1.

1 HUMAN BREATHING MECHANISM

Parts Function
Rib cage Protects the lungs
Nasal cavity To warm, moisten and filter fine particles like dust
Intercostal muscle Raises and lowers the rib cage during breathing
Diaphragm Changes the air pressure in the thoracic cavity by
increasing and decreasing the thoracic volume.
Alveolus The place where the exchange of gases takes place

1. Breathing is a process during which our body:

a) Takes in of oxygen – INHALATION
b) Lets out of carbon dioxide – EXHALATION

2. Pathway of inhaled

Nose Trachea Bronchus Bronchiole Alveolus

ACTIVITY
1.

1
2
Concept Map

RESPIRATION

Involve
Processes
s
Human
respiratory
system Inhale Exhale
Consist
s of

- Ribs Air taken Air taken

Breathing - in out
organs Diaphragm
- Intercostal
muscles
Nasal cavity
Caused by

Trachea Change in pressure

Bronchu
ss
Situated in the
lungs
Bronchiol
e

Alveolu
s

O2
CO2

3
 OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
3 One of the waste products of respiration is
A. Carbon dioxide
1 Figure 1 below shows a cross- section of the 9 Which of the following organs is not involved in
B. Carbon monoxide
human respiratory system. the respiratory system?
C.
A Nitrogen
Lungs dioxide
B Nitrogen
D. Ribs oxide
C Diaphragm
D Heart
- Thoracic cavity becomes bigger
10 - Air pressure inside the lungs is lowered
- Air is forced into the lungs

4 The information above shows the process

of…..
Figure 1
A digestion
Which of the following represents P, Q, R and S?
B inhalation
P Q R S
A Trachea Alveolus Bronchus Bronchiole C exhalation
B Trachea Bronchus Alveolus Bronchiole D respiration
Figure 3
C Bronchus Alveolus Bronchiole Trachea
D Alveolus Trachea Bronchus Bronchiole
6. Which of the following, represents the lung ?
A P C R Figure 5
2 B Q D S
W - Alveolus What takes place in the structure labelled S?
7. What happens to the diaphragm during A Exchange of gases for breathing
A
inhalation? X - Bronchiole B Secretion of enzymes for food digestion
Y - Bronchus C Production of oxygen for respiration
A It curves and moves upwards D Production of new cells to replace dead cells
B It relaxes Z and
- moves
Trachea upwards
C It contracts and Table
moves1downwards 11 B
D table
The It curves
showsand
the moves
variousdownwards
parts of the human
respiratory system.
8
Which is the correct sequence for the flow of
oxygen from the air to the lungs ? C

A. W  X  Y  Z D
Air is exhaled out of the lungs in this sequence
B. W  Y  X  Z A K, L, M, N Figure 2
B N, M, K, L
C. Z  X  Y  W 5 InCFigureM,2,K,which
L, N part is the trachea?
D N, L, K, M
D. Z  Y  X  W
Figure 4
12 In the breathing mechanism, which action
Figure 4 shows a model of the human reduces the volume of the thoracic cavity?
respiratory system. Which of the following A The outer intercostal muscles contract.
statements is not true when the rubber sheet B The inner intercostal muscles contract.
is pulled downwards? Stopper C The diaphragm muscle contracts.
A Pressure in the bell jar decreases. D The outer rib cage moves upwards and
B Both balloons expand. forwards.
C Air enters into the balloons. 4
D Both balloons expand until they
burst.
 P

Q
16
13 Which of the following releases water
vapour into the air? R
I Respiration
II Transpiration S
III Photosynthesis

A Rubber sheet
I and II only
B I and III only
C II and III only
D I, II and III

14 Figure 7

Figure 7 shows the breathing mechanism.

At which of the points, A, B, C or D is the
air pressure lowest?

