Sowing the seeds for future efficiency

programs
p ga :
The Commercial Buildings Sector

Maithili Iyer
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

August 6, 2008
 What do we know about the
commercial
i l sector iin IIndia?
di ?
Electricity Consumption in India by Sectors

1600 Others
Other,
1400
8% Traction
1200
Commercial
t rillion btu

HVAC Lighti
1000
, 32% ng,
60% Residential
800
600 A i lt
Agriculture
400 Industry
200
Total
0
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
00
02
04
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
Commercial Building Stock in
India
di
Distribution of buildings across major activity groups

5,000

4,500

4,000 Private others

NGOs and NPI
3,500
G t & PSU
Govt.
Thousands

3,000

2,500
Private
2,000 others ,
2% Govt. &
1,500
PSU , 16%
1,000
,
Private
Pri ate NPI
500 , 4%

ns

n
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ur

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uc
su

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ac

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ta
ai
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i
Pvt.Uninc.
sa
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uf

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et

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P tU i
Pvt.Uninc.
an

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th

ity
el

Tr
nt

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Te
ot

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Part. , 78%
as

un
na
ai

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ea

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H

&

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,g

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Fi

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R

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st

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ty

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‡ Estimated total commercial building stock of
~13 million
‡ Rural-urban split of 47-53; and 79-21 in PSU
Commercial Building Stock in
India
di (C
(Contd.)
d)
Distribution of floorspace across major activity groups
2500

2000
on sf

1500
millio

1000

500
Private
others ,
0 4%

ns

e;
ts

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Govt. &

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rv
w
ct

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ca

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or
ur

PSU , 28%
lT

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su

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tr u

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de

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e

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ni
ta

ss
ai

ci
al
r

ity
u
es
te

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t,

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on

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or

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el

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tr a
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as

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ti n

is
H

n
&
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Fi

in

th
en
st
ty

O
Po

Private
ad
ci

Pvt.Uninc.
Pvt Uninc
ri

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ct

ic
NPI , 3%
at

Prop &
e

bl
st
El

pu
le

Pvt.Uninc.
ea

Part. , 65%
R

‡ Estimated total floorspace of ~10

10.5
5 billion sf
‡ A rural-urban split of 40-60; and 47-53 in PSU
H
How does
d the
h commerciali l sector iin
the U.S. look?
C
Commercial
i l SSector iin the
h U.S.
S

Energy Consumption in the U.S.

120000

100000

80000
trilliion btu

60000

40000

20000

0
49

52

55

58

61

64

67

70

73

76

79

82

85

88

91

94

97

00

03

06
19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

20

20

20
I d
Indy R i
Resi C
Comm T
Trans All
 Building distribution by activity
type
900 14,000

800 # buildings
floor space 12,000

on sf)
700
10,000

floor space (millio

600
buildings

500 8,000
('000)

400 6,000
300
4,000
200
2,000
100

0 0

ip
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n

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• Commercial building Stock of ~ 4.8 million, with ~71 billion sf

EUI in
EUIs i new construction
i
120

100

80
UI (kbtu/sf)

60
1992 (80
(80.9)
9)
EU

40
1995 (90.5)
1999 (85.1)
20
2003 (91)

0
Pre-1919 1920- 1946- 1960- 1970- 1980- 1990- 2000-
1945 1959 1969 1979 1989 1999 2003
Year constructed
Status of energy codes in the
US
U.S.

Codes Complia nce

AR 55%
CA 75%
IA 53%
ID 52%
LA 65%
MA 46%
MT 87%
OR 100%
VT 58%
WA 94%
Findings from LBNL study on additional
savings opportunities in the buildings
sector
‡ 8-10% gains beyond codes and standards are “state of the shelf”,
g , and can be prescribed.
cost-effective in most buildings, p
‡ 30% gains beyond code are readily doable in most buildings.
‡ 50% gains are uncommon but doable
„ fewer that 1 in 1,000 new buildings reach this level of
efficiency
ffi i
„ Top measures are day-lighting, advanced controls

