Dr.

Tran Thuc, MONRE

• “If the sea level rises by one meter,
around 40,000 sq. km. of coastal delta
will be flooded.”
• 10% of the Vietnamese population will
be affected.”
• “Losses will be equivalent to 10% of
the country’s gross domestic product
(GDP).”

61

IPCC 2007 for Policymakers: Various Impacts

62
 63

Impacts on agriculture For agricultural production, cropping pattern and livestock may be changed in some
regions, e.g. winter crop in the North would be shortened or even no longer exist, whereas the main crop would
prolong. Temperature rise with higher variability (both maximum and minimum temperatures) will combine with
other climatic extremes and natural disasters to induce pestilent insects and diseases to wide spread.
Consequently, agricultural production and food security would be seriously threatened (source: Vietnam NTP).

64
 65

For local (large scale) modelling of agricultural

& other impacts on Can Tho City, DRAGON is
using SEA-START scenarios

• A Southeast Asian consortium; see

www.sea-climatechange.org/doc.php
• These employ the regional climate
modelling system PRECIS, "Providing
Regional Climates for Impacts
Studies,” developed at the Hadley
Center, UK Met Office; see
http://precis.metoffice.com/
• (Also using UGSG Satellite Data)
66
Inundated areas of Winter-Spring crop at
sea level rise of 50 cm SLR scenario

67

Figure 4. Risk area (dark yellow) of aquaculture with

the assumption that all fish ponds of Can Tho city were
embanked with a height of 1.2m above the land level,
scenario SLR 50 cm
.

68
Impacts on Infrastructure and Industry: Temperature rise would also badly affect such
sectors as energy, transportation, industry, construction, tourism, trade, etc. due to the
fact that higher cost would be spent for cooling, ventilation, and maintenance. The
operation of offshore based oil rigs, gas pipe system and gas-fuelled power plants
located near the sea will be affected, making the operation and maintenance of machine
and equipments more costly (source: Vietnam NTP) Inundation effect map of
construction with elevation under 2.0 m, scenario SLR 50 cm

69

Impacts on biodiversity: Increasing temperature has potential impacts on natural

ecosystems. It would cause shifts in thermo-border of continental ecosystems and fresh
water ecosystems as well as shifts in flora and fauna structure in certain regions.
Degradation of biodiversity would accelerate due to loss of some temperate and sub-
tropical species (source: Vietnam NTP)

70
 MC1 Model
Is a dynamic global vegetation
model (DGVM) including three
biogeographic modules (MAPSS),
biogeochemistry model (modified
CENTURY) and fire module
(MCFIRE)
It simulates plant life form and
vegetation classes; the movement
of carbon, nitrogen and water fluxes
for ecosystems; and fire
disturbances
Can generate models of tens to
hundreds of years from now

71

Impacts on forestry, hydrology: Due to climate change, forest

ecosystems would be affected in different ways; e.g. Sea level rise can
make the existing mangrove forests shrunken, which in turn has
negative effects on indigo forest (Source: Vietnam NTP)

72
Impacts on Public Health: High temperature and humidity would elevate
pressures on human health, especially for old people and children, and cause
diseases, particularly tropical and infectious diseases by favoring growing
condition of bacteria, insects and diseases vectors (source: VN NTP).

Uses of GIS in Public Health:

• Determining geographic
distribution of diseases
• Analyzing spatial and
temporal trends
• Mapping populations at risk
• Stratifying risk factors
• Assessing resource
allocation
• Planning and targeting
interventions
• Monitoring diseases and
interventions over time

73

Vulnerability
“The degree to which a a system is susceptible to, and unable to
cope with, adverse effects of climate change, including climate
variability and extremes” (IPCC, 2007).
Climate change conditions are intersecting with increasingly
vulnerable populations
• Climate change impacts will affect regions and countries
unevenly, with the poorest countries suffering most from the
negative consequences of climate change
• Poorest countries are in the are in areas most exposed to
disaster and experience extreme climate events already
• Poorest countries lack resources to coping with damage after
being affected or even to gather information on what can be
done beforehand (IPCC)
• The nature and intensity of impacts will vary depending on the
vulnerability of different PLACES.

