PART A – 2 MARKS QUESTIONS

UNIT -I
1. Define strain energy density.
2. State Maxwell’s reciprocal theorem.
3. State Castigliano’s theorem to find slope and deflection in a beam.
4. What is meant by strain energy stored in a structure?
5. Find the expression for the strain energy due to bending moment of a simply
supported beam carrying a load W’ spread over its entire length uniformly.
6. What is the strain energy due to (a) axial stress and (b) bending moment?
7. What is strain energy stored by a member subjected to a tensile force?
8. Write the principle of virtual work equation for deflection due to bending.
8. What is Williot diagram?
9. State Engessor’s Theorems.
10. Write down the three moment equation for two equal span continuous beam
simply supported at the ends and carrying two point loads at the middle of
each span. The span is L each.
11. What are the disadvantages of fixed beams?
12. Define degree of static indeterminacy of a structure.
13. Write the three moment equation, stating all the variables used.
14. Explain the effect of settlement of supports in a continuous beam.
15. Draw the shape of the BMD for a fixed beam having end moments – M in
one support and + M in the other.
16. State the principle of virtual work.
17. State the Maxwell reciprocal theorem.
18. Explain the “Modulus of resilience” of a material.
19. State the Castigliano’s Theorem.
 UNIT – II
1. A cantilever of length 6 m carries a point load of 48 KN at its centre. The
cantilever is propped rigidly at the free end. Determine the reaction at the
rigid prop.
2. A fixed beam AB of length 3 m is having moment of inertia 1 = 3 x 106 mm4
the support B sinks down by 3 mm. If E = 2 x 105 N/mm2, find the fixing
moments.
3. What is indeterminate beam?
4. What is meant by point of contra flexure?
5. A simply supported beam of span I carries a uniformly distributed load of W
per metre length. The beam was propped at the middle of the span. Find the
amount, by which the prop should yield, in order to make all the three
reactions equal.
6. State the theorem of three moments.
7. Draw the bending moment and shear force diagrams for a fixed beam with a
point load W at the centre.
8. Write down the three moment equations for a propped cantilever beam
carrying a point load at midspan.
9. What are the methods of analysis of continuous beams?
10. What is Williot – Mohr’s diagram?
 UNIT – III

1. State middle third rule.

2. Write four assumptions made in Euler’s theory of columns.
3. Explain how the Euler’s formula for a mild steel column is not valid, when
the slenderness ratio is less than 80.
4. State any four assumptions made in Lame’s theory.
5. What is slenderness ratio of a column?
6. A Solid round column 3 m long and 50 mm in diameter is used as a short
column with both ends hinged. Determine the Euler’s crippling load for the
column.
E = 200 kN/mm2 .
7. Write down Rankine – Gordon formula for eccentrically loaded columns.
8. What is compound cylinder?
11. How is the failure of thick cylinder is different from that of a thin cylinder?
12. Distinguish between thin and thick cylinder.
13. Explain the Lame’s theory of thick cylinders.
14. What is buckling load?
15. What are the assumptions made in Euler’s Theory?
16. What is the middle third rule?
17. What are the assumptions in Euler’s theory of columns?
17. Distinguish between thick and thin cylinders.
18. What are the limitations of Euler’s theory of columns?
19. What are Emphrical equations?
 UNIT – IV

1. What is meant by stress tensor?

2. State principal strain theory.
3. State Rankine’s Theory of failure.
4. What is principal plane, principal stress?
5. Write down the formula for the shear stress on the octahedron plane.
6. State Von Mise’s theory of failure.
7. State the principal stress theory. For what type of material this theory is
applicable.
8. UU and VV is a set of axes passing through the centroid G and inclined at an
angle θ (measured anticlockwise) to the x-y co-ordinate. Write expressions
for IUU and IVV in terms of Ixx, Iyy and Ixy.
9. What is deviatric stress tensor?
10. What is shear centre?
11. What is stress invariant?
12. State any four theories of failure.
13. Explain the relationship between the plane of maximum shear with principal
planes.
14. Explain the Vonmiser’s theory of failure.
15. Differentiate between spherical and deviatoric components of stress tensor.
16. What is meant by volumetric strain?
 UNIT – V

1. State Winkler bach formula.

2. What is principal moment of inertia?
3. What is unsymmetrical bending?
4 Define unsymmetrical bending.
5. Define: Shear centre.
6. Explain the term “shear flow”.
7. Define ‘Fatigue’.
8. What is meant by fatigue failure?
 UNIT - I
1. i) Derive a relation for strain energy due to shear force.

ii) Derive the relation for minimum defection of a simply supported

beam with uniformity distributed load over entire span. Use strain energy
method.

