TRUONG DAr HQC KIEN TRUC TP.

HO CHi

So tay tb'7C ba.nb

J ... '... "

KET CAU COI\IS TRII\IH .

NHAXUATBANxAYDVNG Ha Nc)i - 1999

'- ? N

LOIMODAU

Xuat ph at tu mong muon cua cac kien true SU, ky sir xay dung, giam sat ky tbuat va sinh vien kien true - xay dung v.v ... can co mot tai lieu tra ciru ngiin gon va thiet thirc v~ ket cau cong trinh, chung toi da bien scan cuon "86 tay thuc henli ket clfu cong' trinh"

Cuon sach gem co 5 phan :

Phtin 1. Dac trung hinh hoc va xac dinh noi lire Pha'll 2. So lieu v~ tai trong

Pluin 3 .. Vat lieu va thi cong

Phtin 4. Trinh tu tinh toan cac cau kien Phan 5. Minh hoa cau tao

Nhirng cong thirc, so' lieu tra ciru, vi du tinh toan minh hoa cau tao phuc vu cho viec thiet ke, thi cong, lam do an cac cong trinh dan dung va cong nghiep th ucng g~ p .

Hy vong cuon sach se h6 tro co hieu qua cho ngurri S11 dung. Tuy nhien, trong qua trinh bien soan va xua"t ban kho tranh dircc cac thieu sot, vi v~y rat mong nhan diroc nhieu gop y ciia doe gia. Xin chan thanh earn on.

Tac gift

..." " - ,,; "'"

DAC TRUNG HINH HOC VA XAC DINH NOI LUC

. .. ...

Bartgf- l , Dc5i dan vi giua hai h~ us va SI

D6i tu don vi us D6i tu don V! SI sang
sang don vi SI Do'n vi us DO'n vi SI
nhAn v6'i don vi us nhan v6'i
25,40000 in mrn 0,0397
0,30480 ft m 3,2810
645,20000 . 2 mm'' 1,55 x 1O-:~
m
16,39.108 . 3 'mmS. 61,02 x 10-6
In
416,2.103 in4 mm4 2,403 x 10-6
0,09290 ft2 m2 , 10,76000
0,02832 ftS mB 35,31000
0,45360 lb (khci hzong) kg 2,20500
4,44800 lb OjJc) .N 0,22480
4,44800 kip (hrc) kN 0,22480
1,35600 ft-lb (momen) Nm 0,73760·
1,35600 kip-ft (mfimen) kNm 0,73760
1,48800 Ib/ft ekhoi ]uq'!lg)" kg/m 0,67200
14,59000 lb/ft (tai trcng) N/m 0,06858
14,59000 kip/ft (tai trcng) kN/m 0,06858
6,89500 PSi (irng suat) kPa 0,14500
6,89500 Ksi (img' suat) MPa 0,14500
0,04788 psf (tai trong, ap hrc) kPa 20,93000
47,88000 ksf Ctai trong, ap hrc) kPa 0,02093
0,566 x (OF - 32) OF °C (1,8 x DC) + 32 •
, Gbi chu:
1b = pound; 1 kip = 1000 Jb
psf ' = Ib/ft2; ksf = kip/ft-,2
pcf = Ib/ft3. psi 2 ksi kip/in''
= lb/in ; =
,
1kN = 1000N
1Pa = IN/m2 ' 2 1 Bar 105Pa
= O,lkG/m , =
1kPa = iOOOPa = 1000N/m2 = 100kG/~2
IMPa = 1.000.000Pa ' = 1000kPa = loo.OciOkG/m~ ::: 100T/m:,!= 10kG/cm2
IGPa = 1.000.000.000 Pa = 1000MPa = lOO.00OT/m2 3

Bang 1-2. 'I'rong tam va di~n tich cua m9t so hinh

Ten hinh

Hinh

.x

y .

Dien tich

2

Tam giac

... LJ

A::

y /// I ~

l b/2 l b/2 l

.0

h

3

bh

4r

3n

3n

4r

2

Ban nguyet

1 .

"2 parabol

3a 8·

o

.

;3h

\-

5

4r

2

2ah

3

Parabol

,.

Gi6i han bOi parabol

3a 4

o

3h

3h

5

10

..

4ah 3

ah 3.

Quat

~

- , ....

a C

~

,

2rsino:. 30.

o

4

Bang 1-3. Momen quan tinh eua D:lQt so hinh

Ten hinh

Hinh

Cac loai momen quan tinh

Chir nhat

Tam giac

Tron

y'

x'

x

1 :~ ,Jx' = 12 bh

J ' = .L b:~ h y 12

Jx = Ibh:~ 3

Jy =lb:~h 3

,Tx' = _1_ bh 3 36

1 :i ,Jx = -bh

12

1 4 Jx=JY=4"1IT

1 4

Jo = "2nT

1 4 Jx = Jy = "81IT

1 4

Jo ;;: -nr

4

1 H' h ' "4 m tron

b

h

x

y

1 4 Jx = Jy = 16 nr

1 4

Jo == + nr

8 .

5

Ten hinh Hinh Cac loai mornen
quantfnh
... 1 3
Y Jx = - nab
.: <, 4
'.
Enlip b 1 ::l
0 Jy = + na' b
.. 4
.. x
1
Jo = Jo ;::: - n (a2 + b2)
4
a

'S B I J J ,.2F
Y. >s x = x2 - Yl-.
Y'2~ ~lc
X Jx2= ~ [(B - b)C:; + bhHI
cue r Cr _ x
§§ ~ h
y'l ~ ~ 1 ;{ -:,t'
J y = ~ [B c + b (h - c l]
~ 12
IY
.- Y
V// '/77
~ c ~ Jx = BH3 - bh3
x 12
HQP .. - ~ ~ h H
r; V// V7 7/ RB:~ - hb3
b Jy =:

B 12
,
....
y
V/// //// , b ~3 '{
J x = ~ (H- - h' )
C h H 12
Hai nhanh
x
b:~
://// ////. Jy = -. (lI - h)
b 12

z/ y ..
~, v
,
Vuong, d~t nghieng h4
45° h Jx = J =-
~ 1/ y 48

- 6

Bang 1-4. Lue.cat - phan Itre goi tua momenuon va d<) vong' cua dam m<)t nhjp

Ll1C cAt va phan
80'd6 hrc goi tlfa Momen non (Mx) DC) voilg (fx)
(AvA Q) .-
-
.-
1 ; 2 3 4
Dam cong xon
J:p _.
~B
A~
. --rrrrrrnTl1T1T M B",P Mx'" -Px ~~
fA'" PI
Qx ~-P MB""- PI 3EJ
1111111111111111111110
,~ I ,~
--p px2
mmrmm~ Mx= -
2
A B
~M ,
B = pI fA'= P .r
Qx_ = -px I!:_ SEJ
---m1l11111Tf1l 0 MB::: -
2
l I J,
~ -
Q -
A~B B=El
2
px x px3
-xrrrrrrrI1ll M Qx ::: - Mx= -
2 61 f~ = __e___L

__.rrnrrrill Q x : ·Bf 30EJ
Px =p - MB= -
I 6
,~ I ,~

Dam tren hai g6i t~a -
A ~p B . P :Kmx::;:l ... p
Mx'" Px P
Ii 2l. A=B=- , fmax= --
U/2 l 112,~ 2- 2 2 4SEJ
~ ".
~M
rmmrrn 0 . P Kbi1 Mx ~ p.(l - x) tai 1
lliIllllllJ Qx=±- x::?-, , , ~l X =-
2 2 ! 2 2
~ J
h
l 7

1 2 3 4
A f B Khi M Pb
A;:;;'Pb. B;:;; Pa . x s a; x=-x r
li 11. 1 r a2
La ,~ b l - -- 1 " . 1 _. fm.,= Pb ;\ + 2ab
" , Khi x z a
~M Khi x ::;; a; Qx = Pb 3EJ1 L 3,
= Pa
~IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIQn 1 Mx (l :- x)
1 tai x = .'-V ~(a+2b)
Kh. Q Pa
k I ~ i x z a;: x = T 'Pab --. .',._.
" , Mmax=-.
1
PJ t A=B=P "
Ali 2l.B ,
,,~aJ b Ja "k Khi x < a Khix<a

'QJJlllllll[llJ M Q=P Mx=Px fmax= ~3P - 4a2)
D Khi a x x x a e b Khi ·a < x < a + b 24EJ
Do ,
Q=O Mx= Mmax= Pa
J 1 ~ .
"
AIW1IDnlllUr ~ A=: B = £!;
px
2 Mx:::: 2(l-;-X)
_ I?!. . 2x ) pi : 5J2f
'JJllllllllIlll M Qx- 2(1-,-· r) Mmax=- fmax:=
~ S 384EJ
"4lJllll Q
~ I l
, ".
.. .. p A= pb2 Khi x« a .. '
Ali IDllIs 21 pb2 . .Pt.
"k a ,~b "k B =~(l+a) Mx=-x = Ax; fmax = 0,0026
. 21 , , EJ
"'4lJJJlIJJl1ll M 21 Khi x s a
111111111111111 th. : '2
Khi x < a; Qx = pb Mx - -A [X I [x ~ an tai a = 0,5471
'1{JQ 21
} I l -
" Khi x » a .
2 ' 2
Qx= P..!!:. - p(x - a) p( a21
Mmax: J2.q 1 - -j
21 .. ,. S \. .r ~<l
. . b2 . 2
(tai X = - + a)
21
A~P A=B=I?!. Khi
6. . S 4: r .{ 2l
J 112J 112 J Qx_J1l rl _ i'] Mx=~ 1--!_1 ..
~M 4 L3 P J fmax':'" pP
Inr1Tnh. 4 L P Ef
GJ4I!ll]] Q Mmax= 120EJ
12
~ l ~
> " 8

c·· .' -.
1 2 3 ) 4
Dam tren hai goi tua c6 hai cong xon doi xung
tP A B ~p Tren congxon
D.. .A Qx;: -P Tten cong' xon
ILaLlla~ Onh~p Mx = -P (a + x) PaP
~M Onhip fmin= - --
Qx ~ 0 .. 8EJ
11111111 Q A=B=P Mx= ·Pa
W1illJ
uII~n~mfP Tren cong xon Tren ceing xon

IlAL LB" Qx = -P (a - x) M .. fa - x)2
Onhip X = - p
a a 2
A ~M Qx=p(x-i) 6' nhjp ~5 2 2]
\[ffi]I fmax= 81 - 3a
~ rtID,..Q .E. 2 1 2)
A=B=p(a + i) Mx =- (a - x-x
"'LtlIl '4l 2
-" .. _£[P 2)
Mmax- 2 4 - a
_. Dam tren hai goi tua, mdt goi la ngam
Khi x x a Qx=A Khi x < a Mx =MA +Ax Khix < a
A~ iP AS 2
Khi x c- a Qx=-B M =-pab[IC + Q] x'
.! a l·b l fx = 6EJ (3MA + Ax)
r , A 21 1
L 1 A= Pb (3 _ b2i
1 Khix>a -
~ 21 p) Khi x » a x2
_~M
!I!lflllllill -- Pa2 ( b) Mx = MA + Ax + P(x - a) fx ;:: 6EJ{3MA + Ax}
_0 B = 212 2 + 1 Mmax = B b tai x = a - P(x-a)3
+ 6EJ
11 - ~PI
IL\~ t A=-p MA= - - - PP
AB 16 16
fmax::::: 0,00933 -
J 112J 112 } 5 5 EJ
B=-p MJI.2= -P1 - ..
·16 32
Qx = pI (§_ _ .!) - Mx = -pP(1- 5x + 4~~ _,"_ ..
A~mIImrmnr~ 81' 8 ~ J P )
5 MA=-_p.f_
J L J A=-pi fmax= pP
~M 8 8
3- 185EJ
B=-p1 Mmax = _j!__ pP
fIrnrrrn-_ ""'4Q Q 8 .
128 tai x ;;; 0,579 J
tai x = 0,6251
,
. I
M= O~IX=-
4 9

1 2 3 4
P~B - pP
MA=- - ~
( 2 15 fmax= pP
-j; Qx=.£!.J 4 - 1 ~ + 5!_
~M 10\ 1 j2 Mmax= .Jif_ 418.6EJ--
, 33,6
2 - 1 T~i x = 0,553 1 tai x = 0,552 1
IlTnnr,,__ ~ Q A=-p1 B=- 1
5 - 10 P
~ A ~Pt B MA= _3Pab _. ._-
h A=P(1+~~) 21
>~ a J, b J, a ,,~
~ M B=P(1 - ~~) Tai x = a
"UJl1llll[llV Ma=MA+Aa
rmnTImmn
WI1illQ Tai x = a + b
Ma+h = Ba
Dam tren hai goi tua, mdt dau ngam, mdt dciu cdng xon :
~A B r ...
il A=_·3Pa
l l J aJ MA = Pa, r, . - - PaP
II 21
..a1l11JIh.r,.. M 2 JUln----
urv .. 27EJ
B = P(1 +'~~)
MB = -Pa t~ix=21
111111111111111111111110
3
,
~mm~Imrp A=~51 - 6a] MA = _.P. (f2 - 2a2)
A B .. 8 a - 1 8 ,
~ ~M
n =~(31 + 6a + 8) MA = 0 khi a ='0,707 1
•
~ trr,.,___ M _- Ei.
8 a 1 B _ -
~~Q -' 2
J I I, a k
" 71
-- Dam ngam & hai da,u
r .~ x r~ ,
~lmmnumr A=B=£L
2 Mx= _ 1 _ 6- + 6-
Qx = ~1(1_ 2~) 12\ 1 f,)
UM pf_ -,
MA=MB = - fmax::::i pf
12 '
tnnn...""4lJllJl Q . 384EJ
P
Mmax =:e.c
l: I l 24
'" ;;, .10

1

2

3

4

A = P (3a + b )b2 P

~.it ~

J aJ l b J J . J

Ih .. A

'{jjllDP M

~IIIIIIIIIIII"IQ

B = P (a + 3b)a2

j3

Khi x < a Qx = A Khi x > a Qx = -B

MB = _ pa2b

. f2

Khi x = a 2Pa2b2 Ma=--

f3

PJ MA=MB=- -

8

Khia>b

2 Pa3b2

fmax = - ____;=--::.;_:;:___

3 EJ (Sa + b)2

tai x = 2ai

. 3a + b

Khi a < b

2 Pa2b3

fmax = - . ---'----

3 EJ(a + 3b)2

taix= p

. a + 3b

pi

fmax=--

192EJ

~ p
lllUlll lP h IS. ~P ~p h
IS..
D l I l ~ U2 l lf2 J "l U3 "llf3 ~
" " '1
1 2 3 4 5
Mll 0,07 pP 0,156 Pi 0,222 Pi
R"IlIItIl\IIIIIII! . Mr2 - . 0,111 Pi
M13 - - .
Nhip 1 Nhip.2
J I J I J- MB - 0,125 pr -0,188 Pi ·0,333 PI
A=QIA 0,375 pl 0,313 P 0,667 P
B 1,250 pi 1,375 P 2,667 P
Darn 2 nhip QrB -0,625 pl ·0,688 P -1,333 P Bang 1-5. Mcnnen uon, hrc ciit va phan hrc goi tira trong dam Him t1.}.C d~u nhip

(Mik - M6men d' nhip i, tie't di~n k)

11

1 2 3 4 5
M1l 10,080 pP 0,175 PI 0,244 PI
A 8 C D M12 - - 0,156 PI
111 ! ~ II R II kl I R III~ I 'l. M21 0,025pP 0,100 PI 0,067 PI

~ J I J J M22 - - 0,067 PI
1 I
'" MB -0,100 pP -0,150 PI -0,267 PI
Dam ba nhip A=QIA 0,400 pl_ 0,350 P 0,733 P
B 1,100 pl 1,150 P 2,267 P
QIB -0,600 pl -0,650 P -1,267 P
Q2B = Q2C 0500 nl 0500 P 1000 P
MIl' 0,077 pP 0,170 Pl· 0,238 PI
M12 - - ·0,143 PI
A B C D E M21 0,037 pP 0,116 PI, ' 0,079 PI
AI ! \ ! ~ I k' It I I ~! R I l I 'i M2Z - - 0,111 PI
J { J I I" { J I J' MZ8 - - -
; -0,107 pP -0,286 Pi
MB -0,161 PI
Dam bon nhip Me -0,071 pP -0,107 P -0,190 Pi
A= QIA 0,393 pl 0,339 Pi O,714P
B 1,143 pl 1,214 P 2,381 P
C 0,929 pl 0,892 P 1,810 P
QIB -0,607 pi -0,661 P -1,286 P
Q2B 0,536 pi 0,554 P 1,095 P
Q2C -0,464 pl , -0,446 P -0,905 P
Mu. 0,078 pP 0,171 PI 0,240 Pi
MIZ - - 0,146 PI
A B c· D E F MZl 0,033 pP 0,112 Pi 0,076 PI
11 ~ '1112111'~'lll' R IJ 11 MZ2 - - 0,099 PI

I I L I JIJIJ Mal 0,046 pP 0,132 PI 0,123 PI
I /
" M3Z - - 0,123 Pi
MB ~0,105 pP -0,158 PI "0,28i Pi
Me -0,079 pP -0,118 PI . -0,211 Pi
A= QIA 0,395 pl 0,342 P 0,719 P
Dam nam nhip B 1,132 pI 1,197 P 2,351 P
.
C 0,974 pl 0;960P , 1,930 P
QlB cO,605 pl -0,658 P -1,281 P
Q2£3 0,526 pl 0,540 P 1,070 P
Q2C -0,474 pl -0,460P -0,930 P
Q3C 0,500 pl 0,500 P 1,000 P 12

Bang IR6 R Momen u6n trong ban va dam khong d~u uhip

-. Marnen
So-d6 dAm Tri so rna men goi
_. goi t~a
A B C
s :z;: A 1
L 11 } 12 ), MB - Nl --
Kl
A .'
.... , -
-MB - K2'N 12 N-
- - 1 + - 2
A B C D K3 K3
k"""R"',"k"""'1
.. _.
J 11 J 12 J . 13 J ~ Nl Kl N2
Me
K3 K3
.. .'
.•.. _ Ks + K.'3h N2 hIs N'~
MB - Nl -
Ke Ke Ke'
A B C D E :
£' , , , a' , I III I II R ' I I II K3h Nl _ K3Kl N2 KIls
Me +~ N:~
J 11 I '2 J 13 J '4 I Ks Ke Ks
01
-.
MD 1213 Nl Kll3 N K4
K6 +~ 2 - - N3
K6 Ks
MB K:3 Keh K4h18 1'21:34
'--. Nl+~N2---.-N8+--N4
K!:l Kg KH Kq
'. '-
Ksh Nl _ KIKs N2 + KIK413 N;{ _ Kl1314 N
A B C D E F Me Kg R4. Kg Kg
!IIIJiIIIIJiIIIJiIII R 1111

I. 11 J 12 y/3 J 14 ~ 15 L ;
/I / ,., K4hJ8N Kl~lsN.' Kg~N Ks4N
--- 1+ ~--- ;{+- 4
MD Kg I(q Kg KH
ME h13h'Nl _ Ktl34 N2 + Ksh Na _ Ks N4
Kq K.q Kg Kg 13

Tiep bang 1-6 : Cac h~ so K

Sonhip
H~s6 4 5
2 3
Kl 2(11 +12) 2(11 + h) 2(}1 + h) 2(h + h)
K2 - 2(12 + 13 ) 2(12 + la) 2(12 + h)
Ka - KIK2 - 122 2(1a + 14) 2(}s + 14)
fu ' 2 2(14 + 15)
- - KIK2 - 12
K2K'3 - 1S2 2
K5 - - K[K2 - ]a
Ks 2 2
- - . K'3K4 - K41s Kifu-14
K7 2
- - - K2I<6 - K4Ja
Ks . :!
- - - K:~I<5 - Kr 1:>,
...
Kg 2
- - - K5KG - KIK4h 'I'iep bang 1-6 : Tr] so N

Sa d6 d~t tili trong'
Trj soN ,..--P iP ~P {p J,P J,p J,P
IJI[L(!ll
/1 h 15. 2i ii h
l I l ,f 1/2 l 1/2 l 'f //3 J 1/3 ~ 1/3 J J 114 ~1/4 ~ 1/4 f 11-4._~
;0,- :>1- 1 ,-
N! ··ql11 +. q21~ 3 2 2 2 2 . 2 15 2 2
"8 (Plil + P212 ) "3 (Plil + P212 ) - (PI/] + Pzh )
4 16
N2 q21~ + q3 ~ 3 . 2 2 2 2 2 15 2 Cl
- (P21z + Pala ) "3 (P2h + Pals ) - (P21z + P:~h )
4 8 ; 16 - -
N3 q3 ~ + q4!l ~. (;3132 + P4142) i (Ps132 + P4142) 15 2 2
4 16 (P81a +P414 )
B 3 3 * (P41i + P5152) 15 2 :l
q4 4 + q515
N4 8" (P4I42_ + P5152) 16 (P414 + P515 )
4 14

Bang 1-7 : Mamen u6n, momen xoan cua dAm co m~t b~.ng hinh gfty goc va eung tron .

Sa d& va titi t~Qng

Cong th*,c tinh M, Mx

V6i A. = EJ = 1 GJx

Mx = q a2 sina.. cosa.. 6

Kbi o: = 4SO

2 ;,!

MA = MB = -0,409 qa ; (0,461 qa )

, 2 2

Me = +0,091 qa ; (0,039 qa )

M = ° tai X = 0,426 a; (0,279 a)

So khong c6 ngoae ung v6i ~.= 0,5

So trong ngoac irng' v6i ~ = 2

2 2

Mx = 0,091 qa ; (0,039 qa )

A

B

M'tb~n~:Ylt~ . ®~~A

-~

V6'i A. = EJ= i GJx

M = P fa sin2a.. - ~J

. 4 2

M, = P a sina.. coso.. 4

MA = MB = - 0,730Pa; (O,882Pa) Me = + O,270Pa; (0,118Pa)

Mx = 0,27Pa; (0,118Pa)

15

(Bang 1·7)

SO' do va Uti tr'.mg

Cong thuc tinh M ; Mx

A .t-I _-----"*L-.P ---II B

~P'

@khiIX. = 90" O,637Pr

A

16

1 EJ 1 h hA' k"

/\,=-. =. 0- at 1

GJk ' b

2

M == X COS(p - qr (1 - COS (p)

Mx == X sin cp- - qr2 ((p - sin (p)

X 2 (2sina - o:cosa )

= pr ' .. - -1

IX.

