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Chapter 8 : SALTS

A Synthesizing Salts

1. Meaning of salts

Salt is an ionic compound formed when the………………….ion,


from an acid is replace by a metal ion or an ammonium ion.

Example 1 :
Na+ NaCl
HCl → H+ + Cl-

NH4+ NH4NO3
+ -
HNO3 → H + NO3

Example 2 :
K2SO4
Na2SO4
K+ SO42-

Na+ SO42- NH4+ SO42-

Sulphuric acid
(NH4)2SO4
H+ SO42-

Cu2+ SO42- Zn2+ SO42-


Al3+ SO42-
CuSO4
ZnSO4
Al2(SO4)3
4541 CHEMISTRY 2 Chapter 8

Activity 1:-

1 Complete the diagram below :

K+
Na+ NH4+

Hydrochloric acid
H+ ……..

Cu2+ Zn2+
Al3+

DIAGRAM 1.1

K+
Na+ NH4+

Nitric acid
H+ ……..

Cu2+ Zn2+
Al3+

DIAGRAM 1.2

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4541 CHEMISTRY 3 Chapter 8

2 Write down the chemical formula of salts :


Sulphate salt Chloride salt Nitrate salt Carbonate salt
Metal ion
(H2SO4) (HCl) (HNO3) (H2CO3)
Na+  
K+
Mg2+  
Ca2+
Al3+
Zn2+
Fe2+
Pb2+
Cu2+
Ag+
Ba2+

NH4+

2. Uses Of Salts In Our Daily Lives


USES OF SALTS
Agriculture Medicinal Field Food Industries Chemical Industries

 Type of salt

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4541 CHEMISTRY 4 Chapter 8

3. Soluble and Insoluble Salt


Types of salts :
 Soluble salt  salts that can be dissolve in water at room temperature.
 Insoluble salt  salts cannot be dissolve in water at room temperature.

Solubility of salt in water


 All sodium (Na+), potassium (K+) and ammonium (NH4+) salts are soluble.
 All nitrate salts are soluble.
 All sulphate salts are soluble except PbSO4 , CaSO4 and BaSO4
 All chloride salts are soluble except PbCl2 and AgCl, HgCl
 All carbonate salts are insoluble except K2CO3, Na2CO3 and (NH4)2CO3.

Attention!
All metal oxides and hydroxides are insoluble in water except Na2O, K2O, NaOH and KOH.
(Barium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide are slightly soluble in water)

Activity 2:-
*Shade the insoluble salts in Activity 1; Question 2.

Activity 3:-
Classify the salt in the table below :

Type of salt Soluble Insoluble

Nitrate

Chloride EXCEPT

EXCEPT
Sulphate

Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3


Carbonate Potassium carbonate, K2CO3 All other carbonate salts
Ammonium carbonate, (NH3)2CO3

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4541 CHEMISTRY 5 Chapter 8

4. The PREPARATION of salt depends on its solubility in water.

Preparation of salt
.

Soluble Insoluble
Method I Method II
Method III
K+, Na+, NH4+ Other than K+, Na+, Double decomposition reaction
NH4+ salt [Method : Precipitation]

Acid + Alkali → Salt + H2O

Acid + metal → Salt + H2


Titration of acid and alkali Acid + metal oxide/base → Salt + H2O
method using an indicator. Acid + metal carbonate → Salt + H2O + CO2

Add acid to the alkali until it is


Add metal/base oxide fillings/excessive
neutral with the aid of an
metal carbonate to the acid and heat it.
indicator. Mix two solutions containing cations
Filter to remove excess solid (residue).
Repeat the procedure without and anions of insoluble salts.
using an indicator. Stir with glass rod.
Filter using filter funnel.
Rinse the residue with distilled water.
Evaporate the filtrated until it becomes a Dry the residue with filter paper.
saturated solution.
Dip in a glass rod, if crystals are formed
immediately, the solution is saturated.
Cooled at room temperature
Filter and dry by using filter paper.