2. Determine the deflection of the beam given in Fig. Use principal of virtual
work.
W

L/2
A
B C

3. Find the deflection at one third point from left end of the simply supported
beam of span 6 m subjected to uniformly distributed load of 20 kN/m by strain
energy principle.

4. Find the deflection at E in the truss showh in Fig. 1. Areas of members are
given in brackets in square cm. Assume E = 2 x 105 N/mm2 ,

3m
D
(A)

(6) (6) (6) (6)

(A) E (A)
A 3m 3m B
20 KN

5. i) Derive a relation for strain energy due to torsion.

 ii) A hollow shaft having the external diameter, twice the internal
diameter, subjected to a pure torque, attains a maximum shear stress τ .
Show that The strain energy stored per unit volume of the shaft is 5τ2 / 16G.
Such a shaft Is required to transmit 4500 kW at 110 r.p.m. with
2
uniform torque, the maximum stress not exceeding 70 MN/m . Calculate the
shaft diameter and the energy stored per m 3 when transmitting this power
G =83 GN/ m2.

6. A simply supported beam of span 8 m carries a udl of 4 kN/m over the entire
span and two point loads of 2 kN at 2 m from each support. Find the mid-
span deflection using strain energy method. E = 200 kN/mm2 , I = 16 x 108
mm4.

7. (i) Derive the expression for strain energy due to bending.

(ii) Derive the expression for strain energy due to torsion.

8. Calculate the strain energy stored in a cantilever beam of 4 m span, carrying

a point load 10 kN at free end. Take EI = 25000 KNm2.

9. Find the deflection at mild span of a simply supported beam carrying an

uniformly distributed load of 2 KN/m over the entire span using principal of
virtual work. Take span = 5 m; EI = 20000 KN/m2.

10. A simply supported beam of length 10 m is subjected to udl. 10 kN/m over

the left half of the span and a concentrated load 4 kN, 2.5 m from the right
support. Find bending strain energy. Flexural rigidity is uniform and equal to
EI.

11. State and explain the Engesser’s theorem and Castigliano’s theorem.
 UNIT - II

1. A simply supported beam of span 10 m carries a uniformly distributed load

1153 N per unit length. The beam is propped at the middle of the span.
Find the amount by which the prop should yield, in order to make all the
three reactions equal. Take E =2 x 10 N/mm2 and I for
5
beam = 105 mm4.

2. A fixed beam AB of length 6 m carries point loads of 160 KN and 120 KN at a

distance of 2 m and 4 m from the left end A. Find the fixed end moments and
the reactions at the supports. Draw BM and SF diagrams.

3. Find the support moments and reactions in a fixed beam of span of 9 m. it is

subjected to concentrated loads of 36 KN and 54 KN at 3 m and 6 m from
left Support respectively. Also draw shear force and bending moment
diagrams.
4. A continuous beam ABCD is simply supported at A, B, C and D. AB = BC
=CD = 4 m. Span AB carries a load of 24 KN at 3 m from A. Span BC
carries an uniformly distributed load of 24 KN/m. Span carries a central
concentrated load of 48 KN. Draw shear force and bending moment
diagrams.

5. Draw shear force and bending moment diagram for a simply supported beam
with a uniformly distributed load over entire span and propped at the
centre. Also derive relations for slope at the ends and maximum and support
reactions.

6. A fixed beam of ACB of span 6 m is carrying a uniformly distributed load of

4 KN/m over the left half of the span AC. Find the fixing moments and
support reactions.

7. A fixed beam AB of length 6 m carries point loads of 200 kN and 150 kN at

distance of 2mm and 4m, respectively from the left support A. Find the fixed
end moments and the reactions as the support. Draw the BM and SF diagrams.

8. A continuous beam ABC has two spans AB and BC of length 4 m and 6 m

simply supported at A, B and C. the beam carries a udl of 60 kN/m on the
span AB and 100 kN/m on the span BC. Determine the support moments at A,
B and C. Draw the BM and SF diagrams. Use theorems of three moments.
9. Analyse the beam shown in Fig.