~ EJ h hA' k'

I\, "" _. == 1 . - at 1

GJk ' b

M = X cos rp - O,5Pr sin (p

Mx = X sin cp - O,5Pr (1 - cos [p)

x = Pr (1 ~:s a J

Khia = 9rf

Mx == ° tai (p = 65°

Bang 1-8. Khung m{lt nhip mC)t tftng

ul ,~ vi
Ma _g__f Puvl[k _ (v - u) L']
k
12 2
Mb qP Puvl[k _ (v - u) L']
·-k
12 2 .
Me ili_ Puvl [O,5(v - u) L' + k]
k
6
Md q J2 Puvl [k - O,5(v - u) L']
-k
6 Momen

Momen

JJIJIJJIJJIJIIJJJJJJJ~q

Ma

Ph (1 _ 3~L) 2

Ph (1 _ 3~L) 2

Ph (3~L) 2

Ph (3~L) '2

q

J~h 1 1

~---'k---'L'----

- J] l ' - 2 + ~L ' - 1 + 611

9h2 [(39 + 19~)k - 12 ~L'-12] 24

9h2 [(9 + 5~) k - 12 ~LL'] 24

qh2 (12L'-k) 24

9h2 (l2L' +" k) 24

Jl- cua CQt

J2 - ciia dam

17

Bang 1-9. Khung gAy g6c mQt nhjp

TruO'nghqp d~ t titi rrong'

MB

p

Ef

+ 48

5pr + 192

-~

192

-~

48

~

+ 192

_ 5pr 192

r

QA = .fu2!_ :; QB

64f

5pr "

QA= 64f = QB

~

A~B

-

Q£_f

+ 48

Ef

+

48

Q __ Hpf

A - 16

Q -~,

B - 16

~I

A-~B

_ pf2, 48

_ 5pf2 -48 '_

QB = 5pf 16

Q' llpf B=-16

:~ ~8

+ pa(1- a}21- 3a) p

,~

+ 2

J

Pal a2]

QA=-_ 3'-4~ =QB

4f I

~B····'

+ Pab:4b + a) 4f2

Pa2 b +--

4f2, _,

d3

f b P

A B

Pab(4b + a) +

Pab(4b + a)

-

4r2

[ 2]

, _ Pa 3 i!_ _

QA - 4f - f '

QB = - [P - QA]

18

,'oJ.) T
t-<P;"
.§ IZlrE
~ +
.... .-l "t-< 1 p;,,_,
'<0
lid ID loa.
~ .-l CXl
)~. '+
lid .-l
'oJ.) II
= ,.!.j
::J
M
~
:Q.
<~.
~
e
~.
-
::J
.... "'~
~
" tIlI- +
'oJ.) "',-,
= '-' c<l
)~ I
" p._, '-'
~ II )t
. = Q] p:;1 ..... ,
~' ::> 0
~' ID
p._, c<l
~ .-l~
'0 II II
c > ::r:
.~
'0
...s:=
~
....
~
...s:=
a
'0
:>
.
:0
~
•
~
'oJ.)
:::
.~ m
'~ > 0 0 0 0 0 00 0
0 0 0 0 00 0 P-!
..-t ..-t~ ..-t~ ..-t~ ..-t~ 0 0
.~
~ a_( 6:14-< ~ ..!< ..!< '..!< ~
O· C"l C'l 00 0 ,00 C'l
..-t 00 0 ..-t 00 ..-t
r.c 10 0 t- e<:l r.c
~~ e<:l ~ 0 ..-t C'1 C"I e<:l e<:l
o~ 0 o~ o~ o~ o~ .......
gg 0 P-!
I , 6 6 I
M II 0 o. t- o
lI:I 10 r.c 0 1.0 1.0
C"I r.c ~ t- t-
, ..-t ..-t e<:l e<:l
o~ , o~ o~ o~ o~
J
a 0 0 0 00 0 0
0 0 0 00 0 0 P-!
..-t ..-t~ ..-t~ ..-t~ 0 0 o~
~/ ,.!4
;::,. , ...... 1 .....
1 ~,
"<t' I ~ ~ ~, ..!< ~
00 'C"I 00 "<t' 00 "<t'
a_. t- C"I "<t' CD ..-t 00
~ C"I C"I 10 0 r.c t- ,
~ o~ ~ 0 ..-t ..-t C"I C"I C'1
0 o~ Q~ 0 0 ......
II 0 P-!
0 , I I I .
~ 0 t- o' 0 0
1.0 c.o 0 0 0
C"l c.o 10 , 10 10
..-t ..-t C"I C"I C"I
C>~ . 0 0 o~ 0
,
d 0 0 00 0 0 0
0 0 00 0 q 0 P-t
..-t ..-t~ .--!~ 0 0 0 o~
~k-I ,~
P:I .....
J 0 ~. ~ .~ ~ ~
00 m ..-t tb 0 0
m
.--! r.c 0 00 c.o 00
~f\ o~ 00 t-I "<t' 00 m
~ 0 o~ t-I ..-t ..-t ..-t
II 0 0 o~ o~ 0 o~ ~
,0 I , I I I
~ ,~ t- t- t- t-
(D r.c c.o r.c
C"I (0- r.c c.o r.c
, ..-t ..-t ..-t ..-t .-t
0 0 o~ o~ o~
'0 0 00 ,0 0 0 0
0 00 0 0 0 0 P-!
.-t .-t~ 0 0 Q~ 0 o~
~
~ k(
P:14-<
C'l ..!< ..!< ..l< ..l< ~
I ,..-t C'l (0- "<t' 00 C"l
10 C"l ~ e<:l ..-t .-t
.-t r.o 00 ..-t "<t' 10
h on ~ 0 0 0 ..-t ..-t .-t
0 o~ Q~ ......
e II 0 0 0 P-!
0 I I I , 6
lI:I 0 0 0 0
,1.0 1.0 10' 1.0 10
C'l C'\I 'C'\I C'\I C'\I
..-t .-t ..-t rl .-t
o~ 0 o~: o~ o~
= ~b
'C <<I,)' ::-
.... ...... - ...... ...... ......
oj.;I'O 0 .-1100 .-I1r.c .-II~ Cf.lloo rllC'\l =
,.. .... ~ 'CIl
>'<¢l <; ,...C[
.... Z
~ a
,0
>
S ~
S CI:I
,0 -B
> no ,0
A t:l >. t:l
t:l )CI:I A (0)'
. ....
til 0:.> t:l "'d
~ ~ CI:I '<'d)
S ro ~ :0
.z t:l no
,til (0)' t:l til
.... ..... )tIl .~
~
~ ,Q)' "C 0:.> 0:.>
,Q)' ..... ,~ .g ....
.... ..... "0
,........
.... :0 otC
.... 'ro' til
'til' CI:I .z ...c::
> > .~ ~
til til 0:.> t:l ~.
.~
.~ 0:.> .... (0), "E
0:.> "0 :.a
.... .... otC
"0 '(0 , .... ' ....
..a ] ....
A (0)
!:l t:: :0 ~
,til .... "CI:I
,til otC {3 :§ ~
otC 0"
!:l t:: ' .... .... !:l
€ ~ .... !:l 0)
otC !:l (0)' S
'0 '0 ,Q)' is
~ ~ ..... '0
A ~
, I
t"I I N
ri:I ri:lr.. r.. -
19 ( ~

0 00 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 OC - 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 1010 10~ ~ 10~ or..~ ~ 0...
10 10 or..~ or..~ 10~ 00
tI..:. 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 +, , , , , ,
10 ~ .!< .!<: .!<: .!<: .!<: .!<: .!<: .!<:
.,-.. 0.. 10 t- W -.::I' 10 -.::I' '-D t- co
-.r m 10 00 sc C'I) 10 C'I) c.D 00 10
(J
r-I 00 0 -.::I' 00 m 00 -.::I' 0 00
+ ~ 0 0 0 -.-I -.-I -.-I -.-I -.-I -.-I r-I =, 0
'" >: o~ 0 .0 q -.,
(J ';:g 0 <:;> <:;> <:;> <:;> <:;> 0 0..
II , , I I 0
C'I 0 10 10 0 t- o t- o to to
I ::c: C"I 0'.) io l.Q 0 10 l.Q 0'.) C"I ~
(J eo 00 C"I 00 10 00 C"I 00 so
'--' 0 0 -.-I -.-I C'I~ -.-I -.-I 0 =,
~ o~ o~ o~ 0 0 0 0 0 0
;:1;1'- 10l.Q l.Q 10 to l.Q to to
. lD 10 to 10 l.Q C'lt- t- t- t- t- t:- t:-
C"I & C"I C"I C"I C'I c.D0'.) O'.)~ 0'.) O'.)~ '9. O'.)~ '9 0...
w !~ eo w. w~ w~ 00
o· ,.!d 0 o· 0 0 0 0
ii:! ..... 0 0 0 0 +, I I I , , ,
II
tIl '-D . .!<: ..l!:: ,!I:i ,!I:i ,!I:i .!<: .!<: ,!I:i ,!I:i
. -.-I
.. 0..1 0 -.-I -.::I' W -.::I' W -.::I' l.Q -.::I'
(Ill -. 00 m 0 1.0 0) 0 .. 0) 10 0 m
r-I t- o '9 so 00 W C'I) 0 t-
II !---l o~ 0 o~ ..-i ..-i -.-I -.-I ..-i ..-i ..-i 0 0
1:1 ~\ ~ o~ 0 0 0 c o. -.
(J 0 0 0 0 0 0...
::I ~ II I I J:, .J< I I I ;.6 m 0
0 ..-i -.::I' 10 W t-
~ ::c: 00 .-.::1' W -.::I' t:- o 0'.) C'I W
t- o l.Q '9 00 -.::I' 0) so -.::I'
c, II o~ ..-i -.-I C\l o~ ..-i 0 0 0
ell . 0 0 0 o~ 0 0 0 0- 0
ceo >
<J 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C,.) 0 0 0 101.0 LQ l.Q 10 10 LQ io 1.0 .
;J' , 10 10 1.0 l.Q t-C'I C"I C"I~ C'I~ C'I C"I C'I C'l 0..
-. ~~1~ t- t-:. t-:. o~o~ o· , o~ o·
p::; 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 +, , I' I , , I I I
::I
..... II
..:: .!<: .!< .!<: ~ ,...:.:: ,!I:i ,...:.:: ,...:.:: ,...:.::
C,.) > -.-I -.::I' t- m C"I 0) t- -.::I' -.-I
-.-I t- "'" 0 0) 0 -.::I' t:- -.-I
'oJ) . W t- o 0'.) 0'.) '9 0 r-- sc
1:1 0 0 0 o~ M. -.-I ..-i ..-i -.-I =, q 0
~ o· -.
ce ;:!: II 0 0 0 0 .:;> 0 <:;> 0 0 qo...
I I , , I 00 ,
C,.) - ::c: 0 t- C'I or.. M 0 0'.) to CI:l 0
0'.) l.Q t- W l.Q 0) CI:l M -.-I
0) C'I 00 1.0 C'I sc W -.::I' CI:l
~ 0 -.-I ..-i -.-I ,.-I o • 0 0 =,
ce 0 0 0 0 0 0 o~ 0 0
. CI:lt- t- t- t- t- .. t- t- t- t:-
CI:l cY) so
1& CI:l CI:l +CI:lS w eo W '-D W so W
0 ~~~ ~ 00 ..-i -.-I -.-I -.-I -.-I M M -.-I 0..
,.!d 00 o· o~ 0 o·
C,.) 0 0 o~ 0 0 0 0
ii:l ..... I I I I I , I I
c, ,...:.:: ,!I:i .!<: ,...:.:: ,...:.:: ,...:.:: ,!I:i
0 0 ,...:.:: ,...:.::
m·. 1.0 0 0'.) m 0 m eo 0 1.0
m· 0'.) 1.0 .'-.;j< C\l m C"I -.;j< l.Q cY)
0 -.;j< 10 t- O> m m t- or.. -.;j<
0 .~ 0 0 0 q 0 q =, 0 q q 0
.... 0
ce ;:go 0 .:;> 0 0 .:;> 0 0 .:;> 0 Ii:
II I I , I , 00 0
'::::' 0 t- O) 0 t- cY) 10 t- oo
::c: -.::I' 00 io -.;j< M C'l -.-I t- o
S 0 cY) C'l 0 00 so -.;j< C'l C'l
-.-I -.-I rl -.-I 0 0 =, 0 o·
0 0 0 0 0 o· o~ 0 o~ 0
.. l.Q l.Qor.. l.Q io 10 io io 10 to LQ to
t-C\l C\l C"I C"I C"I C\l C'l C'l C'l C\l
~ ([Xl 0 t- ooM r-I r-I -.-I -.-I -.-I -.-I ..-i -.-I -.-I 0..
.!< ~ 00 0- o· o·
~ 0 0 0 0 0 0
, ii:1 ..... 0 + ,: , ,
~ I I I , I , I
bJl ! w ;:.:: ,...:.:: ,...:.:: S ~ S; ,...:.:: ..!<: ,!I:i
m 1.0 ..-i cY) t- t- '9 ..-i
1:1 > t:- cY) C"I W 0 l.Q 0 sc C"I cY)
ce Ir.~r 0 M "'" 1.0 t- t- t- to -.;j< M
0 o~ q 0 q 0 O~ q 0
r-\ "0 >:0 0 o' 0
;:g~ 0 0 .:;> .:;> .:;> 0 0 qn:;
II .J< I , I I r.D
~ 0 -.-I t- -.-I 1.0 m '9 m 0
::c: m -.;j< 0'.) 00 C\l W r-I 0 to
I ._ 0 0 m t- eo -.::I' CI:l C'I r-I
..-i -.-I o . o. 0 o. 0 q 0
·ro~ 0 0 0 0 o' ·0 0 0 0
~ . .,..
,_ ~. - '0
101 .... - >
J >« ..... "'C '0 ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... -. ....... -. ..... ....... ~
~ ~~,t -.-1100 -.-11<0 -.-11"<1' cY:l100 -.-IIC"I 1(.)100 cY:l1"<l' lDlw [-0.100 ..-i <ro
.c
... Z
..... -

20

~
,~
.~
'<0
"tS
..... -.
lCO· '"
0
"t1 N
:;1 +
'<Q;j c;jl- '<:t
I!Q 0
II If)
'<0 I
..0. 0 ('l
0
= c;j ItJ
.._.,
<CO 0' ~
..r:: II ~~
~
~ I=Q
= >- 0
o· tn
~ c;j N
..... 0'
.~ II 0
oC'j II
..... ~
:;1 >- ::r;
.~.
,.Q
c
~
s=
1C'j
~
..r::
s=
CO
,.Q
.....
,0
~
Q;
'"0
~
.~
CO
,.Q
S
,0
>-
~ >m
l'""I
I
l'""I
bl)
s=
oCO
CQ
><. ,
~. '0 10 C'<? 0 10 0
0 t-- C'J 10 C\1 r .....
( ~"- IQh C'Jh . C'J C\1 rl 0 0'
0 a
OJ 0 0 o~ a a
0
- ( 10
C\1
rl
o~ .-.
;,_~ 00 "<:t' 00 C\1 0 ~
II 0 "<:t' 0':1 ro t-- 10 ,
0 10 ~ 0':1 rl C\1 .-
p:: x a 0 .. 0 0 rl rl '-'
~ Oh o~ a '"
0 0 '"&
I!;) 0 00 lD 0 0
0 t-- I!;) 0 1;\1 =, 0 .....,
OJ C'<? C\1 C\1 rl 0 0'
...:.:: o~ Oh a 0 0
I~ ~ ~"-
~ .!< ..!< ~ ..l<::
~
t- o 0 0 so ~
tT t- "<:t' C>? 00 1;\1 t--
§g rm 0 C'<? ~ 10 t-- t--
o~ ~ 0 =, 0 o~ q q ";:!..
.('1') ;g o_ S' 0 S' 0 0
II I , I 0'
p:: 0 rl t- I!;) 0 0
0':1 00 C\1 0 0
C>? ~ co r:- t-
o~ q 0 o. o_
0 0 0 0 0
0 10, O'J 0 0 0
0 10 C\1 00 0 o. 0 ......
G C\1 rl 0 a 0'
~ a 0 0' 0 0
~ ~ ~<... , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
00 C\1 ~ co ~ 00
co co 0 t-- "'<I' co
0- eo ,-I C\1 C\1 e<;) O'J
0_ 0 q 0 0 O. =,
~rs 0 ~ co co a o' 0 0 '"
II ;g o~ , , , , , '&
:::r: 10 0':1 0 0 0
C'<? t-- rl rl rl
C\1 1;\1 C>? O'J C>?
co 0 0 q co
o~ 0 o' 0 a
e- C\1 0 0 0 0
0 co ~ 0 co q 0 ......
C§ rl 0 o· a o~ 0"
J ...:.:: 0 0 0
~~/ ~"-
~ ..!< ~ ~ ..!<:,
0':1
J co ~ ~ 00 0':1 ' a:.
rl t- a:. 1;\1 10 ec
0 co 0 rl rl rl
a 0 q 0 0 q =,
~tI~ ~ o· o' N
;::?J =. S' 0 0 -
II co m I , 6 t!'
~ co a:. a:.
C\1 C'J eo C<;l co
rl rl rl rl rl
O. 0 0 q 0
0 a a 0 o~
lD 0 0 0 0 0
& C\1 0 0 0 0 0 -..
,.:tl r-i 0 <5 0 ·o~ o' 0'
col ~"- 0
~ ~ ...!:< ~ ~ ~
co C\1 ro C\1 0 IQ
a:. ~ ll',) c- 0':1 0':1
0') 0 0 0 co ,0
~ 0 0 o. q q q 0
6 ~ ~
~ 0 0 0 0 0 9
II 0' , Os , , t!'
0) a:. 0':1 m
r ::c: r:- t- 2;, l:- t:-.
0 0 0 0
q =; 0 o~ q
0 0 o~ 0 0
-""",,, .." .... ,~ = J:::
,Q)' - - r-iI'"<I' -- ...... :g:s
>.0 .... . ... 0 '--{Ic:o .... 1(0 C'Qlco ,-Ij C'l
~ "0 z> 21

u\;
~
,
'<I<
0
~I-' lQ
+
II ..
0 0
'2 lQ
~ ,- .-I
, '-'
-. ,.!d
'G
l{,)~ ~ ...
0 0
II lQ
> ~
r-l
II o~
~ 11
::r: >
n! o-~
ttl !
C\I ....
,
..... ~
n!
1 I> 22

io 10 1.(;) 10 1.(;) 0
0 C'I C"l 'C"l C"l C'I o~ ,_,
~ .... .... r-i .... .... 0-
0 0 0 0 0 0
...!:!::
a) ~ ...
::::,
MO- t!:J
t- .,.Id ,.!d .,.Id .,.Id .,.Id
"<:I' 00 lQ 00 ~ so
~ q 0 ec lQ ~ t-
'0 C'I C"l e<:l "<:I'
M II i 0 0 0 0 o~ q_ IN
q 0 o~ o~ , 0 0 -.
lJ:I , dl , , , 0-
0 t- e<:l C"l 0
lQ 0 .... t- io
.... C"l e<:l -.:t< lQ
~ o~ 0 =, o~ q
0 o~ 0 0 0
,
0 0 0 0 1.(;) 0
0 10 lQ 1.(;) 1.0 C"l 0 .....
~ C"l C'l C"l C'l .... 0 '0-
J 0 0 0 o~ 0
.,.Id
~o- I ~ ... -_
C"l
" 00 , .,.Id .,.Id .,.Id .,.Id .,.Id
Q')
0 ~ t!:J C"l so C"l
I~ ~ 0 00 -.:t< ~ C"l 00
e<:l 1.0 ~ 00 00
II 0 0 0 q q
><: 0 o~ o~ o~ C'I
I '~ ~ 0 0 0 ....,
,0< 0 , , , , , 0'
e<:l t- co ~ 0
.... .-I C"l ~ -.:t<
e<:l "<:I' t!:J 00 Q')
0 =, 0 q 0
0 0 0 0 o~
e<:l ~ e<:l 0 1.(;) 0
~l 0 ee ~ M IC C"l 0 ":->
~ e<:l ~ ~ "l .... O~ 0-
',.!I:I O~ 0 0, 0 0
to- f ~ ...
Q') .,.Id .,.Id .,.Id .,.Id .,.Id
,00
0 M .... C"l' ~ r-l
.... t- o .... .... 00
" 0
-1: ~ "<:I' ~ 00 0 0
11 i 0 0 0 q .... .-I
0 0 o~ 0 o~ 0 ~.
~ 0 , , , , I 0-
I~ t- IC Q') ~ ..-I
.... 1.0 Q') M ..-I
"<:I' 10 e- o .-I
0 0 q .-I ....
0 O~ 0 O~ 0
io 10 M 0 10 0
.lo- 0 t- t- CO";) io C"l q .....
0/ ~ CO";) M C"l .-I 0'
~t ( .,.Id 0 0 0 O~ O~ 0
,~ ...
"<:I'
, 10 .,.Id .,.Id ,.!d .,.Id ~
.-I eo "<:I' t!:J C"l
.... 0 -.:t< c:o 00 10
'~ '\ "0 , 1.0 c:o 00 0 ....
.:0 =, 0 q .... ....
II 1 :xl .0 9 0 <N
~ '0 9 0 .....
::r: 0 , , , 0'
00 1.(;) 00 C"l 0
1 , c:o .... to Q') t-
"<:I' t!:J 00 0 ..-I
0 0 0 .... ....
0 0 0 0 0
.~. 'C ,~ :~. ~
0 -. -. """J'<I' -. -. ~:6
> '~ .~ .~ r-llco .... Ic.o e<:llco .... I~
, ..... "C z> ~
'1'"1
~
~.
;.>
<0'
S
;.>
>~.
otd
= till ._,
'<ill II
otd <J
<0 ~~~._,
,.Q . til C'1 .
~ II
<~ ~
~
~ U·I·C'1·
QJl
~ I
O· .-I
to< ~
;.> til
0'
'1'"1 II
.~
..... >
=
~I'"I.
.~
Q
~
~
. >1:':1
~
~
~
~
~
....
'0
Q
e,
,~
~
'1'"1
td
~
S
'0
>
~
'""'
I
'""'
b.I)
~
. ~
~ -,

