. We view the accounting/financial management functions in this

position as more than tracking numbers, but tracking and analyzing
number to find ways to reduce expenditures and increase revenues.
What experience do you have in using your accounting and financial
management skills to identify waste and opportunity? What were the
results of your efforts?

3. How have you increased revenues in the previous companies

you’ve worked for?

4. How much success have you had with budgets you have developed
or assisted in developing? Explain.

5. When you think about managing the optical networking group,

what do you think? How would you approach this responsibility? What
would you like to know about it?

6. What are the most important policies and procedures in your

philosophy to cash management?

7. When analyzing your group budget, what would you be looking for?

8. Describe two instances when you had to work weekends or

evenings to meet expectations and/or “fill the gap” from other
employees and/or subordinates?

9. What types of reports would you like to review your first month on
the job and why? What kind of regular meetings would you schedule
with your division managers?

10. What experience do you have with Local Area

Networks/Servers/computer technicians and dealing with vendors?

11. What do you want staff to tell you about their position your
first week on the job? After the first month?

12. How will you determine your expectations from your staff? At
what point do you believe it is important to give staff a “Preview
Review"?

13. How will you help staff change from a “This is how I’ve
always done it.” to new processes you implement?
14. How do you reward excellence, innovation, initiative,
teamwork?

15. How many performance evaluations have you conducted in

the last 12 months? How did your reports fare? How did you help them
do well? What could you have done to help them perform at the
highest level?

Mathematical puzzles for call center

interviews

These questions were asked by Indian call center outsourcing

company TISL. Generally the applicant for Support Technician or Call
Center Operator is given the sheet with the problems below
(calculators allowed) and 30 minutes to complete the written test. The
answers are usually supplied in multiple-choice format, however, the
format that I got had the answers filled in.

1. A boy multiplied a number with 10 and got 100. If he

divided it by 10, what would be the answer? Answer is 1

2. If a 12 shell cupboard requires 18 ft of wall space then how

much wall space would a 30 cup shelf require? Answer is 45

3. The average salary of three employee is $950 per week. If

one employee earns $1150 and other earns $650 rupees, how
much will third be earn? Answer is $1050

4. During a given week a programmer spend 1/4 of his time

preparing charts,3/8 of his time for coding,rest of his time for
debugging the programs.If he had 48 hrs during the week how
many hours did he spend debugging the program. Answer is
18hrs

5. A 16 story building has 12000ft on each floor. Company A

rents 7 floors and company B rents 4 floors. What is the
number of square feet of unrented floor space? Answer is 60000
sqft

6. A man owns 2/3 of a computer service buroue business and

sells 3/4 of his share for $75000.What is the value of the
business. Answer is 150,000

7. A computer printer produces 176400 lines in a given day. If

the printer is in operation for 7 hrs during the day how many
lines did it print per minute? Answer is 420

8. From its total income a company spent $20000 for

advertising, half of the remainder on bonuses and had $6000
left.What was the total income? Answer is $32000

9. In a certain company 20% of the men and 40% of the

women attended the annual company picnic.If 35% of all the
employees are men .What % of all the employee went to the
picnic? Answer is 33%

10. If a card punch operator can process 80 cards in half an

hour How many cards can this process in 7hr30min? Answer is
1200

11. In a computer tape library there are two racks with 40 tapes
per rack.In a given day 30 tapes are in use . What fraction
remains in the rack? Answer is 5/8

Bioinformatics interview questions

The following questions are asked at a written exam by Indian

subcontractor Wipro. It’s for bioinformatics position, but requires
good knowledge of Math and Chemistry, as well as basic logical
thinking skills suitable for SATs.

1.When a bicycle is in motion, the force of friction exerted by

the ground on the two wheels is such that it acts

(a) In the backward direction on the front wheel and in the forward
direction on the rear wheel.
(b) In the forward direction on the front wheel and in the backward
direction on the rear wheel.
© In the backward direction on both the front and rear wheels.
(d) In the backward direction on both the front and rear wheels.

Ans. (d)

2. A certain radioactive element A, has a half life = t seconds.

In (t/2) seconds the fraction of the initial quantity of the
element so far decayed is nearly

(a) 29%
(b) 15%
© 10%
(d) 45%

Ans. (a)
3. Which of the following plots would be a straight line ?

(a) Logarithm of decay rate against logarithm of time

(b) Logarithm of decay rate against logarithm of number of decaying
nuclei
© Decay rate against time
(d) Number of decaying nuclei against time

Ans. (b)

4. A radioactive element x has an atomic number of 100. It

decays directly into an element y which decays directly into
element z. In both processes a charged particle is emitted.
Which of the following statements would be true?

(a) y has an atomic number of 102

(b) y has an atomic number of 101
© z has an atomic number of 100
(d) z has an atomic number of 101

Ans. (b)

5. If the sum of the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c=0 is

equal to the sum of the squares of their reciprocals then a/c,
b/a, c/b are in

(a) AP
(b) GP
© HP
(d) None of these

Ans. ©

6. A man speaks the truth 3 out of 4 times. He throws a die

and reports it to be a 6. What is the probability of it being a 6?