Activity 4 :-

Chapter 8 Salts
4541 CHEMISTRY 6 Chapter 8

Based on your practical book [ page 113] and diagrams given, describe how to prepare the
potassium chloride salts in the laboratory. (Method I)

KOH

KOH
KOH

V cm3

Salt solution
(no indicator)

1. 25.0 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 ……………………………………. solution is measured using 25.0


cm3 pipette and transferred into a conical flask.
2. 2 or 3 drops of ……………………………………. are added into the conical flask. [the
colourless solution turns pink]
3. A clean burette is filled with 1 mol dm-3 of ……………………………………. The initial
reading of the burette is recorded.
4. ……………………………………. from the burette is added slowly into the
……………………………………. solution while shaking the conical flask, until the pink
solution turns ……………………………………..
5. The final reading of the burette is recorded.
6. Volume of hydrochloric acid added to the sodium hydroxide solution is calculated and
recorded.
7. Step 1 to 5 are repeated without the using phenolphthalein, using the volume of hydrochloric
acid obtained
8. The salt solution in the conical flask is poured into an evaporating dish.
9. The solution is heated until it becomes …………………………………….

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4541 CHEMISTRY 7 Chapter 8

10. The hot saturated solution is ……………………………………. to room temperature for


crystallisation to occur.
11. The contents are ……………………………………. to obtain the potassium chloride, KCl
crystals.
12. The crystals are pressed between two pieces of filter paper to be dried.
13. The chemical equation : NaOH + HCl → ___________ + H2O

Activity 5 :-

1 Diagram below shows the method of preparing a soluble salt.


Complete the diagram by drawing the set-up of apparatus used to obtain the salt crystals in the
space provided.

Metal oxide powder

Excess metal oxide


Salt solution
3 -3
50 cm of 2.0 mol dm
acid Salt solution
Heat

The solution is allowed to cool

Filter papers

Dry salt crystals are obtained

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4541 CHEMISTRY 8 Chapter 8

(a) State two steps that are required to speed up the reaction betwen metal oxide and acid.

........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................

(b) Based on the diagram, state two substances that are used to prepare zinc chloride salt.

........................................................................................................................................

2 Diagram below shows the method of preparing an insoluble salt.

Solution X Solution Y
Salt
Salt

Mixing two solution Filter and rinse Dry

(a) Based on the diagram, state two suitable substances that are used to prepare lead(II)
iodide salt.

........................................................................................................................................

(b) State the type of reaction in (a).

........................................................................................................................................

(c) Write the ionic equation for the reaction.

........................................................................................................................................

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4541 CHEMISTRY 9 Chapter 8

3 Complete the table below with the suitable substances :

Solution X Solution Y Salt Z

Sodium sulphate Lead(II) sulphate

Calcium chloride Potassium …………………… Calcium sulphate

Barium sulphate

Silver chloride

Lead(II) chloride

Zinc carbonate

Calcium carbonate

5. PURIFICATION of soluble salts :

 Soluble salt purified through …………………………….. process.

 Diagram :

Impure salt
Stir
Impurities
Salt solution
Distilled water
Salt solution
Heat

Dry pure salt crystals The solution is allowed to cool

Chapter 8 Salts
4541 CHEMISTRY 10 Chapter 8

Activity 5 :-
Write √ for soluble salts and X for insoluble salts.
Write all the possible chemical equations to prepare the soluble salts
Write chemical equation and ionic equation for insoluble salts.

Salt √/X Equation


Zn + HCl →
Zinc chloride √ ZnO + HCl →
ZnCO3 + HCl →

Sodium nitrate √

Silver chloride X

Copper(II) sulphate

Lead(II) sulphate

Aluminium nitrate

Lead(II) chloride

Magnesium nitrate

Potassium chloride

Lead(II) nitrate

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4541 CHEMISTRY 11 Chapter 8

Barium sulphate

Activity 6 :-
1 Salt is prepared by following methods :
 Method A : reaction between metal oxide and acid.
 Method B : double decomposition involving two solutions of salts.
You are required to prepare lead(II) sulphate and copper(II) sulphate salts.
(a) Based on the method above, select suitable method to prepare each salt.
(b) State the chemical substances needed for preparing each salt.
(c) Write a chemical equation to prepare each salt.
(d) Describe an experiment to prepare each salt.