,.!<: 1.0 0 C"I 10 0 10 10 10 '0 10 1(.)
0 t- 1(.) 0 C'I . 0 C'I C'1 C'1 C'1 C"l C"l -.,
CI CQ C"l C"l .-I 0 .-I .-I ,-I .-I .-I .-I 0'
0 o· o· o· o· C? C? C? ci o· 0
~c~~ , , ,
~. ~ ~ ..':< ..':< ~ ~ ..':< ~
"<I' 00 0> to LQ to 0> 00 "<I'
t- "<I' <o eo C"l eo to ~ t-
-: C'I C'l "<I' 10 to 10 "<I' .00 C'1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ·0 0 0
K C? O· O· O· O· O· O· ci o· ~
~ o. ~ b o. "&
0'" O· r:-:.. , , .0 0, cO 0, J:,
C'I LQ C'l a
II .... 0> eo C"l a C"l so .-I 0 10
C'l "<I' to t- to "<I' C'l G"l M
.. P:1 a 0 0 a o. 0 a 0 a
o' o~ o· 0 0 ci o· <5 o·
~ 10 0 00 LQ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 a co C'l LQ t- t- t- t- r-- t- t-- ._,
CI C'l. ,-I ,-I 0 0 =, a a a =, =, 0'
a o· 0 o· C? C? cf cf 0 a a
~~~ , , ,
~ ..':< ~ ~ ~ ~ ..!< ..':< ..':<
0 LQ ,0 C'l r:- C'l a 10 0
t-- .-I 0> to 00 to OJ .-I t-
oo .-I G"l G"l C'l C'l N C"I G"l .-I
0 0 a 0 0 =, =, o. o. 0 0
.CQ K a' o· o· o· o· 0 <;!..
a ~ a a a 0 0
o· o· cO 0 0 r:-:.. , cO ..0 r:-:.. rh 0 0"
0
II 0 t-- 1(.) C'l 10 to r:- .-I 00
C'l C'l "<I' "<I' <:I';l G"l .-I .-I '0.
::0 =, o. 0 a 0 =, =, =, 0 ".
a 0 o· o· o· a a 0 o·
0> "<1'. .-I .-I ,-I .-I .-I rl - .-I
C'1 C'l C'l co C'l C'l C'l C'l C'l
,.!<: 0 . .-1 0> LQ 0 0 o. a a. o. 0. =, -..
CI C'l 0 a o· o· o· 0'
(~~.~ o· o· o· 0 ·0 0 0 0
, , , , , , . , ,
~ ~ ..!< ~ ~ ~ ~ ..':< ..':<
j ~. .-I C'l 00 C'l "<I' C'l 00 C"l .-I
00 a C'l r-- oo r:- C'l 0 (()
0 .-I ,-I .-I .-I .-I .-I ,-I 0
+1\ ~. a 0 a 0 0 0 0 a 0 0
K o· o· ci o' o· o· o· 0 ' .0' a '"
~ a a
ci , , , , , , , , , o· 0'
a
.~t II 10 t-- co "<I' LQ to a) C'l 0>
0'> C"I o:J 0> LQ .-I r:- LQ cYJ
::r:: .-I C"I C'P .-I .-I. .-I 0 ° a
a =, 0 0 a =. 0 ° 0
o· 0 o· 0' o· a o' ci o·
(() eo 0> 0'> 0> 0> 0> 0'> OJ 0> 0>
o:J
,.!<: 0 C"I e- C'l ro ro o:J C'l C'r.I co C'r.I .-I -..
LQ .-I ,-I rl .-I . .-1 . .-I ,,-I rl
!~ . CI '.-1 C"l 0 a 0 0. 0 0 o· =, 0 0"
O • C? cf 0' C? C?" 0 o·
~.~ a a 0 a
, , , , ,
~ ..':< ..:.:: ..:.:: ..:.:: ..:.:: ~ ~ ..:.::
t-- r:- C'r.I Ol I.Q Ol cYJ r:- r:-
.LQ C'l "<I' to r-- eo t- to "'" co
\ 00 0 0 0 0 0 a 0 0 0
ii 0 .0 0 0 =, 0 o. o. 0 q 0 0
0 >< '0. 'o~ .0' o· o· 0' "'.L..
o· ~ 0 0 0 C? 0
a ~ , ..J. r:-:.. , ~ .0 , o· tl"-
.to 0> co t-
1~ II ,-I ..--I 0 eo to I.IJ eo C'1 .-I
::r:: ,-I .-I ..--I 0 0 a 0 0 0
0 o. 0 =, o. 0 =, q o.
o· 0 o· a 0 o· 0 0 0
t-- eo 00 00 00 00 eo 00 00 00 eo
I~~ 0 :.-1 0 a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 °
0 a 0 ° 0 0 0 0 ° 0. -.
CI . .-1 0'
. ~~ ·0' o· o· o· o· o· o' o· 0 o· a
,. ., , , , , , , , ,
..:.:: ~ :..:.:: ..:.:: ..!ti ..!ti ..!ti ~ ..!ti
I .-I r:- eo io eo 10- to t- .-I
00 C"l' C'l o:J "<I' "<I' "<I' co C'l C"l
"<I' 0 ° 0 a 0 0 a 0 0
k\ 0 0 o • 0 a 0. o. 0 0. q 0
° ~ g ".L,
o· 0 a 0' o· 0 C? o· 0 C? C?
o· , r:-:.. , 0 , 0 o' .tl"-
II 0 0 0 0 o:J a
t- to to 10 "<I' C'l C"I ,-I .-I
fg; 0:: 0 a a 0 0 0 0 ° a
0 0 =, 0 0. 0. 0. 0. °
o· 0' a 0' 0 a ° 0 o·
or='
'E:: ~ -0
;.> -., ._, -. ...... -. -. -. "- -., >
;.> <ill 'ill, -. c
0 ,-1100 .-II ~ .-II~ o:J1o:. ,-I1C"l C'r.II~ 101 ~ r-~l 0:. rl
+fII4. I .... . ... 10100 <til
>;.> "t:I ..c
Z ill

>

«

>

23

,~
.cI
~
~~
~
I=!
<~
;::
-0
Q
OJ)
I=!
<0
~
'~
''''''iI "<:fI +
VI ::5
~CIl
~ ""0
'0
.... 0
~ 0
0 . ~.
.cI c
~ oCll
.s:
S 0..
CIl
'0 0::5
> 0
CI:I ::5
'·m
.;; :c:
Q CJ
• I=!
<0
::s
I=!
~
S
<0
S
~
I=!
CI:I
OJ)
I=!
<0
II<
Q
~.
-
¢.S
~.
-
I=!
.CI:I
..c:
~
~
"""'
•
"""'
OJ)
I=!
·CU
~ 24

. --,
"..._
~~ ~<:,l
'" LO LO
+ +
.... tj
P-. <:,l
.... O?I~ 0 0 0
Q ~ ,-I ,-I
.
=a 1:01<:0 ,-I 0 cQ ~
, ..-I '-'
I '" '"
tj tj
0:;1"f' 0:;1C'l
I
t? ~
LO LO
cO +
<:,l
'-' 1.0
-. X ~
P-. t? '-' 0
P:r i5:1~ ~[~ x
~ , t?
C"IlQ : ..-I rl
'-'
"'<:,l d
, : 0:;1 C'l -.
". 0;-
t? ,,-.
'"
LO ij'
LO
. +
5 tj
...... X 10
P-. ~
t-[C'l '" '-'" 0
< ...... IC"I --. X
~ P-.CQ C"IL6 tj t?
.
I , ,-I rl
d ~
..... IC"I
.P-. 0;<
I
~ '"
1j t?
, .
0:;1'- .... ,-I
'-' ~~
0:;1 .... ... '-'"
~ '"
LOI~ tj
~ == lQl"f' ",C'l ;5:;1 ..... ;;::1 .....
,-I C.D .... 0
.... ~I"f' ~IC"I
t?
C'l
P... , P... 'OjC'l
~ P-.I C"I' 1.0,1 ~ e
"'Ij
P...
::;;1'> t?
C"I
+
P-. ..-I 'OjC'l
'-' P...
-< P-.i.C'l r:-IC'I , '"
.-,
C"I'" 1j
I
....
.. P::
,
S , rr
-0 ~ t:
>-
.. ' III ' n,
= c5
<12,)
~ n, VI
;.:0 -I ~
'oJ) o, I:l
I=! - ~, (l_. :n 0.. ~
O· 1=
~ ._
;.:0
...
<CI:I
E-4 I.o1 t .m

c-l~
~ N---
LQ + (j
O~ <::l t ~~
U VI LQ
~ , LQ '
<::l ~ " I
'-' 2:!
,~ "'<::l ~~,
' ~aJ
I I
~
+
<::l « ~~
III C"l
~ , l2l
...... 11 I
'-'-'
""
(j
~C"l
~ ~'
~ <::l
~
'" '"
<::l (j
,~ LQ
+ + ~'~
<!! i:I (j
:g C? ~,
, I
...... ......
~ ~
i:I
~C"l ~~
I I
........ ........
'" I '"
d d "
CD to
+ +,
d d'
to LQ ~~
tIl ...... ......
, ,
0 0
...... ......
""~ '-'
""
d d'
~'~ ~- <+-
...... 00 ...... ~
tl
,
~ ~ d OJ CD
"" 0-
ofC"l
"" ........
d
+
'"
< i:I i:I Oleo
~ '&
,
C"I
'a'
OlC"l
'S
"0 § r:::r
? ]J: '¢:
I=:
~
b I .:
bI) 0 I
.c
I=: ell
L.
o· 0- rr .~
.f3 § n § ,~ E-
....
. ~
~ 25

Bang 1·15 : Momen uon va lqccAt trong ddm giao thoa cua ban san (chu vi ke tq do) chin tai trong phan bo den tren m~t ban

SO' d6 m~t bAng AI-AI Bi "BI '
NQi hrc
Ix *Iy Ix == Iy Ix * Iy Ix" iy
,
Ix Ix
81
i-- I- --, }2]4 ql~ I ~lx4 q13
MI .9.. x y. .9..,
I I 2 ~ :3 4 2 (l~ + lh 4
ly (x + ly)
I I
A1 I 1 I A1
I I ly
L __ I- - _j .9.. lxl{ q12 ly_lx4 2
81 Qmax .9... £J __
2 lx3 + 1; 4 2 . (lx3 + 1;) 4
Ix Ix I Ix
81 81 Pxlt !If .9.. 51412 ~. q13
Ml q' . x y
I ~ - I 51; +j; '6 2 (51~ + J~) 12
I I Iy
" ,
A1·1 1 .. 1 I A1
I I ly
L_ --- -_j lxl~ gf : g_. 51~ly 5 2
Qmax q' - . ql
81 81 5a+l; 6 .2 (51 ~ + 1;) . 12
Ix Ix Ix
81 81 1214 q13 14]2
I I- - ., MI x y. x y. q13
ly q' 1~ + 1; q' (l ~ + 1;)
I I 2 2
Al I .1: 1 J A1
,
I I ly
Al II 1 1 r A1 lx1i.
I . I Qmax c : ~ J'il Y. q]2
L_ ly lr+l; q.
I-- -- _j 2 (1 ~ + 1;) 2
81 81 : 26

Bang 1-16 : Momen uon va hrc c~t trong dam giao thoa cua ban san (chu vi ke tu do) khi 0 ban Ia hinh vuong

. ,

chju tai trQng phan be; den tren m~t ban

Sa d& mi:).t bAng NQi Al ~Al Bi ~ Bi B2 ~ B2
hro
5 17 J3
Ml _. q]s -
B1 82 81 41 41q
I -I- ., l
I
I I 3 }3 22,5 }8
A1 I 1 2 1 I ~1 M2 41q - 41q
I
L_ __ --- f- - J
B1 B 81 5 12 17 ]2 22,5 j2
I I I I Qmax 41q 41q 41 q
B1 B2 81
I - l 85 13 142 }8
I Ml -
A1 I I A1 217· q . 217q
I 1 2 1 I
I
A1 I 1 2 1 I A1 M2 95 }3 - 197 }8
I I 217q 217q
L_ r- - J I
-- --
B1 B2 B1 Qrnax 85 ]2 142 J2 197 ]2
I I I I 217q 217q 217q
Ar - AI; BI - BI . Az - A2; B2 - B2
81 B2 B1 '.

r - - r- -,
1 I I Ml 85 P -
128q
A1 J 1 2 1 J A1
I J I 106 P 118 f~
LI. 1 M2
A2 I 1 3 1 I A2 128q 128q
I I
1 I
A11 1 2 1 I A1 150 P
I Ms -
128q
L_ -_ -- r- --'
B1 B2 81

I I I I Qmax 85 p 118 P
128q 128q 27

Bang 1·17 : PhAn ph6i tai trorig va momen uon trong cac dam san giao thoa, chu vi ke t1.1 do

Tid trong
SO' d5 mij.t bAng DAm (q - tili \rQng Mrnax
tren 1m san)
1 2 3 4
I 1 I I
A B
r -- -- -j A-A 0,562 qJ 1,1248 qj3
I I I
I I l
f f
AI lJl I
I
B[ [ E I B-B 0,415 ql 0,832 qj3
L_ - _J
A B
I 1 I I I
,A ,H
r "" - .- ...,
r r I A-A 0,55 qJ 1,715 q}3
I: r I
AI rA
I r I
AI rA I
I I 0,9875 qf3
BI . IB E-E 0,316 qJ
L_ _J l
- -
'Po .... 8
...
I J I I I I I
A ... B. C. A-A 0,635 qJ 2,8584 qP
.... - r-- -.,
J I I
~ I I
I I I
h, E-B 0,523 ql 2,3544 qP
AI I A I
B I I B I
C I' I
L _J Cl C-C 0,293 qi 1,3176 qP
A'" B" C.l
B A
r A-A 0,305 qi 0,0382 qn...2
~
...J
" B ~'x~>1
J
I
-
A L B-E 0,596 qi 0,0746 qn...2
28

Titp bang 1-17

1

2

3

4

A-A 0,311 ql 0,0389 qlL2
B-B 0,341 ql 0,0427 qlL2
.....J
C-C 0,308 ql 0,0385 qlL2
0,0713 qlL2
D-D 0,570 ql A-A

B-B

c-c

0,34 ql

0,302 ql

0,583 ql

0,0425 qlL2

0,0378 qlL2

0,0729 qIL2

So' d6 m~ t bAng Tai trqng thanh phan H~soK
1 2 3
3 dam + 1 soon giang
// v/.
Dam 1
E1 J1 2
P
]7 -- _; l PI = P. 1+2K
Soon gi~ng I
E2J2 "2 3+2K 8a3EIJI
13E2J2
a a 1
P2 = P.
P 3+2K
P2 P1 P2 Bang 1-18: Phan phoi tai trQng len h~ ddm co SUO'll gi:ing

. 29

Tiep bang 1-18

1 2 3
5 dam + 1 siren gi~ng
__, ,,_
1 -;- PI = P. 7:K2 + 18K+ 1
- W 8a~-lEIJI
2 P 7K2 +34K+ 5
~i' r- - - _, ~ - - 1
1 E2J2 13E2h
2 P2=P, 11K + 1 Kh'K 1 hi
I<- , I - C I
a a a a 7K2 +34K+5 3
p phan phci cho 3
P3 = P. 1-3K dam,
7K2 +34K+5
P3 P2 P1 P2 P3
7 d all];, -+- J/~JO'n,~~~~_
PI =P. 26K3 + 131K2 + 27K + 1
1 26& + 193K2 + 196K + 7
-
2 ~
~ - - .s; 1
r-~ ..,... - -
I llJ E2J 46K2 + 57K+ 1 8a8EIJl
P2 =P.
2 26K3 + 193K2 + 196K + 7 '~
1" E2J2
-/ Khi K > 0,056 c
a a a a a a
P P3 =P. -18K2+23K+ 1· chi phan phffi
26K3 + 193K2 +196K+7 cho 5 dam.
P4 P3 P~ P1 P~ P3 P4 P4 =P, - 3K2 -18K+ 1
26K3 + 193K2 + 196.K+ 7
,-' ,.......-' F
P g
r-- -- -' v-
-
""') g
uJ E2J2 l
r- - -- __, P =P_ 2K+5
P
~ ~ 1 2K+ 15 27a3EIJl
~ ----"
a a ]3E2J2
P2 = r . 5
P 2K+ 15
P2 P1 P2 30

1 2 3
'"' ~-' Ir-'
M
~ 7K2- + 90K + 25
I- - -.., - -- -'fo- PI =P.
p .' ~ I 7K2+ 170K+ 125 27a3EIJl
1-- -"_ .- - -'!.- }3E2J2
~ E2J2
) M
ill ~ 55K+25 Khi K > §. chi
P2:::: P .
a a a a . 7K2 + 170K+ 125 • 3
p phan phoi cho 3
I 25 -15K dam,
1 P3 1 P2 L2 L3 P3::::P.
P1 7K2 + 170K+ 125
/ //
c-I<-
E2J2 P ~
~ - r- - 1-. ~ I- - --=t-. Pl=p.26K3 + 655K2 + 1800K+ 125
~ I
- ~ I-- ~ 1- - --'!..- 26K3 + 965K2 + 4900K+ 875
~ 27a3EIJl
) ~ 230K2 + 1425K + 125
ill .P2=P. ]3E2J2
26~ + 965W + 4900K+ 875
/ ,-
a a a a a a Khi K>O,267
P3::::P. 90K+ 575K+ 125 chi phan phdi
P 26K3 + 965K2 + 4900K + 875 cho 5 dam,
I ~4::::P. 15K2 - 450l( + 125
P4 P3 P2 P1 P2 P3 P4 26K3 + 965K2 + 4900K + 875 31

eo ee Ct;l C'l 00 M 00 rl rl rl 0 t- M t- rl ro "<:I' 1Q 1Q "<:I' ro
ro .-I t- O') rl ro '00:II to t- O') 0 rl C'l C'l ee M "<:I' "<:I' '00:II ."<:1' "<:I' "<:I' .qt
Oi) C'l.C\I ro ro ro M M M .qt ~ '00:II '00:II '00:II '00:II '00:II '00:II ~ -.::t< "'<:I' "1' .qt
'<0 5 0·0 q 0 0 O~ 0 00 O~ 00 q 0 O~ 0 0 0 0 OR 0
<I'd 00 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 OR 0 0 q
'b
(I) fYillllll"i1II11liY _

ql[

~ ~ { r-;---------------------------------------------~

QJJ
§
~
..:::
~
'.-I
~
..:::
c d
. (O)'.~
'>..0
S ;d.
;:sS
.... ~
(~'(O)
..:::~
~ ....
I;:; ::s
'(0)
":::"tS
0,
d<o
,~ ..0
fIJ d
.Q<~
~..:::
"t:I~
..:::'osJ
~ ~
'0-1 o·
.... ~
'(0 ....
fIJ·.-I
.~
(0) .....
":::::s
0'.-1'
,~ ..:::
00 .
~
~
•
~
'osJ
=
.~
~ 1 ~IIIiilllllllml~ ~

01(

J ,

I -.!"

1-~!lIIIIII!I "lillY .....

Dll

J J

r __ ('oJ r

C'l

'<0

"0

'b (I)

C'llQC'lO')CfJt-ooOC"l'oo:llLOoorllDooro O')OOt-LO~C'lOO')t-LOMrlOOOc.olD oooooooooooooot-t-t-t-t-t-c.oc.oc.o 0000000000000000

0000666600660000

~O'" "''''LO 000

oR OR 0 000

~roO')rot-O')O')oot-roo"'rlooromC'OrlC'OOM .-Iro~"<j1lDlDlD.lDLOlDlDlD"<j1.roMC'lC'lC'lrlrlO ~Mrorororororo~roMMrororoCfJMMMMo:lM 5qqqqqqoqqqqooqooooqq~

000000000000000000000

lDrlO~OOC"lOOMOlD.qtrlO')O')mooooOMlt:lOO ~c.o"<j1Ct;lrlO')OOc.oLO~C'l~Ooot-"'LO'oo:II.qtMC'l~ .-IrorororoC'\lC'lC"lC'lC"lC'lC'lC"lrlrlrlrlrlrlrl~rl 5000000000000000000000

606000000006000600000

lD •
rl ..... c.o 00
.-I ro ro
'<0 5 0 0
"0 66
'b
(I) OlDOIDOlDOlDOLOOlDOLOOlDOlDOlDO qO~rlC'l~~~~'oo:IIlDlDtO"'t-t-~~Q')qq rlrl~rlrlrlrlrlrlrlrlrlrlrlrl~rl~rlrlC'l

32

tiep bang 1-19

1 ilillilililill!li~~

P11

'<0

oft:J

b (J)

o, iilOlllllliiilliui

" D--~- ":1 [

..... _---

~ -.!" +

LQ

'<0

oft:J

b (J)

c,

.i Yiqlljl!!!!I!",i _

.P1I

r -.!" r

"0

oft:J

b (J)

~o 00 ~ 00 ~ rl rl rl

fJ~~:2~~~~~~

~ oooqooooo

60~6000000

LQLQLQ~MOrlrlmMLQ=oooo~LQLQ~~moo ~LQ~mOrl~rloomoo~=LQ~OO~rlmoo =~wW~~~~~~=====~=~=LQLQ o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0--0 0

666660000000006666666

m 'LQ C"I 00 ~ C'l 00 = LQ "<j< ~ "<j< LQ ~ Q') ~ = m "<j< 00 "<j< ~ =LQ-.:Ii~rlOoo~=LQ~M~rlOQ)Q)oooot-td ~~C"I~C"IC'-lrlrlrlrlrlrlrlrlrlOOOOOO ~oo~oooooooooooqoooooo

000000000066660666000

m~C'-lrlm"<j<mo~~"<j<MrlQ')~~oo=~Q)~ ~ = 00 Q) 0 0 rl rl ~ ~ ~ ~ ~_~ rl rl rl 0 0 0 Q) m w ~.~ C'-l 00 00 00 00 00 00 ro M ~ ~ M ro ro ro ro ro ~ ~ Soo.oooqooooooooqoqoooo

060000066666600000000

~ LQ 00 moo =~~ 000

'000

o-~ 0 m = 0 rl rl m ~ LQ ~ ~ ~ rl m ~oooo~w'<:!'~m~LQroooo~oo ~ ~ ~ = = = ~.= LQ LQ LQ LQ LQ ~ '<:!' ~ o 0 0 0 0 0 0,0 0 0 0 q 0 0 0 0

66ooo~6ooo 0 000000

00 r:rl m ~ ~ o 0

00

~m~LQCO oo~~WLQ ~~.-Irlrl qoooo oooono

o 00 om ~ rl

qq

o 0

... "'

S

m~LQOoom~oow= Q')oo~lQ~rlomr:-= lQLQ~ LQ lQ lQ lQ ~.~ ~ 0000000000

0000000066

O~=.-IOO~ oo=~rorlO rl ~ rl ~ r-4 r-4 oo~qqoo 0'00000

~ co moo 00 00

o-o~

~~~

000 000

666

O=r-4I:-M ~tOlQ,<:!,~ 00000 oooo~o

66606

o ~ ~ ~ 0 ~MOOroQ;) o 0 000 qo qo~o 00000

C"I 00 ~ 0 ~ ~ 0.0

on on

~m~C':) o m m m ~rlrlrl

o 0 0 0

o 0 0 0

to ~.

C"I o

6

33

ti,fp bang 1-19

o._

~ li'I!!!!I!H!f!'lIl:....

~11 .

i' .' 1 ~~--------~--~~----~------------~~

~ m~~o~~~~~o~~o~m~o~~m~

.~.~ ~.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 omoo oo~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~ooooooooooo oo~ 0 0 0 0 0 0 o~ o~ 0 o~ . Oft Oft q Oft o~ q o~ q 0 000000000000000000000

m

"0

"d

'b UJ.

1:- .~ . ~ :~

~ '-<:t< '0.0

00

o o

~.

o

p..i1i"i""""!i!"~ _

q1li

r ~. '

C"I ,00

..lid

~~a~~o~~o~~~~~~~o~~oo~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -<:t< ~ 0 ~.~.~ ~ m'~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 00 1.0 lD tn ~ -<:t< ~ ~ -<:t< ~ o:l ~ eo o:l ~ ~ ~ C'l ~ ~ ~ M oo~oooq~oqoqqqqqqqqqo 000000000000000000000

~o~~om~~oo~~~m~~~~~OC'llD ~ ~ 00 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ 00 ~ m ~m m m 00 00 ~ ~ ~ lD -<:t<~~~lDlD~~~tn~tntntn~l.OtnlD~tnl.O oooqqoqqoqqqqoqqqqqoo

000000000000000000000

r:-.:.C'l~M mmoooo o 0 0 0 qqoo

000 0

o~~ ee C'l ~ ~ ~ ~ o~ 0 o~ 000

m~~ oooo~ ~ ~ ~

o o~ o~ o~ 0 0

·00

1 Yi""""iii""i~_

D11~

J ,

r -!"

"0

"d

'b UJ.

'<0

oftj

'b UJ.

.-I 00

S

Ooo~~C\lO 0)0000000000 ~~~C'l~~ Oftooooo ooooftoo

~. 1.0 0 0) ~ ~ ~ool.O~m~ ~ o:l o:l ~ ~ C'l oo~o~ooo 000000

~~0~C'l1.000~~ ~O:l~~OO'lOOOOt~~~~,...;oooo 0·0 0h 0 o~ 0 0 0 So Oh 0 0 0 0 o~ 0 0

o io o o

o

so ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ 000 0_ 0 0

000

34

. tie'pbang 1-19

0 00 I:- "<:Ii lD m
~ "<:Ii m I.Q .-l t-
"" lD "<:Ii O? O? Ct:I c-q
,.l:d 0 0 O? 0 ~ 0
o~ 0 0 0 o~
0 0
L.Q t-- c-q 00 m c-q
glt l.D t- .-l lD 0 CC>
..... 00 I:- t- CC> 0:.0 io
,.l:d =, 0 0 0 o~ 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
-
II 0 "<:Ii t- m 0 m
... en m 00 I:- t- I.Q
S 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 q 0 0 q o~
o~ 0 0 0 0 0
..
.-l t- .-l en c-q CC> .-l
.-l ..., io c-q 00 CC> Ct:I .-l
S "'<:I' "<:Ii Ct:I Ct:I Ct:I co
'<0 0 0 0 0 0 0
"t:1 0 0 0 0 o~ -0
b
W.
Ct:I ·0 0 c-q to io
lQ O? 0 to ,-I lQ
~ CXl 0') 0 0 .-l .-l
0 0 ~ .-l .-l .-l
0 0 o~ 0 0 o~
0 ~ 0:.0 0 .-l .-l
.... ~ t- O? 0 CC> C\l
,.l:d io I.Q sc I:- t- 00
0 0 0 0 q 0
g11 o~ 0 0 0 0 o~

- t- C\l. en 0 c-q co
"" I.Q en .-l ~ lQ I.Q
S "<:Ii ~ L.Q L.Q io I.Q
0 o~ 0 0 0 ~
0 0 -0 0 o~ 0
0 m C\l C"l 0 t- to
.-l .., m 0 0 0 m 0')
S 0 ~. .-l .-l 0 0
'<0 0 =, o~ q o~ q
"t:1 0 0 0 0 0 0
b
o:
,
N I'::""" 0 o· 0 0 0 0
-... =, .-l C"l~ cq "<:Ii~ tO~
.-l .-l .-l .-l . ,-I .-l 35

36

II

II

II

<'I

Cd

II

.....

Cd

to r-i to

q

o

II II

~ l~bQ

II o

~

+

I :1...

+

II

II

"'1 ro II

Q. :1.

Bang 1~21 : Cong thuc va cac h~ so xac dirih mfrmeri uon cua ban ngam bon carrh chju tai trQng tam giac

1. Mx My ;l.x - ;l.y DQvong D
Ix I..l
z
1_1 • 2 2 Ix PA~
llxPAx llYPAx - u. Eh3
3 6 D H~ so
12(1 - 1..l2)
Poat xdng'
1,5 2 . 2 1. PA~
11xPAy . llYPAy 6 . u. D
..
~ Di8m u 11x. lly SO' do ban
Ix
Ix
1 ° - 0,0764 - 0,4582 ;l 1
T
2 7 ° - 0,3326 - 0,0554
- 7.;. +22
3 ly iii-
13 ° - 0,1117 - 0,670
22 0,33898 0,1314 0,2939 J.._13 7
'1
1 0 - 0,0999 - 0,5992 T'I' J'I' J'I' J'I"I"I' 'I"I"~ q

7 ° - 0,8051 - 0,1342
1
13 ° - 0,1685 - 1,011
22 0,99428 0,3844 0,3844
1 ° - 0,0336 - 0,2014
7 0 - 0,5641 - 0,094
1,5
13 ° - 0,0773 - 0,4639
..
22 0,33898 0,2939 0,1314 37

PhAn2

".,... ,IJ4._ ~? .

SO LIEU VE TAl TRONG

. _" .

Bang 2-1. TrQng hrong don vi mi}t s6 Ioai v~t Iieu xay dung

(Tri so tieu chudn) .

SoTT T~n v~t li~u, san phAm Dan vi.do 'I'rong hrqng (kg)
1 Gach hi nem nung 20 x20 x 2 em 1000 vien 1200
2 G~eh bong 20 x 20 x 2 em nt 1800
3 Gach men 15 x 15 x 1 em nt 1000
4 Ng6i may loai 13 v/m2 nt 3100
5 Ng6i may loai 22 v/m2 nt 2100
6 Khoi xay gach dije m3 1800
7 Khoi xay gach co 16 - 1500
8 Khoi xay da hQc - 2400
9 Kh6i xay gach xi than - 1300
10 D~tpha cat - 2000
11 Da't pha set - 2200
12 . Vtia xi mang - cat - 1600
13 .ca khd - 1500
14 Xi mang' - 1700
15 Betongkhong thep - 2200
16 Betong·.cOt thep - 2500
17 Betongig~ch va - 1600
18 G6 nh6mI-II - 800 - 1400
19 G6 nhOmill-IV-V - 600 - 800
20 TuO'ng 10 gach the . m2 200
21 Tuitng Iflgach ong - 180
22 Tuo-ng20 .gach the - 400
.
23 TUitng 20 gach ong - 330
24 Mai' FBXM don tay g6 . - 25
25 Mai FBXM don tay thep hinh - 30
26 Mai ng6i do don tay g6 - 60 38

So 'IT Ten v4t li~uJ san phAm Don vi do Trong hrqng (kg)
27 - Mai ton thiec, don tay gO - 15
28 Mai ton thiec don tay thep hinh - 20
29 Tran van ep dlim gO - 30
30 Trlin g6dan dlim gO - 20
31 Tran lu6'i s~t d~p vita - 90
32 Cira kinh khung gO - 25
33 Cua kinh khung thep - 40
34 CuB. ~an gO (pand) - 30
35 Cira thep khung thep - 45
36 San dam g6, van san g6 - 40
37 San dan BTCT v6'i 1 em chieu day - 25 Tiep bang 2-1

Bang 2·2. 'I'rong lti<1ng tinh toan eua mc}t met dai ,tdm la.m,d§.m, cQt betong cot t.hep (kg/m)

~ 15 20 2'5-· 30 '35 !40 i ;45 50 55 60 ·65 :70
m
5 21 28 35 42 48 55 - - - - -
6 23 33 42 50 58 66 ,74 83 - - - -
8 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 110 121 132 - -
10 42 55 69 83, ' 96 110 124 138 151 165 179 :193
12 50 66 83 99 116 ' 132 149 165 182 198 215 .231
15 62 83 103 124 145 165 186 206 227 248 268 Q;89
20 83 110 138 165 193 220 248 275 303 330 358 2B5
25 103 138 ,172 207 241 275 309 344 378 413 447 ASl
30 124 165 207 248 289 330 371 413 454 495 536 578
35 145 193 241 289 337 385 433 481 529 578 626 674
40 165 220 275 330 385 440 495 550 605 660 715, 770
45 186 248 309 371 433 495 557 819 681 743 804 866
50 206 275 344 413 481 550 619 688 756 825 894 963 39

Bang 2w3. Tai trong tuc thOi tieu chuan phan b6 d~~len_ san va cAu thang (theo TCVN 2737 w 1995)

