Architecture
  (from Greek  word ἀρχιτεκτονική
  - a h     ) s h a ad s   f d
u   g bu ld    h phys al s u  u s f  huma shl   us.
gsa d      
  
A w d d f    f  luds h ds g f h  al bu l v  m, f 
m h ma   lvl f h w a bu ld g  g a s w h  s su ud g  x (s
wpla  
  g, u ba
 ds g, ad lads ap a h    u )  h m   lvl f
   
 
a h   u al   s u          dwa . W 
    d a lsa d, sm ms, fu
u a d ha 
d s ll, a h   u  s h a  v y f d s g  g a y  d f sys m.
As a p fss , a h    u  f s  h p fss al s v s p v dd by a
h   s.       
A h    u  s als  xp d[1] h ugh  h s s s, wh h h f   g vs 
s  au al,[2] v sual, lfa   y,[3] a d a  l [4] a h   u . As p pl m v
 
 h ugh a spa , a h  u  s xp  d as a  m squ .[5]
           xp  ,
Ev hughu[wh ?] ul u  s d sa h  u  b a v sual 
h   h s s s play a l  h w w xp   b  h a u al a d bu l v   
    
m s. A  ud s wa ds h s s s d p d  ul u .[6]         
          Th d s g p ss a d
h s s  y xp    f a spa  a d s   ly s pa a v  ws, a h w  h  s
w la guag ad assump s.
 
  
A h    u al w 
s a  f  p  vd as ulu al ad p l   

al symb ls a d,s
 
m ms, as w  s f a . H s  al   
 v l za  s a f w p ma ly h
ugh h  a h    u al a h vm s.   
Su h bu ld gs as h py am ds
f Egyp ad h R ma C l ssum a  ul u al sym
  
b ls, a d a a mp  a l   
 publ    v wh s h la s hav
 
  
 s us ss,
d s v d mu hab u a pas  v l za  h ugh  h m
as. C  s, g s
   
   u  d fy hmslvs w  h (ad a   w by) h  a h 
ad ul u s   
u al m  um s.[7]
C  s <h d>   
1 E ym l gyad appl a  f h  m
2 Th A h     
3 Th  y f A h   u 
3.1 H s   a ss  
3.2 Md   p s f a h    u 
4 H s  y  
4.1 O g s ad h a  w  ld
4.2 Th Md val bu ld  
4.3 Ra ssa  ad h a h   
4.4 Ea ly M d  ad h Idus alAg
4.5 M d       
sm
 ad a   f a h   u
4.6 A h   u day
5 S  als 
6 N  s
7 R f  s


8 Ex  
al l  s    
[ d  ]E ym l gy a d appl a  f h  m

       

Th w  d "a h    u " ms f m h La  a h    u a ad ha f m G  αρχιτέκτων (a
), "master builder", from the combiatio of αρχι- (a h -), " h f"  "lad " ad τέκτω
), a "builder" or "carpeter".[8][9] While the primary applicatio of the ord "
architecture" pertais to the built eviromet, by extesio, the term has come
to deote the art ad disciplie of creatig a actual (or iferrig a implied
or apparet) pla of ay complex object or system.
The term ca be used to coote the implied architecture of mathematics or of ab
stract thigs such as music, the apparet architecture of atural thigs, such a
s geological formatios or the structure of biological cells, or explicitly pla
ed architectures of hich preserves the relatioships amog the elemets or com
poets.
[edit]The Architect
Mai article: architect
Architects pla, desig ad revie the costructio of buildigs ad structures
for the use of people by the creative orgaisatio of materials ad compoets 
ith cosideratio to mass, space, form, volume, texture, structure, light, shado
, materials, program, ad pragmatic elemets such as cost, costructio limitat
ios ad techology, to achieve a ed hich is usually fuctioal, ecoomical,
practical ad ofte artistic. This distiguishes architecture from egieerig d
esig, hich has as its primary object the creative maipulatio of materials a
d forms usig mathematical ad scietific priciples.
As documetatio produced by architects, typically draigs, plas ad techica;
specificatios, architecture defies the structure ad/or behavior of a buildi
g or ay other kid of system that is to be or has bee costructed.
[edit]Theory of Architecture
Mai article: Architectural theory
[edit]Historic treatises

Architectural draigs of details of the Palace of Persepolis, Persia (Ira)

The earliest ritte ork o the subject of architecture is De architectura, by
the Roma architect Vitruvius i the early 1st cetury CE.[10] Accordig to Vitr
uvius, a good buildig should satisfy the three priciples of firmitatis utilita
tis veustatis,[11][12] hich traslates roughly as -
Durability - it should stad up robustly ad remai i good coditio.
Utility - it should be useful ad fuctio ell for the people usig it.
Beauty - it should delight people ad raise their spirits.
Accordig to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these thr
ee attributes as ell as possible.