60 kN
10 kN/m
A C
B
3m 3m 6m

10. Analyze beam shown in Fig. EI = constant. Draw the bending moment
diagram.

300 kN 300 kN

A B
2m 2m 2m

11. A beam AB of span 8 m fixed at ends carries point loads of 10 KN, 30 kN and
10 kN at 2 m, 5 m and 6 m respectively from the left end. EI = 1.72 x 1010
KN/mm2. Find the fixed end moments at A and B. Also find the
deflection under the loads and maximum deflection.

12. A continuous beam ABC consists of two consecutive spans AB and BC 4 m

each and carrying an UDL of 60 KN/m. The end A is fixed and C is simply
supported. Find the support moments by using three moment equation.

13. Using the theorem of three moments draw the shear force and bending
moment diagrams for the following continuous beam.

4 kN/m 6 kN 8 kN

A B C B
4m 2m 1m 1m 3m
14. Using unit load method, find the vertical deflection of joint F and horizontal
deflection of joint D of the following truss. Axial rigidity AE is constant for
all members.

10 kN D E 20 kN F

4m

A B C
 UNIT – III

1. Derive an expression for crippling load when one end of the column is fixed
and the other end is free.

2. Calculated the Euler’s critical load for a strut of T-section. the flange width
being 10 cm, overall depth 8 cm and both flange and stem 1 cm thick. the strut is 3
m long and is built in at both ends. Take E = 2 x 10 N/mm3.

3. Find the Euler’s critical load for a cast iron hollow column of external
diameter 200 mm diameter, 25 mm thick and of length 6 m hinged at both ends. E
= 0.8 x 104 N/mm2 . Compare Euler’s load with Rankine’s critical load. Assume fc
=550 N/mm2 and α =1/1600. Find the length of column at which both critical
loads are equal.

4. Derive the Euler’s buckling load for a column with both ends hinged.

5. Find the ratio of buckling strength of a solid column to that of a hollow

column of the same material and having the same cross-sectional area. the internal
diameter of the hollow column is half of its external diameter. Both the columns
are hinged and the same length.

6. i) A pipe of 400 mm internal diameter and 100 mm thick contains a fluid at a

pressure of 10 N/mm2 Find maximum and minimum hoop stress across the section.
Also sketch the stress distribution.
ii) Find the thickness of steel cylindrical shell of internal diameter 200 mm
to withstand an internal pressure of 35 N/mm2. Maximum hoop stress in the
section not to exceed 120 N/mm2.

7. A ‘T’ section 150 mm x 120 mm x 20 mm is used as a strut of 4 m long with

hinged at its both ends. Calculate the Crippling load, if Young’s modulus for the
materials is 200 GPa.

8. A steel cylinder is 1 m inside diameter and is to be designed for an internal

pressure of 8 MN/m2. Calculate the thickness if the maximum shearing stress is not
to exceed 35 MN/m2. Calculate the increase in volume, due to working pressure, if
the cylinder is 6 m long with closed ends. E = 200 GN/ m2, Poisson’s ratio = 1/3.

9. The internal and external diameters of a thick cylinder are 80 mm and 120
mm, respectively. It is subjected to an external pressure of 40 N/mm 2 when the
 internal pressure is 120 N/mm2. Find the circumferential stress at the external and
internal surface and determine the radial and circumferential stresses at the mean
radius.
10. Derive the expression for buckling load of a long column fixed at once end
and Hinged at the other end.

11. Find the greatest length of mild steel bar 25 mm x 25 mm in cross-section

which can be used as compression member with one end fixed and the other end
free to carry a working load of 35 kN. Allow a factor of safety of 4. Take α =
1__ and f c = 320 N/mm2. 7500

12. Find the thickness of metal necessary for a steel cylinder of internal diameter
200 mm to withstand an internal pressure of 50 N/mm2. The maximum hoop stress
in the section is not to exceed 150 N/mm2. Assume thick cylinder.
13. Derive the expression for buckling load of a column fixed at one end and
free at the other end.
14. A hollow cylinder cast iron column is 4 m long and fixed at the ends. Design
the column to carry an axial load of 250 KN. Use Rankineg’s formula and adopt a
factor of safety of 5. The internal diameter may be taken as 0.8 times the external
diameter. Taken Fc = 550 N/mm2 and Rankine’s constant 1__
1600

15. A compound tube is composed of 250 mm internal diameter and 25 mm

thick Shrunk on tube of 250 mm external diameter and 25 mm thick. The radial
pressure at the function is 8 N/mm2. Find the variation of hoop stress over the wall
of the compound tube.

