Singular Perturbations of Bifurcations with Multiple Independent Bifurcation Parameters

Author(s): Robert W. Kolkka

Source: SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics, Vol. 44, No. 2 (Apr., 1984), pp. 257-269
Published by: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
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SIAM J. APPL. MATH. ? 1984 SocietyforIndustrialand Applied Mathematics
Vol. 44, No. 2, April 1984 003

SINGULAR PERTURBATIONS OF BIFURCATIONS WITH

MULTIPLE INDEPENDENT BIFURCATION PARAMETERS*
ROBERT W. KOLKKAt

Abstract.There are severalnonlinearbifurcation problemswhichinvolvemultiplebifurcation param-

eters("specifiedinputs").Oftenthereis a corresponding "perturbed"problemassociatedwiththebifurcation
problemwhichmodels imperfections. Instead of bifurcation,the perturbedproblemexhibitsa smoothbut
rapid transitionin the criticalrange of the bifurcationparameter.A new generalizationof the single
bifurcationparametermethodof Matkowskyand Reiss, SPB ("Singular Perturbationsof Bifurcations")
[SIAM J. Appl. Math., 33 (1977), pp. 230-255] is employedto solve the problemof the slightlycrooked
rotatingelastica (shaft)subject to a dead load applied at the ends.

1. Introduction.There are severalproblemsthatarise in the studyof nonlinear

phenomenawhichexhibitthe propertyof bifurcation. A fundamental(usuallytrivial)
state existsforall values of some specifiedinputparameters,and forcertainspecific
combinationsof values, nontrivialsolutionsbranchfromthe basic state. Up to the
present,the overwhelming majorityof problemstreatedcontaineda singlebifurcation
parameter.The relatively fewmultipleparameterproblemswhichhave been attempted,
have been confinedstrictlyto numericalanalysis.However,it is difficult to ascertain
thedependenceofsolutionson theparametersofa problemfroma numericalcomputa-
tion,whileasymptoticand perturbationmethodsusuallyclarifythisdependence.
A multipleperturbationparametermethod for analyzingmultipleparameter
bifurcationproblemshas recentlybeen developed by Plaut [1]. It was presentedin
the contextof postbucklinganalysisof elastic systems,but the theorydeveloped is
applicable in generalto several typesof nonlinearbifurcation problems.
Bifurcationproblemsexhibitseveral importantfeaturesof the actual physical
systemwhichtheymodel,howeverthe sharptransitions(i.e., the actual bifurcations)
rarelyoccur in experiments.In any physicalsystemthereis always some degree of
imperfection inherentin the system.The imperfections (impurities,geometricdevi-
ations,noise, etc.) account for the smoothtransitionsobserved in experiments.We
referto the bifurcationproblemwithimperfections as the perturbedproblem.It is
characterizedmathematically by a parameter8, and expressedas
(1.1) G[w; An;8]=0.
The operator G is a nonlinearoperatordefinedon an appropriateHilbertspace of
functions,w is the solutionvector,and An,n = 1, 2,... , m, are the m bifurcation
parameters.The dependenceof w on spatial and time-likevariablesis suppressedin
thisnotation.
The generaltheoryforanalysisof problemsof the type (1.1), where m = 1 (i.e.
a singlebifurcationparameter)was originallygivenin [2], and therehave been several
subsequentapplications[3]-[6] of the basic method,whichyieldsuniformasymptotic
representations ofthesolutionsto theperturbedproblemforall valuesofthebifurcation
parameter.
Since the appearance of [2], therehave been variousgeneralizationsof the basic
method.Rosenblat and Cohen [7] have analyzed the problemin whichsteadystate
bifurcationbranchesare perturbedby time periodicimperfections. Sinay and Reiss
* Received by the editorsFebruary24, 1983.
t Departmentof MathematicalSciences, Rensselaer PolytechnicInstitute,Troy, New York 12181.
Presentaddress,Departmentof MathematicalSciences,IndianaUniversity-Purdue University,
Indianapolis,
Indiana 46223.