74
 Vulnerability is…

• Apparent even on scale of

nations: a 1 m rise in sea
level will flood 17 percent of
Bangladesh’s land mass
(occupied by 11 percent of
population)
• Apparent even within
affluent countries, e.g.
victims of 2003 European
heat wave and 2005 U.S.
Typhoon Katrina were
overwhelmingly poor,
isolated, elderly and children

75

Another positive feedback

loop…
• Development stress resulting from current
trends is magnified by increasing population
pressure on scare land resources
• Together with land degradation, this is
creating a positive feedback loop in which
poverty increases and the pressure on land
resources goes up
• Climate change thus threatens to undermine
development in poorer countries through
even more burdens.

76
 The Vulnerable in Vietnam

77

GIS data can be very helpful to assist the vulnerable, but you need
to be careful in choosing which data to use for what purpose
Source: Socio-Economic Atlas of Vietnam

78
 Policy Makers: What are your
Options?

79

The big picture: Mitigation and Adaptation

Mitigation measures aim to

avoid the adverse impacts of
climate change in the long
term

Adaptation measures are

designed to reduce
unavoidable impacts of
climate change in the short
and medium terms

80
 IPCC Models’ Influence on
Mitigation and Adaptation
• Very Influential in prompting policy
responses in measures to mitigate
climate change (for example, reduce
energy demand, conserve energy,
promote alternative energies)
• But adaptation to climate change has
been a slow area of policy to develop

81

Adaptation and Mitigation:

Artificial Boundaries?
• Mitigation has been seen as the
problem of More Developed Countries
(as the main emitters)
• Adaptation has been seen as the
problem of Developing Countries (as
the main victims)

82
 But some say…

Climate change can be

more usefully framed
as a developmental
rather than
environmental
problem; and therefore

Mitigation and
Adaptation should best
be pursued together

83

Preview of Dr. Pearson’s talk:

the associated costs

84
Vietnam is working on both, as we will see….

85

Adaptation is almost certainly

inevitable worldwide,
because…
• Even if GHGs could be fixed at 2005
levels, the world would be committed to
long term eventual warming of 2.4
degrees C.
• Therefore, strategies need to be in
place for adaptation to temperature
increase of at least 2 degrees C.

86
 Adaptation is a Must for Vietnam

Where do we start?

Perhaps with a look at the world leader in

climate change adaptation…

87

State of the Art in Adaptation:

The Netherlands
• Even in medium • Image of holladn
emissions climate
scenario, sea level
rise is 60 cm by
2100 (VN is 75 cm)
• 35 percent of
Netherlands is
below sea level

88
 Goal of Adaptation in the
Netherlands:
• To “Climate-Proof” the Country

89

Vietnam & the Netherlands?

• Isn’t it absurd to compare the Netherlands
and Vietnam?
• Vietnam does not currently have the capacity
to be like the Netherlands
• But in aspiring to similar goals as the
Netherlands, Vietnam could be a trend-setter
(and fund-raiser)
• Perhaps not “climate proof” as that implies
mastery over environment, but… take a good
look at how the Dutch are approaching the
problem
90
 Netherlands and Vietnam
• Even though protecting Holland from
the sea is enshrined in country’s
constitution; and…
• Even though the Netherlands is one of
the world’s wealthiest countries…
• New approaches to policy are required
in the Netherlands to deal with climate
change, especially through spatial
planning
• Perhaps similar innovations are useful
for Vietnam to consider, particularly in 91