(a) 3/8
(b) 5/8
© 3/4
(d) None of the above

Ans. (a)

7. If cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = 1 then ABC is a

(a) Right angle triangle

(b) Equilateral triangle
© All the angles are acute
(d) None of these

Ans. (a)

8. Image of point (3,8) in the line x + 3y = 7 is

(a) (-1,-4)
(b) (-1,4)
© (2,-4)
(d) (-2,-4)

Ans. (a)

9. The mass number of a nucleus is

(a) Always less than its atomic number

(b) Always more than its atomic number
© Sometimes more than and sometimes equal to its atomic number
(d) None of the above

Ans. ©

10. The maximum KE of the photoelectron emitted from a

surface is dependent on

(a) The intensity of incident radiation

(b) The potential of the collector electrode
© The frequency of incident radiation
(d) The angle of incidence of radiation of the surface

Ans. ©

11. Which of the following is not an essential condition for

interference

(a) The two interfering waves must be propagated in almost the

same direction or
the two interfering waves must intersect at a very small angle
(b) The waves must have the same time period and wavelength
© Amplitude of the two waves should be the same
(d) The interfering beams of light must originate from the same
source
Ans. ©

12. When X-Ray photons collide with electrons

(a) They slow down

(b) Their mass increases
© Their wave length increases
(d) Their energy decreases

Ans. ©

13. An electron emits energy

(a) Because its in orbit

(b) When it jumps from one energy level to another
© Electrons are attracted towards the nucleus
(d) The electrostatic force is insufficient to hold the electrons in
orbits

Ans. (b)

14. How many bonds are present in CO2 molecule?

(a) 1
(b) 2
© 0
(d) 4

Ans. (d)

15. In a balanced chemical equation

(a) Atoms are conserved

(b) Molecules are conserved
© Moles are conserved
(d) Reactant and product molecules are preserved

Ans. (a)

16. How many grams of NaOH will react with 0.2 equivalent of
HCl?

(a) 0.59
(b) 0.285
© 1.18
(d) none of these

Ans. (a)

17. Which of the following is least acidic

(a) Ortho-cresol
(b) Para-cresol
© Phenol
(d) Meta-cresol

Ans. (b)

18. In Reimer-Tiemann’s reaction, the reaction intermediate

is

(a) Carbene
(b) Dichloro carbene
© Carbonion
(d) Carbonium ion

Ans. (b)

19. Which of the following is most acidic?

(a) C2H5OH
(b) CH3CHOHCH3
© Ethanol
(d) CH3OH

Ans. (b)

20.A catalyst

(a)always slows down the reaction

(b)always starts a rection that would not have ocurred at all
otherwise
©causes changes in the rate of the reaction
(d)changes the quantities of the products formed

Ans. ©

21.The rate of the first order reaction depends on the

(a) Concentration of the reactant

(b) Concentration of the product
© Time
(d) Temperature

Ans. (d)

22. The most abundant element in the universe is

(a) Hydrogen
(b) Helium
© Oxygen
(d) Silicon

Ans. (a)

23. Integrate 3x + 5 / (x3-x2-x+1)

(a) 1/2 log | (x+1)/(x-1) | - 4/(x-1)

(b) log |2+tanx|
© -(1+logx)/x
(d) 2 log|(tanx)/(tanx+2)

Ans. A

24. If y=cos-1(cosx + 4sinx)/(17)1/2, then dy/dx is

(a) 0
(b) 1
©-1
(d) none of these

Ans. (b)

25. If the sum of n terms of two series of A.P are in the ratio
5n+4:9n+6 .find the ratio of their 13th terms

(a) 129/231
(b) 1/2
© 23/15
(d) None of the above

Ans. (a)

26. If the letters of the word “rachit” are arranged in all

possible ways and these words are written
out as in a dictionary, what is the rank of the word “rachit".
(a) 485
(b) 480
© 478
(d) 481

Ans. (d)

27. Ravi’s salary was reduced by 25%.Percentage increase to

be effected to bring the salary
to the original level is

(a) 20%
(b) 25%
© 33 1/3%
(d) 30%

Ans. ©

28. A and B can finish a piece of work in 20 days .B and C in

30 days and C and A in 40 days.
In how many days will A alone finish the job

(a) 48
(b) 34 2/7
© 44
(d) 45

Ans. (a)

29. How long will a train 100m long traveling at 72kmph take
to overtake another train
200m long traveling at 54kmph

(a) 70sec
(b) 1min
© 1 min 15 sec
(d) 55 sec

Ans. (b)

30. What is the product of the irrational roots of the equation

(2x-1)(2x-3)(2x-5)(2x-7)=9?

(a) 3/2
(b) 4
© 3
(d) 3/4

Ans. (a)

31. Which of the following parameters is the same for

molecules of all gases at a given temperature?

(a) Mass
(b) Momentum
© Speed
(d) Kinetic energy

Ans. (d)

32. A solid is completely immersed in liquid. The force exerted

by the liquid on the solid will

(a) Increase if it is pushed deeper inside the liquid

(b) Change if its orientation is changed
© Decrease if it is taken partially out of the liquid
(d) None of the above

Ans. ©

33. Select the correct statements

(a) A simple harmonic motion is necessarily periodic

(b) An oscillatory motion is necessarily periodic
© A periodic motion is necessarily oscillatory
(d) All of the above

Ans. (a)

34. An electron is injected into a region of uniform magnetic

flux density with the components
of velocity parallel to and normal to the flux. What is the path
of the electron?

(a) Helix
(b) Parabola
© Circle
(d) Rectangle

Ans. (a)

35. A constant voltage is applied between the 2 ends of a

uniform metallic wire.
Some heat is developed in it. The heat developed is doubled if

(a) both the length and radius of the wire are halved.
(b) both the length and radius of the wire are doubled
© the radius of the wire is doubled
(d) the length of the wire is doubled

Ans. (b)

36. If Young’s double slit experiment is performed in water

(a) the fringe width will decrease

(b) the fringe width will increase
© the fringe width remains unchanged
(d) there will be no fringe

Ans. (a)

37. The shape of a spot of light produced when bright

sunshine passes perpendicular
through a hole of very small size is

(a) Square, because the hole is a square

(b) Round, because it is an image of the sun
© Round with a small penumbra around it
(d) Square with a small penumbra

Ans. (b)

Select the alternative that logically follows from the two given
statements.