The Partheo, Athes, Greece, "the supreme example amog architectural sites."
(Fletcher).[13]
Leoe Battista Alberti, ho elaborates o the ideas of Vitruvius i his treatise
, De Re Aedificatoria, sa beauty primarily as a matter of proportio, although
oramet also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportio ere those tha
t govered the idealised huma figure, the Golde Mea.
The most importat aspect of beauty as therefore a iheret part of a object,
rather tha somethig applied superficially; ad as based o uiversal, recog
isable truths. The otio of style i the arts as ot developed util the 16th
cetury, ith the ritig of Vasari.[14] The treatises, by the 18th cetury, had
bee traslated ito Italia, Frech, Spaish ad Eglish.
I the early ieteeth cetury, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugi rote Cotrasts

(1836) that, as the titled suggested, cotrasted the moder, idustrial orld, 
hich he disparaged, ith a idealized image of eo-medieval orld. Gothic archit
ecture, Pugi believed, as the oly “true Christia form of architecture.”
The 19th cetury Eglish art critic, Joh Ruski, i his Seve Lamps of Architec
ture, published 1849,[15] as much arroer i his vie of hat costituted arch
itecture. Architecture as the "art hich so disposes ad adors the edifices ra
ised by me ... that the sight of them" cotributes "to his metal health, poer
, ad pleasure".
For Ruski, the aesthetic as of overridig sigificace. His ork goes o to st
ate that a buildig is ot truly a ork of architecture uless it is i some ay
"adored". For Ruski, a ell-costructed, ell-proportioed, fuctioal buildi
g eeded strig courses or rusticatio, at the very least.
O the differece betee the ideals of "architecture" ad mere "costructio",
the reoed 20th C. architect Le Corbusier rote: "You employ stoe, ood, ad
cocrete, ad ith these materials you build houses ad palaces: that is costru
ctio. Igeuity is at ork. But suddely you touch my heart, you do me good. I
am happy ad I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture".[16]

The Natioal Cogress of Brazil, desiged by Oscar Niemeyer.

[edit]Moder cocepts of architecture
The great 19th cetury architect of skyscrapers, Louis Sulliva, promoted a ove
rridig precept to architectural desig: "Form follos fuctio".
While the otio that structural ad aesthetic cosideratios should be etirely
subject to fuctioality as met ith both popularity ad skepticism, it had th
e effect of itroducig the cocept of "fuctio" i place of Vitruvius "utility
". "Fuctio" came to be see as ecompassig all criteria of the use, perceptio
 ad ejoymet of a buildig, ot oly practical but also aesthetic, psychologi
cal ad cultural.

Sydey Opera House, Australia desiged by Utzo.

Nuzia Rodaii stated, "Through its aesthetic dimesio architecture goes beyo
d the fuctioal aspects that it has i commo ith other huma scieces. Throu
gh its o particular ay of expressig values, architecture ca stimulate ad i
fluece social life ithout presumig that, i ad of itself, it ill promote s
ocial developmet.'
To restrict the meaig of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake is o
t oly reactioary; it ca also be a purposeless quest for perfectio or origia
lity hich degrades form ito a mere istrumetality".[17]
Amog the philosophies that have iflueced moder architects ad their approach
to buildig desig are ratioalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralis
m, ad pheomeology.
I the late 20th cetury a e cocept as added to those icluded i the compas
s of both structure ad fuctio, the cosideratio of sustaiability. To satisf
y the moder ethos a buildig should be costructed i a maer hich is eviro
metally friedly i terms of the productio of its materials, its impact upo t
he atural ad built eviromet of its surroudig area ad the demads that it
makes upo o-sustaiable poer sources for heatig, coolig, ater ad aste
maagemet ad lightig.
[edit]History
Mai article: History of architecture

Veracular architecture i Demark.