its effort to “mainstream” climate

Mainstreaming Climate
Change
• Second difficulty in
implementing the NTP is the
lack of coordination to respond
to climate change in developing
the policies, plans and
programs in sectors/regions,
even in climate highly sensitive
sectors/regions. There are still
not awareness of the necessity
to integrate climate change
information into policies/plans.
Integrating the climate change
in the developing master plans,
designing and implementing the
policies do not almost exist, in
particular, the links between the
climate change and the
activities of poverty reduction
and hunger eradication,
livelihood are missing
92
 What is Spatial Planning?
• “Actions and Interventions Based on
Critical Thinking of Space and Place”
• Spatial Planning is Place-Based
Problem-Solving Aimed at Sustainable
Development
• Spatial Planning involves the processes
through which the options for the
development of places are envisioned,
assessed, negotiated, agreed, and
expressed in policy, regulatory and
investment terms
93

Why is Spatial Planning so

Important in Adaptation?
Unlike mitigation, adaptation to climate
change is more complex because
adapting settlements to the negative
effects of climate change depends
entirely on the GEOGRAPHICAL
LOCATION of the settlement, not on its
attributes to minimize energy inputs

94
• Spatial planning has a key role in
“Climate Proofing the Netherlands”
• The major research program is
“Climate Changes Spatial Planning”
(CCSP)
• The national spatial strategy or “Spatial
Planning and Adaptation Strategy”
(ARK), involves departments of state,
provinces, municipalities and water
boards
95

• Intention of Netherlands’ spatial planning

is to use climate change and socio-
economic scenarios for developing and
evaluating adaptation projects and
aiming for long-term adaptation strategies
• Examples of these strategies: changes
to national ecological structure, coastal
protection, flood protection through dykes,
new agricultural practices

96
 What about Risk?
• The concept of risk becomes a guiding principle of
adaptation policy. Social acceptability of risk can only
be established in context of decision making, that is in
trade off with other costs and benefits related to
alternatives
• A fundamental aspect of risk is uncertainty, and so
adaptation policy accepts substantial uncertainty
• The Dutch Government decided that a large part of
uncertainty could be taken away by doing research

97

And GIS is THE critical tool

• CCSP focus is on GIS modelling of land use
change under different scenarios for the
2040s
• Project “Routeplanner” makes ARK “quick
scans” of existing knowledge about
emerging problems, and identifies gaps in
the knowledge
• The most detailed applied studies are in a
number of “hotspots” including areas
planned for urban growth, but at risk of
flooding

98
 Let’s get back to Vietnam
• GIS scenarios of climate change allow
us to see issues previously hidden
• They can be used to provide a
systematic evaluation of spatial plans
and to generate alternative policy paths
• Planning can broaden its
preoccupation with space

99

This spatial approach to adaptation is already build

into Vietnam’s NTP
Climate change adaptation for regions
• Climate change affects all regions and areas in the whole country but the
impacts are different for regions which have different geographic location, and
different conditions of nature and socio-economic. Therefore it is necessary to
develop adaptation strategy for each region of typical specifications. Action
plan to cope with climate change needs to be soon developed and implemented for
more vulnerable regions.
• Mountainous and highland areas, Coastal Zones, Northern and Southern Deltas
• Specific steps for Northern and Southern Deltas: For two most important Deltas,
People’s Committees of provinces should coordinate with the Ministry of Planning
and Investment, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Ministry of
Agriculture and Rural Development, and other related ministries/sectors to develop
climate change adaptation strategy for each province with the following contents:
1. Summarize experiences in natural disaster prevention and mitigation, develop
the guidelines to apply technological achievements in climate change
adaptation and integrate into regional developing strategy;
2. Study and develop the plan to renovate the system of sea dykes, dykes at river
mouth, dykes surrounded low resident areas, enhance the ability to live with
the flood and the rise of sea water level.