38. Some forms are books. All books are made of paper

(a) Some forms are made of paper

(b) Some forms are not made of paper
© No forms are made of paper
(d) None of the above

Ans. (a)

39. All toffees are chocolates. Some toffees are not good for
health.

(a) Some chocolates are not good for health

(b) Some toffees are good for health
© No toffees are good for health
(d) Both (a) and (b)

Ans. (a)

The questions 40-46 are based on the following pattern.The

problems below contain a question and two statements giving certain
data. You have to decide whether the data given in the statements
are sufficient for answering the questions.The correct answer is

(A) If statement (I) alone is sufficient but statement (II) alone is not
sufficient.
(B) If statement(II) alone is sufficient but statement(I) alone is not
sufficient.
© If both statements together are sufficient but neither of
statements alone is sufficient.
(D) If both together are not sufficient.
(E) If statements (I) and (II) are identical.

43. If a ground is rectangular, what is its width?

(I) The ratio of its length to its breadth is 7:2

(II) Perimeter of the playground is 396 mts.

Ans. C

44. If the present age of my father is 39 yrs and my present

age is x yrs, what is x?

(I) Next year my mother will be four times as old as i would be.
(II) My brother is 2 years older than I and my father is 4 years older
than my mother.

Ans. C

45. How many brothers and sisters are there in the family of
seven children?

(I) Each boy in the family has as many sisters as brothers

(II) Each of the girl in the family has twice as many brothers as
sisters

Ans. D
46. x is not equal to 0, is x + y = 0?

(I) x is the reciprocal of y

(II) x is not equal to 1

Ans. A

Following questions are based on letter’s analogy.First pair of letters

should have the same relationship as the second pair of letters or
vice versa.

47. ? : BGLQ : : YDIN : VAFK

(a) EKNS
(b) DKMT
© DLMS
(d) EJOT

Ans. (d)

48. NLO : RPS : : ? : ZXA

(a) VUW
(b) VTR
© VTW
(d) TRP

Ans. ©

49. If “segment” is coded as rffndou, then “ritual” is coded as

(a) shutbm
(b) qjutbk
© qhutbk
(d) qhubtk

Ans. ©

50. If “football” is “cricket” ,"cricket” is

“basketball” ,"basketball” is “volleyball","volleyball” is
“khokho” and “khokho” is cricket, which is not a ball game?

(a) cricket
(b) football
© khokho
 (d) basketball

Ans. (a)

51. Which of the following is a recursive set of production

(a) S –> a|A, A –> S

(b) S –> a|A, A –> b
© S –>aA, A–>S
(d) None of these

Ans. ©

General programming and IQ questions

These questions are used on written exam by Indian contractor Wipro for
job applicants in India.

1. John weighs twice as much as Marcia. Marcia’s weight is 60% of Bob’s

weight. Dave weighs 50% of Lee’s weighs 190% of John’s wight. Which of
these 5 persons wighs the least? A) Bob B) Dave C) John D) Lee E) Marcia?
Ans: E

2. A trip takes 6 hours to complete. After traveling 1/4 of an hour, 1

3/8hours, and 2 1/3 hours, howmuch time does need to complete the trip?
A) 2 1/12hours B) 2hours, 2 1/2 minutes C) 2 hours,5minutes D) 2 1/8
hours? Ans) B

3. It takes 30 days to fill a laboratory dish with bacteria. If the size of the
bacteria doubles each day, how long did it take for the bacteria to fill one
half of dish? Ans) D (29 days)

4. A car wash can wash 8 cars in 18 minutes. At this rate, how many cars
can the car wash wash in 3 hours? Ans) 80

5. If the ratio of the areas of 2 squares is 2:1, then what is the ratio of the
perimeters of the squares? Ans) sqrt(2):1

6. There are three types of tickets available for a concert: orchestra, which
cost $12 each; balcony, which cost$9 each: and box, which cost $25 each.
There were P orchestra tickets , B balcony tickets, and R box tickets sold
for the concert. Which of the following expressions gives the percentage of
ticket proceeds due to the sale of orchestra tickets? 100*12P/
(12P+9B+25R)

7. In a survey of town of Wasco, it was found that 65% of the people

surveyed watched the news on television, 40% read newspaper, and 25%
read a newspaper and watched the news on television. What percent of the
people surveyed neither watched the news on the television nor read a
newspaper? 20%

8. City B is 5 miles east of City A. City C is 10 miles southest of City B.

Which of the following is the closest to the distance from City A to City C?
Ans: 14 miles

9. If the area of a square increases by 69%, then the side of the square
increased by? 30%

10. There are 30 socks in a drawer. 60% of the socks are red and the
rest are blue. What is the minimum number of socks that must be taken
from the drawer without looking in order to be certain that atleast two blue
socks have been chosen? 20

Programming puzzles, riddles and interview problems

1. Classic: If a bear walks one mile south, turns left and walks
one mile to the east and then turns left again and walks one mile
north and arrives at its original position, what is the color of the
bear.

ANS. The color of the bear is trivial. The possible solutions to it are
interesting. In addition to the trivial north pole and circle near north
pole solutions, there is an additional circle near south pole solution.
Think it out.