Tai trqng tieu chuan
Lo~iphong D~cdU;m 'I'oan PhAn
Don vi phAn dlii h~n
-
1 2 3 4 5
a) ThuQc khach san, b~nh vien, trai . daN/m2 200 70
giam
1. Phong ngu b) Thudc nha ii, nha tre, mfiu giao,
truang hoc llQi tru, nha nghi, nha daN/m2 150 30
di8U dU6'ng ...
a) ThuQc nha it - daN/m2 150 30
2. Phong an, phong b) Thucc nha tre, m§.u giao, truong
khach, budng t~m, v~ hoc, nha nghi, nha d1iCinglao~nha daN/m2
sinh di8U du&ng, khach san, benh vi~n, 200 70
trai giam, tru sit co quan, nha may
a) ThuQc nha it daN/m2 150 130
b) Thudc nha tra, m§.u giao, truang
3. Bep, phong gi~t hoc, nha nghi, nha duCinglao.,nha daN/m2
di8U du&ng, khach san, benh vi~n, 300 100
trai giam, nha may
4. Van phcng, phong ThuQc tru sO' CO' qu~nt truang h(;IC,
b~nh vien, ngan hang, cO' sit daN/m2 200 100
thi nghiem nghisn ciru khoa hqc.
ThuQc nha & cao tllng, ca quan,_
5. PhOng noi ho'i, phOng tnrong hoc, nha nghi.nha dudng lac.
dQng CO' va - quat ... ke nha di8U dirong, khach san, b~nh daN/m2 750 750
ca khai luong may visn, trai giam, CO' sO' nghien ciru
khoa hoc
6:Phong doc sach a) Co d~t gia sach daN/m2 400 . 140
b) Khong d~t gia sach daN/m2 200 70
7a. Nha hang an uang daN/m2 300 100
7b. Trien lam, trung daN/m2
bay ctra hang 400 140
8. Phbng hQi hQP, khieu a) Co gh€ g~n ca dinh daN/m2 400 140
vii, phbng dgi, phong b) Khfmg' co ghe' g~n co dinh
khan gift, hoa nhac,
phong the thao, khan daN/m2 500 180
dai 40

Tiep bang 2-3

1

2

3

4

5

9. San khau daN/m2

750

270

10. Kho

:.",

a) Kho sach hru tru (xep day dij.c sach, daN/J.,nl

tai lieu) chieu

b) Kho sach fJ cacthu vien

c) Kho giay

d) Kho Ianh

480

cao vat 240 lieu chat 400 kho

daN/m2 200

500

480

240 ;.1:00

500

70

12. XUOng

ThUQc trub'ng hoe

a) Xu&ng due

b) Xmrng' sua chua, bao dUO'ng xe co trong hrong' S; 2500 kG

c) Phong I6'n co l&p may va co dUO'ng di I~i

daN/m2 2000

500

400

Theo thiet ke cong ngh~

13. Phong ap mai

14. Ban cong, logia

15. S:inh, phong giai lao, c&u thang, hanh lang thong v6'i cac phorig,

a) Tai trcng phan b6 dgu tung dai tren daN/d:ii dien tich rQng 0,8 m doc theo Ian . ri?ng

can, bancong, l?gia. 0,8 m

b) Tai trong phan b6 deu tren toan bi?

dien tich ban cang logia (dircc xet den neu tac dung cua no bat IQ'i hon khi lay theo muc a)

Tren dien tich khong' d~t thiet bi, vat lieu

a) Van phong, phong thi nghiem, phong ngu, phong bep, phong giij.t, phong v~ sinh, phong kg thuat

b) Phong doc, nha hang, phong hQi hQP, khieu vu, phcng dQ'i, phcng khan gia, phong hoa nhac, phong the thao, kho, ban cdng Iogia

c) San khau

70

400

200

300

400

50b

-nt-

140

70

100

140

180

16. Gac lung

75

Theo thiet ke cong ngh~

41

· . Tiep bang 2-3

1

5

17. 'I'rai chan nuoi

2

3 4

daN/m2 200

daN/m2· 500

50

a) Gia sue nhd

b) Gia sue l&n

70 180

a) Ph~n mai co th~ t~p trung dong

nguOi (di ra tit cac phong san xuat, daN/m2 400 140

giang duo-ng, cac phong Ian)

18. Mai b~ng c6 Stl b} Phan mai dung denghi ngoi dlJ.ng

19. Mai khong Stl dung

a) Mai ngoi, mai fibrf xi mang, mai tOn va cac mai tuong tl1, trlin voi rom, trlin be tong da tai chB khong co . nguoi di lai sua chua, chua kg cac thiet bi di~n mnrc, thong hoi neu co

b)'Mai bAng, mai doc b~ng be tong cot thep, mang nuoe mai h~t, trlin be tong l~p ghep khOng co nguOi di lai, chi co ngum di lai sua chua, chua ke cac thie~ bi di~n nu&c, thong hoi neu co

daN/m2 150

50 thea thiet ke cong' ngh~

30

theo thiet ke cong ngh~

75

theo thiet ke cong ngh~

20. San nha ga, ben clu di~n ngam

140

21. Gara oto

daN/m2 400

DuOng cho xechay, doc len xudng'

dung cho xe con, xe khach va xe tai daN/m2 500

nhe co tang trong' 1~Q'Ilg s 2500 kG

180

Ghi chli: -1 daN/ni2 =.1 kG/1m2

- Tai trong neu iJ muc 14 (bang 2-3) dung de tinh cac kat cau chiu luc cua ban ccng, 10 gia.

Khi tinh kat cau tUOng, cQt, !nong dO' ban cong, 10 gia thi tai trong tren ban ding, 10 gia lay Mng tai trong eac phong chinh ke ngay do va duQ'c giam thea cac quy dinh,

42

Bang 2-4.H~ so vuo't tai y

Truong ho'p \ Loai Uti trong H~ s6 vmrt tid y
tinh toan
1 2 :3
1) Tinh toan 1.1. Trong hrong cuaket diu:
cuirng' di} va a) ket cau thep (1) 1,05
on dinh b) ket cau gach da, gach daco cot thep 1,1
c) k€~ cau betong tren 1.600 kGfm3 1,1
d) kat cau betong tu 1.600 kGlm3 tr& xuong;
. v~t li~u ngan each, IttP trat, hoan thien ..
- san xuat tai nha may 1,2
- san xuat tai cdng tru6'ng 1,3
1.2 Trong hrong, ap luc dat (2) :
a) da"t nguyen thO' 1,1
b) dat d~p 1,15
1.3 T3.i trcng do thiet bi, ngirei, hang chat kho :
trong IUQ"ng ctia :
a) thiet bi cO'djnh 1,05
b) 16'p ngan each ciia thiet b] cO' dinh 1,2
c) v~t .lieu chua trong thiet bi, be, ong dan :
i) chat long 1,0
. ii) chat ri1i, can, huyen phd 1,1
d) thiet bi boc d&, xe cQ 1,2
e) tai trong do v~t li~u c6 kha nang hut am, 1,3
ngam nUdC
1.4 Tai trong phan bO' deu len san, cftu thang :
a) khi tai trcng tieu chuan :
- nho hon 200 daN/m2 1,3
- khOng nhi) hon 200 daN/m2 1,2
b) do trong hrong cua vach ngan tam thm theo muc 1.1
1.5. 'I'ai trcng tl%p trung va tai trong len Ian can 1,2
1.6. 'I'ai trong cua diu true, cau treo , 1,1 43

1

2

3

1. 7. Tai trong gi6 :
thi'ri gian sO: dung gia dinh cua cong trinh: j
50nam 1,2
40nam 1,15
30nam 1,1
20narn 1,0
lOnam 0,9
5 nam 0,75
2) Tinli toan 1,0 rieng doi v6i dam
d{> ben mdi cau true
3) Tinh toan 1,0
thea bien
d~ngva (neu khOng c6 quy dinh
chuy€n vi '. khac) TAl TRQNG GIO

Theo tieu chuan TCVN 2737-1995 "Tai trong va tac dQng", tai trorig gi6 gam 2 thanh phan tinh va dQng.

I. Thanh phan

1) Thanh phan tinb

Gia hi tieu chuan thanh phan tinh cua tai trong gi6 (j dQ eao Z so vdi moe chuan diroc xac dinh thea cong' thuc :

W=Woxkxc

trong d6 :

Wo - gia tri ap lire gi6 thea ban do phan vung va hang 2.2.2

k - h~ so tinh den s-q thay doi ciia ap hrc gi6 thea do cao va dang dia hinh (theo bang 5, TCVN 2737 -1995)

c - h~ so' khi dQng, xac dinh theo bang 6, TCVN 2737-1995 v6'i each xac dinh moc chuan theo phu luc G, TCVN 2737-1995.

2) Thanh phii'n d9ng

Khong can tinh den thanh pharr dQng khi xac dinh ap lire mat trong cua cac cong trinh xay dung & dia hinh dang A va B (dia hinh trffng trai va tuong d6i trong trai, thea dieu 6.5 cua TCV:N 2737-1995) va c6 dc)c die'm la nha nhieu

44

tang, cao duai40 m , hoac nha cong nghiep 1 tang, cao duoi 3,6 m, ty so dQ caa t.ren

nhjp nho hon Lfi. .

II. Phan vung theo ap hrc gi6 W 0

Tieu chuan "Tai trong va tac dQng - TCVN 2737-1995" eta phan vung lanh th6 VN theoap lire gi6 nhu sau :

1) Thea ap hrc gi6, lanh tho VN dircc phan thanh cac vung (xem ban dt> phan

vung a p hrc gi6) .

lA, IIA, lIB, IlIA, IIIB, IVE,,'VB

trang do :

Cac vung c6 ky hieu A 1a vung it bi anh huang cua baa, vung eo ky hieu B la vung chiu anh huang cua baa (xem bang 2.5)

Bang 2-5. Phan vung ap 111c gio (theo TCVN 2737-1995)

Vung Anh huang bao Ap hrc gi6 Wo (daN/m2)
'khOng 65
(Vung nui, d6i, dong bang, thung lung)
IA
55
(Cac yang con lai)
IIA ~, 83
yeu
lIB kha manh 95
lIlA ~, 110
yeu
lIIB manh 125
IVB ratmqnh 155
.. '
VB rat manh 185 Gbi clui : Kim VI!C I-A gam cac tinh yang rung mii phia B~c nhu Cao Bang, Ha Giang, Lai Chau, Lang SO'Il, Lao Cai, Son La, Tuyen Quang,. Yen Bai; cac tinh yang cao nguyen Trung be;, nhu Cong Tum, Gia Lai, D~c L~c, Lam Dang; cac tinh phia tay N am Be;, nhu An Giang, Dong Nai, Dong Thap ...

Kim VI!C II-A gom thanh ph6 Ho Chi Minh, Khanh Hoa va cac dnh mien Dong Nam Be;, nhu Bit Ria - Vii.ng Tau, Ben Tre, Can Tho', BqC Lieu, Ca Mau, Long An, Soc Trang, Tien Giang, Tra Vinh, Vinh Long ...

Kim vl!c II-B gom thanh phd Ha Ne;,i, cac tinh B~c Giang, B~c Ninh, Ha Tay, va mot so vung phu c{tn Ha NQi cua cac tinh HM DUO'ng, Hung Yen, HoB. Binh, Vinh Phuc, Phii

45

ThQ .... ; mi?t so vung nui Thanh Hoa, NgM An ... ; mfrt so vung dong Mng cac Hnh mien Trung nhu: Quang Binh, Quang TrL Thua Thien - Hue, Quang N am, thanh phcDa Nang, Quang Ngai ...

Kbu Vl!C III-B gom mi?t so vung cua cac tinh dong bllng Bitc Bi? nhu Hai Duong, Hung Yen, Nam Dinh, Ha Nam, Ninh Binh, yang dong b~ng Thanh Hoa, met so vung ven bien ciia Quang Ninh va cac Hnh mien Trung nhu: Ngh~ An, Quang Binh, Quang 'I'r] , Thiza Thien - Hue, Quang Nam, Da Nang, Quang Ngai, PhiiYen ...

Khu VI!C IV-B gom tinh Thai Binh, Hai Phong va mQt so yang yen bien Bitc Bi? va Trung hi? nhu: Ha Nam, Nam Dinh, Ninh Binh, Thanh Hoa, Ha Tinh ...

Khu VI!C V-B 1ft cac khu vue & ngoai hai dao nhu: quan dao Hoang Sa ... - Doi v6i vung anh hu:&ng cua baa duQ'c danh gia la yeu, gia tri cua ap IjJC gin Wo duoc giam di lOkG/m2 doi v6i vungI-A, 12kG/m2 doi voi yang II-A va 15 kG/m2 doi vtrivu ng III-A.

2) Cong trinh IT vung nui va hai dao co cung dQ cao, dia hinh va & sat cac tram quan tnlc khi tirong c6 trong bang 2.5 thi gia tri ap lire gi6 tinh toan diroc Lry theo tri so dQc l~p cua tram do.

3) Cong trinh xay dung & vung c6 dia hinh phirc tap (hem mii, cira deo ... ) gia tr] ap lire gi6 Wo phai lay theo soli~u quan td.c tai lii~n trirong. Khi do ap hrc gi6 diro'c tinh theo cong thirc :

Wo = 0,0613 x Vo2

trong d6 :

Vo - van toc gi6 (m/s) (v~n toe trung binh trong khoang 3 giay, bi vuot trung binh mot lAn trong 20 nam), & d9 cao 10m so v6'i moe chuan, tuong trng voi dia hinh dang B (uta hinh tuong doi trong trai thea di~u 6.5, TCVN 2737-1995).

46

c.e Hoang Sa

'. '"

tao

.

\

".

'. '.

"

"

a.dTnrang Sa

..

Ban d6 phan vung aphrc gio

47

Bang 2·6. Hi} s6 K

~
A B C
)
3 1,00 0,80 0,47
5 1,07 0;88 0,54
10 1,18 1,00 0,66
15 1,24 1,08 0,74
20 1,29 1,13 0,80
30 1,37 1,22 0,89
40 1,43 1,28 0,97
50 1,47 ·1,34 1,03
60 1,51 1,38 1,08
80 1,57 .1,45 1,18
100 1,62 1,51 1,25
150 1,72 1,63 1,40
200 1,79 1,71 1,52
250 1,84 1,78 1,62
300 1,84 1,84 1,70
350 1,84 1,84 1,78
;:;:400 ~,84 1,84 1,84 Ghi clui : - Die hinh dCJ.ng Ala dia hinh trong trai, khcng co hoac co raJ it vat can cao kh6ng qua 1,5m (bo' bi~n thoang, mat song, ho len, dong mudi, canh dong kh6ng co cay cao .. .).

- Die bioli dCJ.ng B Ia dia hinh tuong doi trong trai, co thua th6t mqt so vat can nhung cao kh6ng qua 10m (vung ngoai 0 it nha, thi tran, lang mac, vung rung thira, hoac rung non, vung trong cas thua .. .),

- Die binb deng CIa dia hinh hi che chan manh, co nhieu vat can sat nhau cao tu 10 m tr& len (trong thanh pho, vung rung r4rn .. .).

Cong trinh dUQ'c xern la thuoc dang dia hinh nao neu tinh chat cuadang dia hinh db khong thay doi trong khoang each 30h khih ~ 60m va 2km khi h > 60m tinh tu mat don gi6 cua cong trinh, h la chisu cao cua cong trinh.

- Doi voi cac dQ cao tr.ung gian, gia tri K eho phep xac dinh Mng each nQi suy tuyen tinh cac so li~u trong bang.

Bang 2·7. H~ so di{;u chinh tai trQng gi6 v6'i thOi gian su dung gia dinh cua cong trinh khac nhau

ThOi gian su dung gia dinh -nam 5 10 20 30 40 ;:;:50
H~ so dieu chlnh tai trong gi6 0,61 0,72 0,83 0,91 0,96 1 48

o bJ) ~

(0' "'d

'1'"1

:§

cO rn

<(1) e ,

..!:l ..!:l

~

'1'"1'

"'d

c ,~

~

~

l(~

'"d

~I'"I

..!:l U

II II u u

...

00 \0

66

+ .

II II

u u

1:"-\0

66

+ , II II u u

, ,

C;()C;()"'<f'OO~OO C'I O~ ci o~ 0 o~

1\1 , , , + ,

t-t-c':IOOlD ..-l O~·O~ O~ 0 O~

I I I + ~

C'lft·"'<f'ft OO~"'<f' OOOOOO~ + + + ,

49

Tiep bang 2-8

I

I I

I

I

I

.

I

-

I

to... + I

o + +

, I I I
I I 0 00
<::> ~
gf tC tC tCO
,.~ C\I o~ o· AI +
..0 AI II
~ I
C'1
.... 0
...c:: 1.0>;0 b
.,.... 00. +
...c: co
...!.:: ...-I I .
'" -
III
"-> ';:
~ ""'10 -.:fI1.O
~~ o· o o~ 0 0
0
C!J VI I I
1 -
-
I
~ ...-IC\I 1:1 Qi'
c.:>
VI AI J
I , __J ~
L 1 .-I C'I 00 00. .-Io·o·o~o

o + , I I

'<0

"t:l

'b <h

o (1).

-£

~~

- "'. III

U

E"

'cU

1 0_

-
I 'C\1
,. • .-1
,...., 0 o AI
...q -
~o
00 N
(<1). ... '"
'" t,)
.. ::r:: t,)
I
1 OJ
c:
.,I!!
..c
+"
II!!·
.0 1" ~ \~
'r ., OJ.
III "C 9
0
....,
ll.lllilJ.LwJ.l ,~
<I)
I § 0.
b ., '::I
.... OJ (S I=l
8 ,,....
...!.::
::I -
;;I '(<I) ~
.....
~ ...c:
c.:>
9'0+ '9ao '@
..r::I
..... t
'cU
~
t M
L
50 t

J

Tiep bang 2-8

:;j

"IJ)

:£

...,

'0'

S

81'- 6

+ r II (3 L----".

(lJ u, g'o+=aQ

51

°

.•• Q.)

,..l:l

....,

o 0' '1:!

;6

'"' ....,

TiiJp bang 2-8

II

8'0+ =aa

C"l.
',0
"t:I
b
<J)
]
=
(~
-
s
~o
<J)
,(3),
:I:!
E '@
....c:
,""
'co
a
'0":
"t:I
:::s
',eo
...c::
~
,@
....c: 52

.e
-<
....c:
C'l
r-i
X
eo
o~ :::
II <Q)
..0.
C'l ~ '<0
<>~ "0
C'l "0 .. o~
'<0 "d ::I I '0
"0 '0.'. eo 11 [/)
'0 [/) [/) "" s
[/) ~ ~ <lJ Q)
<>
~ ....c: ....c:,~ ><:
....c: ::: :::....c: 0.0
::: ;, " ..., c' ~
>, \ro-" '.:~'I ~ <0,
\1;'Il ~ ,.....~ A "0
~
'" CI ;.a
c:; <.> <.> -<
<.> <0 <o....c: , ,.!<:
-'0 [/) [/) ::I ,0
a: (0). (Q),1.1j) . 'il
,(I). ;:c: ;:c:Z <(1)-
;:c: ;:c:
-~ ~ :::
.c '<(I)
.a ·eo
,<.> <> ..0.
<0 -~ :::
'"d '·eo (0
~(ii ....c: ...c: 9
<.> 0-
S '0 ...,
.'::0 ,0-
'0· ,(ii S
"0 ::I S 'co
CIl >-.
::I ...c: '0' ;5
-'co ::: ote:
~ ....c: ...c: ::I 1-
~ ::I ...,
<.> ',eo
«n- ....c: ell co
-(ii ~ -'::I
,.!<: <.>
....c: '0-
ote: co ...c: -0
::: ° ..0. <.> <.>
«l ::: <(1)- ", c;
~ <.> :.:2 ~ :.:2
<0-
'CIl ::I 'CIl ote: 'co· :(ii
..c ',(I) ...c: ° ;..c:
Z .a Z eo Z S
u <.> 8'0+
-:"i o? -.:ti
r-i ,...., ,....,
53 Tiep ba.ng 2-8

Tiep b:ing 2-8

r

(

L

'@ ...c: ,0;1 >

:8

1-<.

~ ...,. <!l

0;1 ,q ,~

<.)

'0 <:.l

8'0+

9'0+

54

'-P".C"I

0" ~

o

+,+

I~ II. rJ w

C,)

:E '.~

...,A .. ...,

~~

VI VI 0;1 0;1

.~

(0,

"0

:;j

',0;1

...c: ~,

0;1 ..c

i:: ;.g

,0;1

,.0' ,0;1

z~ a:--:

rl

.....

'ro

boO

J:: o. <.l

~

/b

~

...,

,0 <.l

J::

:.g

1 ,~ z.g

00 rl

s:::
<Cll
C"I ,.Q
s::: s:::. s::: '<0
<Cll <Cll <Cll "t:I
,.Q ..c ,.Q b
"0 '<0 '<0 til
"t:I "t:I "t:I 8
b b b
til til til Q;)
8 8 9 ~
bJJ
Cll "Cll Cll s:::
~ ~ ~ <0'
bJJ bJJ ~ "t:I
s::: s::: .....
<0' '0· <0' ~
"t:I "t:I "t:I
:a :a ;a bJJ
~ ~ ~ \5
'<0 '<0 's ,.c:
til til ~
«i» 'Cll' " <(I)' <(I)'
JI:: lI: JI:: JI::
cd 'cd .9
.t::I > s'o-
-(.) <cd
8 1>'0- :8 ~
'0 'cd
"cd (.) J.,o >
gp s'o- ~
«» ro :s
"t:I .t::I J.,o
:8 ::s (.) ...,
cd <.0
J.,o "cd '0 0-
~ ;§ (.) ':;:1
cd (.)
.!j <0- '0
(.) -@ "t:I r-, (.)
'0 ...1:1 ::i :9"" <0-
, (.) ',cd "t:I
~ 9 8 ,.c: ::s
,0 ,0 ~. s'o- cO~ "<ro
> > A
~ q ..!t:
.... .... <0"0
'ro 'cd 8 -Sn .....
S 9 cd
s:: 8 s::: s::: A
s::: \~ .... (~ ........... )OJ S:::'o
~ ~bJ) ~..c: ~'6'.0
,ro S'O+ ,cd s::: ,iIj (.) 8'0+ ,ro s:::
,.c: ,.c:,S --g'o+ ~-"e ..c:"tI:i
Z Z'J.,o <cd Z...I:1
~ ..., (.)
ci d rl c-:i
.-I C'1 C'1 C'l
55 Tie!; bang 2-8

~ oo~,
b' ;::: 8
C'1 ...c: ';:j '<t'
C>l 00 '-' ,~ C'I C'l
',0 ;::: ;:::'~ '<0 '<0
otcI ,b <<1) , "d "0
;j to LQ b "::I ..., '-' b 'b'
~ ,0···
(1$ C'l. C'l v: ..., ',3 00 u: u:
mo o· ~ 11 8 gr 0 :"::1.
"::I VI A <1) ...c:
.c~ .c '-' ::I <0. .c :::
S ..., .c '<<P ::I ...,
;:::""" ,>' ;:::._ > ~~) I~'
.~,;:j ,;:j ~:;:; {l 00
_ <<1) <<1) '" ,.... 0 ;::: ~ ,~
cr: C .;::: '"'
J'C'l J'R <1) § ,<1) J":;
O"l ,(1$ :: ii .c.:>
,(1$ '<0 '<0 > 'cU '0 Q...::: ,(1$ ...,
>*0 "d - u: 'So 0··(1$ > ,(1$
;;)0 b J' (1$ <1).0 -rn
rJ)" .
'-' rn rn '0 8 00"::: 00 '-' '(1$
'<0 "::I '::I c ;::: ..., ::: '<0 8
rn...c: ...::: rn '-' ,b "::1"'(1$ rn '-'
<<1)"2 2 <<1)' '::1'"::1 ...c:...c: ,<1)' '::I'
::r::, ::r:: .....:1"'::: ;::: Q.. ::r:: .....:1.
, ,
;:::.
b· ~
E "- "- .c I
¥£+ II" >\
:~ 11
-e-
S '" 9
Q)
.(1$ 0 v
> ·9
00 'L() ...:::
::: ·'0 ;:::
o ~ ... I ~
8 - (l$L() ;:::
,...., -0 0..0 "::I- ,<p
~ ~a:I <)9 ~
.~ ;::: 00
'cU Q.. ;:::l!) :5
S ~(1j ·:,Cljci
).., ~
00 <D ru :~ so ...,
;:::. '-' 0 (1$
,~ ,(1$, 0 89" ""::I
..::::: 0 '-'
...::: '0 '0
·m . '-'to
.c 00 '-'
2,8 ,(1$0 'm
...:::'
m 8'0+ 2 <If ...:::
.n s'o- '" 2
°t (J) ~J
C'l ~ 0 1.0 I
C'l ea s: .c
S6 C"l_(.O

., 0 o~ + + II II

-e-

j/0-9

a

i 'Ia:) ~

<0

9 '0-

<:'0+

S'OS'O- "! t-. a

f'~!~

:j 9'0-

i la:) ~

6- 9'0-

9'0+

8'0+ '

Tiep bang2-B

.0

C'l
'<e
otcI
'b
u:
0
0)
-E
,>,
:..::l
'"
<.J
'<0
rn
(0),
::c:
I
, ····'''1 M

- Q)

uo

'" M

10 .

57

Tiep bRng 2-8

"<t..