257
258 ROBERT W. KOLKKA

[8] have extendedthe methodin the case wherethe linearizedoperatorevaluated at

the criticalpoint has two linearlyindependentsolutions.This propertyled to sig-
nificantlydifferentresults.In thisworkwe extendthe methodto the case of several
independentbifurcation parameters.We analyze the case of two independentbifurca-
tion parametersforthe sake of simplicity
and clarityof presentation,so we have
(1.2) G[ w; A,,u; 5] = O.
The extensionto threeor moreindependentbifurcation parametersis a trivialmatter
as shownin [1].
It should be noted thatin [1] some importantresultsof the perturbedproblem
are obtained and are in completeagreementwiththe currentanalysis.However,the
method employedin [1] does not yield uniformasymptoticrepresentationsof the
solutionsto the perturbedproblemforall values of the bifurcationparametersA and
,u,whereasthe currentmethoddoes.
2. Formulation.We considertheproblemof a slightly crooked(initialstress-free
wrinkling)shaftsubjectedto a drivenspeed of rotationw about the longitudinalaxis
of the shaft,and time-independentend thrustsP, as illustratedin Figure 2.1.

1t1 1

J t

.~A . .* g
I ,\ toI

-~~ - 777Th7X
FIG. 2.1

The exact Elastica (Bernoulli-Euler) theoryis employed,and we seek dynamic

equilibriumsolutions,i.e., solutionsthat are time-independent
when viewed froma
coordinatesystemrotatingwiththe shaft.The ends of the shaftare constrainedin
such a fashionto assure thatthe shaftprecesseswiththe drivingangularvelocity.
This systemwe consideris a conservativesystem,and the governingequations
maybe derivedvia a variationalprincipleor simpleequilibriumconsiderations.Either
way,the governingequation forthe additionaltransversedisplacementW(X), where
X is arc length,is
(2.1a)
F _
WXX _11 WX+8Wo A
 BIFURCATIONS WITH MULTIPLE INDEPENDENT PARAMETERS 259

X as a subscriptdenotes differentiation
withrespectto X. The constantsE, I, and p
are the Young's modulus,cross-sectionalmomentof area, and mass per unitlength,
respectively.WO(X) is the formof the initialstress-freewrinkling,and 5(>O) its
magnitude.The simplysupportedboundaryconditionsare
(2. 1b) W(O) = Wxx(0)= W(l) = wxx (1)= ?,
where1is thelengthofthe(assumedinextensible)shaft.Employingthenondimension-
alization
W(X) WO(X) P12 pwo214 X
(2.2) w(x)= , g(x) = 1X, A = EI ' El X=

we obtain the dimensionlessproblem,

(2.3a) [(i) +A ( wI+5g) I) /-kw =O

(2.3b) w= w"=O, x=O, 1,

where(*)' denotesdifferentiation
withrespectto x. The magnitudeof theimperfection
is assumedto be small.Withthisassumption,retainingtermsof at mostthirddegree
leads to the problemwe solve,

(2.4a) w""(1+ w'2) +4 w"'w"w'+ w"3+ Aw"(1+ 3w'2) - w+ A8g"- gg = 0.

(2.4b) w= w"=O, x=O, 1.

The wrinkling g(x) is takento be compatiblewiththeboundaryconditions

distribution
(2.4b) and to satisfynecessarycontinuityrequirements,so that g admits to the
appropriateeigenfunctionexpansions.Thus (1.2) is givenby (2.4), and we referto it
as the perturbedproblem.
3. The bifurcation problemis givenby (1.2) with8 = 0,
problem. The bifurcation
i.e.,

(3.1) G[w; A,,; O]--F[w; A,,]=0

whereF is givenby

(3.2) F[w;A,,u]=w""(1+w'2)+4w"'w"w'+w"3+Aw"(1+3w'2)-,uw=O,

subject to the boundaryconditions(2.4b).

FollowingPlaut[1], we seek asymptoticsolutionsof (3.2) via thedouble perturba-
tion parameterexpansion,
1 22 q
w(x) = Ew1(X) +-
2!
[? 1(X)+ 2EWl2(X) + W22W]
(3.3a)
+- wWi(x) + r w222(X)+ 3 ?
3! [E W122(X)+ 3qE W211(X)]+ 0(s4),

(3.3b) A= Ac +A1E +A27 (A 1E2+ 2A12E71 + + O(S),

2! 222772)

(3.3c) -= -c+q
260 ROBERT W. KOLKKA

where s2=(r + )2. The perturbationparameterE is definedby

(3.4) 2 = (w, w),

where(f,g) is an appropriateinnerproduct,givenby

(3.5) ( f,g) f(x )g(x) dx.