100
 Adaptation in the NTP
• Climate change
adaptation has become
a crucial, immediate
and long-term issue.
Key adaptation
activities are included
in the NTP.
• a) Climate change
adaptation in different
sectors- water
resources, agriculture;
public and human
health;

101

Initial Steps of Adaptation from NTP

Significant investments should be

attracted into sea-dyke construction
and consolidation to respond to sea
level rise, infrastructure development,
resettlement of coastal communities,
and construction of urban areas which
have high adaptability to sea level rise

102
 MONRE Minister Dr. Pham Khoi Nguyen’s 5
Point Copenhagen Priorities Include…

• Building and solidifying a sea dyke system in

the Cuu Long (Mekong) Delta provinces
• Expanding preventive mangrove forests
• Dealing with flood-tides in the southern
provinces
• Putting forth a response plan for climate
change in the Cuu Long Delta
• Perfecting the country’s weather forecasting
and observation system

103

Adaptation for agriculture

…could include crops more tolerant to
salinity intrusion, drought-resistant
rice, rainwater harvesting measures,
improved well designs to adjust to
changes in groundwater table and risk
of intrusion with contaminated water
through flooding events

104
 Climate Change Adaptation (source: Vietnam CCWG)
• Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) is defined by the group as the
practical process of adjusting what we do, where and how, to reflect
changing climatic realities; and helping others adjust to the impacts of
climate change. This includes:
• “Soft measures” such as raising people’s awareness of and capacity to
cope with climate variability and helping local authorities and communities
develop and access a range of adaptive measures and related enabling
policies; and
• “Hard measures” such as reforestation, planting agricultural crops and
trees more suited to warmer temperatures and drier soil conditions,
investing in infrastructure (e.g. drainage systems and dykes), and
establishing disaster early warning systems.
• CCA includes both Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and community-
based adaptation to chronic conditions such as higher temperatures, more
or less rainfall, less predictable seasons, sea level rise and saline
intrusions. While there may some overlap between DRR and community-
based adaptation measures, DRR focuses on reducing the risk of and
protecting against the impact of catastrophic weather related events.
•

105

Adaptations Recommended by DRAGON for Can Tho (source:

Climate Change Impacts and Vulnerabilities Assessment for Can
Tho City
prepared by Research Institute for Climate Change – Can Tho
University; courtesy Dr. Nguyen Huu Trung)
• The study shows that in the next 50 years, when sea level will possibly rise less
than 50cm, the City still be able to maintain agriculture and aquaculture, but
there should be some adaptation measures are required. Some proposed
adaptation measures are: shifting of cropping calendars or changing of
cropping pattern, e.g. change from WS-SA-AW to WS-SA or SS-SA, or applying
new WS-Short day crop. To maintain the fruit garden and fish pond in the
condition of future flood, raising and strengthening the dykes are necessary.
To protect the important infrastructure, a construction level of 2.5 m above
mean sea level is proposed. To deal with such conditions, integrated socio-
economic and environment strategy planning is essential. Adaptive capacity of
the people, especially the most vulnerable groups such as the urban poor and
the rural farmer, should be prepared from now. New livelihood should also be
introduced. Besides, climate change adaptation and mitigation knowledge
should be taught in the school.
• Finally, since Can Tho city is located in the center of a larger floodplain, the
Mekong Delta, any adjustment of the terrain of the city can seriously impact to
the other surrounding provinces. Therefore, a master plan for climate change
adaptation for the whole Mekong Delta should be carried out before any
provincial or city adaptation plan. This master plan should focus on the
hydrological and environment impact assessments of the development
106
projects of the whole Mekong river basin together with the climate change and
sea level rise scenario
Inundation effect map of aquaculture area in Can Tho
under alternative 1.5m dyke, SLR 50 cm (left; right is if
each fishpond embanked 1.2 m asl)

107

Adaptation help on the way after

Copenhagen (source: MONRE)
• Japan pledged a preferential loan of $450 million,
and the Netherlands promised to transfer necessary
technologies to construct sea dikes
• The U.S. pledged to upgrade a hydrometeorological
observation system go help southern provinces
cope with flooding
• “Other U.S. agencies, such as USAID, the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the
U.S. Forest Service, have agreed to assist
Vietnamese climate change responses and we look
forward to growing cooperation in the future.”
» -Ambassador Michael Michalak, September 2009.