OOG

,

- \Q

-=-00

,

000

-N,.,-,

DOC - N rr;

CI);,O C:'O oj. 'C

o '"

I ,

'"
13'0+ OIl
U
~[~] [~] C\I E
'" s:
8'0+ '"
U -
[~] .. q)'-
;l~~~
~ ~[j] ...
'" <.>
ell U 'ell'
.a [B~O~] .0 + '"
Q. ~ ,) N ~~
ro '(Q)
...0 .a
'b '" c ()-_c 9 :::
,.q '" ,0 " i-'rrrr- ,Q)
,til ~~--B tl~ <.> 13 0+ 8'0+ .a
,.q ,ro :@
Z ,.q
Z ~
cr5 6
C'l r-t
M M
58 Bang 2·9. Cae s6li~u ve cAu tr\lc ch~y di~n 1. Chi tieu cau true ehay di~n, che dQ lam vi~c nhe

Sue Nhip Kich thllO'C eAu"true, nun Apl'1e banh xe Trong' hrong, T
cAu .' .' . len ray,T
true t~c Xecon Toan
Q, t B K Bet Bl ptc ptc.
LK,m max mm G cAu tr'uc
11 6,8 2,3 13,2
14 713 2,7 15,0
17 5000 3500 1650 230 8,0 3,4 2,00 17,7
5 20 8,7 4,0 20,4
23 10,0 4,9 24,8
26 6500 500() 10,5 5,8 27,7
29 ' 113 63 31,0
11 11,5 2,0 . 17,0
14 12,0 2,5 19,0
17 6300 4400 1900 260 12,5 2,8 .3,8 20,5
10 20 13,5 3,2 23,5
I' 23 14,5 3,8 26,5
26 15,5 4,2 29,5
29 5000 170 52 345
. 11 14,5 2,8 19,5
14 15,5 2,8 21,5
17 6300 4400 2300 260 16,5 3,2 5,2 24,5
15 20 17,5 3,8 27,5
23 18,5 4,2 30,5
26 19,5 4,8 33,5
29 5000 210 68 405
10,5 17,5 4,0 23,0
13,5 18,5 . 4,0 25,0
20 16,5 6300 4400 2400 260 19,5 4,5 8,4 28,0
- 19,5 21,0 , .. 5,0 32,0
5
22,5 22,() 5,8 35,5
25,5 23,5 6,8 40,5
285 5000 255 75 460 2. Chi tieu cilu true chay di~n, che dQ lain viec trung binh

Sue Nhip Kich thllac cAu true, nun Ap 1l1c banh xe TrQng hro'ng, T
c&u Ien ray.T
tr~e tcuc Xecon Toan
.Q, t B K Bct Bl ptc ptc
LK,m max min G e&u tr'uc
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
5 11 7,0 2,3 13,6
14 75 27 154 5~

Tiep bang 2-9

1 2 3 4 5,', 6 7 8 9 10
17 5000 3~00 1650 230 8,2 3,4 2,2 18,1
20 ' .C , 8,9 4,0 20,8
5 23 10,1 4,9 25,0
. ,
26 6500 5000 ' 10,7 5,8 28,0
29 115 66 312
11 11,5 2,2 17,5
14 " 12,0 2,8 19,5
10 17 6300 4400 190() . 260 12,5 3,0 4,0 21,0
20 13,5 3,5 24,0
23 14,5 4,0 27,0
26 , ·15,5 4,5 30,0
,
29 5000 17 ° 54 348
11 14;5 3,0 20,0
15 14 '15,5 3,0 22,0
17 6300 4400 2300., 260. i 16;5 ' 3,5 5,3 25,0
20 '17,5 4,0 28,0
23 18,5 4,5 31,0
26 19,5 5,0 34,0
29 5000 210 70 410
10,5 17,5 4,2 23,5
13,5 18,5 4,2 25,5
20 16,5 6300 4100 240O" 260, ' 19,5 4,8 8,5 28,5
5 19,5 21,0 5,2 32,5
22,5 22,0 6,0 36,0
25,5 23,5 7,0 41,0
285 5000 '255 78 465 3. Chi tieu ca.u,trl;lc chay di~n, che de) him viec n~ng

-
, Ap l~c banh xe
Sue Nhjp Kich thtroe cAutr1;lCJ mm Trong' hro'ng, T
cAu len ray,T
tr-ue tr-ue •
QJt I ptc ptc. Xecon Toan
Lk, D1 B K Bet Bl max min G cAu tcuc
" "
1 2 3 , 4 5 6, 7 8 9 10
:11 7,6 ,.
2,2 14,6
14 8,1 2,6 16,4
17 ' '5000 3500 1750 230 8,8 3,3 3,0 19,1
5 ,
20 9,5 3,9 21,8
23 10,7 4,8, 26,0
26 6500 5000 11,3 5,7 29,0,
29 121 65 32,2 60

Tiep bang 2-9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12,5 2,0 19,0
14 13,0 2,5 21,0
17 6300 4400 2100 260 13,5 3,0 5,6 23,0
10 20 14,5 3,5 26,0
23 15,0 4,0 28,0
26 16,0 4,5 31,0
29 5000 175 59· 368
11 15,0 3,8 22,5
14 16,0 3,8 24,5
15 17 ' 6300 4400 2300 260 16,5 4,8 6,0 27,5 .'
20 17,5 5,8 31,5
23 18,5 6,5 35,0
26 19,5 7,2 38,5
29 :5000 215 82 445
10,5 18,5 4,0 25,0
13,5 19,5 4,0 27,0
20 16,5 6300 4400 2400 260 20,5 4,5 9,3. , 30,0
5 19,5 22,0 4,8 ,33,5
22,5 ; 23,0 5,5 . 37,0
25,5 24,5 6,6 41,0
28,5 5000 26,0 7,2 46,5 Gidi thich kj bieu :

.' ,

Q - sire nang cua cau true, neu Q chi co mot so cau true co mQt moe cau, neu co hai

so theo dang phan so cau true co hai m6c cau;

Lk - nhip cau true, tinh bAng khoang each giua hai true ray; . B - M tQng cau true;

K - khoang each giita haitruc banh xe ciiacau true;

Ret -chieu cao cau true, la khoang each tq dinh ray den m~t tren cda xe c~n; Bl - .~hoang each 'tu true ray den rmit diu true;

P ~ax - ap lire tieu chuan Ian nhatciia mQt banh xe cau true len ray; p ~in - ap hrc tieu chuan nh6 nhatcua mQt banh xe cau true len ray; G - trcng hrong xe con.

61

Phan 3 V!TLI~UvATHIC6NG

Bang 3-1. Di~n tich (cm2) va trQng hnrng (~G/m) c6t thep tron

iouOng Sothanh rrrQng
kinh IUQ'ng
danh (kG!
nghia 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 eua
(mm) 1m
~ dai
6 0,283 0,570 0,850 1,132 1,420 1,700 1,980 2,260 2,550 0,222
8 0,503 1,010 1,510 2,010 2,520 3,020 3,520 4,020 4,530 0,395
,
10 0,785 1,570. 2,360 3,140 3,930 4,710 5,500 6,280 7,070 0,617
.
12 1,131 2,260 3,390 4,520 5,650 6,780 7,910 9,040 10,170 0,888
14 '"1,53~ f. 3,080 4,610 6,150 7,680 9,230 10,770 12,300 13,580 1,20s,..
16 2,011' "" 4,020 6,030 8,040 10,050 12,060 14,070 16,080 18,090 1,578>' v-
18 2,545 5,090 7,630 10,170 12,720 15,260 17,800 20,360 22,900 1,998
20 3,140 6,280 9,410 12,560 .15,700 18,840 22,000 25,130 28,870 2,466
22 3,811 7,600 11,400 15,200 19,000 22,810 26,610 30,410 34,210 2,984
24 4,524 9,040 13,560 18,080 22,620 27,140 3~,670 36,190 40,710 3,551
L f(26 4,909 9,82,0 14,730 19,640 24,540 29,450 34,360 39,270 44,180 3,850
28 6,158 12,320 18,470 24,630 30,780 36,950 43,100 49,260 55,420 4,830
30 7,069 14,130 21,210 28,270 35,340 42,410 49,480 56,550 63,620 5,550
32 8,042 16,080 24,130 32,170 40,210 48,250 56,300 64,340 72,380 6,313
36 10,178 20,360 30,540 40,720 50,800 61,070 71,250 81,430 91,610 7,990 Ghi clni

- Dtnmg kinh thep tron :

- Duong kinh thep co gan (kg ca phan gan) :

- Khi cung $ thi thep tron va thep co gan co cung dien tieh

62

Bang 3-2. Dien.rich va trong hrqng cot thep tron quy each dUO'ng kinh tinh theo inch

Quy . Duxrng' kinh Di~Ji tich ti~t di~n TrQngluqng
cach N? danh nghia (mm) (cm2) mc)t met dai (kG/m~
... 9,52 0,71 0,560
3
4 12,70 1,29 0,994
5 15,88 2,00 1,552
6 19,05· 2,84 2,235
7 22,22 .3,87 3,042
8 25,40 5,10 3,973
9 28,65 6,45 5,060
10 32,26 8,19 6,404
35,81 - 10,06 7,907
11
14 43,00 ' 14,52 11,380
18 57,33 25,81 20,240 Gbi clui-

-"Quy each thi du nhuN°-lO co nghia laduil'ngkinh'Mng 18° = 1,25 inch = 31,75mm, dUOng kinh danh nghia lay Mng 32,26mm.

- Huang kinh danh nghia co nghia 113. duang kinh k~ ca gan tbep:

'63

64

o N

II:) .....

I I

LO m

C"-l

m m

o

00 rl

C"-l

00' ....

I I

o S ..... S

C'.1 t-

LO LO

".

~ ~--~--+---------r-------_'---------r----~

...

~ S

'":l 0

m o

rl

m 00 m t- t- t-

000

m 00

o

m 00

o

00 co

o

o o

rl

o O'l

o C'.1

00 m

o

~o .~. m;.a

M ....

.... .....

o .....

00 M

rl

t- L') ~ C':l" to . U::. rl rl ......

,,;) ~ r-<

o rl C"-l

co t- m

....

o C"-l

L')

C L0

00 o C"-l

Tiep bang 3-3

m "1 "<J'< '.0 co 0 M to t- o rl 1O t- co 0 'C\l "<J'< co rl ~ l.') , 00 ·0
00 0 rl. rl C¥?_ CQ- "<J'<n "<J'< "<J'< 1O '.0 '.0 '.0 '.D t- oo co 00 ,rl C>l C>l C>l l.') 1'.0
....
M o:J M C¥? CQ C¥? . o:J o:J M o:J o:J o:J M M M M M '" '" '" "', :.q. :~
rl '" '.D m 0 M '.D t- m C\l 1O "<i' m rl C\l io t- rl' C¥? LQ 00 C C>l
l~ 0 0 0 C"I_ C¥?n en_ M C¥? "<J'< io lO_ lL.) lL.) t- t- e- t- rl rl rl r-i l.') l.')
.... "
en Cl? en en M en M M en C¥? M M M M co en Cl? '" "<i' '" ""' .q. '"
C¥? '.0 m C\l. CQ io 00 m C"I "<i' t- o rl "<J'< io t- m .q. <:.D co rl M LQ
<.0 m 0') O'l" C\l" C\I" C\l C\l C\I "<J'< "<J'< "<J'< lD lQ '.D <:.D '.0_, W 0 0 0 rl ""' ""'
.... 'm ~.
C\l C\l C\l Cf) en M en en C¥? 'M Cl? en M M M M "<i' '" '" .q. ""T'
m '<:I' 00 00 0 "<J'< m C\l C\l <:.D 0 io 00 t- m M t- M t- rl io co rl
LQ <:.D t- r-- OO" 0')_ m 0) 0 0 0 rl rl rl rl rl C\l C\l '<:I' '<:I' >D L{) <:.D t-
....
rl rl rl rl rl rl rl C\l C\l C\I C\I C\I C\l C\l N C\l c-i C'l C\l C'l C>l C>l C>l
rl I.!) t- "<J'< rl m <:.D .0:, ro C¥? t- N N m t- I.!) m '" m '7 r-1
"'"' 0 rl N 0 '<:I' O'l
.... M' rl I.D I.!) to 00 0 H O'l M 00 rl 00 rl 00 <:.D r-1 " C'::
M "<i' 1O to co m <:.D 00 m rl rl m rl rl rl rl M M C>l C>l c-t
1O 1O '" 0) m OC! t- t- m 00 00 t- to 0') 00 00 t- m co t- l- m 00
"" C\I N C'>l CQ- Ol ro_ M_ 00_ "<i'" "<J'<n "<J'<_ "<i' "<i'" 1O" 1O" 1O 1O" l- t- t- l- m m
.... . _
H H rl H M M rl M H rl T-t rl rl H rl H rl rl rl rl r-! ,.-< r-i .
...
rl C\I C\l C\I_ 1O" 00 '<:1'" 00 rl 00 1O" 00" lOn 0 00 ~, m . 00 <:.D r-i C>l
<N 00 I.!) C\l ~ 0 m "'_ "
.... rl rl en l.Q C\l '.0 C\l t- H 00 t- o '<:I' 00 00 00 '- '"
r-- O') rl rl rl rl rl rl C'l C'l C\l N C\l N 00 M 00 ""' ""' L') l.')
1O "'" M N N rl m co rl rl 0). . t:- '.0 rl rl m 00 io m 00 <:.D 00 00
.... "'" "'" "<J'< t- .t:-_ t:- <:.0 <:.D m m 00 00" 00" rl r-i 0 C '" .q. "<f1 00 00
.... M
C'l C'l C'l N C\l C\l N C'l C\l C\I C\l C\l C\l 00 00 00 en 00 . co . CQ M M
m. <:.D O'l_ t- <:.D C\l -.:ti <:.D m <:.D m I.!) <:.D "'" -.:t' co 0 0 00 (!) C'0 t-
o <:.D
.... 0') <:.D C\l -.:t' . 0 O'l eo <:.D C\I M "<J'< -.:t' 0 ro 0 0 rl M io eo 00 m ; 0
C\l M '<:I' I.!) lO, 'J:) t- <:.D t- co m rl 00 m rl H H rl rl r-! H C>l
,
I.Q "<J'< M <:.D <:.D io "<J'< ro rl cq_' m eo l:- t- t- io '" 00 I:- <:.D L{) m 00
a> m_ mn O'ln rl rl rl rl rl CQ C'l C\l C\l "'<i'< '<:I' '<:I' "'<i'< r-- t- t- t- o C
rl H rl C\l C\l N N C\I C'l C'l C\l C\I C\I C\I C'l C\l C'l C>l C>l C>1 C>l M M
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
m rl rl 0 O'l <:.D 0 N" 1O ~ en_ 00 rl t- o M "'" rl M <:.D 00 c>1 r-i
00 m ,m- o·· rl ",1 <:0
00 M t:- m rl t- M 00 <:.D en <:.D C\l t- lL.) CQ C>l .q. ,..... H r-< r-1
rl C\l C\l C'l C0 M "'<i'< "<i' M "'<i'< 1O I.!) <:.D 1O 1O W t- oo m
0 rl C\l t:- OC! m m t- o m CD C\l 0 00 <:.D ~"f~: CQ '<:t', m ",I ~ 00
H
l~ m 00" t- OO" M" Ol cY:l Mn ex:.:. co_ m_ On 0 t-_ 00" ~. <:.D,' 0 C>1 0 0
M '<:t' LQ "<J'< I.!) <:.D ~ 00 LQ 'J:) t- m rl <:.D t- eo m 00 0)" rl r-i r-i rl
CD M 00 0 CD I.Q C\l t:-" m 00 0 0 0 o:J CO :0 0 0 0 0 0 00 ·00
r-I lOR 00" '00" 00" ec M" m <:.D
<.0 m r-I C\l_ C\l" 00" rl '<l"_ 0 ro" t:- '-0" cY:l C-l c.-,
"'<i'< (!) t:- t.O <:.D OC! m rl c- OO 0 rl C'l 00 m" 0 C\l 0 C>l M io r-1 r-1
rl rl ,.;.., rl rl rl rl rl r-i --
...
M t- M
LQ ro M '"
N C\l M
-,
.". t:- OO m O'l 0 C>l
, rl ......
_--
I.!) I.!)n Cc_', l.')"
"" "<j<. 1O CD 1O CD t- OO 1O <:.D t- OO m CD t- OO W t-- .00 0')., r--
"<j< 1O '.0
ro 0 I.!) 0 0 0
<N 0
'J:) t- t- OO O'l ,.-<
M t- 1O 00. m 0
,.., r-i
<:.D t- Tiep bring 3-3

: '" 0 U? I:-- 0) (Yj I:-- N U?
C\l t- ,-i U? Q) O':i ,-i 0 Cl';) to 0 ,-i 00 U?
<:Q (0 to t- I:- t- 0) 0 (0 (0 tO~ t- t- t- q q co 0 0 0 ,-i M CCl C'l
..... -e :~ -e "<:jt~
'" '" "<:l' 10 10 U? U? U? 10 to (0 to r-- t- I:-- r-- [- I:-- I:--
"<:jt 0) "" 00 C\l C\l 10 CQ to 0) C") t- ,-i t- o')' C") I:-- 0 C\l (0 0 co 00
r- 1O .io (0 (0 r-- O') O')~ 1O~ I.Q lD to to t- ,-i ,-i C\l_ O'l ~. c;_ o_ M M M
..... "<:jt- "<:jt~
"" "<:jt "<:jt "<:jt "<:jt lD U? io io 10 1O to (0 (0 (0 I:-- t- I:-- l- I:-- t-
I:-- C\l (0 0 "<:jt 10 t- (0 00 C\l 1O 0 (Yj 0 N U? M C") lD o'i IX) I:-- M
~ "" 10' io (0_ to 00 00_ "<:jt "<:jt~ 10_ 1O_ to_ to ,-i ,-i ,-i O'l OJ OJ 0) 0 o_ M
.... "<:jt~ -.i
"<:jt ..q< '" "d' "<:jt ll) lQ to 1O io io to to to so (0 (0 (0 l-- t- t--
L.Q Cl';) rl 0) (0 (0 0 to 0 10 M ,-i 00 00 C"l O'l_ 0 1O O'l t- 1..') Q7) 0
Ii) t-:. 00 0) O)~ 0 0) 0_ (Yj "<:jt- "<:jt 10_ '-0_ tO~ t-_ 00 M ~, M "<:jt l.Q- (0 I:--
..... C"l~ M
C"l C\l C\l C\l M M M co co M M M M M "d' "<:jt "<:jt "<:jt ? ? -.:j<
L.Q co C'l C\l C'l 00 M to C'l Q) C"l '-0 ,-i 00 ,-i t- (0 ..q< M rl ,-i ::"I to
"l' lD O'l I.(.) O'l M ,-i O'l l- l.Q
..... to C") 0 t- '" 0 lD ,-i 00 '" 00 r.-I 0 rl ,-i 0 C") "<:jt to 0) ,-i ? I:--
C'l C") ..q< "<:jt l.Q ro M lD 1.(.), to e- ' O'l ,-i 00 0) M rl ,-i ,-i M C'1 C'1 C'I
00 (0 io "<:jt "<:jt 0') 00 0) 00 t- to 10 "d' 0) 00 '-0 O'l 00 t- to -.:j< M' C\l
(>:! m 0) 0) q 0) rl M "<:jt "'~ ""~ "<:jt "<:jt- -.:j< t- t-_ I:-- ,-i ,-i ,-i ,-i ,-i ,-i ,-i
..... c-i' C'l- M
,-i rl ,-i ,-i ,-i C"l C"l ca C\l C'l C'l C'\I C\l C'\I M CQ M C") 0') M
0) rl q M C'l t- oo_ C'l to m "<:jt 0 "<:jt C'l ,-i 00 0) 00 to M l.Q I:-- m
<:'l
..... 0 -.:j< to ' O'l ,-i C\l ,-i C'l co "<:jt I:-- 0 C\l m rl "<:jt ,-i "<:jt r-- M 00 M 00
to t- co 0) rl t- co ,-i ,-i ,-i rl C\l C\l ,-i C\l C\l (Yj M CQ ."<:jt ~ LO io
, "
t- "<:jt ,-i 00 "<:jt Q) 00 t- to "<:jt C'l 00 lD t- to cY:i 1O "<:jt M 0 1.-':" 0) 0
..... 00_ 00 00_ t-:. t- C'l~ C'l 00 00_ 00 00 t-_ t-_ "<:jt- "<:jt- :'1<_ C"l_ C"J, C\l C'1 .-1 M M
.-< "d'- "<:jt- "<:1'-
co M C") C"), co '<::i" '" "d' '<::i" "<:jt LO lD 1O '-0 to to to '-0 (,D (,D
co "<:jt rl, to to O'l I.(.) t- o ,-i 0 "d' M 0) M I:-- m M 0 c-i co .-1 00
0 C'l "<:jt io '-0 '-0 to "<:jt
..... CQ 00 M t- ,-i I:- rl (,D C\I t- t- to 1O C") ,-i LO
C'l C\l M CQ "<:jt C\I C") '<::i" I.(.) 10 to t- co I:-- 00 O'l C'l C") "<:jt '-0 00 0 C'1
,-i rl M ,-i ,..., C'1 01
e- io co 0 00 0 m t- to LO C\l 0 00 "" C") ,-i '-0 l.Q "" c-i m t- 1O
C') 0 0 =, 0_ 0) "<:jt~ M 00 00_ 00 00 00_ e- CQ C")_ co q m m_ O'l 00 00_ 00
C") M M C") C\I- C") M CQ co co (Yj M M "<:jt "<:jt -.:t' -.:t' -"j-t "<:jt "<:jt -"j-t "<I' "<:jt
e- O) 0) t- "<:jt to 00 "" t- o C\l C\I 0) to C'l C\l "<:jt '::I< (Yj to II) m 0)
00 "<:jt t- ,0 M to t- O) 0) C'l to C'l 00 C") to M 0 -.:t' "<:jt rl "<:jt t:- m ,...,
,-i , ,-i C'1 C\l C\l ,-i ,-i C'l C") M 'i' "<:jt LO "<:jt LD to t- oo m 0 ,-i C'1 "<T'
, ,-i ,_, rl r-<
C\l ,-i 0)..: to M 0)- 1O_ lD M_ ,-i t-:. "l (,D '::1<- 1O~ 1O 1:--_ ,=:, -.:j< 0 t.':l 0 ""l'_
l~ 0)- 0':1-
ca to t- o CQ rl co 1O t- C\I to 0) ,-i 1O -.:t' t- m "" 00 C0 t-
,-i rl ,-i C'l C\I ,-i ,....., """ ,-i ,....., C\l C'l C\I ,-i C\I C\l C\l C\l C'l .C0 M -"j-t "<:jt
to C'l 00_ co t- C'l_ C\l t- o cq_ m_ -.::1<_ 00_ t- M_ lD_ -.::1<_ ~, "<:jt co- ,_, 00 ""
~ cr) cO .m t..:' m
LD C\I L.Q C\l -.::I< 00 co t-- -.:j< t- C\l ,-i "<:jt c- M O'l "'l' 0
,-i """ C\I C\l C'l t-I """ t-I C\l C\l C\l M co C\I C'l co M M M -"j-t -.:t' l!) '-D
'0 -.::I< 'i' to '-D CD
"<:jt ..q< L.Q
"l' C'l C\I -.::t' "<:jt to
,-i rl t-I M ,-i
(V;) 00 0 C"l -.:j< to t- oo 0 C\I -.:j< to 0 C\l 0 ,-i C"l "d' '-D 00 0
t-I rl t-I ,....., 00 O'l Q)
t-I rl t-I ,-i ,-i ,-i ,-i ,-i ,-i ,-i ,_, ,-i C'1
0 0 10 0 0
C'I 0 M C'l "<:jt
,-i to
,-i ,-i ,....., ,-i
. __ . __ .
.... 0 ,-i 1O_ '<:t' to
.-:-I ,-i C\l ,-i M
,-i
" , 66

eo 0 0) , r-I co t- to 1.0 1.0 r-I to 1O m 0') 00 0') os co
00 eo oJ) tO~ t- 't- t- OO 0) 0 lO~" 1O t-~ t-, 00 00 0) O)~ 0_
.... ~' 0 0 0 0 0- 0 .-I
t- OO 00 CO CO CO eo 0) 0') 0') r-I rl r-I r-I r-I r-I r-I
.-I <Xl C'l """ t- O 0) CO t- 1.0 0) 0') 0') , to r-I to C'l to
l~ 00 00 to 'to to t- t- CO 0) """- """ to e- t- OO CO 0) OJ
..... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
t-- t- OO eo 00 eo 00 eo 00 OJ OJ ..-I r-I .-I r-I .-I .-I .-I
""" to 1O 00 '0 """ C'l r-I ~ 0 00 C'l C'l 1.0 0) """ 0') C'l 0)
to to to l:- e- eo 00
~ t- t- 1O 1O to_ to_ t-_ CO_ O') c;Q- """- 0
..... eo- 0 0 0 0 0' 0
t- t- OO 00 00 CO 00 00 0) 0')' r-I ..-I r-I ..-I r-I .-I .-I
LO OJ t- ,C'l to ~ 0 0) e- O') C'l 1.0 c;Q ..-I 0 '..-I M .-I
." 00 00 M "<:I' ~ LO c- OO 0 .OJ 0 t- : 00 ' m 0_ .-I C'l_ M_
.... ~, 1:--
""" """ 1O 1.0 1.0 1O 1O 1.0 to io (,0 (,0 to to r:- r:- [-
00 """ C'l C'l C'l ~ LO M 0 r-I r-I to C'l: ..-I """ """ ~ C'f)
0 to to t- L')
'<t C'l C'l 00 1O C'l to LO M c;Q ~ to 00 .;:::ttl ~ ~ 0 CD t-
..... .-I M .-I ~ t- C'l M t- .-I en to C'l M 0 ..-I M "<:I' tD
C'l N M 0') M ~ 1O so 00 ,-.::I" lD CO en r-I ..-I ..-I .-I .-<
0') 00 O'l eo r:- to c;Q ..-I en '00 t.O 00 CD """ M .-I en O'l
'" 1O_ "1.0- O'l_ O'l_ m~ O'l_ m O'l 00_ c;Q_ c;Q O'l m O'l m en eo 00
.....
0') M c;Q M M c;Q M C'f) c;Q """ -.::I" """ -.::1'" -.::I" -.::I" ~ ~ "i<
0 0 O'l io r-I 0 N 00 00 en (.0 C'l ' 00 0 m t- O O'l
C'I CO <Xl 00 LO 0 ~ 1.0 t- ..-I 00 en eo
.... 0 -.::1'" """ 0 to c- .-I -.::I" to r-I c;Q OJ r-I 00 1O 00 r-I 00
1O io t- OO 00 O'l r-I ..-I r-I r-I r-I ..-I C'l C'l C'l C'l C'f) c;Q
<:.0 "",,' '"<f' 00 i-i 00 ca M lD 0 00 00 1O C'l m '"<f' m <:.0
.... 0_ 0 00_ OO~ 'CO_ t- r:- ~, If.l_ ,<:.0 1O l:- I:- t-_ <:.0_ to LO 1O_
..... :CO~ crl m-
r-- t- t- t- t- r-- t- t- t-- CO O'l O'l m m m
M 0 <:.0 (,0 0') 1O 0 ~ ..-I 0 l{) C'l t- ' 0 ri 1O ""<I' lD
C'l '"<f' to
0 M 0) 0) r-I 0') LO to O'l to t- "<:I' O'l cY) (,0 (.0 r-I C'l m
..... m 0 00 .-I M t- LO """ C'f) .~ 0 """ cY) , ..-I O'l r-I C'l C'l
r-I c-i C'l c;Q C'f) c;Q '"<f' 1.0 CO 1O t- eo m OJ .-I .-I .-I
0 O'l N r-I 0 t- N 00 0 M ..-I CO ,0') .-I m LO .-I OJ
ao <:.0 1O_ C'l_ C'l_ C'l_ r-I ..-I 0_ 0_ 00_ eo t- t- ri to to (,0 to
1O io so <:.0 CO to CO <:.0 <:.0 CO t.O t- ' t- t- t- t- r-- [-
<:.0 c- c;Q .-I t- O') .-I <:.0 0 '"<f' 1O t- t- 1O 0 CO 00 t-
oo rl ..-I C'l CO O'l CO r:- to N ri 'r:- ri ..-I CO t- O .-I t-
N C'l 00 OJ 0 <Xl 00 -.::I" 0 CO r-I t- C'l' t- C'l 0 r--: .-I
.-I .-I .-I .-I C'l C'l C'l c;Q "<:I' N' C'f) ~ to to CO t- t- OO
, 1O_ ~-
LO_ ri 0 O'l~ OO~ t- rl O~ to '"<f'~ CO~ io en r-I M_ 0
c- 0 C'f) t- O') C'l 00 .0 -.::I" t- t- cY) ..-I CO to c;Q -.::1"- "<t' .-I
0 ri
0') M 00 00 -.::I" ~ CO t- OO """ 1O eo (.0 t- eo m ..-I .-I
oo~ C'l_ ri O'l_ to_ O_ 1O~ <Xl_, l{)_ ~~ (,0_ ~~ t- O r-I t- .-I 0
~ eo C'l t- O ~ C'l (,0 """ ..-I 0 00 00 t- t- co O'l ~- N
r-I 0 ri co '"<!'
0') "<:I' -.::t< LO io CO t- m r-I xo CO r- eo m r-I ri r-I .-I
0') CO t- OO
."
1O
'<t CO 00 r-I -.::t<
.-I r-I C'l C'l
'" ..-I N C'l co -.::tt <:.0 0 LO 0 ~ c.o (.0 00 0 C'1 io 00 0
.-I rl rl r-I ..-I ..-I N C'l C'f) ..-I r-I ..-I r-I C'1 C'l C'l C'l co
0 0 0 0
C'I 00 0 N 1O
ri C'l C'l N
"
..... 00 0 C'l to
..-I N C'l N TiejJ bang 3-3