0

The perturbation parameter-1is definedby (3.3c). The leadingordertermsin (3.3b,c)

A, tL lie on a path,

(3.6) r(Ac)C) = 0

in the A,ut plane, and r is determinedby the linearizationof (3.2). The linearization
of (3.2) is

(3.7) w""+ Aw"1-

{tw = 0,

togetherwiththe boundaryconditions(2.4b), whichwill be taken to be understood

takesplace. The nontrivial
fromthispointon, yieldsthe pathsalong whichbifurcation
are
eigenfunctions

(3.8) w(x) = On(x) = 2 sin(nlrx), n= l, 2,3,*

Substitutionof (3.8) into (3.7) givesthe sequence of paths,

(3.9) r(A ,--(n7Tr)4 A (n,7 r2-U = O n =1, 2, ***

alongwhichbifurcation takesplace. We can take A, > 0 withoutanyloss ofgeneraliz-

ation,physicsdictatesthat,u' 0 anyway.The criticalpathis definedas the one which
has thepointthatliesclosestto theorigin.The criticalintegern,ris determinedfrom

(3.10) ncr min[min pn(A,H)

n A,gK

where pn(Ak,k) is the distancefromthe originof a point A, u whichlies on the path

rn(A,A). In thiscase we findthat ncr= 1 and thus

(3.11) r(Ac (lc)=r (kc, to = X -Akc2 -1C = ?

Equation (3.11) is simplya straightline (Fig. 3.1) whichintersectsthe axes at their

respective"single" bifurcationpoints. Straightlines need not always be the case
however,especiallywhen dealingwithnonconservativeproblemsas shownin [1].
Substitutionof (3.3) into (3.2) leads to a sequence of linear boundaryvalue
problemsto solve forthe unknownsw1(x), wij(x), Wijk(x),and Aj,Aij,i,j, k = 1, 2, etc.
The firstorder equation satisfies
 BIFURCATIONS WITH MULTIPLE INDEPENDENT PARAMETERS 261

IT2~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~I .

l4

FIG. 3.1

whereL(A, 1ui)fis definedby

(3.13) L(A,A)f f""f+ Akf'-Zf.

The solutionfor w1,thus,is

(3.14) wl(x) = 4(x) =1/2 sin(lTx).

The second orderequations are foundto be

(3.15a) L(A,1,c) w11=-2A I,

(3.15b) L(AciAJcW22= 0,

(3.15c) L(AC, jA) w12= -A24"+ 4'.

We see that(3.15a, c) are theinhomogeneousformsof (3.12) evaluatedat thesingular

point, and the Fredholm alternativerequires that the inhomogeneousterms be
orthogonalto all solutionsof the correspondinghomogeneousadjoint problem.The
linearproblemconsideredhere is self-adjoint,so we have

(3.16) -2A1(4", 0) = 0,
(3.17) -A2(4", 0)+(4, 4)=0,

(3.18) Al = 0,

(3.19) 12= 2
IT

The problemsfor wij(x), i, j= 1, 2, with(3.18), (3.19), become

(3.20) L(AC,AJ)wi = 0,
so we take
262 ROBERT W. KOLKKA

Proceedingin thisrecursivefashion,we obtain the thirdorderequations

(3.22a) L(AC,wc)wlll = - 3Al4?"- 6?,,.. I2- 24"'.". ' - 64"3 - 9A,4C"42,

(3.22b) L(AC,gc) W222= 0,

(3.22c) L(AC,gc) w122= - A220",
(3.22d) L(Ac,1c) w211= - 2A12 )"
Invokingthe Fredholmalternativeon (3.22), we findthat
(3.23) All = 2T4 - 3ACT2> O,
(3.24) A22= ?
(3.25) A12= O-
Higherordertermsare calculatedin exactlythe same manner.
Summarizingresultsup to the presentorder,we have from(3.14), (3.18), (3.19),
(3.21), (3.22), (3.24) and (3.25),
(3.26) w(x) = ?+(X) + O(E ),

(3.27) A =AC 2 0(s3)

IT

(3.28) =c + q.
The dependenceof the amplitudeE on the parametersA, ,u can now be ascertained
by simplyeliminatingq from(3.27) and (3.28), the resultis
i
(3.29) E = ?E(A + )
-(3)AIT2+p,-IT4)1/2
=( 4-
IT O 34

and is sketchedinFig. 3.2. We also notethatin thelimitas eitherparameterapproaches

zero, we recoverthe individualsingleparameterbifurcations,

(3.30) E(A, 0) =+ (A -
T2)1/2
;IT

(3.31) ?(0, ) = 3( _T
IT

RESPONSEDIAGRAM

C(A, )u) > O

V/

FIG. 3.2(A,)<

FIG. 3.2
 BIFURCATIONS WITH MULTIPLE INDEPENDENT PARAMETERS 263

The definitions of the standardclasses of single parameterbifurcations;super-

critical,transcritical,
and subcriticalare extendedin the obvious way as shownin Fig.
3.3. Thustheproblem(3.2) exhibitsa supercriticalbifurcationfromthepath(3.11).