1. Given a rectangular (cuboidal for the puritans) cake with a

rectangular piece removed (any size or orientation), how would
you cut the remainder of the cake into two equal halves with one
straight cut of a knife?

ANS. Join the centers of the original and the removed rectangle. It
works for cuboids too!

2. There are 3 baskets. one of them have apples, one has

oranges only and the other has mixture of apples and oranges.
The labels on their baskets always lie. (i.e. if the label says
oranges, you are sure that it doesn’t have oranges only,it could
be a mixture) The task is to pick one basket and pick only one
fruit from it and then correctly label all the three baskets.

HINT. There are only two combinations of distributions in which ALL the
baskets have wrong labels. By picking a fruit from the one labeled
MIXTURE, it is possible to tell what the other two baskets have.

3. You have 8 balls. One of them is defective and weighs less

than others. You have a balance to measure balls against each
other. In 2 weighings how do you find the defective one?

Answer from Uday Venkat: weigh three balls against another three
balls. if both weigh the same , then just weighing the remain two (one
against one) will show the lighter ball. if the sets of three do not weigh
equal, then weigh any two balls in the lighter set, one against the
other . the balance will show if the lighter one is on the balance,if not
the remaining one is the lighter one.

8= (3 + 3 ) + 2

(the numbers in the brackets are balls on either side of the balance)

if both are equal, then

2= (1 + 1) done.

else, from the lighter set of 3

3= (1 + 1) + 1 done.

4. Why is a manhole cover round?

HINT. The diagonal of a square hole is larger than the side of a cover!

Alternate answers: 1. Round covers can be transported by one person,

because they can be rolled on their edge. 2. A round cover doesn’t need
to be rotated to fit over a hole.

5. How many cars are there in the USA?

6. You’ve got someone working for you for seven days and a
gold bar to pay them. The gold bar is segmented into seven
connected pieces. You must give them a piece of gold at the end
of every day. If you are only allowed to make two breaks in the
gold bar, how do you pay your worker?

ANS from Madhuri Chandoor:

Break the 7 piece gold bar to make a piece of 1 segment size and the
other of 2 segments size.( the remaining 4 segments intact)
i.e 7= 1 + 2 + 4 (only two breaks needed)

1- 1st day

2- 2nd day

(1+2) - 3rd day

4 - 4th day

(4+1) - 5th day

(4+2) - 6th day

(4+2+1) - 7th day.

11. If you had an infinite supply of water and a 5 quart and 3

quart pail, how would you measure exactly 4 quarts?

ANS from Madhuri Chandoor:

Fill 5 quarts pail and use that water to fill the 3 quarts pail. now there
are 2 quarts in the 5 quart pail. repeat this twice to get 4 quarts.

If there is no extra pail available to hold these 2 quarts + 2 quarts, then

the following is the solution.

Fill the 5 quart pail and pour it into the 3 quart pail. now there are 2
quarts remaining in the 5 quart pail. empty the 3 quart pail and pour
these 2 quarts into the 3 quarts pail. now the 3 quart pail is 1 less to be
filled up. now fill the 5 quarts pail and pour 1 quart into the 3 quarts pail
to fill it. the 5 quarts pail has 4 quarts in it now.

12. You have a bucket of jelly beans. Some are red, some are
blue, and some green. With your eyes closed, pick out 2 of a like
color. How many do you have to grab to be sure you have 2 of
the same?

ANS from Madhuri Chandoor:

To be sure, to pick atleast 2 marbles of a same color we need to grab at

least 4 marbles, since the worst case is that three of them are different,
the fourth marble has to be a repetition of one of three colors.

9. Imagine you are standing in front of a mirror, facing it. Raise

your left hand. Raise your right hand. Look at your reflection.
When you raise your left hand your reflection raises what
appears to be his right hand. But when you tilt your head up,
your reflection does too, and does not appear to tilt his/her head
down. Why is it that the mirror appears to reverse left and right,
but not up and down?

10. You have 5 jars of pills. Each pill weighs 10 gram, except for
contaminated pills contained in one jar, where each pill weighs 9
gm. Given a scale, how could you tell which jar had the
contaminated pills in just one measurement?

ANS. 1. Mark the jars with numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.

2. Take 1 pill from jar 1, take 2 pills from jar 2, take 3 pills from jar 3,
take 4 pills from jar 4 and take 5 pills from jar 5.
3. Put all of them on the scale at once and take the measurement.
4. Now, subtract the measurment from 150 ( 1*10 + 2*10 + 3*10 +
4*10 + 5*10)
5. The result will give you the jar number which has contaminated pill.

11. If you had an infinite supply of water and a 5 quart and 3

quart pail, how would you measure exactly 4 quarts?

12. You have a bucket of jelly beans. Some are red, some are
blue, and some green. With your eyes closed, pick out 2 of a like
color. How many do you have to grab to be sure you have 2 of
the same?

13. Which way should the key turn in a car door to unlock it?

14. If you could remove any of the 50 states, which state would
it be and why?

15. There are four dogs/ants/people at four corners of a square

of unit distance. At the same instant all of them start running
with unit speed towards the person on their clockwise direction
and will always run towards that target. How long does it take
for them to meet and where?

HINT. They will meet in the centre and the distance covered by them is
independent of the path they actually take (a spiral).

16. (fram Tara Hovel) A helicopter drops two trains, each on a

parachute, onto a straight infinite railway line. There is an
undefined distance between the two trains. Each faces the same
direction, and upon landing, the parachute attached to each train
falls to the ground next to the train and detaches. Each train has
a microchip that controls its motion. The chips are identical.
There is no way for the trains to know where they are. You need
to write the code in the chip to make the trains bump into each
other. Each line of code takes a single clock cycle to execute.