17

Figure 8
Figure 6 Figure 8 shows the air passage from the
Figure 6 shows a simple model of the nose to structure X. What are the
thoracic cavity. Which of the following characteristics of structure X?
occurs when the diaphragm curves I Moist surface
upwards? II Thin-walled
A Outer intercostal muscles contract. III Surrounded by a network of blood
B Air from the atmosphere is inhaled into capillaries
the lungs.
C Diaphragm muscle contracts. A I and II only
D Air pressure in the thoracic cavity is B I and III only
higher than the atmospheric pressure. C II and III only
D I, II and III
15 Which of the following occurs when the
outer intercostal muscles contract? 18 Which of the following correctly shows the
I The ribs move upwards. contents of inhaled air and exhaled air?
II Inner intercostal muscles contract.
III Diaphragm muscle contracts. Gas Inhaled air Exhaled
IV Volume of the thoracic cavity air
decreases. Oxygen 21 % 16 %
I
A I and II only II Carbon 0.03 % 4%
B I and III only dioxide
C II and IV only III Nitrogen 78 % 78 %
D I, III and IV only IV Water A little 50 %
vapour

A I and II only
5 B III and IV only
C II, III and IV only
D I, II, III and IV
STRUCTURE QUESTIONS

1. Diagram 1 shows a part of the respiratory system.

(a) Name the structures labelled P, Q and R

6
 Diagram 1

Trachea Rib Diaphragm

(b) Draw lines to show the correct match between the structures and their
description.
A sheet of muscles which separates the thorax from the abdomen
P

Tube supported by rings of cartilage

Q
Space where air passes through

R Bones that form the rib cage to protect the lungs

2. Diagram 2 below shows the process of inhalation in the human

breathing mechanism.

7
 Diagram 2

(a) Following the path of the air in the diagram 2, state what
happens to the following parts during inhalation.

External intercostal muscles:

Ribs:

Diaphragm:

Thoracic cavity:

Lungs:

(b) Name three types of gases inhaled in during the process of

inhalation.

8
 Figure 1
Figure 1 shows the human respiratory system.

(a) Name the structures X, Y and Z.

(i) X:
_____________________________________________________

(ii) Y :
____________________________________________________

(iii) Z :
_____________________________________________________

(b) Name the gas that diffuses through the alveolus into the capillaries.

_____________________________________________________

(c) What takes place at Z?

_____________________________________________________

(d) Complete the flow chart below to show the sequence of air
movement from the nose to the alveolus.

1.2 TRANSPORT OF OXYGEN IN THE HUMAN

9
 Oxygen Oxygenated
+ blood
haemoglobin

Deoxygenated
Oxyhaemoglobin blood

Oxyhaemoglobin

Decomposes

Oxygen

Diffuses into the cells

1. Oxygen in the inhaled air that is taken into the alveolus in the
lungs will diffuse into the blood capillaries.
2. The alveolus is efficient in gaseous exchange because:
a) it has a one-cell thick
b) it has moist (this helps gas to dissolve)
c) it is surrounded by a large network of blood
capillaries
d) it has millions of alveoli to increase its surface area.
3. In the blood oxygen will combine with the haemoglobin in
the red blood cells to form oxyhaemoglobin.
4. When oxyhaemoglobin reaches the body tissues, it
decomposes to release oxygen. The oxygen then diffuses into
the cells. In the body cells, the oxygen is used for respiration.
5. Respiration is a food oxidation process in the body cells to
release energy, carbon dioxide and water.