(a) (b) (c)

SUPERCRITICAL TRANSCRITICAL SUBCRITICAL
FIG. 3.3

4. The outerexpansions. The outerexpansionsare theasymptotic approximation

to the solutionof the perturbedproblemaway fromthe neighborhoodof the critical
path (3.11).
We proceed in a manner directlyanalogous to the systematicsof the single
bifurcation parametercase, completedetailsof whichare givenin [2]-[6]. Bifurcation
sub-branchsurfacesare definedas thetwounbuckledflatsurfacesE (A, u) 0, AIT2 + / -
IT4< 0, and AlT2+ , _ T4 >0, and as the two buckledconfigurations, E(A, ,) > O,
E (A, g) < 0, forAT2 + g _- T4> 0. The flatsurfaces to as theprimary
are referred branch
surfaces,and the buckledsheets E > 0, E > 0, as the secondarybranchsurfaces.
Asymptoticrepresentations of the form
00
(4.1) w(x; A,;)= wo(x; A,y)+ wi (X; A,
j=1

are sought,where wo(x; A,g) is the particularsub-branchsurfaceabout whichwe are

expanding.Substitutionof (4.1) into (2.4) generatesa sequence of linear boundary
value problemsforthe determination of wj(x; A,
k). The problemfor w1is

(4.2) L(A, /) w1+ M(A, /, wo)w1=k-Ag"+ Kg,

where

M(A, g, wo)w, = w'2wl + 4 wiwfwI' + (4 w' w' + 3 w+2+3Aw,2) wf

+(2 wl"'Wo+ 4w..'w + 3Aw w') wI

The primarybranchsurfacesare wo 0, so (4.2) simplifies

to

(4.4) L(A, k) wP =--Ag"+ lg,

wherethe superscriptp is attachedto w1to denote primary(likewisea superscripts

willlaterbe attachedto denotesecondary).Fromtheformof (4.4), we seek a solution
via an eigenfunctionexpansionof the form,
00
(4.5) WP(x; A, /x) c= E CX(x),
n=1
264 ROBERT W. KOLKKA

where 0, (x), givenby (3.8), satisfies

(4.6) 4)n + On' O'nn 0

?

and the eigenvalueso-nare givenby

(4.7) o=n = (ng)4_(ng)2.

The coefficients of (4.5) into(4.4); the result

cn are readilyobtainedfromsubstitution
1S

(4.8) Cn= Cn(A, uE) = (n)4-A (nT)2_

and'

(4.9) -= (g9, kn).

We expressthe resultwl as

(4.10) wI(x; A,A

where
00
(4.11) T(x; A,y)=E Cn(A,A) On(X)
n =2

Thus we see that wl becomes unboundedin the neighborhoodof the criticalpath,

fromthefirsttermin (4.10). Equation (4.10) is theouterexpansionfortheflatsurfaces
wo0 O(AT2+,1-7r4<0, AiT2+ -Tr4>0) valid away fromthe neighborhoodof the
criticalpath.
The secondarybranchsurfaceshave wo(x; A,a) = (A,1u)4(x), so the problem
(4.2) for w (x; A,/x)becomes

(4.12) + 9M(A,
=-Ag"+w
L(A, k)wl , 4)wl g.
To solve for wi, we definean appropriateeigenvalueproblem,motivatedfromthe
formof (4.12) as

(4.13) L(A, I+ 2(A )m = TMOrn m = 1, 2,* .

The eigenvalues rm and eigenfunctions i/m(x) are determined asymptotically (because

the problemis nonconstantcoefficient,
and we are interestedin ? small anyway)via
a regularperturbationexpansionin E; thatis
2

(4.14a) 4m(x) = 4Om(X) + --C (X) + 2! qn(Xm

2!
O?