You can use the following commands (and only these);

MF - moves the train forward
MB - moves the train backward
IF (P) - conditional that’s satisfied if the train is next to a parachute.
There is no "then" to this IF statement.
GOTO

ANS.
A: MF
IF (P)
GOTO B
GOTO A
—–
B: MF
GOTO B
Explanation: The first line simply gets them off the parachutes. You
need to get the trains off their parachutes so the back train can find the
front train’s parachute, creating a special condition that will allow it to
break out of the code they both have to follow initially. They both loop
through A: until the back train finds the front train’s parachute, at which
point it goes to B: and gets stuck in that loop. The front train still hasn’t
found a parachute, so it keeps in the A loop. Because each line of code
takes a "clock cycle" to execute, it takes longer to execute the A loop
than the B loop, therefore the back train (running in the B loop) will
catch up to the front train.

Personality

It is best to read some website or a book for questions like these.

1. Tell me the courses you liked and why did you like them.

2. Give an instance in your life in which u were faced with a problem

and you tackled it successfully.

3. What is your ideal working environment. ( They usually to hear that u

can work in group also.)

4. Why do you think you are smart?

5. Questions on the projects listed on the Resume.

6. Do you want to know any thing about the company.( Try to ask some
relevant and interesting question).

7. How long do u want to stay in USA and why?

8. What are your geographical preference?

9. What are your expectations from the job.

Algorithms and Programming

1. Given a rectangular (cuboidal for the puritans) cake with a

rectangular piece removed (any size or orientation), how would you cut
the remainder of the cake into two equal halves with one straight cut of
a knife ?

2. You’re given an array containing both positive and negative integers

and required to find the subarray with the largest sum (O(N) a la KBL).
Write a routine in C for the above.

3. Given an array of size N in which every number is between 1 and N,

determine if there are any duplicates in it. You are allowed to destroy
the array if you like. [ I ended up giving about 4 or 5 different solutions
for this, each supposedly better than the others ].

4. Write a routine to draw a circle (x ** 2 + y ** 2 = r ** 2) without

making use of any floating point computations at all. [ This one had me
stuck for quite some time and I first gave a solution that did have
floating point computations ].

5. Given only putchar (no sprintf, itoa, etc.) write a routine putlong that
prints out an unsigned long in decimal. [ I gave the obvious solution of
taking % 10 and / 10, which gives us the decimal value in reverse
order. This requires an array since we need to print it out in the correct
order. The interviewer wasn’t too pleased and asked me to give a
solution which didn’t need the array ].

6. Give a one-line C expression to test whether a number is a power of

2. [No loops allowed - it’s a simple test.]

7. Given an array of characters which form a sentence of words, give an

efficient algorithm to reverse the order of the words (not characters) in
it.

8. How many points are there on the globe where by walking one mile
south, one mile east and one mile north you reach the place where you
started.

9. Give a very good method to count the number of ones in a 32 bit

number. (caution: looping through testing each bit is not a solution).

10. What are the different ways to say, the value of x can be either a 0
or a 1. Apparently the if then else solution has a jump when written out
in assembly. if (x == 0) y=0 else y =x There is a logical, arithmetic and
a datastructure soln to the above problem.

11. Reverse a linked list.

12. Insert in a sorted list

13. In a X’s and 0’s game (i.e. TIC TAC TOE) if you write a program for
this give a gast way to generate the moves by the computer. I mean
this should be the fasteset way possible. The answer is that you need to
store all possible configurations of the board and the move that is
associated with that. Then it boils down to just accessing the right
element and getting the corresponding move for it. Do some analysis
and do some more optimization in storage since otherwise it becomes
infeasible to get the required storage in a DOS machine.

14. I was given two lines of assembly code which found the absolute
value of a number stored in two’s complement form. I had to recognize
what the code was doing. Pretty simple if you know some assembly and
some fundaes on number representation.

15. Give a fast way to multiply a number by 7.

16. How would go about finding out where to find a book in a library.
(You don’t know how exactly the books are organized beforehand).

17. Linked list manipulation.

18. Tradeoff between time spent in testing a product and getting into
the market first.

19. What to test for given that there isn’t enough time to test
everything you want to.

20. First some definitions for this problem: a) An ASCII character is one
byte long and the most significant bit in the byte is always ‘0′. b) A
Kanji character is two bytes long. The only characteristic of a Kanji
character is that in its first byte the most significant bit is ‘1′.
Now you are given an array of a characters (both ASCII and Kanji) and,
an index into the array. The index points to the start of some character.
Now you need to write a function to do a backspace (i.e. delete the
character before the given index).

21. Delete an element from a doubly linked list.

22. Write a function to find the depth of a binary tree.

23. Given two strings S1 and S2. Delete from S2 all those characters
which occur in S1 also and finally create a clean S2 with the relevant
characters deleted.

24. Assuming that locks are the only reason due to which deadlocks can
occur in a system. What would be a foolproof method of avoiding
deadlocks in the system.

25. Reverse a linked list.

Ans: Possible answers -

iterative loop
curr->next = prev;
prev = curr;
curr = next;
next = curr->next
endloop

recursive reverse(ptr)
if (ptr->next == NULL)
return ptr;
temp = reverse(ptr->next);
temp->next = ptr;
return ptr;
end

26. Write a small lexical analyzer - interviewer gave tokens. expressions

like "a*b" etc.