Glucose + oxygen carbon + water + energy

dioxide

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 ACTIVITY

Oxygen

NASAL CAVITY

ALVEOLUS

Diffusion

Red blood cell

Combines with oxygen

Breaks down into

Products of digestion

A type of process

BODY CELL

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

11
1 Alveolus is suitable for diffusion of gases 4
because it has

I thin walls
II dry surface area
III large number of blood capillaries
IV small surface area
6 Cell respiration can be represented by the 10 The oxidation of food in a cell during cell
A following
I and II word equation: respiration as shown in the diagram below
B I and III
will produce a Figure
gas. 2
C II and
Glucose + III
J K + water + carbon dioxide
D II and IV
Figure 2 shows the alveolus and the blood
What do J and K represent? vessels around it. Haemoglobin is
2 Figure
\ 1 below shows the exchange of gases transported from blood vessel X to blood
betweenJ an alveolus and a blood
K capillary. vessel Y. Which of the following pairs
A Oxygen Food represents blood vessels X and Y?
B Oxygen Energy The gas X can Y
C Haemoglobin Amino acids A Pulmonary vein Pulmonary artery
D Ribosomes Energy B A. Pulmonary
turn lime artery Pulmonary vein
water chalky.
C B. Vena cava
ignite Aorta
a glowing splinter.
D C. Aorta Vena cava
be used for respiration.
7 How does oxygen in the alveolus enter the D. support combustion.
blood? 5
11
A By osmosis
B By reverse osmosis
C By diffusion
D By transpiration
Figure 1

The exchange of gases between the alveolus and

8 Which
the blood of theisfollowing
capillary by characteristics help the
alveolus absorb oxygen more
efficiently?
A diffusion Gas Y that enters the blood stream from the
B transfusion alveolus is used by cells as shown above
I the alveolus is always dry
C convection in the process of
II the alveolus has a large surface area
D conduction
III the alveolus has thin walls A. assilimation. Figure 3
IV blood capillaries that carry
3 Which of the following statements is true about oxygen B. digestion.
surround
the oxidation of foodthethat
alveolus
takes place in cells? C. respiration.
Which of the following represents gases X
I This process is called respiration. D. Y?
and breathing.
A. I, is
II Energy II, absorbed.
and III only X Y
B. I,vapour
III Water III, andisIVreleased
only in this process. 12 A The breathing process is
Carbon dioxide important in order
Oxygen
C. II, III, and IV only Bto Oxygen Carbon dioxide
D. I,
A I and II onlyII, III, IV CI lower the water vapour
Hydrogen content in the
Oxygen
B I and III only D alveoli.
Oxygen Hydrogen
C 9 IIHow
and isIII oxygen
only from the lungs transported to II increase the amount of oxygen in the
D I, every
II andcell
III in our body? alveoli.
III lower the concentration of carbon
A. It is transported in the form of dioxide in the alveoli.
oxyhaemoglobin in red blood cells.
B. It is transported in the form of A.. I and II only
carboxyhaemoglobin. B. I and III only
C. It is transported by the white blood C. II and III only
cells. D. I, II and III
D. It is transported in the plasma.
12
STRUCTURE QUESTIONS

13
1

(a) Name the parts labeled P, Q, and R using the following terms

Alveolus bronchiole capillary

( b) Draw a line to show the correct match between the structure and
their descriptions

Structure Description

Small branches inside the lungs . At the end

of these tubes are the alveoli
P

Tube that leads into the lungs and divides

into smaller tube
Q
The structure are sounded by tiny blood
vessels

R
The smallest blood vessel in our body

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 Figure 2

Figure 2 shows an air sac surrounded by blood capillaries in the lung.

(a) What is the difference between the blood in blood vessels X and Y?

__________________________________________________________

(c) What is the name of the air sac in the lung?

(d) State three characteristics of the air sac which can increase the
efficiency of gas diffusion.

(i) ___________________________________________________

(ii) ___________________________________________________

(iii)

(e) What happens to the oxygen that diffuses into the blood in the blood
capillaries?

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

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 Figure 3
(a) Based on figure 15, state
(i) Gas P :
_________________________________________________________

(ii) Gas Q :
________________________________________________________

(b) Which blood is

(i) oxygenated blood?
________________________________________________

(ii) deoxygenated blood? ___________________________________

(c) State the process which causes the exchange of gases on the surface of an
alveolus.
______________________________________________________________

(d) Why does the wall of an alveolus allow gases to be exchanged rapidly?
___________________________________________________________
___