2
(4.14b) ~ m ~m + ETrn
2L!
nO(3)

' Throughoutthisanalysiswe willassumeg, i4O,theprocedureforg, = 0 can be modifiedin accordance

with[4].
 BIFURCATIONS WITH MULTIPLE INDEPENDENT PARAMETERS 265

Omittingthe details,the resultsare, asymptotically,

(4.15a) m(X) =(>(X) + 0 (_ 2) m = 1, 2, 3, ***

7r4-A T2 _ #?+ 3 7r6

( 4 e
2 + 0 (8 3) m=1,
(4.15b) Irm
9Ai= )
((mr)4_-A (m7r)2-_U + 0(?2), m=2,3,4,*.
The solutionfor w' is givenby the eigenfunction
expansion
00
(4.16) w' (x; A,,uk)= bmtm (x),
m=1

where

(4.17) bm= bm(A,/k) Agm+ gm

and
(4.18) gm-(g, rm) gm (g qm).
Re-expressing(4.16) as

(4.19) w~(x;A) = - T
7r4-A rIT2 + [3 (9(A1r4/4)]82(A, )

where
00
(4.20) S(x; A, ,u) 2 bm(A, lk) tfmm(x),
m=2

we note fromthe firsttermof (4.19) that the outer expansionsfor the secondary
branchsurfaces(E > 0, < 0) likewisebecome unboundedin theimmediateneighbor-
hood of the criticalpath.
In order to completethe solutionof the perturbedproblem,we mustconstruct
expansionswhichare valid in the vicinityof the criticalpath,and whichconnectwith
the outerexpansionsas we exitthe neighborhoodof the criticalpath.They are called
the innerexpansionsand are calculatedin the next section.
5. The innerexpansions. We unfoldthebehaviorofthesolutionabout thecritical
path by means of a double small parameterexpansion,

w(x) = az1(x) + 2 [la2z11(x)+1832z22(x) + 2a,8Z12(x)]

2!
(5.1a)
+ 3a z111(x) +133Z222(x) + 3a132z122(X) + 33C82Z211(X)]+ 0(t4),
3!

(5.1b) A A +AI28+ 1 (a2+0(a3)

(5. 1c) y = c + }3
(5.1d) = a3,
a
where,t2 (a + p)2. The coefficient
f is the innervariableof the MMAE (Method of
MatchedAsymptoticExpansions)[9]; it is a measureof distancefromthecriticalpath
(3.11). The particularformof (5.1 b,d) stemsfromthefactthatthebifurcation
problem
266 ROBERT W. KOLKKA

exhibitsa supercriticalbifurcation.If, however,the bifurcationproblemwas trans-

critical,(5.1b,d) would have to be modified.The procedurechange fordetermining
the modification is a simplematterand is givenin [2]-[6].
The expansion(5.1) is substitutedinto (2.4), and we obtain the usual sequence
of linearboundaryvalue problems.The firstorder problemis
(5.2) L(Ac,/IJ = 0.
Thus we have
(5.3) zl(x) =A (x),
where A(f), A(6) #0, describesthe amplitudeof the solutionnear the criticalpath,
and is to be determinedat a furtherstep in thisprocess.The second orderequations
are
(5.4a) L(Ac, 4c) Z11 = 0,
(5.4b) L(Ac,Zc)Z22 = O

(5.4c) L(Ac,pA)Z12=-A2Z +z1,

so we have

(5.5) AI2 29
Tr

as a consequence of the Fredholmalternative.As a resultof (5.5) we take solutions