27. Besides communication cost, what is the other source of inefficiency

in RPC? (answer : context switches, excessive buffer copying). How can
you optimise the communication? (ans : communicate through shared
memory on same machine, bypassing the kernel _ A Univ. of Wash.
thesis)
28. Write a routine that prints out a 2-D array in spiral order!

29. How is the readers-writers problem solved? - using semaphores/ada

.. etc.

30. Ways of optimizing symbol table storage in compilers.

31. A walk-through through the symbol table functions, lookup()

implementation etc - The interv. was on the Microsoft C team.

32. A version of the "There are three persons X Y Z, one of which

always lies".. etc..

33. There are 3 ants at 3 corners of a triangle, they randomly start

moving towards another corner.. what is the probability that they don’t
collide.

34. Write an efficient algo and C code to shuffle a pack of cards.. this
one was a feedback process until we came up with one with no extra
storage.

35. The if (x == 0) y = 0 etc..

36. Some more bitwise optimization at assembly level

37. Some general questions on Lex, Yacc etc.

38. Given an array t[100] which contains numbers between 1..99.

Return the duplicated value. Try both O(n) nd O(n-square).

39. Given an array of characters. How would you reverse it. ? How
would you reverse it without using indexing in the array.

40. GIven a sequence of characters. How will you convert the lower case
characters to upper case characters. ( Try using bit vector - sol given in
the C lib -typec.h)

41. Fundas of RPC.

42. Given a linked list which is sorted. How will u insert in sorted way.

43. Given a linked list How will you reverse it.

44. Give a good data structure for having n queues ( n not fixed) in a
finite memory segment. You can have some data-structure separate for
each queue. Try to use at least 90% of the memory space.

45. Do a breadth first traversal of a tree.

46. Write code for reversing a linked list.

47. Write, efficient code for extracting unique elements from a sorted
list of array. e.g. (1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 5, 5, 5, 9, 9, 9, 9) -> (1, 3, 5, 9).

48. Given an array of integers, find the contiguous subarray with the
largest sum.

ANS. Can be done in O(n) time and O(1) extra space. Scan array from 1
to n. Remember the best subarray seen so far and the best subarray
ending in i.

49. Given an array of length N containing integers between 1 and N,

determine if it contains any duplicates.

ANS. [Is there an O(n) time solution that uses only O(1) extra space
and does not destroy the original array?]

50. Sort an array of size n containing integers between 1 and K, given a

temporary scratch integer array of size K.

ANS. Compute cumulative counts of integers in the auxiliary array. Now

scan the original array, rotating cycles! [Can someone word this more
nicely?]

* 51. An array of size k contains integers between 1 and n. You are

given an additional scratch array of size n. Compress the original array
by removing duplicates in it. What if k << n?

ANS. Can be done in O(k) time i.e. without initializing the auxiliary
array!

52. An array of integers. The sum of the array is known not to overflow
an integer. Compute the sum. What if we know that integers are in 2’s
complement form?

ANS. If numbers are in 2’s complement, an ordinary looking loop like

for(i=total=0;i 53. An array of characters. Reverse the order of words in
it.
ANS. Write a routine to reverse a character array. Now call it for the
given array and for each word in it.

* 54. An array of integers of size n. Generate a random permutation of

the array, given a function rand_n() that returns an integer between 1
and n, both inclusive, with equal probability. What is the expected time
of your algorithm?

ANS. "Expected time" should ring a bell. To compute a random

permutation, use the standard algo of scanning array from n downto 1,
swapping i-th element with a uniformly random element <= i-th. To
compute a unformly random integer between 1 and k (k < n), call
rand_n() repeatedly until it returns a value in the desired range.

55. An array of pointers to (very long) strings. Find pointers to the

(lexicographically) smallest and largest strings.

ANS. Scan array in pairs. Remember largest-so-far and smallest-so-far.

Compare the larger of the two strings in the current pair with largest-
so-far to update it. And the smaller of the current pair with the smallest-
so-far to update it. For a total of <= 3n/2 strcmp() calls. That’s also the
lower bound.

56. Write a program to remove duplicates from a sorted array.

ANS. int remove_duplicates(int * p, int size)

{
int current, insert = 1;
for (current=1; current < size; current++)
if (p[current] != p[insert-1])
{
p[insert] = p[current];
current++;
insert++;
} else
current++;

return insert;

57. C++ ( what is virtual function ? what happens if an error occurs in

constructor or destructor. Discussion on error handling, templates,
unique features of C++. What is different in C++, ( compare with unix).

58. Given a list of numbers ( fixed list) Now given any other list, how
can you efficiently find out if there is any element in the second list that
is an element of the first list (fixed list).

59. GIven 3 lines of assembly code : find it is doing. IT was to find

absolute value.

60. If you are on a boat and you throw out a suitcase, Will the level of
water increase.

61. Print an integer using only putchar. Try doing it without using extra
storage.

62. Write C code for (a) deleting an element from a linked list (b)
traversing a linked list

63. What are various problems unique to distributed databases

64. Declare a void pointer ANS. void *ptr;

65. Make the pointer aligned to a 4 byte boundary in a efficient manner

ANS. Assign the pointer to a long number and the number with 11…
1100 add 4 to the number

66. What is a far pointer (in DOS)

67. What is a balanced tree

68. Given a linked list with the following property node2 is left child of
node1, if node2 < node1 else, it is the right child.

O P
|
|
O A
|
|
O B
|
|
OC

How do you convert the above linked list to the form without disturbing
the property. Write C code for that.