[edit]Origis ad the aciet orld
Architecture first evolved out of the dyamics betee eeds (shelter, security,
orship, etc.) ad meas (available buildig materials ad attedat skills). A
s huma cultures developed ad koledge bega to be formalized through oral tra
ditios ad practices, architecture became a craft.
Here there is a process of trial ad error, ad later improvisatio or replicati
o of a successful trial. What is termed Veracular architecture cotiues to be
produced i may parts of the orld. Ideed, veracular buildigs make up most
of the built orld that people experiece every day.

Agkor, Cambodia.
Early huma settlemets ere mostly rural. Due to a surplus i productio the ec
oomy bega to expad resultig i urbaizatio thus creatig urba areas hich
gre ad evolved very rapidly i some cases, such as that of Çatal Huyuk i Aatol
ia ad Mohejo Daro i Pakista.
I may aciet civilizatios, like the Egyptias' ad Mesopotamias', architect
ure ad urbaism reflected the costat egagemet ith the divie ad the super
atural, hile i other aciet cultures such as Persia architecture ad urba p
laig as used to exemplify the poer of the state.
The architecture ad urbaism of the Classical civilizatios such as the Greek a
d the Roma evolved from civic ideals rather tha religious or empirical oes a
d e buildig types emerged. Architectural styles developed.
Texts o architecture bega to be ritte i the Classical period. These became
caos to be folloed i importat orks, especially religious architecture. Som
e examples of caos are foud i the ritigs of Vitruvius, the Kao Gog Ji of
aciet Chia[18] ad Vaastu Shastra of aciet Idia.
The architecture of differet parts of Asia developed alog differet lies to t
hat of Europe, Buddhist, Hidu ad Sikh architecture each havig differet chara
cteristics. Buddhist architecture, i particular, shoed great regioal diversit
y. I may Asia coutries a patheistic religio led to architectural forms tha
t ere desiged specifically to ehace the atural ladscape.
[edit]The Medieval builder

The Taj Mahal, i Idia

Islamic architecture bega i the 7th cetury CE, developig from a bled of arc
hitectural forms from the aciet Middle East ad from Byzatium but also develo
pig features to suit the religious ad social eeds of the society. Examples ca
 be foud throughout the Middle East, North Africa ad Spai, ad ere to becom
e a sigificat stylistic ifluece o Europea architecture durig the Medieval
period.

Wells Cathedral, Somerset, Eglad, Uited Kigdom.

I Europe, i both the Classical ad Medieval periods, buildigs ere ot attrib
uted to specific idividuals ad the ames of the architects frequetly uko,
despite the vast scale of the may religious buildigs extat from this period.
Durig the Medieval period guilds ere formed by craftsme to orgaise their tra
de ad ritte cotracts have survived, particularly i relatio to ecclesiastic
al buildigs. The role of architect as usually oe ith that of master maso, o
r Magister lathomorum as they are sometimes described i cotemporary documets.
Over time the complexity of buildigs ad their types icreased. Geeral civil c
ostructio such as roads ad bridges bega to be built. May e buildig types
such as schools, hospitals, ad recreatioal facilities emerged.
[edit]Reaissace ad the architect

La Rotoda, by Palladio.
With the Reaissace ad its emphasis o the idividual ad humaity rather tha
religio, ad ith all its attedat progress ad achievemets, a e chapter b
ega. Buildigs ere ascribed to specific architects - Bruelleschi, Alberti, Mi
chelagelo, Palladio - ad the cult of the idividual had begu.
There as still o dividig lie betee artist, architect ad egieer, or ay
of the related vocatios, ad the appellatio as ofte oe of regioal prefere
ce. At this stage, it as still possible for a artist to desig a bridge as the
level of structural calculatios ivolved as ithi the scope of the geeralis
t.
[edit]Early Moder ad the Idustrial Age
With the emergig koledge i scietific fields ad the rise of e materials a
d techology, architecture ad egieerig bega to separate, ad the architect
bega to cocetrate o aesthetics ad the humaist aspects, ofte at the expe
se of techical aspects of buildig desig.

St Pacras Midlad Hotel, Lodo, Uited Kigdom

There as also the rise of the "getlema architect" ho usually dealt ith eal
thy cliets ad cocetrated predomiatly o visual qualities derived usually f
rom historical prototypes, typified by the may coutry houses of Great Britai
that ere created i the Neo Gothic or Scottish Baroial styles.
Formal architectural traiig i the 19th cetury, for example at Ecole des Beau
x Arts i Frace, gave much emphasis to the productio of beautiful draigs ad
little to cotext ad feasibility. Effective architects geerally received thei
r traiig i the offices of other architects, graduatig to the role from draug
htsme or clerks.
Meahile, the Idustrial Revolutio laid ope the door for mass productio ad
cosumptio. Aesthetics became a criterio for the middle class as orameted pr
oducts, oce ithi the provice of expesive craftsmaship, became cheaper ude
r machie productio.
Veracular architecture became icreasigly orametal. House builders could use
curret architectural desig i their ork by combiig features foud i patte
r books ad architectural jourals.