108
A concluding note on adaptation
(and another preview of
Dr. Pearson’s talk)
IPCC: “A wide array of adaptation
options is available, but more extensive
adaptation than is currently occurring
is required to reduce vulnerability to
climate change. There are barriers,
limits and costs which are not fully
understood.”

109

A Few Examples of Who is Working on

Climate Change/GIS in Vietnam

110
MONRE’s Institute for Hydrometeorology
and Environment (IMHEN), under Director
Dr. Tran Thuc, tranthuc@vkttv.edu.vn
(their critical mission discussed earlier)

111

DRAGON
• “Delta Research and Global Observation Network”
(DRAGON)
• Focuses on climate change affecting the world’s
great deltas, including the Mekong
• Vietnam research conducted through Can Tho
University, with first focus on local effects (contact
Dr. Nguyen Hieu Trung, Vice Director of the
DRAGON institute and Head of its GIS research
group; nhtrung@ctu.edu.vn)
• Support in part from USGS (contact Dr. Gregory
Smith, smithg@usgs.gov) and U.S. Embassy in
Hanoi

112
 ICARG, INTERNATIONAL
CENTER FOR ADVANCED
RESEARCH ON GLOBAL
CHANGE
Pham Van Cu, Director
Vietnam National University, Hanoi
pvchanoi@vnn.vn

113

Vietnam Network for Civil

Society and Climate Change
• A network of Vietnamese NGOs connected to local business
and government bodies; Dr. Nguyen Huu Ninh instrumental
• Practical response model development: The Network will
implement pilot projects to contribute to mitigating the causes
and impacts of climate change and to introduce adaptive
practices in Vietnam. These pilot initiatives will be developed
into practical models of climate change responses for learning
and replication. In addition, the Network will be a clearing
house for information regarding technologies useful for the
mitigation and adaptation to climate change, as well as
information about communities and their needs for new
technologies. It may also implement pilot community based
projects designed to introduce new technologies and promote
their adoption. Furthermore, the Network will coordinate the
documentation and sharing of experiences and workable
models in Vietnam. 114
NGO Climate Change Working
Group (CCWG) on Vietnam

• Mostly foreign organizations (e.g.

CARE, Oxfam, East Meets West)
• www.ngocentre.org.vn/node/5457

115

There are MANY others

working on these issues in
Vietnam, with many
international partnerships
For an excellent spreadsheet of these
activities and affiliations, see:
http://74.125.47.132/search?q=cache:y0Ovp6jFDgEJ:www.ngocentre.o
rg.vn/webfm_send/511+MONRE+IMHEN&cd=5&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us

116
 For geospatial data on
Vietnam, be sure to check
out:
• GIT4You (www.git4you.com/GIS/)
• Ditagis
www.ditagis.hcmut.edu.vn/tvct/index.p
hp; You can find out about training
courses at the Ditagis site, and even
download some geodata. But to use
these data you will need software.

117

Needs
• Climate change in Vietnam is a
complex decision problem
• It requires a careful decision situation
assessment – which can be GIS-based
• But there are some outstanding needs

118
 Needs: Data Standardization,
Generation and Access

119

Relevant comments from the NTP…

• Third difficulty in implementing the NTP is the lack of

tools and methodologies to instruct and give out
consultancy to the decision makers. This happens
also with the experts in the sectors/local levels.
Therefore, training and knowledge upgrading;
collecting and utilizing the data on climate change;
developing tools/methodologies for analysis and
adaptation with the climate change, are important
activities that should be done immediately.