16. Using Euler’s theory, find the buckling load for the column with following
Boundary conditions: (i) Fixed-free (ii) Fixed-hinged

17. A column with one end hinged and the other end fixed has a length of 5 m
and a hollow cylinder cross section of outer diameter 100 mm and wall thickness
10 mm. If E = 1.60 x 105 N/mm2 and crushing strength σc = 350 N/mm2, find the
load that the column may carry with a factor of Safety of 2.5 according to Euler
theory and Rankine-Gordon theory. If the Column is hinged on both ends, find the
safe load according to the two Theories.
UNIT – IV

1. The normal stress in two mutually perpendicular directions are 600 N/mm2
and 300 N/mm2 both tensile. The complimentary shear stresses in these directions
 are of intensity 450 N/mm2 . Find the normal and tangential stresses in the two
planes which are equally inclined to the planes carrying the normal stresses
mentioned above.

2. A solid circular shaft is subjected to a bending moment of 40 KN.m and a

Torque of 10 KN.m Design the diameter of the shaft according to
(i) Maximum principal stress theory
(ii) Maximum shear stress theory
(iii) Maximum strain energy theory.

3. A rectangular block of size 250 mm x 100 mm x 80 mm is subjected to axial

loads as follows. A tensile force of 480 kN in the direction of it’s length. A tensile
force of 900 KN in 250 mm x 80 mm faces. A compressive force of 1000 kN in
250 mm x 100 mm faces. Assuming Poisson’s ratio of 0.25 and modulus of
elasticity of 2 x 105 N/mm2. Find strain and change in length in each direction.
Also find volumetric strain and change in volume.
4. A rectangular block is subjected to a tensile stress of 100 N/mm2 on one
plane and 50 N/mm2 on a plane at right angles together with a shear stress of 60
N/mm2 on the same plane. Find the direction of principal plan, magnitude and
Nature of principal stresses. Also find the maximum shear stress.

5. In a triaxial stress system, the six components of the stress at a point are
given below: σx = 6 MN/m2 , σy = 5 MN/m2 , σz = 4MN/m2 , τxy = τxy = 1 MN/
m2 , τyz = τyz = 3 MN/m2 , τzx = τxz = 2 MN/m2 . Find the magnitudes of three
principal stresses.

6. In a two dimensional stress system, the direct stresses on two mutually

perpendicular planes are σ and 120 MN/m2. In addition these planes carry a shear
stress of 40 MN/m2. Find the value of σ at which the shear strain energy is least. If
failure occurs at this value of the shear strain energy, estimate the elastic limit of
the material in simple tension. Take the factor of safety on elastic limit as 3.

7. A steel drum 600 mm diameter is required to hold gas under a pressure of

3.5N/ mm2. Calculate the thickness of the drum required according to (i)
maximum principal stress theory and (ii) maximum shear strain energy. The
allowable tensile strength of steel is 120 N/mm2. E = 200 kN/mm2, μ = 0.3.

8. A simply supported wooden beam 3 m long supports a total udl of 8 kN. The
Cross-section of the beam is 100 mm x 150 mm. The applied load acts in a plane
 making an angle of 300 with the vertical plane. Find the maximum bending stress
developed in the beam. Self weight of the beam may be neglected.

9. The state of stress at a point is given by 4 2 3 MPa. Determine the

Principal stresses. 2 6 1
3 1 5
10. Explain any two theories of failure.

11. The state of stress at a point is given by 9 6 3 Mpa. Determine the

Principal stresses. 6 5 2
3 2 4
12. Explain any two theories of failure.

UNIT - V

1. A curved bar is formed of a tube of 120 mm outside diameter and 7.5 mm

Thickness. The centre line of this beam is a circular arc of radius 225 mm. A
 bending moment of 3 KNm tending to increase curvature of the bar is applied.
Calculate the maximum tensile and compressive stresses set up in the bar.

2. A 80 mm x 80 mm x 10 mm angle section shown in fig is used as a simply

supported beam over a span 2.4 m. It carries a load of 400 N along the line YG,
where G is the centroid of the section. Calculate the stresses at the points A, B
and C of the mild section of the beam Stresses at the points, A, B and C of the mild
section of the beam. Deflection of the beam at the mild section and its direction
with the Load line. Position of the neutral axis. Take E = 200 GN/m2

10 mm Y
A

80 mm
X X
G

10 mm
C
B
K = 80 mm

3. Find the principal moment of inertia of angle section 60 mm x 40 mm x 6

mm.