[edit]Moderism ad reactio of architecture
Mai article: Moder architecture

The Bauhaus Dessau architecture departmet from 1925 by Walter Gropius

The dissatisfactio ith such a geeral situatio at the tur of the tetieth c
etury gave rise to may e lies of thought that served as precursors to Moder
 Architecture. Notable amog these is the Deutscher Werkbud, formed i 1907 to
produce better quality machie made objects. The rise of the professio of idu
strial desig is usually placed here.
Folloig this lead, the Bauhaus school, fouded i Germay i 1919, cosciously
rejected history ad looked at architecture as a sythesis of art, craft, ad t
echology.
Whe Moder architecture as first practiced, it as a avat-garde movemet it
h moral, philosophical, ad aesthetic uderpiigs. Immediately after World War
I, pioeerig moderist architects sought to develop a completely e style app
ropriate for a e post-ar social ad ecoomic order, focused o meetig the e
eds of the middle ad orkig classes. They rejected the architectural practice
of the academic refiemet of historical styles hich served the rapidly declii
g aristocratic order.

Falligater by Frak Lloyd Wright.

The approach of the Moderist architects as to reduce buildigs to pure forms,
removig historical refereces ad oramet i favor of fuctioalist details. B
uildigs that displayed their costructio ad structure, exposig steel beams a
d cocrete surfaces istead of hidig them behid traditioal forms, ere see
as beautiful i their o right.
Architects such as Mies va der Rohe orked to create beauty based o the ihere
t qualities of buildig materials ad moder costructio techiques, tradig t
raditioal historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebratig the e me
as ad methods made possible by the Idustrial Revolutio.
May architects resisted Moderism, fidig it devoid of the decorative richess
of orameted styles. As the fouders of the Iteratioal Style lost ifluece
i the late 1970s, Postmoderism developed as a reactio agaist the austerity
of Moderism. Robert Veturi's cotetio that a "decorated shed" (a ordiary b
uildig hich is fuctioally desiged iside ad embellished o the outside) a
s better tha a "duck" (a buildig i hich the hole form ad its fuctio are
tied together) gives a idea of this approach.
[edit]Architecture today
Mai article: Cotemporary architecture

Postmoder desig at Gare do Oriete, Lisbo, Portugal, by Satiago Calatrava.

Part of the architectural professio, ad also some o-architects, respoded to
Moderism ad Postmoderism by goig to hat they cosidered the root of the pr
oblem. They felt that architecture as ot a persoal philosophical or aesthetic
pursuit by idividualists; rather it had to cosider everyday eeds of people a
d use techology to give a livable eviromet.
The Desig Methodology Movemet ivolvig people such as Christopher Alexader s
tarted searchig for more people-orieted desigs. Extesive studies o areas su
ch as behavioral, evirometal, ad social scieces ere doe ad started ifor
mig the desig process.
As the complexity of buildigs bega to icrease (i terms of structural systems
, services, eergy ad techologies), architecture started becomig more multi-d
iscipliary. Architecture today usually requires a team of specialist professio
als, ith the architect beig oe of may, although usually the team leader.
Durig the last to decades of the tetieth cetury ad ito the e milleium
, the field of architecture sa the rise of specializatios by project type, tec
hological expertise or project delivery methods. I additio, there has bee a
icreased separatio of the 'desig' architect [a] from the 'project' architect
.[b]
Movig the issues of evirometal sustaiability ito the maistream is a sigi
ficat developmet i the architecture professio. Sustaiability i architectur
e as pioeered i the 1970s by architects such as Ia McHarg i the US ad Bre
da ad Robert Vale i the UK ad Ne Zealad. There has bee a acceleratio i
the umber of buildigs hich seek to meet gree buildig sustaiable desig pri
ciples. It is o expected that architects ill itegrate sustaiable priciple
s ito their projects.[19] A example of a architecturally iovative gree bui
ldig is the Dyamic Toer hich ill be poered by id turbies ad solar pae
ls.[20]