of (5.4) to be
(5.6) zij(x) = Aij(6) (x), i,j = 1, 2,
where A1j(f) are to be determinedfrom higher order calculations. The only
imhomogeneousthirdorder equation is
L(AC, /c))z111= -3 zf' -6z" zf2 _ 24z'z"z' -6z 3
(5 7) ztlzl +6(Ar+)g
~~~~-9A
The resultof invokingthe Fredholmalternativeis the cubic equation
(5.8a) A3+ 2p6A+ q = 0,

1 42 9
(5.8b) p= qA= 1 4r g

whereP < 0, and q < 0(>0) if -1> 0(<0). Therefore,foreach real rootof (5.8a) Ai(6),
we have an innerexpansion,

(5.9) w(x) = Ai(6)8 11Xp3

(X) + 0(82/3).

The cubic equation (5.8a) is of the exact same formas those foundin [2]-[6], where
the analysisis givenin sufficientdetail. We simplyhighlightthe resultshere.
The canonical cubit equation (5.8a) has one real root A1(6) for all 4, and it is
positive(negative)if -1> 0(<0). Furthermore, we have

(
(Al (6I)j->, 4 -,
 BIFURCATIONS WITH MULTIPLE INDEPENDENT PARAMETERS 267

A1(f) is the unique real root if < (*,

(5 .1 1) ( _q) 2/3 (1) 1/3

iff exceeds (*, thenthereare twoadditionalrootsA2(W),A3(W). Theirsignis opposite

to the signof A1(f). In addition,these rootssatisfy

(5.12) A2(W) - 0, IA3( )I -> 00, (e oo, A2(*) =A3 ).

The relationshipbetween f and the outer variables A, ,u,can now be obtained

fromuse of the result(5.5) in (5.1), and is foundto be
2
(5.13) ATr2+ /-Ir4 2/3+ oW13)

The "unbuckling"path,as it would be referredto, is givenby (5.13), withf = *, to

leadingorderas

(5.14) *7r+ u* lr = 7

and is sketchedin Fig. 6.2.

6. The matching.Several innerand outer expansionshave been obtained. The
remainingdetailoftheanalysisis to simplydeterminehowtheyconnect.We accomplish
thisdetail by the standardproceduresdictatedby the MMAE.
The asymptoticformsof the outer expansions,from(4.10), (4.19), are givenby

(A,T 2 + ~414k
l0(X)8
(6.1) wp(X; A, tu; ,8)~(l +IZ4-AIT2-

_
( 6.2) w,(X; A 7r; +) - 3 2)1/2 74-AX (-2

We now express(6.1), (6.2) in termsof the innervariables(5.1), the resultis

(6.3) wp= 2l2g1 Oa

WS-?12~a ,O
(6.4)
(6.4) 7r - 3Ac7r2)1/2
~~~~~~(4
_____

The asymptoticformsof the amplitudeof the innerexpansionsare givenby

lim A1(f) - g- , lim A1(f) - /2_

e<-00 f-->00 e< o4Tr4-3ACT2
(6.5) 2

limA2(W) - -2IT g1
lim A3(W) - -/2
(<->00 f e<>o /4 74-3ACIT2
Simple comparisonof (6.3), (6.4) with(6.5) reveals whichinnerexpansionsconnect
with which outer expansions,and is illustratedin Fig. 6.1. The uniformlyvalid
asymptoticcompositeexpansionis sketchedin Fig. 6.2.
268 ROBERT W. KOLKKA

MATCHING

01i
((w)) 0j 91>o

I3A ((W))X
2=(W,w)

Slice in (( w)), A, )u space

FIG. 6.1. The curves0 are the outerexpansionscorresponding to the unbuckledconfiguration.The

curvesO' are theouterexpansionscorresponding The buckledsolutionsof the
to thebuckledconfigurations.
bifurcationproblemare indicatedby thehatch-markedcurves.The dashed curvesare innerexpansions.The
curveI, correspondsto theinnerexpansionwithamplitudeA,(().

((W)) A

'6 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ >

FIG. 6.2. The compositeexpansionresponsediagram.

7. Concluding remarks.We firstnote that in the limit as either parameter

approacheszero,theindividualsinglebifurcation parameterperturbedproblemresults
are recovered.The roles of A and ,u may,of course,be interchanged withoutaffecting
the results.
The time-dependent linearizedversionof the rotatingelastica (withoutimperfec-
tions) has been analyzed by Huseyin[10]. The problemconsideredtherewas simply
theLDSA (LinearizedDynamicStabilityAnalysis)of thebasic state w 0. The results
theredemonstratethe existenceof flutterinstability states,whichbifurcatefromthe
 BIFURCATIONS WITH MULTIPLE INDEPENDENT PARAMETERS 269

basic state. The presentanalysisdoes not rule out the existenceof such states; they
are simplynot sought.These nonlinearvibratingbifurcation stateswill be the subject
of futurework.
In conclusion,we remarkthatthe analysisused here requiresa finitepath along
whichbifurcationtakes place. Problemsin whichthe branchsurfacesremaindiscon-
nected fromthe flatsurface(w 0) forall values of the parametersA and ,t (i.e. a
two-dimensionalbifurcation frominfinity[11]) do not admitto thismethod.
8. Acknowledgments.The authorwishesto expresshis appreciationforthe very
enlightening discussionswithProfessorsRaymondH. Plaut,Dept. ofCivilEngineering,
VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteand State University,Blacksburg,VA., and Edward L.
Reiss, Dept. of EngineeringSciencesand Applied Mathematics,NorthwesternUniver-
sity,Evanston,IL.

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