O P
|
|
O B
/ \
/ \
/ \
O?O?

determine where do A and C go

69. Describe the file system layout in the UNIX OS

ANS. describe boot block, super block, inodes and data layout

70. In UNIX, are the files allocated contiguous blocks of data

ANS. no, they might be fragmented

How is the fragmented data kept track of

ANS. Describe the direct blocks and indirect blocks in UNIX file system

71. Write an efficient C code for ‘tr’ program. ‘tr’ has two command line
arguments. They both are strings of same length. tr reads an input file,
replaces each character in the first string with the corresponding
character in the second string. eg. ‘tr abc xyz’ replaces all ‘a’s by ‘x’s,
‘b’s by ‘y’s and so on. ANS.
a) have an array of length 26.
put ‘x’ in array element corr to ‘a’
put ‘y’ in array element corr to ‘b’
put ‘z’ in array element corr to ‘c’
put ‘d’ in array element corr to ‘d’
put ‘e’ in array element corr to ‘e’
and so on.

the code
while (!eof)
{
c = getc();
putc(array[c - ‘a’]);
}

72. what is disk interleaving

73. why is disk interleaving adopted

74. given a new disk, how do you determine which interleaving is the
best a) give 1000 read operations with each kind of interleaving
determine the best interleaving from the statistics

75. draw the graph with performace on one axis and ‘n’ on another,
where ‘n’ in the ‘n’ in n-way disk interleaving. (a tricky question, should
be answered carefully)

76. I was a c++ code and was asked to find out the bug in that. The
bug was that he declared an object locally in a function and tried to
return the pointer to that object. Since the object is local to the
function, it no more exists after returning from the function. The
pointer, therefore, is invalid outside.

77. A real life problem - A square picture is cut into 16 sqaures and they
are shuffled. Write a program to rearrange the 16 squares to get the
original big square.

78.
int *a;
char *c;
*(a) = 20;
*c = *a;
printf("%c",*c);

what is the output?

79. Write a program to find whether a given m/c is big-endian or little-

endian!

80. What is a volatile variable?

81. What is the scope of a static function in C ?

82. What is the difference between "malloc" and "calloc"?

83. struct n { int data; struct n* next}node;

node *c,*t;
c->data = 10;
t->next = null;
*c = *t;
what is the effect of the last statement?

Networks and Security

1. How do you use RSA for both authentication and secrecy?

2. What is ARP and how does it work?

3. What’s the difference between a switch and a router?

4. Name some routing protocols? (RIP,OSPF etc..)

5. How do you do authentication with message digest(MD5)? (Usually

MD is used for finding tampering of data)

6. How do you implement a packet filter that distinguishes following

cases and selects first case and rejects second case.

i) A host inside the corporate n/w makes a ftp request to outside host
and the outside host sends reply.

ii) A host outside the network sends a ftp request to host inside. for the
packet filter in both cases the source and destination feilds will look the
same.

7. How does traceroute works? Now how does traceroute makes sure
that the packet follows the same path that a previous (with ttl - 1)
probe packet went in?

8. Explain Kerberos Protocol ?

9. What are digital signatures and smart cards?

10. Difference between discretionary access control and mandatory

access control?

Java

1. How do you find the size of a java object (not the primitive type) ?

ANS. type cast it to string and find its s.length()

2. Why is multiple inheritance not provided in Java?

3. Thread t = new Thread(); t.start(); t = null; now what will happen to

the created thread?

4. How is garbage collection done in java?

5. How do you write a "ping" routine in java?

6. What are the security restrictions on applets?

Linked lists

* 0. Under what circumstances can one delete an element from a singly

linked list in constant time?

* 1. Given a singly linked list, determine whether it contains a loop or

not.

2. Given a singly linked list, print out its contents in reverse order. Can
you do it without using any extra space?

3. Given a binary tree with nodes, print out the values in pre-order/in-
order/post-order without using any extra space.

4. Reverse a singly linked list recursively. The function prototype is node

* reverse (node *) ;

5. Given a singly linked list, find the middle of the list.

Hints and Answers

0. If the list is circular and there are no references to the nodes in the
list from anywhere else! Just copy the contents of the next node and
delete the next node. If the list is not circular, we can delete any but the
last node using this idea. In that case, mark the last node as dummy!

1. (a) Start reversing the list. If you reach the head, gotcha! there is a
loop!

But this changes the list. So, reverse the list again.

(b) Maintain two pointers, initially pointing to the head. Advance one of
them one node at a time. And the other one, two nodes at a time. If the
latter overtakes the former at any time, there is a loop!

p1 = p2 = head;

do {
p1 = p1->next;
p2 = p2->next->next;
} while (p1 != p2);

2. Start reversing the list. Do this again, printing the contents.

3. [Yet to think about]

4. node * reverse (node * n)
{
node * m ;

if (! (n && n -> next))

return n ;

m = reverse (n -> next) ;

n -> next -> next = n ;
n -> next = NULL ;
return m ;
}

5. Use the single and double pointer jumping. Maintain two pointers,
initially pointing to the head. Advance one of them one node at a time.
And the other one, two nodes at a time. When the double reaches the
end, the single is in the middle. This is not asymptotically faster but
seems to take less steps than going through the list twice.

Bit-manipulation
* 1. Reverse the bits of an unsigned integer.

* 2. Compute the number of ones in an unsigned integer.

3. Compute the discrete log of an unsigned integer.

* 4. How do we test most simply if an unsigned integer is a power of

two?