Ci7

S
'ell
....,
b.o
i:::
o·
0- ~
,(!)
b.o S 'l:j
i::: ....,
0 i::: ~ ...0
~ ,(!) i::: i:::
...Q ';:) ' ....
i::: i::: '.g ~ ....,
i::: ·0 ,0 ..c
.g ,0 'ell
''0 ~ I-< ''''' .Q ..
- ...., ...., :::I 'ell
-@ ...0 u u ~ 0' Q
...0 '0
i::: b.o '0 ,t':! ~ b.o
't':! ,tIS i::: b.o :::I ~
u U ,tIS -§ ..c 0' , .... ·eIl
b.o b.o u ~ ~ ...::.:: 0
I=l ~ :>, ;.g :g (!) ~ ...0
'0' (0' ,tIS S ,ell ,..!.::
I-< I-< '"0 ~ ~ (0 ...Q
'«(!) "(!) ',(!) ,tIS ,tIS S 0
...Q ...Q ...Q ...Q ...Q ::; :>,
..::: 0
= tel ...Q '"0 ~ I-< ~ t; ><
C':l'
c
~
'<Il)
"'d :::I
OJ) ,OJ,
= .a
<0 ,:>,
..::: ...::.::
~ u
,til
= 0
'C':l
c
~
'0
OJ)
~
'Il) WLN
~
» »
---_--
~ r
I
~
bJ)
= :{ L,S'.!' ~f ><
"C':l
~
r
x >< ~
0)
"--t
,
e-,
~
"'-t
~
>? ~

<:I
Q)
Xl ~ S 'OJ< 00 CD 0:> C'I 00 CD 1.Q 00 '" 0 '"
~ '<!' 00 t- o:> 0:> 0 o~ M "', "', 'OJ<, '" "'~
.... S C'l M~ M' M~ M~ C'I~ C'I~ C'I'
C'I C'I C'I C'I C'I
s a 00 00 0
s s co m 00 M . 'OJ< 0 1O '" '"
u <:-l ('Q t-~ t- oo 0:> 0) 0 0 C'I '" '" q "'~
..0 ~ .... s C'l ,..., M~ M' M" .....r c,f C'I' C'I' C'I' C'I" C'I C'I
~ ~
0 a 00 M 0 '" (D M M 0 C'I t- (D 00
~ (D t- OO, 00, 00, 0:>, =, C'I. C'I. C'I. ,..., M
~ .... Ei ~ ,....;'
M M M M M C'I C'I C"I C'I C'I C'I
' ...
... m M C'I 1O 0 C'I 0 '<I' 00 t- M
1=1 a 0:>
'<!' .... 0 .M '" 'OJ< 'OJ< 1O, t- O). 0). 0). M C'I
'<'is .... Ei C'l tn' tn' tn~ tn' tn' ",' 'OJ<' 'OJ<"
g. '" '" '" co
-a a a M tn M 'OJ< t- C'I "<f' '" <.0 M 0 tn
' ... o t<I 6 0 0, tn, tn '" '<I' CD 00 00. 0) M M
.::0: ". .... S ~ tn~ ",' "," tn~ tn' tn' 00' "<f"
rn '" 00 "<f'
1=1 ~
'<'IS
~ a m tn LQ tn CD 0) "<f' <.0 1O 00 co C'I 1O
0 0) m, C'I~ C'I, q CV), 10 t-- t- o:J" 0, o~
.... a .... C'I~ tn"
C'I CV) rn CV) CV) 00 '" '" M M
<= eo 00 t- co co 1O 00 0) co t- O) o:J
's a GO t- t-, 00 00 00 00 0) 0, 0, 0 0 0,
= u .... o· 0" 0' o· 0" M" M~
:= ~ 0 0 M M M
I 0
:= .5!-qo m co t- f2 co 00 '<1"'<1' ~ 0) 00 00
E a l'- ,-l CD 0 rn LQ '" C'I '<I' o· 1O. 00
= .... ci (Q' eti '<1" 10" 1O~ t-" 00' 00"
'":I u C"I M t-
s "<f' 00 ..... 1.Q 0) r-- 1O t- ,..., 0) .tr) t-
>. ~ ~ 00, 00 ,0) 0) 0) =, 0 M C'I C'I 'M ,...,
U .... o~ 0' 0' 0' M~ ,-. .....r ...;' M~ ,...,"
c» .....
u I
E' 0:. "'Ei LQ M ,..., 00 M 0) C'I, 00. C'I C'I 00, C'I,
>. IQ C'I m l_~ 0" t-' oJ:J" "<f"
'";l u .... CD~ t-= a.l co '0 0 0 LQ
U M M ..... M C'I C'I '" C'I C'I
'<'IS
u C"I CD tn tn C"I 0 00 m '<I' G"I 0 LQ
:s 'e a :::: 00 co 0 0 M q C'I "'. '<I' 1.Q <.0 0),
> ~ ;., U M' M~ 'C"I' C"I' G"I' C'I G"I' C'I C'I' C'I' G"I C'I
.... I
\0 ~ . ~"B C"I, C"I~ 0, "<f' 0), 0). t- oo 0) G"I <.D, C'I
"C C';) M" co" ,..., 0
.... '" m '" 0) <.D m '" "<f'
\0 C"I C"I tn "" "" <.D LQ <.D 00 M 00 M
..,
~. El G"I ,..., '" C'I ,-l 0) t-- '" G"I 0 M 0
.... t<I 0, 0 ,-l ri ri 0 C'I '<1', '<I' "<f' '<1', "<f'
;., 100 o .... ,-l~ ,....;' ...t M' ri' ,...,' M' M" M"
M M ..-<
I
;., .... '" 0 00 CD co 00 LQ LQ LQ" <.0, to t- oo
'":I ~ .... r- 'OJ<. M C"I C'I ,..., 0 00" -.i
.... tr)' L(J'. CD" t-" m" 0)' G"I '<I' G"I
'<I' ..-< ..-< ..-< ..-< M
'" a 00 t- M 0 0) <.D tr) 0) 00 L(J <.0 1O
~ 0 t- t- o 0 0) CJ'). G"I co "'" tn. 10 1O
100 U ..... ,-l' ,...j C<l" ci ,-l' t:--f c-S C'I" c-S
,..., G"I C"I
I
~ .,,'" "" 00" O'J m O'J, CD 00 00 0:> "<I' <.0 0
'";l ~ 0) M~ '" CD' m' '" O)~ t-' '<1" 0' G"I" ...;' 0)'
M ,..., M ,....; G"I C"I C'I tn "<I' LQ '<I' "<I'
c.o tJl' IllI ,....; t- ,-l
g. g.':: <.D O'J '" 0:> 0:> 0:> O'J 0:> C'I
GO oo~ -.;t<~ ,....; 0:> co, 0 O'J r-- CD. "<I' 0) 0'1,
100 ~ a C"I O'J 00 00' "<I' (D' "<1" "<1" LQ t-' -.;t<' LQ
~ .......
1=1 -5 ... = .... 00 ..... "<f' 00 0 00 m ,..., 1O r-- sc to
ta;.. \Q) :!2' a t- LQ ,....; 0 0'1 en CD LQ .-I G"I "" 00 1O
."", ~""" .~
~ ...... 't:I Q O'J' "<f" "<f'~ "<I'~ LQ' t-~ LQ' (D" t-' m <.0' t-"
100 ~ C'I CV) L(J t-- t-
G"I' C'I' G"I G"I
~ IQ CD t;- L(J 00
t-" 00
a
a 't:I '<!' 'OJ< L(J ~ lQ CD 00 LQ LO <.0 00 to CD
.;
'g ,r1 ~ <.0 0 lQ 0 0
..= tn "<f' "<I' LO LQ
...
..= CD rn 0 10
U ~ C'l 0
~ 1.Q <.0 t-- e-- 00
::I CD.
'til· -:!:: LQ ~
.... Z2 ~' ~
.J:I .... O'J to
\0 co co~ t-'
CIl LQ" 68

Tiap biwg 3-4

o o ...-I

o ...-I ...-I

o (,0 ...-I

o co ...-I

o o C'l

C) lQ C'l

t- '<I' (,0 0> ...-I CO~Oocr.>'<I' ~ et:J'" CQ"" Ctj"" cr" ....

'<I' C'l'<l'o>ro (,00 ro lQO>cr.> ot-OlQ t-~ 0 o~ 0 ...-I C>') '<I' CD 0> 0> o~ C'l C'I tv;!~ tv;!,

tv;! '<I'~ '<I' '<1'" '<1" '<I'~ '<I'~ '<1" '<1'" '<1" io (,0' (,0' (,0 (,0

t- ...-I m C'l (,0 t- CO. CD. C'l~ C'l ~ C'l C'l

t- ...-I i.Q ...-I tC'l cr.>. tv;! (,0 (,0 tv;!' tv;! tv;!" cr.>~ tv;!

lQ t- C'l i.Q m cr.> (,0 co C'I i.Q tv;! ...-I m.o>~o 0 C'l cr.> co co m m ...-I C't

tv;! tv;! '<I'~ '<1" '<1" '<1'" '<1'" '<I'~ '<1'" '<I'~ (,O~ (,0

~ g; ~ ~~

...-I ~ ...-I ~ ...-I~ C'I

...-I "...-I ...-I ...-I

tv;! C'I (,0 io '<I' C'l co"t,O 0 0> co (,0 C'l 0 io '<I' tv;! C'l '<I' 0 m co lQi.Qt-t-t-t-O>O>C'I...-I...-I...-I~~t-~t-t-i.Qi.Q'<I''<I' ~~~~~~.~~~~~~C'lC'lC'lC'I~~~~~~

CO'<l'O'<l'C'lOtv;!NroCO(.Ocr.>'<I'C'lo>ro...-lmcr.>O>t-lQ

I.Q (,0 co co~ m. o~ 0'...-1 C'I C'I 10 '<1'. '<1'. 10, t- co~ O>~ 0>" i.Q~ (,O~ t-~ co~

...-I" ......... ...-1 . ...-1 N ci: C'l" N' ci ci N N N C'I C'I C'I N cr.> cr.> cr.> tv;!

co ...-I

o 0>

o 0>

o 0>

o ...-I ...-I

69

70

,
e C"l' ,00 LQ 0 00 C'1 -r-- " C'1 L- 0 t-
>. CJ:I C'1.. C'Q LQ t- OOn ,-l 0 C'Q <:'1 1.0 M
0 .-I " ,-t .-i'
,1.0 .-i ,-l ,-l c-i N N C'1 C'1 N
, ~, ,~
>. 0:> ,C'j 0 0 0 '0 0 0 0 0 0
~'"' L.o 1.0, "<i' 00 ,-l N <.D M '1.0
0' , ~ e lQ "<i' t- , ,-l' ~'
~' 0 ,..., CD' tii "<i' 00 C"l M 00 00 '<I'
=. >. ,-l ,-l ,....; C'1 C"l C"l '>.1 M M
,1.0
....
0 0 0 0 0, 0, 0,
,~ ~ O'l 0:> O'l m, m
o_ ~5 ~ t-' ,-l' C'j' '<I' '<I' 1.0 l- <.D 00
0 .-I t- OO M M LQ 1.0 0 m
Q) rl C"l .,j< LQ 00 M rl H H N ,...,
.:=
....
= 0 t-, 00 M, "<i', 00, ° 0 0 0 0,
,Q). ~"'e eQ M' M' "<i'" '<1" ,_,' M M
;:a .-I m C"l rl m 0 M M '<I' <.D
00 0 C"l M '<I' eo 00 00 H M rl rl ,...,
....
~Q),
.""
...
'oJ) e CD 00 M t- N rl 00 r-- i;fJ <:'1 c-
§ ~ ~ 0 00 t- to, -.,j<, 1.0, C'1 CQ rl N Q
'" U .-I -.,j<'
-.,j< LQ CD t- l- 00 00 m Q m
'" ~ "
... ,
() ~ 0 0, 0 0 0 0
'til· ;"'5 t-, -.,j< t- =, 0
~ .-I 00' 0:> M m '<1" C':;', <:'1 '<I' m
.-I O'l rl 0 '<I' LQ 00 0 M 1.0 eo
C'Q 1.0 00 ,....; rl rl H C"l '>.1 <:'1 C'1
-e 00 0 C"l CQ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
"f. ~ e :0 0:> CQ '<I' M 1.0 m CD
.... 0) LQ r-- t- C'j' '<I' 00 0 Lr;J c- '<I'
'~-; () rl CQ LQ 00 ,--.j ,--.j rl C"l <:'1 C'1 M
'oJ) 'oJ)C!J 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
= = ,!:t; CO to, t- O) '<I' 0) 0, t- O 00 M
o· o· 0) '<1', CQ' C'1"
'" ::; S m ,--.j LQ 00 0) rl '7 1.0 r--
~ rl H ,--.j rl rl C'1 C"l <:'1 C'1 C'1
,...., .-I
,~. -§ .... ~'" 0, t- '<I' C'l -.,j<, ~. 00 m (.0 1"-0, CO,
~Q) ,Q). e '<1" t-' o· CO' 00' 0'
.jIoo.j ~I'"'I ."" 00 C"l CQ 1.0 G'1 '<I'
Q .... ... ;:a () M rl ,--.j N C"l C'l C'l C'l M M C'Q
'" r- t.o 0 0 LQ 1.0, lQ 0 0 0 0 0
c':I' C'Q" CQ' M M (;'OJ ~' '<I' ~, "1' '7
0, LQ 0 1.0, 0 0 1.0. u::> 0 0 t.q,
~ CJ:I
t- r-- eo 00 m 0) m m' 0 0 0
...... ,..., ......
g C"l, CQ, lQ 00 ,--.j M '<I' (.0 L- 0 1.0,
.... lQ ~
()~ t- e- t- OO CO 00 00 eo 00 m
'0
~
.:= .
...
.:= 'd ~ LQ 00, m 0 ,--.j rl C'1 C'1 '7 "'" 'CO
() -.,j<' '<I' -.,j<' LQ 1.0" LQ 1.0 lQ' 1r;J lr;J to
~
l.O "<i' CQ ,--.j 0 0 0 0 6 0 1r;J
,..Q eQ l.O CO I:- eo m 0 0 rl rl C'1 rl
M M M ...... rl rl
. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
.:= ~ 0 C'l '<I' sc 00 CO 0 0 <:'1 <:'1 -.;:t'
.-t rl rl rl rl rl G'1 C"l <:'1 G'1 C'1
"0 ::I !l,':= rn rn ~
,Q). 'Q) = .... 0 C'l -.,j< (.0 00 eo 0 C'1 '<I'
1XI .... ..:= ..... .-t rl rl rl rl <:'1 0 G'1 C'1 C'l
..:: .... .J:: ,...., C'1 C'1 Tirfp beng 3-5

IX) '<:I' 0 0) I.Q 0) O":i IX) 0) IX) m '<I'
~ <.D ~. eo~ ~~ O)~ t- eo 0 0 C'l IX) I.Q
.-I C'l~ C'l~ C1?' C1?' ~' C1?' C1?"
C'I C'I C'I C'l C'l
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
l(,I <.D <:;0 0 m rl m rl rl 0 0 0 0
.-I rl rl 0' m 0 m rl (.D rl" QJ" rl" C'l"
'<:I' '<I' lD '<I' <:;0 I.Q t- eo 0 C'l io eo
rl rl rl rl
O. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o~ =;
"'1' 0 o· t-~ e- (.D 0) <0 t- oo IX) (.D I.Q
;,...., <.D <.D 00 C1? 00 rl rl '-0 0 '<:I' 1.0 C'I
0 C1? t-
C'I C'I M M '<I' '<I' 1.0 (.D eo ~ rl rl
o· 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 d 0 0
M eo 0 m 0 C'I m M I.Q eo m rl" .-i"
,...., t- .-i C'l <0 m IX) C'l '<:1'. 0 rl eo m
rl '<:I'
.-i C'l C'l C'l C'I M '<:I' 1.0 e- m rl rl
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C'I rl C'I 00 M I.Q lD t- C'I rl m eo~ (.D
,...., 0 rl rl C'I C'I M '<I' (.D eo m rl C1?
rl rl rl rl .-i .-i rl rl rl \rl C'I C'I
0 m 0 0 0 0, o~ o~ . o~ 0 0" 0
.-I t- rl t- C'I eo t- M IX) rl 0)" 1.0 0"
,...., rl t- o t- rl 0) '<I' 1.0 M eo M <.D
C1? C1? '<:I' '<:I' I.Q I.Q t- O) C'I lD 0 10
rl \.-i C'I C'I
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C'l <:;0 t-: C'l (.D
.0 0 rl 0 eo eo "=l' eo ~ 0) C'l. (.D 0
M 0 ~ t-. 0) eo
,...., co 0 lD 0 t- oo M 0) t- m, io lD
M 1.0 1.0 l- t- m .-i rl C'I C1? ~ t-
o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
al '<:1', 1.0. m 1.0 C'I C'I (.D 0 lD lD (.D 00
m rl c,f '-0" m~ C'l~ 00 t-" (.D eo C'I 0
C'I IX) IX) cY;l M '<:I' '<:I' I.Q (.D t- O) rl
lD. C'l C'l lD 0) 00 "'" (.D t- o~ 0 o.
C(I t-- o" cY;l (.D m IX) rl C'I "=l' 0 eo" eo
co "=l' "'" '<:I' '<:I' 1.0 '-0 t- oo 0 rl M
rl rl .-i
t- =; lD. I.Q 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
"=l' '<:I' '<:1'" io lD lD t.D '-0 t- t- t- eo
lD 0 0 0 .. o~ 0 cs : 0 0 0 0 0
~ o~ rl rl C'I C'I M" ""," lD" (.D" t-" eo" 0"
rl .-i rl rl rl rl rl .-i .-i .-i .-i C'I
eo. 00 C'l "'1 t- C'I M 0 "'l "'l 1.0" 00
l(,I m 0)" 0 0 0 rl C'I M "'" lD <:;0 r--
rl rl rl rl rl rl rl .-i rl .-i
,
.
<:;0 0 0, 1.0" lD, 0 I.Q M 0 0 0 0
"'1' t-' 0) 0 .-i C'I
'0 t.D (.D t.D t.D . t- eo rl rl rl
1.0 1.0 lD lD '.0 0 io lD 0 0 0 0
M rl C'l C'I M IX) "'" "'" 1.0 <.D t- OO m
rl rl rl rl rl .-i rl rl rl rl rl rl
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C'I -.::t' r-- t- O 0 IX) CO 0 io 0 1.0 0
C'l C'I C'l M IX) IX) M '<:I' '<:I' io 1.0 t.D
~ es ~ -;
t- O M (.D 0 1.0 0 1.0 0
,...., "=l' C'I t- M 0 M C1? "=l' "=l' lD I.Q <0
C'l C'l M 71

~
«1.1.
.....
.-0
'<t >.
.....
.,j..l >.
] ell u b..O
~§ 0":;; :;j. ~
~ .,j..l ~ ~ p .
:;j ~ ell .,j..l ....0
' .... ,§ 'ell op ,":;; .....
.,j..l p u .,j..l 'ell
~ O'~ -B 0
'ell b..O
P ....c: ~ , .... 'ell ~
o
0' ~ :&l ~ o .,j..l
~ ~ ,ro·
Q) S
C!) S ~ C!)
a S oell
'ell 0 \~
'0 ....0 '0 ~
'0 S
0. S S "t:I
,Q:l I » I
S ~ ~ ~ UJ. 0
~ N
~b
QJ:i
~
.~
.... ....c:
t ~
'ell b..O 0..
~ u ~ ,C!)
Q ell 0 S
.p .b
'0 Co) .-0
QJ:i "3 ~ ~
'0 b..O ,0 ,0
~ '"'
Q , .... .,j..l .b
:;j. ....0
........ "3 ....0 ~ Co) Co)
I~ ~ '~ '0
'e;! oro p .b..O
~ ::; u ....0 ~ 1 "3
Q b..O .,j..l
'C!), 0 ~ >. >. , ....
QJ:i :.E ,..!.'. :&l
~ e;! '0- ,e;! 'e;!
' .... u ~ .-0 .-0 ~ ~
C\'l. ,..!.'. "C!) "Q) "Q) "Q) 'e;! 'ell
"C Co) ....0 ....0 ....0 ....0 ....0 ....0
~ 'e;! I
'C\'l 0 ....c: ....0 .-0 .,j..l ~ ~
Q
0.
'Q)
~
E-i
e.O
I
""
QJ:i
~
~
~ ~
~
~
~
c:.c
~
>- .0 ~
~
~
0
Q)
~ 72

a sc "i' ...-l "i' "i' t- t- o 0
S I:"- ...-l C"l c<:I "i' lD sc 00 Ol 0
t'l t.l .-I ~ C"l
...-l ...-l ...-l ...-l ...-l .--l .--l ...-l
..q<. 00 O".l t- oo 0 '<;j< t- . ...-l
t: a e.g lD =, ...-l c>:l~ tq t-~ 00 Ol q
t.l .-I O";)~
>. 0 ...-l ...-l ...-l ...-l .--l ...-l ...-l C"l
I
>. ;;;<':Ia lD· 00 I.r.l so C"l o~ c>:l~ Ol '<;j<
t.l I.Q t-~ c.o~ t- '<;j<~ tq
=. ~ t.l .-I ..q<~ r-c c>:l 00 <:.0
~ C"l c>:l <:.0 00 ...-l ...-l ...-l :...-l
o
,(':! 0 cq '<;j< C"l I.Q I.r.l cq_ ooh
t.l ~""a ...-l
... ~>. t.l I.Q <:.O~ t- C"l 6 ...-l io t- c>:l 00
'b .-I
>;>- lD 00 ...-l C\l 00 '<;j< I.r.l <:.0 t-
~s
"tl ;;;<':Ia 0";) 0 oo~ -::I< <:.0 00 ...-l ...-l -::I<
<0 ~ tq o~ o~ Q)h
.-I 00 .. O"l 0 lD "'<:t'
til 00 t.l lD 0";) ...-l C"l C"l "'<:t' -::I< LQ LQ
......
'"
....
t.l e C"l -::I< <:.0 O".l 00 0 <:.0 C"l O"l
,~ e I~ cn~ lDh ...-l O"l~ t- <:.0 <:.O~ "'<:t'h "'<:t'h
1;.) t.l ooh ..q<~
~ ...-l C"l 00 LQ LQ c.o ~
I
~ ;<':I§ =, '<;j< 00 <:.0 C"l oo~ "'<:t' 00
.-I ...-l o~ o~
.-I 0";) LQ C"l "'<:t' t- oo 0
.-I C"l c>:l LD .1:'-- t- O";) .-I
~ 'fe 0 Ol ~ .q,: ""<:t< ""<:t< ...-l I.Q t- c>:l
.-I C"l 00 m t- o 0";) .-! "'<:t' C'J
~ t.l C"l '<;j< 00 ...-l c>:l ~ lD t- oo
= ~ .... =.,., ~ .-I 00 en 00 <:.0 0 ...-l LQ
(11). o 'Q) 'Q)' e C) ...-l tq O".l 0 00 LQ t-h 00 O".l
...... \~ ....
~ ....... ;.a t.l so t- oo ...-l .--l . ...-l ...-l ...-l ...-l
'"' tX) tq lD io °h =, 0 0 l(,)~ LQh
C"l C"l C"lh 00 c<:I 00 00 c>:l. eo
~ I:"- °h LQ~ I.Q 0 LD o~ 0 io tq
<:.0 sc <:.0 t- r:-: 00 00 00 00
~ =. C"lh ~ so Ol ...-l t-~ ""<:t< q
.... e.g t-~ t-~ oo~
d' l:"- t- t- oo 00 en
'b
l:I
..:::
.... ""<:t<~ ~ l(,)~ l.O 00 O":J O"l o~ 0
..c: "d I.Q ..,; ~~ -::I<~ "'<:t'~
t.l '""" "'<:t' "'" io ID
~