2 (a) The following are three examples of chloride salts that can be prepared in the laboratory.
 Sodium chloride
 Lead(II) chloride
 Copper(II) chloride

(i) From these examples, identify the soluble salt and insoluble salt.

(ii) State the reactants for the preparation of the insoluble salt in (a) (i).

(b) You are required to prepare magnesium nitrate salt from the chemical substances provided
below.

 Magnesium oxide
 Dilute nitric acid

Your answer should include the chemical equations involved in the reactions.

3 Magnesium sulphate is a soluble salt

Describe a laboratory experiment to prepare a dry magnesium sulphate.


In your description, include the chemical equation involved.

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4541 CHEMISTRY 12 Chapter 8

4 Diagram below shows the reactions involved in the preparation of soluble salts.

Potassium salts
Ammonium salts Asid + alkali  salt + water
Sodium salts

Soluble salts
Reaction X

Other salts Reaction Y

Reaction Z

(a) Sodium, potassium and ammonium salts can be prepared using reaction between acid
and alkali. State the reaction X, Y and Z.
(b) By choosing one of the reactions in (a) (i), suggest example of reactants used and
products formed.
Write the chemical equation for the reaction based on your suggestion.

5 Diagram below shows a series of reactions for the production of copper(II) nitrate and
substance B with coper(II) carbonate as the initial reactant.

Solution A
+ HCl + + Pb(NO3)2 Cu(NO3)2
CO2 +
CuCO3 Stage I Stage II
+ Substance B
Water

(a) State the name of the


(i) Solution A :

..…………………………………………………………………………………

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4541 CHEMISTRY 13 Chapter 8

(ii) Substance B :

..…………………………………………………………………………………

(b) In Stage I, 20 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid is reacted with excess copper(II)
carbonate powder.
(i) Write the chemical equation for this reaction.

..…………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) Calculate the maximum volume of carbon dioxide gas that can be produced at room
condition.
[The molar volume of any gas is 24 dm3 mol-1 at room condition]

(c) (i) Name the type of reaction that takes place in Stage II.

..…………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) State how to separate substance B from the mixture.

..………………………………………………………………………………………

6 Diagram below shows the set up of apparatus for the preparation of copper(II) sulphate.
Copper (II) oxide powder is added into acid X until in excess.

Stir
Excess copper(II) oxide
powder

Acid X
xxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Heat
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4541 CHEMISTRY 14 Chapter 8

(a) State the colour of copper(II) sulphate solution.

...................................................................................................................................

(b) Based on the diagram, state the name the of acid X used to prepare copper(II) sulphate.

..............…………………………………………………………………………….

(c) Write the chemical equation for the preparation of copper (II) sulphate.

...................................................................................................................................

(d) State the reason why copper(II) oxide powder is added until in excess.

..............…………………………………………………………………………….

7 Which of the following salts can be prepared by a precipitation method?

A Sodium sulphate

B Copper(II) chloride

C Lead(II) chloride

D Potassium carbonate

8 Which of the following reactions does not produce magnesium chloride?

A Magnesium oxide and hydrochloric acid

B Magnesium powder and hydrochloric acid

C Magnesium nitrate and hydrochloric acid

D Magnesium carbonate and hydrochloric acid

9 A white precipitate formed when sodium sulphate solution is added to solution Z.


Which of the following solutions is most probably solution Z?

A Zinc nitrate

B Silver nitrate

Chapter 8 Salts
4541 CHEMISTRY 15 Chapter 8

C Calcium nitrate

D Magnesium nitrate

B Qualitative Analysis of Salt


 Identification of ions [Qualitative Analysis]
The qualitative analysis involves three important steps :
I Physical properties
II Thermal effect
III Confirmatory tests for cations and anions

I Physical Properties
(a) Physical state at room conditions :
 Most of salts exist as solid  ionic compound
 If the salt exist as an aqueous solution  it must be a soluble salt.