120
 Obstacle but opportunity
• Vietnam does not yet have a national spatial data
infrastructure available though government channels
to authorized users.
• There are numerous private companies, government
agencies, universities and research institutions with
geodatabases, but standards and compatibility
problems have yet to be resolved.
• GIS Data for Vietnam are typically in non-
standardized formats, with each institution creating
their own datasets for their specific purposes
• This will make it very difficult to take on the
problems
• A national database accessible to approved users
across a variety of institutions would be a good
investment 121

GSDI Can Provide the

Standards (www.gsdi.org)
GLOBAL SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE
ASSOCIATION is an inclusive organization of
organizations, agencies, firms, and
individuals from around the world. The
purpose of the organization is to promote
international cooperation and collaboration
in support of local, national and international
spatial data infrastructure developments that
will allow nations to better address social,
economic, and environmental issues of
pressing importance.
122
 Model (in U.S.): Geospatial One Stop,
GOS (www.geodata.gov)Data Categories
Special Interest
• Earth Information Exchange
• Fire Mapping
• Geographic Names
• Historical Collections
• Homeland Security
• Hurricanes
• Indian Ocean Disaster
• Lewis and Clark
• Local Governments
• Recreation and tourism
• The National Atlas
• The National Map
• Administrative and Political
• Agriculture and Farming
• Atmosphere and Climate
• Biology and Ecology
• Business and Economic
• Cadastral
• Cultural, Society and Demographic
• Elevation and Derived Products
• Environment and Conservation
• Geological and Geophysical
• Human Health and Disease
• Imagery and Basemaps
• Inland Water Resources
• Locations and Geodetic Networks
• Oceans and Coasts
• Transportation Networks
• Utilities and Communication
123

Spatial E-Government Architecture

(courtesy Missouri GIS Advisory Committee, University of Missouri Dept. of
Geography)

GIS/GIT Admin. Systems Spatially Enabled Business Applications

Environmental Core Spatial & Business Logistics Management

Management Data Portal
Virtual Data Warehouse
Transportation Fin/HR Management

Crime
Monitoring Education Planning

DPW
Services Asset Maintenance

Topographic/Raster
Health & Social Cadastre
Services Geo-coded Address Service/Call Centers
Street Center Lines
Assets
Environmental Health
Transport
Education Health/Social services Planning
Education
Crime

124
 Construction of such a
national clearinghouse
can be done methodically
• After strategic process, an
additional 200-300 trained
staff may be needed to
assemble this national
database

• Most trained human

resources and much data
already exist, but the
challenge is to share them

125

Intellectual Property Issues

• Generally, the more accurate and detailed the
information is, the less people want to share
it, and the more money they will want to do
so
• In many countries including the U.S., there is
a sharp boundary between public and private
research results
• Scholars contribute: elevation, streams and
hydrology, roads, boundaries, vegetation,
ownership

126
 Needs for MONRE
Hardware: IBM Server xSeries X3850-M2 (7141-1RA), Soil and
Sediment analysis equipment, a Swoffer stream flow meter, a
Velmex tree-ring measuring system and surveying tools that include
GPS receivers, a total station, and an auto-level.

Software: ArcGIS Desktop 9.3, ArcGIS Server 9.3, ArcIMS 9.3,

ArcGIS Engine Developer Kit, ENVI 4.7, PCI Geomatica 10.2 or
ERDAS 9.3, MIKE 11, MIKE 21, Statistical DownScaling Model
Developer, Hydrology and Meteorology Model, The
Physical Environment.

Capacity building and training: Framework Database for Climate

Change, GIS Data Assimilation from Remote Sensing data.