,..Q ~ C"l to 0 to C"l 00 C"l ~ 00
co c<:I "i' ~ l.O I.r.l so to to
0 l.O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
..c: ~ LQ to 00 0 C"l -::I< "'<:t' so '"
...-l .-( .-I rl .-! .-I
~~ ... 6 ~ 0 io O".l "'<:t' 00 00 q c>:l~
e- §. e ,(':! ~ Ol q 0 to C'l~
~.e.-l "d ..lI:i r:-: 0 00 "'<:t' io
._, ~ l.O 00 ...-l .--l .--l .--l ...-l
. _-
~o ::I tOh 0 ell ro
'Q)' .-I l.O 00 C"l ~ ~ so '"
t:I.l ... to .--l .--l .--l .-I
..::: .--l .--l
- Tiep .bang 3-6

'<:j< e>:l t- oo ...-I to t- t- t- e-:! .Q':) co 1.0
t-o Q)n .-( 0 C'l ~n '<:j<n ~n ~ '<:j< 1.0 1.0 ~n t-n
l'"I C'ln c-i C'ln C'ln C\f
...-I C'l C'l C'l C'l C'l C'l C'l
'<:j< 00 0 1.0 t- 1.0 0 co e>:l '<:j< t- o tr.l
c.c q .-( "l e>:l e>:l tq_ 0:0 t- t- ~ 0) ...-I q
~ C'.f C'ln C'ln
C'l C'l C\"! C'l C\"! C'l C\1 C\1 M tr.l
q t- 1.0 C\1n ...-I q ~n C'l e>:l ~ COn t-n ""'n
I.t:I on to t-n
~ t- O "'" 0 ...-I t- cY:) ...-I ...-I C"I':l
.-( C\"! C\1 C\"! C'l C"I':l M cY:) e>:l '<:j< to 0:0 t-
O to e>:l m ...-I t- CO '<:j< C\1 t- O M C\1
I.t:I to 0 ...-I tr.l It;) 00 0 to to C\1 ...-I ...-I :'<:I'
~
00 .-( ...-I ...-I .-( .-( C'l C'l C\1 cY:) "'" to {D
00· .-( ~ m 0 ,.-( 0) ...-I 00 '<:j< .-I 0 '<:j<
~ C;; to t- IOn ...-I C\"! M to t- C\1 CO to '<:j<
"'"'
to t- OO m ...-I .-( ...-I ...-I ...-I C\1 C'l M '<:j<
'<:j< C'l t- IO m m M -.:li O)n 0 r-e C\1 ~
C\l C'l e>:l 0 .-( COn IJl t- CO 0 C\"! r:r5" '<:j<n 1.0
"'"' r:-: 00 mn.
t- OO 00 00 m M ...-I ...-I ...-I ...-I
l'"I ...-I C'l C'l. t- C\1 C\1 e-:! 1.0 CO t- -.:li ...-I ...-I
"'"' C'l e>:l 1.0 to m ...-I "'" '" 0 CO 00 0 to
M rl ...-I rl ...-I C'l C'l C\1 eo C"I':l -.:li {D t-
O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C\1 C\1
0 0) m e-:! t- ...-I C"I':l 0 00 eo rl 00 00 C\1
"'"' 0 ...-I IO to .-I tv:) Q) .-( ...-I 00 Q':) 0 1.0
...-I ...-I ...-l ...-I. C\1 C'l C\"! tv:) '<f< 1.0 t- .-( ...-I
t- q '<f<n q t- COn {D Q) C\1n IO tq_ ~ tq_
~ on C'l cY:l IO {Dn CO 0 C\"! 1.0 on to cY:l ...-I
C'l C'l C\l C\1 C\l C'l cY:l e>:l e>:l '<:j< '<:j< 1.0 to
CO IOn to On 0 0 On q 0 to 0 =, q 0
C'f.) C\? "'" '<:j<n '<f<n '<f< '<:j< '<:j< "'<:I'n ..0 to {D .r.o
On t- 1.0 LO On On 1.0 LO q ° On ° 0
t-o m Q':)n. mn mn 0 0 0 0 ...-I C\1 C'f.) '<:j<n ..0
...-I rl ...-I ...-I ...-I .-t ...-I ...-I ...-I
t;, e>:l 0 t- IO C\1n 0 t- to On t- to to
c.c 00 m Q) mn cr) 0 0 on on ...-I .-( C\1 tv:)
...-I. rl rl ...-I . ...-I rl rl ...-I
...-I rl C\1n "l '<:j< '<:j<n to {Dn 0 IO 0 IO q
1.0 IOn ..0 r:-: r:-:
IO IO 1.0 IO IO IO so {D CO
0 -.:li {D 0 C\1 t- O IO IO 0 IO 0 to
,.jt t-. t- t- OO 00 00 Q) Q':) m 0 0 .-t ...-I
...-I ...-I ...-I ...-I
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
~ 00 00 0 0 C\"! C\"! '<:j< -.:li t- O O':l so 0
...-I ...-I C\"! C\1 C'l C\"! C\1 e-:! C\1 O':l cY:) eo "'"
cY:)n '<:j< '<f<n 00 q {Dn· 0 OOn t- OOn IOn O)n ro
C\l {D r:-: 00 C;; rl C\1 -.:lin to t- ...-I r.o ...-I 00
...-I ...-I ...-I ...-I C\1 C\1 C'l C'l C\1 eo cY:l "'<:I' "'"
00 ~ 0 ~ C\1 ~ "'<:I' ro . t- O ee r.o 0
l'"I ...-I 00 C\1 0 C'l C\l e-:! -.:li C\1 tv:) cY:) cY:l '<f<
.-I C\1 C\1 C';J 73

74

rJ :;..

;j' J.o ....

C) ,~ e

....

'b

~~-r-----4--------------------------------~

....

'<0 "tl

'<0

rIl

.....

.!:l

rJ ,~

I;)

. I

~ m 00 00 ~ ~ ~ ~ m ~ ~ ~ ~ 00 ~ ~ 00 0 m ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ C'I C'I C'I

o 00.0

o ~ 0 ~

o ~ C'I~'OO

C'I ~ C'I C'I

LQLQOOO moo~~m

LQ~ m 00 C'.;f ..q<~

~ C'I 00

~ C'I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ~ 0 ~ LQ ~ m C'I 00 LQ ~ 00 LQ~ m~ 00 0 m~ o~ ~ ~~ m 0 ~

~ C'I ~ ..q< ~. LQ LQ ~ ~

M~----,_---------- ~

C'I LQ <:0 m m ...-t O':l LQ ~ m t- <:0 I-i C'l~ oo~ oo~ ~~ l{.l~

oo~ 00 00 O~ LQ C'I oo~ m~. LQ 00 C'I ..q< 00 ~

I-i

O_ O~. 0 ~ 0 0- C'I (j) 0 00 0 C'I

I-i .....

~ I-i 00 0 0 0 0 000 0 ~ LQ (j) (j)~ 00_ <:0 0 I-i lQ~ ~ C'I

<:0 <:0'00 0 00 ~ ~ 00 (j) 0 ~

..... I-i I-i I-i .-I ..... C'I C'I

~ LQ ~ ~ ~ LQ LQ O.~ ~ 0

00- 00 00 ..q< ~- ~~ ~- LQ LQ LQ LQ

o 0 lQ ~ lQ 0'0 ~ ~ ~ 0 ~~ ~ (.D ~ ~~ 00- 00 00 00 (j)" m

o ~ ~ <:0 00 ..... ~ ..q< 0 ~ 00 ~ t- ~ ~ ~ 00 00 00 m 00 (j)

~ ~ LQ LQ 00 O':l (j) ~ 0 I-i I-i

~t ~_ ~~ ..q<- ~- "'<f<~' ~_ lQ lQ~ LQ ~

o 0 00 .·00 I-i .....

Tiep bang 3-7

0 0 r:- 1.0 C"l ..... 00 ec 0 0') 1.0
r- ro 1.0 "<:I' t-~ t- o t- oo m ' O')~ 0
.-I C"l- C"l- C"l- .C"l- ro- C"l- C"l- C"l- ro-
C"l C"l
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(Q en "<:I' 00 r:- '1.0 ro 0';) C"l 1.0 00 .....
.-I ro 1.0 1.0 r:- oo 0 a;, ..... C"l ro 1.0
C"l- C"l- C"l- C"l- C"l- eo N ro- ro- ro- ro-
o 0 0 0 0 0 '0 0 0 0 0
10 N r- 0 0 lO 1.0_, t- oo t_O ro 0')
.-I II;)- '00- ..... - t-" m- t_O (,0- "<:1'- "<:1'- t_O- O')~
N N ro OJ CQ "<:I' "<:I' 1.0 r.o r- co
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
""" 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0_ 0_ 0 0
.-I ~- C"l- 00- 0- 00- N- "<:1'- ro ..... ..... - 0-
00 to r:- N ~ 0 ..... O'.l O'l ...-I r.o
...-I ...-I ...-I N N ro ro eo ~ r.o r:-
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
~ =, N_ 0_ 0 0 0 0_ 0_ 0 0 0
.-I ·00 ... r.o. . ...-1 ...-1- m- N- 00 ~ ....-I 0- II;)
00 0') ...-I ...-I ro 1.0 r- N 00 1.0 ~
...-I C"l ..... ...-I ...-I'N N OJ ~
00 t- o .-I II;) r.o 0 0 0 0 0
C'l 0_ ...-I O'l 0 r- oo O'l 0_ ...-I ro 00_
.-I 00 00- 00- 0')- 0')- m- o- N ro ~- 1.0
...-I ...-I ...-I ...-I ...-I
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0_ 0 0 o~ 0 o·
.-I ro- 00- cQ N- OJ- o~ O')~ ro- ro-
.-I r.o r.o
II;) r.o m ...-I ~ r.o .-I 00 00 0 r.o
...-I ...-I ...-I N N N ro ro "<:I' r.o r-
0 0 0 0 0 0 =. o~ 0 0 0
0 0- 0- 0- 0- 0- 0 0 0 0- 0- o-
ro 00 N ~ ...-I 0 00 ro ...-I 1.0 r.o
.-I 1.0 r.o ...-I OJ 0') C"l ....-I 00 0 00 N
.-I .-I N N C"l ro "<:I' ~ 00 0 1.0
...-I .-I
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0;, "<:I' 00 0 r,o 0 00 t- oo_ II;)_ 0') ro
00- 0')- ...-1- N~ "<:I'~ "<:1'-. t- .-I r,o ...-1- 00-
~ .-I N N N N' N eo ro "<:I' ~
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
"<:I' N t-_ 00 r.o 0') N_ 1.0- II;) ~ II;)
<Xl 1;')- ..0 r.o 00 o- N 1.0 0 r,o- ro- ...-1-
C"l N N N ro ro CQ ~ ~ 1.0 r,o
r- 1.0 1.0 ~ 0_ 0 0 1.0 0_ 1.0- 1.0 0
II;) . II;)- r,o r.o r,o r.o t_O r- r- oo- 0')-
1.0 1.0 0 0_ 1.0 II;) 0 0_ 0 0 0
~ 0')- O'.l 0 0 0- 0-' ...-1- C'1 ro ~- 1.0
.-I .-I ...-I ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....
0 r- II;)~ N~ 0 r:- 1.0 0_ t- t_O II;)
10 O')~ O':l~ 0- -; o~ ..... - C'j-
O'.l 0 0 ..... ro
...-I .-I .-I , .-I .-I .-I ..... ...-I ,
""" N N "<:1'- ~- r,o r.o~ 0_ 1.0 0 II;) 0
1.0- 1.0- 1.0 1.0 1.0 II;) . r.o r.o- r:-- r:-- 00-
r.o 0 C"l t- o 1.0 1.0 0 II;) 0 1.0
Q;I t- co 00 00 0') 0') O':l 0 0 ..... .....
...-I ..... ..... .....
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C'l 0 0 N N "<l' "<:I' r:- 0 'OJ <.D 0
N N N N N C"l N OJ OJ CQ "<l'
ro ro ro
.-I 0 C'l C'l C'l "<l' "<f< t- O tv:! t.O 0
C'l ..... C'l C'l C"I C"I C'l tv:! tv:! co ~ 75

ckW

Bang 3-16. Cu6'ngdQ tinh-to!tncua theUz~inh (Nga) (kG/cm2)

, ", , .... '"" " A - ,0< ,." - ' w' •

Lo;fricuo-ngdi? '

eT5

Keo, nen, uon ~~), Cat

Epm~t

Rem

2:300 ", ,~400 3400

Bang 3-17. CJ6'ng dQ tinh toarrcua durrng han Rh (kG/cm2),

Loai currng de? ' " Cuo'ng-de? tinh toan cuaau6;lig han ket
Loai diro'ng' han , (han tllll. cong) Ky hi~u cau bAng .thep CT~. q~e him E42
'r -,
Him doi dau a)Nen Rh " _ c. _~,~ . ~".~. 2100 ,.- ..• _, C • __ 0.
n
....• -b) Keo R*'" - " 1800
'.
c) Cat . Rh - .. ' .' 1300 '
Han g6~ N Em, keo, cat Rfi , 1500 , , '

'Bang'3-lB. CuO'n~ 4Q tinhtoarr eua g6Vi~t Nam '(kG/em2)

:. ~

, Cac loti! cuo-ngi do :
Nh6mg6 • l ~
Neu doc th& . Keo doc th& ; Uon ,.~en ngung-tho: - ; Trm~'t·d9c tho'
,. 0
I " Rn Rj{ Ru Rn'fJO Rtr ;
.
125 (i20) 185 (165) 28(25)' 0
IV 155 (l35) 29 (25)
V 150 (130)' 115 (110) 170 (150) 25 (24) :30 (25)
" 0 .. " , ·.U"U'
i VI 130 (115) ·,,100 (95) 135 (120) , 20 (18) " 24 (21)
VII, 115 (l00) 85 (80) 120 (100) 15 (13) 22 (19) Khi cau kien c6 ~am yeu trong tiet di~~l tinh toan, Rk phai nhan voi 0;8. '··So·'rigoai 'ngoac ui-Ig vfiiW ;":'15%, so trong ngoae ung v,fii W;'" 18~. '--', -

Bang 3-19. Currng dQ-tinhtoan chju nen ·R (kG/em2) cua kh6i xay gach nung d*c

~a 25 50 75' 'fOO
h
50 9 10 11 -
75 11 13 14 15
100 13 , 15 1,7 18 Khi disn tich tiet dien < 3.000 cm2,. Cac tr] so' trong bang nhan v6i 0,8

80

Bang 3-20.Cucfng dQ tinh toan chju nen R (kG/cm2)

, cua khdi xay da hoc daptho

- .
~ 25 50 ... .. 75 , '100
Da
10"0 ····50 6~0 _ .. .. 7,0 7,5
: ;',' i
i50 5,5 7,0 8,0 9,0
200 6,0 _8,0 10,0 , 11,0
300 - . .- -- .z.o. .... "9,5 11,5 . - 13,0. - .
400 8,0 - 11,0 13,0 15,0
500 8,5 13,0- -- 15,0 18,0 -Bang 3-21. Cuo'ng dQ tinh toan chiu' nen R (kG/cm2.) cua kh6i xay bang' vi en be _tong d*c va da thien nhien co qu;r. each

,
So·hUm··· - Sohi~u vua: .........
he,Wn:g
hoac da 25 50 75 100 150 200
50 12 ,13 14 15 ._ -
-
75 15 17 '18 19 - -
106 -- ..
I 18 20 22 23 .25- 25:
150 24 26 28 29 31 33
200 30 33 ... 35 36 38 40
53 ,.
300, 40 • , 43 45 47 49-
I
400 ;50 53 , 55 58 60 '65'.
, -'. ..
500 60 64 67 69 73 78 ,
600 70 75 , -78 80, 85, 90
_.- 800 _,. _,_-_", 85- -- .. ~ .... 90 95· ... 100 105 - 110
1000 , -:,"~ 105 110 115 120 125 130 ',' .

Bang3-~2.yeu c.Iu dQs\itv<}'chi s6 ctrng' cua betong

4

Betong lot mong '. :. .." t

Ket dIU khfii l&n it thep hoac kh6ng thep Ket cau khoi 1&n co cot thep, ban, d~m, cOt

.... co tietdi~'nl&n va.tr~~g binhKefeaubet6n~cot thepday: tuCtng mong, cot, mong; daW va ban c6 bet dian nho

Ket dIU dung betong' born ,

-,' "
Dc} sv t nOll cv t (nun) Chi sO
D5.rn.may ~5.!ll ~ay d(l cirng S
._,- .. _
.0- 10 - .50 -40
10- 20 20 - 40 35 --25
20 - 40 '40 _ 60 . 25 ~ 15
50 _ 80 80 _ 120 12 - 10
120 200 -
81 SoTT

1 2 3

5

Bang'8-28~ Ty l~ N can thi~t cho cac Ioai betong deo X .

. se hi~u bHang ,
S6 hi~u ximang 150 200
50 100
300 1,20 0,85 0,70 0,55
400 khong dung i.oo 0,80 0,65
,500 kh6ng dung khong dung khong dung 0,75 : Bang 8-24. Th6'i giantron betong tphut)

Dasut .. - Dung tich may tr~n (lit)
(~m) <500 500 ·1000 > 1000
< 1 em 2 , 2,5 3,0
1,5 ;: 2,0 2,5
1- 5 em
>5 1,0 1,5 - 2,0 Bang 8-25. Th'anh phan v~t li~ucho 1 rn3 betong-n~ngrnac roo

C6t li~u va quycach Mac Ximang Cat Da, soi Niroc
ximang (kg)- (kg) (kg) (lit)
C6t lieu nhO Mi ::: 2,1 - 3,5 .. ,
PC30 265 615 . 1260 195
Cot Iieu 16'n 'co hat Dmax = 10mm
C6t lieu nho Mi := 2,1 - 3,5 .. I
245 665 1190 185
Cot lieu 16'n co hat Dmax = 40 - 50mm PC30 1240 180
224 : 680
C6t lieu nho Ml = '2,1 - 3,5 PC30 219 ' 725 1270 170'
C6t 1i~u 16'n'co h~t'Dmax = 70mm Bang 8-26.,Th6'i gian van chuyen cho phep cuabetong'

Nhi~t d? -c ThOi gian v~n chuyen eho phep (phut)
>-30 30
20 - 30 45
10 - 20 60
5- 10 90
--. - Bang 8~27. Thai giangian' doan gifra lap betong' d6 truo-c va Io'p betong' d6 sau (dung ximang Pooclang) khi khong co phu gia

, . " \

Nhi~t de} khi d6 betong (oC) ThOi gian gian do~n (phut)
>30 60
20 - 30 90
10 - 20 135 82

Bang 3-28. Ty l~ (%). so vo'i R28 khi betong, co t ngay tu6i

Ngay tudi 2 ; 3 7 14 . 21 28
%R 32 41 61 80 . 92 100 Bang '3-29. Thai gian toi thi~u (ngay) d~ betong' dat curmg dQ

. 25 kG/cm2 (bao dam cho goc canh, bi£ mat betong khong snit me)

Loai S6hieu S6hi~u Nhi~t d(> trung biuh hang ngay
Xim5.ng Xima~g Betollg 'lOoe 15°e 200e 25°e 30°(:
Ximang 250 75 - 100 -. 3,0 2,0 1,5 1,0 1,0
Pooclang 300 150 2,5 1,5 1,5 1,0 1,0
;:: 400 ;:: 200 2,0 1,5 1,5 1,0 1,0
..... Bang 3-30. Thoi gian toi thi~u' (ngfty) d~ betong' d~t currng di) can thiet va co th~ thao dO' van kb.uon

Cu&ng d(> phai Nhi~t d(> trullg binh
B(> ph~ll ket dlU Lam S6 hi~u dat d~ thao dO' hangllgay
., yin khuon tinh
cong tr'inh ximang ximang' "
'. theo % Cll&ng d(> ro-c l5°e 20°C 25°C 300e
0- 2811gay
Ban hay vorn co I ::;: 2m 300 - 400 50 8 7 6 5 4
Pocclang 250 - 300 , 50 14 10 8 7 6
Ban hay vorn 2m < I::;: 8m Pooclang 300 - 400 70 16 12 10 9 8
....
C(Jt chong, van (Jay cua
dam I::;: 8m 250 - 300 70 22 16 14 11 9
C(Jt chong va van khuon & 300 -400 90 35 30 27 24 20
ban, vom, dam I > 8m Poocl ang 250 - 300 90 40 30 28 26 22 G11i chii : Sau khi thao van khuon, bHang chua dat 100% cui'tng d(J thiet ke thi khong diroc cho chiu toan b(J tai trong thiet ke.

Bang' 3-31. Lieu hrong pha cheh6 vita (tinhcho 1m3) dung d~ xaytra t

~ Vua50 it Vila 75 # Vfra 100 #
N
XimangPC40 190 kg 250kg , 330 kg
Cat min 1210 dms 1140 dm8 1080 dm8
.. 83

Bang 3-32. Chieu dai noi buoc toi thi~u cua cot thep chju Iuc

Chieu dai nO'i buoc
Lo~icO'tthep Vung chju keo Vung chju ueri
-
. Diimho*c Ket dlU Diiu cot tb.ep Dau cot thep
'tuo-ng khae co moe khongeo moe
C6t thep tron Call nong 40 ~ 30 ~ 20 (~ 30 ~)
C6t thep co gCi can nong 40 ~ 30 ~ - ·20 ~
C6t thep keo nguoi 45 $ . 35 $ 20 (I) 30 q) Bang 3-33. Clrieu dai noi buoc cot th~p .khi dung cac Ioai betong khao nhau

Maeb€dong
Loai cot fhep ehju hrc :5: 150 ;::: 200
Vung Vung Vung Vung
chiu keo chju nen chju keo clriu nen
Cot thep co gCi can nong 30 ~ 20 $ 25 ~ 1541
Cot thep tron can nong 35 ~ 25 $ 30 ~ 20 (II
CottMp keo nguoi I 40 $ 30 «I 35 (P 25 q) Loai noi Hmh. ve Him 1 phia Hall 2 phia
. Kll6ngco.thanhop f00 ;,

-'~:kU_-- --- - H - II 10 q) 5 (I)
. til
Cothanh op . f -r
- ~_- - ~:~:~'::~:~:~ _ ~ -_ 6 -f
8$ 4(1)

" .' Bang 3-35. Chieu dcly 16'n nhat cua m6i 16'p khi do betong

SoTT Phuong ph.ap dfim Chien dfiy max (em)
1 Dam dui (chan dQng trong) 25 - 50 (= 1,25 phan congtac cua ctam)
, 2 Dam chan dQng mat
. - ke"t cau kh6ng thep hoac d~t c6t don 20
- ket cau dat cot thep 12
3 . Damtay 20
.. .. 84

Bang 3-36. G6c nghieng gi6'i han cua marig, bang chuyen (de?) dung de d6 betong

,
D{I S1Jt (em) Khi v~n chuyen be tong len cao Khi v~n chuydn be tong xuong tl~ap
<4 15 12
4-8 ., 15 10 Bang 3-37. Cac sai Iech cho.phep khi thi cong:ket cau betong . va betong cot'thep toan kho{

Ten cac sai l~ch Muc cho phep, mm
1 - DQ Iech ciia cac mij.t phang' va cac d:uang dt nhau cua cac mat
phang do so v6i dmmg th~ng dirng' hoacso v6'i dQ nghieng thiet ke:
a) Tren 1m chieu cao ket cau .,
5
b) Tren toan bQ chieu cao ket.cau
*M6ng . 20
* TUo-ng do trong cop pha c6d:inh va cQt'do lien v6i san 15
* Ket cau khung cQt ' 10
* Cac ket cau thi cong bangcop pha truot; hoac cop pha leo 1/500 chieu cao c6ng
trinh nhirng kh6ng
vuot qua 100mm
2 - DQ lech cua mat betong so v6i mat phang' ngang
a) Tinh cho 1m mat phang' ve bai cir hu6ng nao 5
b) 'I'ren to an hQ mat ph.lng cong trinh 20
3 - Sai lech true cua mat ph~ng bH6ng tren cung so v6i thiet ke khi
kiem tra barig thmrc dai 2m ap sat mat' betong ±8
4 - Sai lech thea chieu dai hoac nhip cua cac ket cau ±20
5 - Sai lech tiet dien ngang cua cac bO phan ket cau ±8
6 - Sai lech vi tri va cao dQ cua cac chi tiet him goi tua cho cac ket cau
thep hoae ket cau bH6ng cot thep l:1p ghep , ±5 Bang 3-38. Thai gian bao duo-ng dm cho ket cau betong cot thep

Vung khi h*u Mua Tluing Cuo-ng d{l bao dUOng t6'i 'I'ho'i gian bao duO'ng toi
bao dUO'ng betong han (% R2S) thi8u (ngily dem)
A He 4-9 50 - 55 3
Dong 10 - 3 40 - 50 4
B Kho 2-7 55 - 60 4
Mua 8 - 1 35 ~ 40 2
C Kho 12 - 4 70 6
Mua 5-11 30 1 Vung A: tu Ddm Chau Nghe An tTO' ra B:1c

Vung B : phia Dong 'I'ruo ng Son va tu Di~n Chau Nghe An d:en Thu~n Hai Vung C : Tay Nguyen va Nam BO

85

Bang 3-39. G6cma sat trong (4)) cua mQt so loai dat

Tendi'it 'I'rang' thai cua dii t
..
Kh6 Am. Uot
Dat bun khong co T~ cay 40° .25° 140 ..
Dat muc (htru co) 40 35 25
Bat set pha 50 40 . :30
Cat hat nho 25 . . - 30 20 .
Cat hat trung binh 28 _. 35 25
" 30
Cat hat to 32 27
Soi, da dam 40 40 :35 Bang 3-40. Cong' thuc tinh th8 tich cac khoi phuc tap

S6 TT

1

C6ng thuc tinh toan

v = L.B Hi + H2 + Ha + R4 4

-R V=L.B-

- 2

86

Hinhkh6i

2

3

So 'IT

Hinh khoi

Cong thrro tinh toan

v = LB (Hi + H2 + Hs) 6

. 2

v : 1tD H

4

nHD2 V=--

24

4

6

H

5

7

-----7--- ... _ ..... _

-

<).