5. Set the highest significant bit of an unsigned integer to zero.

6. Let f(k) = y where k is the y-th number in the increasing sequence of

non-negative integers with the same number of ones in its binary
representation as y, e.g. f(0) = 1, f(1) = 1, f(2) = 2, f(3) = 1, f(4) = 3,
f(5) = 2, f(6) = 3 and so on. Given k >= 0, compute f(k).

Hints and Answers

1. #define reverse(x) \
(x=x>>16|(0x0000ffff&x)<<16, \
x=(0xff00ff00&x)>>8|(0x00ff00ff&x)<<8, \
x=(0xf0f0f0f0&x)>>4|(0x0f0f0f0f&x)<<4, \
x=(0xcccccccc&x)>>2|(0x33333333&x)<<2, \
x=(0xaaaaaaaa&x)>>1|(0x55555555&x)<<1)

2. #define count_ones(x) \
(x=(0xaaaaaaaa&x)>>1+(0x55555555&x), \
x=(0xcccccccc&x)>>2+(0x33333333&x), \
x=(0xf0f0f0f0&x)>>4+(0x0f0f0f0f&x), \
x=(0xff00ff00&x)>>8+(0x00ff00ff&x), \
x=x>>16+(0x0000ffff&x))

3. #define discrete_log(h) \
(h=(h>>1)|(h>>2), \
h|=(h>>2), \
h|=(h>>4), \
h|=(h>>8), \
h|=(h>>16), \
h=(0xaaaaaaaa&h)>>1+(0x55555555&h), \
h=(0xcccccccc&h)>>2+(0x33333333&h), \
h=(0xf0f0f0f0&h)>>4+(0x0f0f0f0f&h), \
h=(0xff00ff00&h)>>8+(0x00ff00ff&h), \
h=(h>>16)+(0x0000ffff&h))
If I understand it right, log2(2) =1, log2(3)=1, log2(4)=2….. But this
macro does not work out log2(0) which does not exist! How do you
think it should be handled?

4. #define power_of_two(x) \ ((x)&&(~(x&(x-1))))

5. (from Denis Zabavchik) Set the highest significant bit of an unsigned

integer to zero
#define zero_most_significant(h) \
(h&=(h>>1)|(h>>2), \
h|=(h>>2), \
h|=(h>>4), \
h|=(h>>8), \
h|=(h>>16))

Graphics
1. Write a function to check if two rectangles defined as below overlap
or not. struct rect { int top, bot, left, right; } r1, r2;

2. Write a SetPixel(x, y) function, given a pointer to the bitmap. Each

pixel is represented by 1 bit. There are 640 pixels per row. In each byte,
while the bits are numbered right to left, pixels are numbered left to
right. Avoid multiplications and divisions to improve performance.

Databases
* 1. You, a designer want to measure disk traffic i.e. get a histogram
showing the relative frequency of I/O/second for each disk block. The
buffer pool has b buffers and uses LRU replacement policy. The disk
block size and buffer pool block sizes are the same. You are given a
routine int lru_block_in_position (int i) which returns the block_id of the
 block in the i-th position in the list of blocks managed by LRU. Assume
position 0 is the hottest. You can repeatedly call this routine. How would
you get the histogram you desire?

Hints and Answers

1. Simply do histogram [lru_block_in_position (b-1)] ++ at frequent

intervals… The sampling frequency should be close to the disk I/O rate.
It can be adjusted by remembering the last block seen in position b. If
same, decrease frequency; if different, increase, with exponential decay
etc. And of course, take care of overflows in the histogram.

Semaphores
1. Implement a multiple-reader-single-writer lock given a compare-and-
swap instruction. Readers cannot overtake waiting writers.

Others
1. A character set has 1 and 2 byte characters. One byte characters
have 0 as the first bit. You just keep accumulating the characters in a
buffer. Suppose at some point the user types a backspace, how can you
remove the character efficiently. (Note: You cant store the last
character typed because the user can type in arbitrarily many
backspaces)

2. What is the simples way to check if the sum of two unsigned integers
has resulted in an overflow.

3. How do you represent an n-ary tree? Write a program to print the

nodes of such a tree in breadth first order.

4. Write the ‘tr’ program of UNIX. Invoked as

tr -str1 -str2. It reads stdin and prints it out to stdout, replacing every
occurance of str1[i] with str2[i].

e.g. tr -abc -xyz

to be and not to be <- input
to ye xnd not to ye <- output
Web and basic programming interview questions

Question: What is an HTML tag?

Answer: An HTML tag is a syntactical construct in the HTML
language that abbreviates specific instruction to be executed when
the HTML script is loaded into a Web brower. It is like a method in
Java, a function in C++, a procedure in Pascal, or a routine in
FORTRAN.

Question: What is polymorphism?

Answer: In object-oriented programming, the term "polymorphism"
refers to the ability of objects to take the form objects of difference
classes.

Question: What is the difference between a component and

a container?
Answer:
A component is an object, like a button or a sroll bar, that has a
visual representation in a sreen window.
A container is a window-like component that can contain other
components.
Every component has a unique container that directly contains it.

Question: What is the difference between a constructor and

a method?
Answer:
A constructor is a member function of a class that is used to create
objects of that class. It has the same name as the class itself, has
no return type, and is invoked using the new operator.
A method is an ordinary member function of a class. It has its own
name, a return type (which may be void), and is invoked using the
dot operator.

Question: What are the advantages and disadvantages of

using an AVL tree?

The advantage of an AVL tree is that it is always balanced,

guaranteeing the O(lgn) speed of the Binary Search algorithm.
The disadvantages the complex rotations used by the insertion and
removal algorithms needed to maintain the tree’s balance.

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