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Architecture
(from Greek word ἀρχιτεκτονική
- a h ) s h a ad s f d
u g bu ld h phys al s u u s f huma shl us.
gsa d
A w d d f f luds h ds g f h al bu l v m, f
m h ma lvl f h w a bu ld g g a s w h s su ud g x (s
wpla
g, u ba
ds g, ad lads ap a h u ) h m lvl f
a h u al s u dwa . W
d a lsa d, sm ms, fu u a d ha
d s ll, a h u s h a v y f d s g g a y d f sys m.
As a p fss , a h u f s h p fss al s v s p v dd by a
h s.
A h u s als xp d[1] h ugh h s s s, wh h h f g vs
s au al,[2] v sual, lfa y,[3] a d a l [4] a h u . As p pl m v
h ugh a spa , a h u s xp d as a m squ .[5]
xp ,
Ev hughu[wh ?] ul u s d sa h u b a v sual
h h s s s play a l h w w xp b h a u al a d bu l v
m s. A ud s wa ds h s s s d p d ul u .[6]
Th d s g p ss a d
h s s y xp f a spa a d s ly s pa a v ws, a h w h s
w la guag ad assump s.
A h u al w s a f p vd as ulu al ad p l
al symb ls a d,s
m ms, as w s f a . H s al
v l za s a f w p ma ly h
ugh h a h u al a h vm s.
Su h bu ld gs as h py am ds f Egyp ad h R ma C l ssum a ul u al sym
b ls, a d a a mp a l
publ v wh s h la s hav
s us ss,
d s v d mu hab u a pas v l za h ugh h m as. C s, g s
u d fy hmslvs w h (ad a w by) h a h
ad ul u s
u al m um s.[7]
C s <h d>
1 E ym l gyad appl a f h m
2 Th A h
3 Th y f A h u
3.1 H s a ss
3.2 Md p s f a h u
4 H s y
4.1 O g s ad h a w ld
4.2 Th Md val bu ld
4.3 Ra ssa ad h a h
4.4 Ea ly M d ad h Idus alAg
4.5 M d
sm
ad a f a h u
4.6 A h u day
5 S als
6 N s
7 R f s
8 Ex
al l s
[ d ]E ym l gy a d appl a f h m
Th w d "a h u " ms f m h La a h u a ad ha f m G αρχιτέκτων (a
), "master builder", from the combiatio of αρχι- (a h -), " h f" "lad " ad τέκτω
), a "builder" or "carpeter".[8][9] While the primary applicatio of the ord "
architecture" pertais to the built eviromet, by extesio, the term has come
to deote the art ad disciplie of creatig a actual (or iferrig a implied
or apparet) pla of ay complex object or system.
The term ca be used to coote the implied architecture of mathematics or of ab
stract thigs such as music, the apparet architecture of atural thigs, such a
s geological formatios or the structure of biological cells, or explicitly pla
ed architectures of hich preserves the relatioships amog the elemets or com
poets.
[edit]The Architect
Mai article: architect
Architects pla, desig ad revie the costructio of buildigs ad structures
for the use of people by the creative orgaisatio of materials ad compoets
ith cosideratio to mass, space, form, volume, texture, structure, light, shado
, materials, program, ad pragmatic elemets such as cost, costructio limitat
ios ad techology, to achieve a ed hich is usually fuctioal, ecoomical,
practical ad ofte artistic. This distiguishes architecture from egieerig d
esig, hich has as its primary object the creative maipulatio of materials a
d forms usig mathematical ad scietific priciples.
As documetatio produced by architects, typically draigs, plas ad techica;
specificatios, architecture defies the structure ad/or behavior of a buildi
g or ay other kid of system that is to be or has bee costructed.
[edit]Theory of Architecture
Mai article: Architectural theory
[edit]Historic treatises
The Partheo, Athes, Greece, "the supreme example amog architectural sites."
(Fletcher).[13]
Leoe Battista Alberti, ho elaborates o the ideas of Vitruvius i his treatise
, De Re Aedificatoria, sa beauty primarily as a matter of proportio, although
oramet also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportio ere those tha
t govered the idealised huma figure, the Golde Mea.