1.3 IMPORTANCE OF A HEALTHY RESPIRATION SYSTEM

TThe substances which are harmful to the respiratory system

16
 Causes a lack of O2
in our body
Causes various Causes addiction
types of cancer

Carbon
monoxxide
Carcinogens Nicotine

Tar Cigarett Irritants

e smoke

Causes lung Cough and lung

cancer cancer

SOURCE

Lead
Factory Fine dust
Vehicle
smoke

Carbon
monoxide Tiny solid
particles

Sulphur
dioxide
Benzo-alpha-pirena

Bronchitis

Lung cancer

Coughs

Breathing difficulties
ACTIVITY

Complete the flow chart below

Air pollutants

Such as

17
 Cigarette Tiny solid
smoke 1……………… particles (haze) 2………………
. .

3. Sticky brown substance

Chemicals which irritate the air passages and alveoli in

4.. the lungs

Nicotine Harmful 5…………………………. Which causes

addiction

6. Cancer causing chemicals

Nicotine Colourless, odourless and poisonous gas which

prevents 7……………………….. from transporting
8……………………………. Around the body

Causes diseases such aa

CONCEPT MAP

18
 Breathing

involves

Inhalation Exhalation

of

Air

Which contains

Harmful substances

such as

Nicotine, tar, sulphur dioxide, tiny solid particles, carbon monoxide,

toxins and carcinogens

that cause

Diseases that affect the respiratory system

such as

Asthma, bronchitis, emphysema and lung cancer

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

19
 4 The following diseases are caused by smoking
1. Figure 1 below shows an experiment to except
investigate the effects of smoking on the lungs A heart disease
B lung cancer
C tuberculosis
D bronchitis

Figure 1
What are represented by Q, R and S?
Q R S
A Filter pump Cotton wool Universal
indicator
Figure 2
B Condenser Cotton wool Universal
Figure 2 shows an experiment to study the
indicator
effects of smoking on the lungs. What can be
C Filter pump Cotton wool Sulfuric acid
observed at the end of the experiment?
D Filter pump Manila Universal
I The moist white cotton turns yellowish
paper indicator brown.
II The colour of the bicarbonate indicator
turns from red to yellow.
2 Which of the following pollutants and their effects III The thermometer records a rise in
is correctly matched? temperature.

Pollutant Effect A I and II only

A Haze Causes cancer B I and III only
B Tar Reduces the acidity of the C II and III only
4 lungs D I, II and III
C Carbon dioxide Increases cell activity
D Sulphur dioxide Damages lung tissue 6 The carbon monoxide in the smoke that is
released from the exhaust of vehicles can
3 Which of the following activities causes haze?
A. block oxygen supply to parts of the body.
A Generating hydroelectricity B. trigger the growth of cancer cells.
B Excessive spraying of chemical pesticides C. destroy the walls of the trachea.
C Barbecuing food D. stick to the lungs.
D Burning of agricultural waste

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 Table 1
Table 1 shows the substances in cigarette smoke and their respective adverse
effects. Which of the following represents substances X, Y and Z?
X Y Z
A Nicotine Tobacco tar Acidic gas
B Tobacco tar Nicotine Carcinogenic substances
C Carcinogenic substances Acidic gas Tobacco tar
D Acidic gas Carcinogenic Nicotine
substances

8 Carbon monoxide harms the respiratory system11 Why are cigarette smokers sometimes short
by of breath?

A. stimulating the growth of cancer cells. A Their lung tissue has turned black
B. killing the red blood cells along the trachea B Cigarette smoke reduces the amount of
wall. oxygen in the blood
C. sticking to the heart and the walls of air C Their lung tissue contains nicotine
passages. D There are many poisonous gases in their
D. combining with haemoglobin and slowing lymphatic system
down oxygen transport
12 Which of the following diseases is caused by
smoking cigarettes?
9 Which of the following pollutant in cigarettes is
correctly matched to its harmful I Lung cancer
effect? II Emphysema
III Bronchitis
Pollutant Harmful effect IV Hepatitis
A Tar Bronchitis
B Nicotine Hardens blood A I and II only
vessels B III and IV only
C Carcinogens Emphysema C I, II and III only
D Carbon monoxide Smoker’s cough D I, II, III and IV

10 What is the substance in cigarette smoke that

causes addiction?