~-"------. -._

8

1 V=-S.h

3

87

S6 'IT

Hinhkh6i

9

s : di~n tich h~;Z::=::-.:==-~ __ ~day tren

S : di~n tich diW dl16'i

Lang kinh

10

11

Dong cat

at1:

I h

)----

/' -/' /'

/'

'/

Non

12

Non C1J.t

13

h

Congthuctllihtoan

VI 2

:::: - nR h

3

Stp :::: nR(R + 1)

Stp :::: rt [R2 + r2 + 1 (R + r)]

88

Bang 3-41. Lire tieu chuan (P) do moe edu dung thep . co Ra = 2000 kG/em2

~ P (kG) ~ P (kG)
6 100 18 2500
8 300 20 3100
10 700 22 3800
12 1100 25 4900
14 1500 28 6100,
16 2000 32 8000 Bang 3-42. Chieu dai mQt moe ddu thanh thep tron tron (tll)

~ M (nun) ~ Al Imm)
6 50 18 130
8 60 20 150
10 80 22 170
12 90 25 200
14 110 28 220
16 120 32 240 89

PhAn4

TRINHTU TiNH ToAN cAc cAu KIEN

. .

,., I'll' ,.,;.. .... ' ~

I. KET CAU BETONG COT THEP

,.;".... ,,;1 A

A. CAU KI:eN CHlU NEN DUNG TAM

1. SO' he} xao d!nh di~n tich ti.at dien Fb= kN Rn

k Ia h~ so ke t6i momen uon. TU do chen 5IJ bi} kich thu6'c tiet dien b, h h~~c D. ke 1,1- 1,5, cQt trong nha k = ,1,1, cQt bien k = 1,3, cQt goc k = 1,5

2. Ki~m tra dieu ki~n 6n dirih

Tiet dien vuong, chu nhat :

D9 manh :

Tiet dien khac

D9 manh :

A.=~:5, 120

rmin

Lien ket hai d§:u khop 10 = 1 (chieu dai thuc); neu la c9t thi 1 thay bang H

Lien ket hai d§:u ngam

Lien ket ~9t d§:u ngam mQt d§:u kh6'p Lien ketinqt d§:u ngam d§:u kia tl,f do

10 = 0,51 10=0,71 10 = 21

Ct)t nha nhieu tang nhieu nhip 10 = 0,71; cot nha m9t tang 10 lay thea bang 4-2.

3.Caclo.ibAitoan

a) Kiem tra khd nang chiu hrc :

N :5, <p(RnFb + R~F a)

Khi canh cqt < 30em, due thea phuong dimg thay Rn bllng 0,85 Rn H~ so uon doc q> tra bang 4-1.

90

Bang 4·1. He so q>

. .
10 . _ ...
t..=- ::s;8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
b ..
k ::s;7 8,5 10'5 12 '14 15,5 17 19 21 22,5 24 26
t..=-
D t'
cpo 1 0,98 096- 093 0,89 085 081 077 0,73 0,68 0'64 059 b) Tinh cot thep d{>c:·· + Biet FbI 10,N I Rn, R~

N

Fa = __.P _

+ Chon va bo tri ~ot thep

+ Kigm tra ham hrong 0,4%::;; ~a ::;;3,5%

Vi du 1 : MQt cQt c6hai d§:u lien k€t ngam c6 chieucao H = 7m, tiet dien hinh vuong 30 X. 30cm chiu mQt 111c nen N.la lOOT. Dung betong mac 200 thep CII. (R~ = 2600k.G/cm2). Ti~h cot thep chiu 111c cua ~Qt.

10 = O~5 x H ~ o.s x 7 = 3,5 m A.b = 10 = 350 = 11,7; j = 0,97 b 30

, 100000 _ 90.30.30 ",

Fa = 0,97 = 8,91 cm2

2600 ,.--

Chon 4 ~ 18 co Fa = 10,18cm2 > 8,91cm2

Bang 4·2. Chien dai tinh toan cua cc}t nha mQt tiing

GMi:

10 khi tinh e4}t trong ~t phf&ng
Th&nggoevaikhung
ngang
Dille trung ella nha va e4}t _._-
" Cllakhung khikhong
ngang khi eo co
lien ke't trong miit
pIu\ng ella hang ef,lt doc
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1. Nha co Khi co ke Ph~n cQt dum Lien tuc 1,5 HI 0,8 HI 1,2 HI
c~u chay den tai d~m c~u chay iKh6ng lien tue 12Hl 0,8 HI 08 HI
trong cau Ph~n c(lt tren Lien tuc 2,OH2 1,5 H2 2,OH2
ehay dam c~u chay Kh6ng lien tuc .2,OH2 1,5.H2 2,OH2 91

Tiep bang 4-2

. _ - ~, . .... ..,_._--
1 , 2 , 3 4 , 5 6. .7
"
1. Nha rco Khikhong . Phanc{jt dum MQtnh1P 1,5H:' p;s n.. 1,2H
cau chay keden tal dam cliu chay Nhieu nhip . 'O,SHl -; 1,2H
1,2H
trong' cau; . cua nha _- .. ' .. -~ , - .-
, . ,
chay Pha:oc~t tdl:o Lien tuc 2,5H2 1,5 Hi 2,OH2
_ .
dam cau chay Khong 1 ien tuc 2_._0 H2 ! . '1,5H2 ,c'I,5 H2
2.Nha CQt co gi~t Phdn cQt dum M{lt nhip 1,5H O,SH 1,2 H
..
khdng co .., cua nha Nhieu nhip ~,2H O,8H 1,2H
cap
cau chay Phan cot tren: 25 H2 o SH2 25 H2
CQt co tiet Nha mQt nhip .. -. 1,5 H 0,8H 1,2H
di~n khOng Nha nhieu nhip ._ 1,2H 0,8H 1,2H
dBi Ghi chli : H - Chieu cao toan b{l c{lt titm~t mong denk€t cau mai .

·;,Hl - Chieucao ph an cQt dum tit m~t mong.denmat vai CQt(Hd) , H2-Chi~u caophan cQt tr~n tu vai cQt den kettau mai (Ht) ',j .

. .-

. . .. - -' ~

, - . ~

.at'..... ~ A ,...

B. CAU KIEN CHIU NEN LECR TAM (Tiet dien chirnhat)

• ~ • - , ,.... I ,.?~.

1. Il:}.t thep doi xUng

a. Tinh dQ leclx tam ban da'u 80

DQ lech tam do nQi lire

eo = eOl+eng "M

eOl =-

N

J _-

DQ Iech tamngAu nhien eng = ~;(do sai.se' thi cong) nhung luonlucn ~ 2em.

. ,.25 ' .

b. Tinh h~ so u6n d9C " _

1
11=
1 N
Nth Inrc nan t6i han .;

~ , ,0. c. • • ••

. -._... . .. " ."_

. [ I 'J

Nth-=6,4~E-J :_ +EJ-

, ~'. 1') K' b b j a .a

, i.1o dh - _

," , I ~

.. ~

, '

. S 13. he so k~ t&i do l8ch tam:

• 4 -_ _ t. ' !,

- ) .

Khi eo<O,05h lay S~~o,84

92

Khi 0,05h< eo < 5h lay S =

0,11

eo

Ojl +-_.,

- -h-

~h la h~ so kg too tinh chat dai han cua.tai trong

- - . ':,,_':_--,. ~--' h

M& + Ndh 2" Kcih = 1 + -----

'. -'h'

M+N-

. " 'ic-, , I 2:_

Neukhon g tac hrteng Mjj, Ndh thi lay Kah = 2.

" ,

Neu Mdh nguoc diu v6'i M thi Mdh mang diu am. Neu Kah <. Lphai liyKdh =1

, • J .. ~:' - •

Mdh; Ndh la momen va IlJ'C doc do tai trong dai han gay ra. Modun dan h6i cua thep Ea = 2,1 x 106 kG/cm2

, .

Mornen quan tinh cua thep : Ja = ~tbho(O,5h ~ a)2 ' Gia thiet ~t = 0,8 - 1,2% (ham hrong thep t6ng cong) c. Tinh dQ l~ch tam tinh tosn

, ," ", h-,

e = 1180 + - - a -

2

, . h

e = 'r]eo - - + a' 2

d. Xac dinh trufmghfjp ]~Sh{?in

,.~ -.:

N

x=--

Rn.b

Neu x -< C/..oho thi ,l~ch tam Ian ., Neu X2 C/..ohothi-l~ch fambe

'Bang 4·3~ Tri s6 no

Cu&ng do chiu keo tinh toan .Tri s6 a.o ling v6'i BT
,cua.c6t thep (kG/cm3)_ . 200# 250# - 300# 350# - 400# 500#
< 3000 - - 062 058 . 0--,-55 052 J ~.

I

C/.., Truong hop lecl: tam len (x < C/..ohoJ

- Neu x > 2a'

';" ;

.:

,93

- Neu x s 2a'

Ne'

Fa = F' a = ----=..:..::....--

R, (h, - a')

_Kigm tra lai ham hzong ~inS J-l S J-lmax (J-lmin = 0,4% ; J-lmax =?,5%);

~% = Fa·+ F'a 100% b. h,

Va J-l ~ J-lt (!J la ham hrong t6rigcqng)

Neu !J khac nhieu v6'i J-lt gia thiet thi dung !J tinh lai Nth va 11 (~J-l chi nen lay" S 0,25%)

13, Truong hQP l~ch t~m be (x » aoho) - Tinh x', neu lWo S 0,2hothi

x' = h - (1~8 ,+ O:oh- 1.4uo}eo.

neu 11eo > 0,2ho thi

x' = 1,8 (eogh - 11eo) + aoho eogh = 0,4(1,25h - aoho)

Fa = F~ = Ne - Rn b x' (ho - 0,5x') R~(ho ' - 'a')

- Kigm tra lai !J

Vi du 2. Tinh cot thep doi xung cho mQt cqt l~p ghep co tiet dien b = 40cm, h = 60cm, betong mac 200, cot thep nhom A-II, chieu dai tinhtoan 10= 7,8m. NQi lire tinh toan M = 26Tm, N = 96T, trong do Mdh = 12Tm, Ndh = 61,3T.

Gisi :

Tra cacsd Iieu : Rn =90kG/cm2 ;' R, = 2800kG/cm2 ;Eb = 240000kG/cm2 ; Ea = 2100000 kG/cm2 ; ao =0',62 ; Ao =.0,428.

Dq lech tam eo1 = MIN = 26/96 = 0,27m = 27cm. DQ l~chtam ngAu nhien lay biing eng = hl25 = 60/25 = 2,4cm. DQ l~ch t~m ,eo = 27 :- ~,,4'7 ,29,4cm.

"

Gia thiet a = a' = 4cm ; h, = 60 - 4 = 56cm.

, .ee =: 29,4 =

h 60 0,49

Tinh S:::: 0,11 + 0,1 ::::

eo

0,1+""h

0,11 + 0,1 :::: 0,286

0,1+0,49 .

Kdh :::: 1+ 12 + 61,3 x 0,3 ,. 1,555 26 + 96 x 0,3

jb' ::::bh3 :::: 40 x 603 :::: 720.000 cm4

12 12

Gia thiet ).It% = 1%, tinh Ja = Iltbho(0,5h-a)2 = 0,01 x40x56(30- 4)2 = 15142cm4 Tinh lire doc till han

Nth:::: 6,4 (0,286 x 240'x 720 + 2,1 x 15142J 106 ~ 784939kG ; 7202 1,555

1 1

11 ='-- __ :::: _C--- :::: 1;139

1

N Nth

96

1 - ~=-..;;._-

784,939

e = 1,139 x 29,4 + 30 - 4 :::: 59,5em Xac dinh chien cao rung chin nen :

X - __li__ - 96.000 - 26 6

- - -, em

a, b 90 x 40

x < aoho = 0,62 x 36 = 34,7em.; x> 2a':::: Scm

Xay ra trmrng hop nen lech tam Ion. Tinh Fa

Fa:::: F~:::: N (e - ho + 0,5 x) ::::

Ra (h, - a')

,

96000 (59,5 - 56 + 13,3) :::: 11,08em2 2800 (56 - 4)

• 11,08

Kiem tra : Il :::: ___;::~.:;:_:::: 0,00495 :::: 0,495% > Ilmin:::: 0,2%

40 x56-

11,08 + 11,08 100 0 (}f_ , l' . lA h ' . .. thi -<t l(}f_o la

Ilt:::: 40 x 56 x :::: ,99,0, tuc a S~l ec so VO'I gra ie vc

kh6ng dang ke.

Chon cot thep & m6i phia 3$22 (Fa = 11,4cm2). Cot dai dung $6 (khdng du6'i .1/4 x 22 = 5,5mm) v6'i khoang each u = 30em (nho hO'I1 15 x 2,2 :::: 33em).

95

2. D~t thep khong doi xtrng

a. Tinh dQ l&ch tam ban da'u eo (nbu lnl)C 1).

b. Tinh h& so- uon doc 11 (nhu rnuc 1)

c. Tinh dQ l?ch tam tinl: ioen e, e' (nhumuc 1)

d. Xac dinl: twang hop lech tam.

Neu 1180?: 80gh = 0,4(1,25h - aoho) cau ki~n chiu nen l~ch tam 16'n. Neu 1180 < 80gh cau kien chiu nen l~ch tam be.

e. Tinh cor: tbep doc

a) Truong hop lech tam Ian

, N e - 1\0 Rn b h~

Fa = ----------'-

R~ (h, - a')

<:x.o Rn b ho - N R~'

Fa = + - Fa:

Ra Ra

~) 'I'ruong hop l~ch tam be Khi 'Il80 s O,2ho tinh x

X = h - (1,8 + 0,5h - 1 4 )

, <:x.o 11eo

ho

x = 1,8 (eogh -1180) + aoho

F~ = N e - Rn b x (ho - 0,5 x) R~ (h, - a)

Khi 80?: 0,15 h., Fa d~tth8o cau tao. Khi eo < 0,15 h,

_N_e_' _-_R_:n:.._b_X_" ~(0:...!...,5.:..__x_"_-_a:..;L.) Fa =

O"a (h, - a')

'( 'Ileo).

O"a = 1 - ho Ra

y) Kiem tra lai ham 111Q'ng

. J.ta va j.t~ phai > 0,002bh~

96

I-lmin < I-l = I-la + I-l~ < I-lmax

dl-l = !I-l-I-lt! ~0,25% Neu dl-l > 0,25% tinh lai Nth va 11

V&i !l = J.1 + I-lt

2

Vi di) 3 : Thea so li~u nhu & vidu 2 nhirng yell call tinh cot thep Fa va F~ khong' doi xirng.

Gi;ii : Tinh ~eo = 1,139 x 29,4 = 33,4cm, tinh eogh = 0,40 x (1,25h - uoho) ~ 0,40 (1,25 x 60 - 0,62 x 56) = 16,1cm < ne; = 33;4cm.

Nhu vay phai tinh c6t thep theo trmmg hop I~ch tam Ion.

F~ = N e - Ao Rn b h~ = R~ (h, - a')

96000 x 59,5 -0,428 x 90 x 40 x 562 ;::: 6,04cm2 2800 (56 - 4)

Kiem tra

J.1~%;::: 6,04 x 100 = 0,267% > flmin = 0,2%.

40 x 56

Fa = 0.0 Rnbho - N + R'a F'

Ra ~a a

= 0,62 x 90 x 40 x 56 - 96000 + 6,04 = 16,39cm2 2800

Cho n cot chiu neri la 2~20 (F~ = 6,28cm2) va cot chill ke o la 2~25 + 2~22 (Fa = 17,42cm2). Cho n cot dai nhu sau : duO'ng kinhSmm khoringcach 30cm.

Vi du 4 : Cac sO' lieu deu gidng nhu vi du 2 nhirng nQi 111c tinh toan la :

M=9,36Tm; N = 260T trong doMdh = 5Tm; Ndh = lS0T.

Tinh eo co the ke den d(> lech tam ng<1u nhien :

eo = 1 x 60 + 936 = 6cm

. '25 260

s = __ 0,--,1_1_ + 0,1 = 0,65

6 0,1 + 60

Kah = 1 +

5 + 180 x 0,3 9,36 + 260 x 0,3

= 1,68

97

8u dung nlnrng ket qua da tinh & vi d1J_ tren

Nth = ~ (0,65 240 x 720 + 2,1 x 15142J 106 = 1,218 7202 1,68

1

11 = ---- = 1,27

260

1218

1

. 11eo = 1,27 x 6 = 7,62

80gh = 16,1 em h » 1180 tuc la roi V8.0 truong hop l~eh~tam be.

1180 < 0,15ho = 0,15 x 56 = 8,4em.

Tinh F'a voi x diroc tinh nhu sau :

x = h - (1,8 + O:'h - 1,4 o.o}e.

= 60 - (1,8 + 0,5 :660 - 1,4 x 0,62 J 7,62 ., 48,8cm 8 ='11eo+h-a = 7,62+30-4 = 33,62

2

F~ = 260000 x 33,62 _ 90 x 40><48,8 (56 - 0,5 x 48,8) == 21,91cm2 2800 (56- 4)

Fa duQ'c tinhnhu sau :

e' = O,Sh -11eo - a' = 30 - 7,62 - 4 = 18,38cm ;

".= R~ (1 - ::0) = 280+- 7~~2J = 2419 kG/em'

Fa = 260000 X 18,38 - 90 x 40 X 48,8 ( 0,5 X 48,8.;_ 4) = 9,49cm2 2419 (56 _ 4)

F amin = 0,002 x 40 X 56 = 4,48em2 < Fa

Chon ~§t thep F~ 18. 2~28 + 2$25 (F~ = 22,14cm2), chon cot thep Fa 18. 2$25 . CF: = 9,82~m2), cot dai chon $8, bucc u = 30em.

C. CAD KI:¢N CHlU KED

" "

1. Ca_;u ki~n chiu keo dung tiim

F _N .

a - - .. '

Ra

. I-lmin = 0,4 %

98

2. Cau kien chiu keo 1ech tam (tie't dian- chit nhat)

.. . . ., . - .. -.

M

eo :::; -;

N

khi eo ::; 0,5h- a : lech tam be

khi eo > O,5h - a : lech tam 16'11

I .'

a. Lecb. tam be

F~'~ N e

R~ (ho - a')

Ne'

Fa:::; -----=...:....::._---

Ra Fa( h, - a')

e = O,5h - eo - a

e' = 0,5h + eo ~, a'

11 = Ila + J..l.~ ;:,::: Ilmin = 0,1%

h. Leca tam Ian

F~ = N e - Ao Rn: b h~

R'a (h, - a')

e,= eo - D,5h:+- a

F' _ N' + a~: Rn b ho + R~ F~

a -

Ra

c. Kie'm tra kha nang chiu luc "

Ra Fa - R~ F~ - N

X = ----='--=----=-----=----

Rnb

Ne::; Rnbx{ho - 0,5x) + R' aF' a(ho - a')

Khi x > aoho thay x = aoho vao cong thirc N e Khi x < 2a' ; Ne'< RaFa(ho - a')

d. Tinh theo Iuc.cst:

Dieu kien Q s koRnbho

ko = 0,35 v6'i BT:$ 400#

Khi Q ::; k1Rkbho - 0,2N , d~.t dai thea cau tao nhu cau kien chiu uon.

o

99

Khi Q> k1Rkbho ~ 0,2N, tinh dai de baa'dam dieu kien :

Q ~ 2,8 .yCRk bho, - 0,2 N ) ho qd ki :::: 0,6 doi v6'i thanh chiu keo

kj = 0,8 doi v6'i ban chiu keo

qd tinh nhu trong cau kien chiu uon

D. CAU KT$N CHlU UON (Tinh theo tie't dieri thang goc) 1. Tiet di~n chtt nhat

ho:::: h ~ a M A::::---

Rn bh~

N e'u A ~ Ao tinh thea cot don

Neu Ao < A < 0,5 tang h hoac tinh thea cot kep. Dung thep co R, s 3000kG/cm2 thi

Ao :::: 0,428 khi BT~200#

Ao = 0,412 khi BT = 250 ~ 300# a. Dij.t cot don :

- Tu A tra bang 4~11 duqc a ho~ey, hoac tinh CI. '" 1 - ~1 - 2A ; y :::: 0,5 (1 + -VI - 2A ; a 113. ty so cua chieu cao vung nen ex) va chieu cao tinh toan ciia tiet dien (ho).

Bei toen : - Tinh dien tich cot thep doc Fa Fa:::: CI. Rnbho Ra

ho~c

Fa =

M n, y ho

~ Riem tra 11 > J.lmin

(.(0 = 0,62 khi BT-200'#

ao = 0,58 .khi BT~250 ~ 300#

Bei tosn : - Riem tra kha nang chiu hrc khi biet b, h, F a,- betong' va thep

Ra Fa , tir a. tra bang 4-11 ra A hoac A = aCI - 0,5a)

Rn b h, ., .

a. ::::

[M] = ARnbh~

100

Vi du 5 : Tinh cO't thep (F a) cho d<im c6 tiet dien, c,hu . nha t voi kich thiro'c bxh = 25x50cm. Dung mac be tong 2'00, thep nh6m CIl, mo~eJ,l tinh toap la M = 17,8Tm.

Gitii : Betong 200 co Rn = 90kG/cm2, the p CII co REI,= 2600kG/cm2; gia thiet a =4cm; ho=50-4';' 46cm.

Thep cau tao

A=

1780000 = 0 37 < ~ = 0 428

2' ,

90 x 25 x 46

a = 1 - -..)1 - 2 x 0,37 = 0,49 < ((0 = 0,62

/\ ~
\
• •
-
0
0
10
,- 3x33mm
~
• • • •
~ 250

Fa = 0,49 __QQ_ 25 x 46 = 19,51 cm2

. . 2600 . ' -

Hinh 4-1 .

, '

Chon 4$25 co Fa = 19,63cm2, chon thira 0,62%

Ham hrong ~ % = 19,63

, 25 x 46

'. . - 90. :. .

100% = 1,7% <~max = 0,62. -- .100 = 2,15%

2600

.BO' tri trong tiet dien ngang (hinh 4-1).

Khoang each thong thuy giua cac thanh thep IS. 33mm> dmrng kinhcot thep va .>. 25mm. ;

Vi du 6 : MQt dam c6 tiet dien chif nhat vai kich thiroc b x h = 20 x 45cm, trong tiet dien & vung keo da: d~t 3$20 nh6m All, mac betong 200 ; h, = 45 - 3 - 42cm.

GMi:

,

Be tong mac 200 co Rn = 90kG/cm2

Thep nh6m All co Rn = 2800kG/cm2 3$20 co Fa = 9,41cm2

0:

_ '9,41 x 2800 = 0,349

= 0,42

90 X 20 X 42

A = 0,349(1 - 0,5 X 0,349) = 0,288 .. Mgh = 0,288 X 90.20.422

= 914458 kgcm.e 9,14Tm··

h. IJijt cot kep

Bei toen : • Tinh dien tich cot thepdoc :

Cot chiu nen :

F~ = M - Ao R~ l:i h~ R'a (h, - a')

101

F' - Rn b h, + Rn F' ,

a - 0:.0 - a

·Ra a,

Bal.' toen : • Kiem tra kha nang chiu hrc khi bietb, h, F' a' Fa, betong, thep.

C6t chiukeo

Ra Fa ,- R~F~ Rn b h,

Neu 0; > 0;0 [M] = ~Rnbh~ + R~F~(ho ~ a') .

i • 0:. =

'" 2a"

Neu 0:. < - [M] = RaF a(ho - a') ,

ho

Nell 0; ~ !Xo [M] = A.Rnbh~

Vi du 7: Tinh cot thep cho darn v6'i cac s6li~u nhir sau : b x h = 25 x 50cm ; a = 4cm, M = 21,9Tm, Dung betang mac 200, thep nh6m AIL

Gisi : Betong mac 200 c6 Rn = 90kG/cm2 Thep nh6m All c6 Ra = R'll= 2800 kG/cm2 h, = 50 - 4 = 46cm.

250

2190000

A = ------ = 0,46,

90x 25 X 462

4¢2B

o o to

2~lO

~ < A ~0,5, tinh cot kep Chona' = 3cm

, 2190000 - 0,428 x90 x'25 x 462

Fa = -------'-''-----~'-------;:--

2800 (46 - 3)

Hinh 4-2

= 1,26cm2 chon 2$10 (1,57cm2)

Fa = 0,62 X 90 x 25 X 46 + 1,26 = ,24.,18cm2 2800

Chon 4$28 (24,63 cm2) sai so' +1,86%

~ % = 24,63 - 1,26 X 100 =2,% 25 X 46

90

~max = 0,62 -- X 100 ~ 2% 2800

Bo' tri thep nhir hinh ve 4~2

102