127

Needs for DRAGON at Can Tho

• We have computers but mostly very old
• We need a good server for a web-based GIS (we are
testing a WEB_GIS now but because of the server
capacity it is still very simple. If we have a good
server WISDOM project can install its system in our
place)
• We need training on RS and GIS for environmental
and climate change impact assessment.
• We need to be trained on environment and climate
change models (e.g. SWAT, WEAF)
• We need to have better GIS and RS software (we are
using MapInfo and IWLIS and some open source
software)
• We need environmental models (e.g. MIKE for
hydrology and water quality analysis)
128
 State of the Art Remote Sensing Data for
Working with Sea Level Rise
• LIDAR, Light Detection and Ranging or “Laser
Radar;”
• Very effective for measuring heights of features
• Has vertical accuracy of approx. 10 cm
• See
http://www.csc.noaa.gov/crs/rs_apps/sensors/lidar.h
tm

129

Some sources of geospatial & related data for climate change

• ADB’s Cities Data Book, http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Cities_Data_Book/default.asp
• Cantho DRAGON server, http://ctgis.ctu.edu.vn/mekong/
• Community Climate System Model Research Tools, http://www.ccsm.ucar.edu/models/ccsm3.0/
• EM-DAT (International Disaster Database), maintained by USAID: http://www.emdat.be/
• ESRI Data Models on Climate Change (Atmospheric, Marine, Biodiversity, etc), http://support.esri.com/
• ESRI Working Group on Climate Change GIS, http://www.conservationgis.org/climate.html
• Geography Network, http://geographynetwork.com/
• Geoinformatics Center Data Sharing Web GIS Center (for SE Asia inc. Vietnam),
http://www.geoinfo.ait.ac.th/website/geoinfowebgis/viewer.htm; and be sure to subscribe to its Spatial Data
Infrastructure Asia and Pacific Newsletter
• GIS and Climate Change Impact Analysis and Applications,
https://wikis.uit.tufts.edu/confluence/display/GIS/GIS+and+Climate+Change
• GIS and Science. GIS and Climate Change Resources. http://gisandscience.com/resources/gis-and-climate-
change-resources/
• GIS Data Depot, http://data.geocomm.com/
• National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) GIS Climate Change Scenarios,
http://www.gisclimatechange.org/
• OECD Data, http://www.oecd.org/statsportal/0,3352,en_2825_293564_1_1_1_1_1,00.html
• Prevention Web page on Vietnam (mainly on disaster risk reduction),
http://www.preventionweb.net/english/countries/asia/vnm/?x=8&y=10
• Satellite Imaging Corporation, http://www.satimagingcorp.com/gallery.html
• UN-HABITAT Global Urban Indicators Data, http://ww2.unhabitat.org/programmes/guo/urban_indicators.asp
• UN IPCC Data Distribution Center, http://www.ipcc-data.org/
• UN Millennium Indicators Data, http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx
• U.S. Department of Agriculture Geospatial Data Gateway, http://datagateway.nrcs.usda.gov
• United States Geological Survey Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center, http://eros.usgs.gov/
• U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Earth Science Data and Services Directory: Global Change
Master Directory, http://gcmd.nasa.gov/index.html
• U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Satellite and Information Service, Online Climate Data
Directory, http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/climatedata.html 130
 Sources: Readings
• Amdahl, Gary. 2001. Disaster Response: GIS for Public Safety. Redlands, CA: ESRI.
• Bedi, Tara, Aline Coudouel and Kenneth Simler, eds. 2007. More Than a Pretty Picture: Using Poverty Maps to Design
Better Policies and Interventions. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
• Bhatta, B. 2008. Remote Sensing and GIS. New Delhi: Oxford.
• Cromley, Ellen K. and Sara L. McLafferty. 2002. GIS and Public Health: New York: Guilford.
• Davoudi, Simon et al, eds. 2009. Planning for Climate Change: Strategies for Mitigation and Adaptation for Spatial Planners.
London: Earthscan
• Epprecht, Michael, et al. From Statistical Data to Spatial Knowledge — informing decision-making in Vietnam.
http://idv.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/23/2-3/193
• ESRI. 2008. GIS Best Practices: GIS for Climate Change. Redlands, CA: ESRI
• Fleming, Cory, ed. 2005. The GIS Guide for Local Government Officials. Redlands, CA: ESRI
• Greene, R.W. 2000. GIS in Public Policy: Using Geographic Information for More Effective Government. Redlands, CA:
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