A Tar
B Nicotine
C Carbon monoxide
D Sulphur dioxide

STRUCTURE QUESTIONS

21
 1. Figure 1 below shows the model of the human respiratory system.

Figure 1

a) When the cigarette is lighted, state your observations on the following.

i) The temperature :

___________________________________________________________

ii) The white cotton wool :

___________________________________________________________

iii) The hydrogen carbonate indicator

___________________________________________________________

b) State three good habits that can help to improve the quality of air.
i)_________________________________________________________
____

ii)____________________________________________________________

iii)____________________________________________________________

c) Name two diseases that affect the human respiratory system.

i) _______________________________________________

ii) _______________________________________________

ANSWERS

22
1.1
Activity (Page 1 )
1. A (Nasal Cavity)
2. B (Lungs)
3. Down
4. E (Bronchus)
5. C (Bronchiole)
6. F (Ribs)

ACTIVITY (Page 2)

Breathing is controlled by muscle

Contracts and move dowanwards and flattens // Espands and curves upwards
Increases // Decreases
Decreases // Increases
Contracts // Relaxes
Relaxes // Contracts
Upwards and outwards // Downwards and inwards
Air enters into the lungs // Air flows out

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS (Page 4)

1. A
2. D
3. A
4. B
5. B
6. C
7. C
8. D
9. D
10. A
11. C
12. A
13. A
14. D
15. D
16. C
17. D
18. D

STRUCTURE QUESTIONS (page 7-9)

1. a) P; Trachea
Q; Rib
R: Diaphragm

b) Q: Bones that form the rib cage to protect the lungs

R: A sheet of muscles which separates the thorax from abdomen

2. ai) Contracts
ii) Upwards and outwards

23
 iii) Contracts and move dowanwards and flattens
iv) Increases
v)

b) Oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen

3. (a) (i) X: Trachea

(ii) Y: Bronchus
(iii) Z: Bronchiole
(b) Oxygen
(c) Exchange of gases in breathing
(d)

1.2
Activity (Page 11 )
Trachea – BronBronchus – Bronchiole – Haemoglobin –Oxyheamoglobin – Oxygen

Glusoce Energy
Cell respiration Carbon dioxide
Water

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS (Page 12-13)

1. B
2. A
3. B
4. B
5. A
6. B
7. C
8. C
9. A
10. A
11. C
12. D

STRUCTURE QUESTIONS (page 14 -16)

1.a) P: Capillary
Q: Bronchiole
R: Alveolus
b) Q: Small branches inside the lungs. At the end of these tubes are the alveoli.
R: The structure are srounded by tiny blood vessels.
2) (a) Blood vessel X carries deoxygenated blood while blood vessel Y carries
oxygenated blood
(b)

24
 (c) Alveolus
(d) (i) Has thin wall
(ii) Moist surface
(iii) Plenty of blood capillary networks
(e) Oxygen combines with haemoglobin in the red blood cells to form
oxyhaemoglobin.

3 a) gas P – oxygen, gas Q – carbon dioxide

b) i) Y ii) X

c) diffusion

d) walls of the alveoli are one-cell thick, have a large surface area

1.3

Activity (Page 18 )
1. Sulphur dioxide
2. Toxins
3. Tar
4. Irritents
5. Substance
6. Carcinogens
7. Haemoglobin
8. Oxygen
9. Asthma
10. Emphysema
11. Bronchitis
12. Lung Cancer
13. Poenumonia

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS (Page 4)

1. A
2. D
3. D
4. C
5. D
6. A
7. A
8. D
9. B
10. B
11. B
12. C

STRUCTURE QUESTIONS (page 22)

1. a) i. The temperature raise

ii. The colour of white cotton wool turns from white to brownish yellow

25
 iii. The hydrogen carbonate turns from red to yellow

b) i) Abstain from smoking

ii) Car pool
iii) Minimise air conditioning use
iv) Keep carpet and floor dust free
v) Maintain a low humidity to prevent mould growth

(c) i) Asthma
ii) Bronchitis
iii) Lung cancer
iv) Emphysema
v) Pneumonia

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