4. A rectangular section of 80 mm wide and 120 mm deep is subjected to a

bending moment of 12 KNm. The trace of plane of loading is inclined at 450 to YY
axis of the section. Locate neutral axis and find the maximum stress induced
in the section.

5. Find the centroidal principal moments of inertia of a equal angle section 30

x30x10 mm.

6. An equal angle section 150 mm x 150 mm x 10 mm is used as a simply

supported beam of 4 m length is subjected to a vertical load passing through the
centroid. Determine bending stress at point A as shown in Fig.
 10mm
A

150 mm

B 10 mm
150 mm C

7. An I section of a beam consists of top flange 140 mm x 40 mm and bottom

flange 140 mm x 40 mm. The web is 20 mm x 220 mm. The centre line of the web
is 80 mm from the left edge of the flanges and 60 mm from the right edges of the
flanges. Determine the position of shear centre for the beam.

8. Find the product moment of inertia of a quadrant of circle about the

Perpendicular axes OX and OY as shown in Fig.
Y

• X
R

9. Find the centroidal principal moments of inertia of an equal angle section 30

mm x 30 mm x 10 mm.

10. Determine the principal stresses and principal directions for the following
3D-stress field.
( 30 15 20 )
[σ] = ( 15 20 25 ) Mpa.
( 20 25 40 )
11. A three span beam ABCD has spans AL = 6 m, BC = 5 m and CD = 4 m.
All the supports are at same level and also simple supports. The spans AB and BC
are loaded with 9 kN and 8 kN respectively at 2 m from A in span AB and B in
span BC. The span CD’s carrying a UDL of 3 kN/m. If EI is constant throughout
analyse the continuous beam using theorem of three moment and draw the BMD.

12. A beam of constant M.I. spans over 8 m. It is subjected to point loads 5 kN

and 10 kN respectively at left and right quarter points. If E for the beam material is
210 GPa and the permissible deflection at 10 kN load is 25 mm, find the moment
of inertia of the beam section by using energy methods.

13. A Overhanging beam ABC with simple supports at A and B 5 m apart over
hangs by 2 m. It is subjected to a point load of 10 kN acting at the free end C
calculated the slopes at A and B.

14. RSJ 400 x 200 mm is used as a strut with fixed ends for a length of 6 m.
Find the crippling load using Euler’s approach. Assume the thickness of the web
and flanges to be 20 mm and E = 210 GPa.

15. A built column made up of two channels ISJC 200 x 75 mm Back to Back at
100 m was two plates 250 x 10 mm attached on either side. For the channel section
Ixx =11.6 x 106 mm4; Iyy = 0.84 x 106mm4; A = 1777 mm2, Cxx= 19.7 mm and the
crushing stress is 300 MPa. If the f the column is 6 m and the ends fixed, find the
safe load. Rankines constant is 1/7500.

16. A steel bar of section 60 x 40 mm is arranged as a cantilever projecting

Horizontally 0.6 m beyond a support. The wider face of the section makes 300 with
the horizontal. A load of 500 N is hung from the free end. Locate the Neutral axis
and find the orizontal and vertical deflections of the free end. Also find the
maximum tensile stress. Take E = 2 x 105 MPa.

17. A closed ring made up of 40 mm Ǿ steel bar carries a pull of 20 kN, the line
of action of which passes through its centre. The mean radius of the ring is
10 cm. Find the extreme fiber stresses in the ring.

18. Locate the shear centre for a channel section used with its web vertical. The
size of the channel is 200 x 100 mm with 10 mm uniform thickness. Also draw the
shear flow diagram.
19. A shrunk cylinder consists of an inner cylinder of 180 mm and outer
diameter 200 mm and outer cylinder of external diameter of 240 mm and thickness
20 mm. The pressure due to shrinking 8 MPa. If an external of pressure of 60 MPa
acts find the resultant stresses across the wall.

20. A semicircular bar of circular cross section with radius 20 mm is fixed at

one loaded at the other end as shown in the figure. Find the stresses at points A and
B.

21. A cylinder of outer diameter 280 mm and inner diameter 240 mm shrunk
over Another cylinder of outer diameter slightly more than 240 mm and inner
diameter 200 mm to form a compound cylinder. The shrink fit pressure is 10 N/
mm2. If an internal pressure of 50 N/ mm2 is applied to the compound Cylinder,
find the final stresses across the thickness. Draw sketches showing their variations.