The most importat aspect of beauty as therefore a iheret part of a object,
rather tha somethig applied superficially; ad as based o uiversal, recog
isable truths. The otio of style i the arts as ot developed util the 16th
cetury, ith the ritig of Vasari.[14] The treatises, by the 18th cetury, had
bee traslated ito Italia, Frech, Spaish ad Eglish.
I the early ieteeth cetury, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugi rote Cotrasts
(1836) that, as the titled suggested, cotrasted the moder, idustrial orld,
hich he disparaged, ith a idealized image of eo-medieval orld. Gothic archit
ecture, Pugi believed, as the oly “true Christia form of architecture.”
The 19th cetury Eglish art critic, Joh Ruski, i his Seve Lamps of Architec
ture, published 1849,[15] as much arroer i his vie of hat costituted arch
itecture. Architecture as the "art hich so disposes ad adors the edifices ra
ised by me ... that the sight of them" cotributes "to his metal health, poer
, ad pleasure".
For Ruski, the aesthetic as of overridig sigificace. His ork goes o to st
ate that a buildig is ot truly a ork of architecture uless it is i some ay
"adored". For Ruski, a ell-costructed, ell-proportioed, fuctioal buildi
g eeded strig courses or rusticatio, at the very least.
O the differece betee the ideals of "architecture" ad mere "costructio",
the reoed 20th C. architect Le Corbusier rote: "You employ stoe, ood, ad
cocrete, ad ith these materials you build houses ad palaces: that is costru
ctio. Igeuity is at ork. But suddely you touch my heart, you do me good. I
am happy ad I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture".[16]
Agkor, Cambodia.
Early huma settlemets ere mostly rural. Due to a surplus i productio the ec
oomy bega to expad resultig i urbaizatio thus creatig urba areas hich
gre ad evolved very rapidly i some cases, such as that of Çatal Huyuk i Aatol
ia ad Mohejo Daro i Pakista.
I may aciet civilizatios, like the Egyptias' ad Mesopotamias', architect
ure ad urbaism reflected the costat egagemet ith the divie ad the super
atural, hile i other aciet cultures such as Persia architecture ad urba p
laig as used to exemplify the poer of the state.
The architecture ad urbaism of the Classical civilizatios such as the Greek a
d the Roma evolved from civic ideals rather tha religious or empirical oes a
d e buildig types emerged. Architectural styles developed.
Texts o architecture bega to be ritte i the Classical period. These became
caos to be folloed i importat orks, especially religious architecture. Som
e examples of caos are foud i the ritigs of Vitruvius, the Kao Gog Ji of
aciet Chia[18] ad Vaastu Shastra of aciet Idia.
The architecture of differet parts of Asia developed alog differet lies to t
hat of Europe, Buddhist, Hidu ad Sikh architecture each havig differet chara
cteristics. Buddhist architecture, i particular, shoed great regioal diversit
y. I may Asia coutries a patheistic religio led to architectural forms tha
t ere desiged specifically to ehace the atural ladscape.
[edit]The Medieval builder
La Rotoda, by Palladio.
With the Reaissace ad its emphasis o the idividual ad humaity rather tha
religio, ad ith all its attedat progress ad achievemets, a e chapter b
ega. Buildigs ere ascribed to specific architects - Bruelleschi, Alberti, Mi
chelagelo, Palladio - ad the cult of the idividual had begu.
There as still o dividig lie betee artist, architect ad egieer, or ay
of the related vocatios, ad the appellatio as ofte oe of regioal prefere
ce. At this stage, it as still possible for a artist to desig a bridge as the
level of structural calculatios ivolved as ithi the scope of the geeralis
t.
[edit]Early Moder ad the Idustrial Age
With the emergig koledge i scietific fields ad the rise of e materials a
d techology, architecture ad egieerig bega to separate, ad the architect
bega to cocetrate o aesthetics ad the humaist aspects, ofte at the expe
se of techical aspects of buildig desig.