10
CCE
Savings beyond exisitng codes and standards

9
E l e c t ric it y P ri c e

8
1.40

7
1.20

6
1.00

¢/kWh
5
Quad
d

0 80
0.80

4
0.60

3
0.40

2
0.20

1
0 00
0.00

0
HID-High Bay
y
Central Station AHU forr
Central Air-Source AC
C

C
Central Air-Source AC

HID-Low Bay
y
Distribution (0.5 HP))

Air Distribution (10 HP))

d
Personal Computer and
Air-Source AC (<65BTu))

Lamp/Ballastt

Supermarket Units
Exhaust Fan for Airr
3-Phase, Single Package

Central Water-Source

20Ice Machine

30 Cooler
20Fluorescent
HP (65 to 135 Btu)

Refrigeration -
(135 to 240 Btu)
(65 to 135 Btu)

Walk-in
04

06

08

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

Monitor
20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20
cooling heating w-heating lighting
comm refrg ventilation standby aggregate
How can efficiency programs work
with advancing requirements?
National Actions for Low Energy
B ildi
Buildings
‡ 2030 Challenge - AIA, US Conf. of Mayors
„ 60% reduction in fossil fuel used by new and renovated
buildings in 2010; subsequent 10%/yr improvement rising to
100% by 2030
‡ ASHRAE - 2010 Standard 30% more stringent than 2004

‡ USGBC – Strong market traction

„ LEED now requires energy performance requirements of
~15%; likely to increase in future
‡ EPACT 05 – tax incentives for designs using 50% less
energy than ASHRAE 90.1 -2001
‡ New construction program run by utilities in IA, MN, & CO
consistently save 30% more than the evolving code
LEED EUIs approaching the 2030
target in
i the
h U.S.
S

140

120

100
ured EUI

CBECS: 91
80
Measu

Certified: 67
60 Silver: 62
Gold-Platinum: 51

40

20

0
Certified Silver Gold Platinum Medium Energy Type Buildings

Source: NBI 2008

Fi di
Findings ffrom IIndia
di

‡ ECO III project audits of existing buildings shows energy

savings potential (~ 36 in Punjab and ~50 in Gujarat)
‡ BEE has conducted up to 26 audits
„ 9 Govt. buildings in phase I and 17 additional audits through
performance contracting
Sample building EUI for Offices in
G j
Gujarat, India
di
200
180
160
140

120
CBECS AVG - 97
kbtu/sf

100
k

80 LEED Median - 65
60
40

20
0
A A A A A A A A A A A G A B A A A A A A A
Do we k
D know enough h tto iimplement
l t
energy efficiency programs in India?
Equipment
i market
k share
h and
d efficiency
ffi i
‡ Helps identify equipment and potential for efficiency
improvement

Market share of heating equipment in CA

100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
ry

ce

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W
is

d
M

te
ra
e
rig
ef
R

Gas B o iler Electric B asebo ard Gas B asebo ard Electric R esistance Electric F urnace
F uel Oil F urnace Gas F urnac e LP G F urnace Wo o d F urnace Electric H eat P um p
F uel Oil H eat P um p Gas H eat P um p N o ne Electric Other Gas Other
LP G Other Electric R adiant H eat Gas R adiant H eat LP G R adiant H eat
What are the different building types
and
d their
h i energy consumption?
i ?
‡ Helps identify building types and potential for energy
savings
i

EUIs by
y building
g type
yp and size
60.0

50.0

40.0
kWh/sff

30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0
ce
i le
e
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er
ice
s

ty
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p
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1,001 to 10,000 Square Feet 10,001 to 100,000 Square Feet Over 100,000 Square
Feet
B h
Benchmarking
ki b buildings
ildi
‡ Energy
gy Star uses CBECS
„ Samples of ~5000 buildings
„ Covers over 20 building types
„ Representative sample by building size
„ Climate/geographical variability
‡ CalArch uses CEUS
„ Samples of 2800 commercial buildings
„ Covers four utility districts (PG&E, SCE, SDGE, SMUD)
and seven major climate zones within California.
„ Covers 12 major building types and 62 sub-types.
What are the immediate needs to
effectively implement efficiency
programs?

‡ Consolidate existing building energy audits

‡ Expand/diversify building types by activity, size,
andd climate
li t
‡ Initiate a commercial building energy
consumption survey