(b) Colour
Aqueous
Solid Salts / Metal oxide
solution
White Colourless K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, Zn2+, Pb2+, NH4+ salt

Green CuCO3

Light Green Light Green Fe2+ salt  FeSO4, FeCl2, Fe(NO3)2

Blue Blue CuSO4, Cu(NO3)2, CuCl2

Brown Brown Fe3+ salt  Fe2(SO4)3 FeCl3, Fe(NO3)3

Black CuO

Yellow when hot


ZnO
White when cold

Brown when hot


PbO
Yellow when cold

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4541 CHEMISTRY 16 Chapter 8

II Thermal Effect

Metal oxide Gas


Salt (residue identification refers + (gas identification refers to
to specific cation only) specific anion only)

Gas Test / Observation Anion

Nitrogen dioxide NO2 Brown gas/fumes is liberated.


NO3-
Colourless gas, rekindles
Oxygen O2 glowing wooden splinter

Carbon dioxide CO2 Lime water turns chalky CO32 -

 Test For Gases


PROCEDURE / TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Lower a glowing wooden splinter into the Glowing wooden splinter is The gas liberated is
test tube. rekindled. oxygen, O2

A colourless gas that


Bring a lighted wooden splinter to the The gas liberated is
explodes with a ‘pop’
mouth of the test tube. sound.
hydrogen, H2

Lime water turns


Bubble/flow the gas produced into lime The gas liberated is
milky/chalky // White
water. carbon dioxide, CO2
precipitate is formed.
The gas liberated is
Bring a piece of moist red litmus paper to Moist red litmus paper
alkaline,
the mouth of the test tube. turns blue. it is ammonia, NH3
Purple colour of the
Bubble the gas produced through acidified The gas liberated is
acidified KMnO4 solution
potassium manganate(VII) solution. sulphur dioxide, SO2
is decolourises.
A brown gas is liberated
Bring a piece of moist blue litmus paper to The gas liberated is
Moist blue litmus paper
the mouth of the test tube. nitrogen dioxide, NO2
turns red.
A greenish-yellow gas is The gas liberated is
Bring a piece of moist blue litmus paper to liberated. acidic,
the mouth of the test tube.
Moist blue litmus paper it is chlorine, Cl2

Chapter 8 Salts
4541 CHEMISTRY 17 Chapter 8

turns red.
The gas liberated is
Bring a piece of moist blue litmus paper to Moist blue litmus paper acidic and it is
the mouth of the test tube. turns red. hydrogen chloride,
HCl
1. Thermal effect on nitrate and carbonate salts.

Nitrate salt Metal oxide + NO2 + O2 Except :


Potassium,
sodium and
Carbonate salt Metal oxide CO2 ammonium
+ salt.

Activity 6 :-
Write down the chemical equations for the reactions that occur.
- 2-
Cation Nitrate (NO3 ) Carbonate (CO3 )

(i) Decompose into metal nitrite and O2 gas Is not decomposed by heat

K+ …..KNO3 → ……KNO2 + O2

Na+

(ii) Decompose into metal oxide, NO2 gas and O2 gas Decompose into metal oxide and CO2 gas

Ca2+ CaCO3 → CaO + CO2

Mg2+

Al3+

Zn2+

Fe3+

Pb2+

Cu2+ …Cu(NO3)2 → …CuO + …NO2 + …O2

Chapter 8 Salts
4541 CHEMISTRY 18 Chapter 8

Sulphate salts usually do not decompose.


Chloride salts do not decompose except NH4Cl.
NH4Cl(s) NH3(g) + HCl(g) [ sublimation process ]
Activity 7 :-
1 Table below shows the incomplete observation for an experiment :

Experiment Procedure Observation

1. Green solid turns


Copper(II) carbonate is heated
and the gas produced is passed …………………………
Heat through lime water. 2. The lime water turns

…………………………

(a) Complete the observation on the table above.

(b) Based on the observation, name the products in the experiment and write the chemical
equation for the reaction occured.

Products : …………………………………………………………………………………..

Chemical equation : …………………………………………………………………

2 Diagram below shows the decomposition of compound X to form lead(II) oxide, and gas Q.

Compound X Lead(II) oxide + Gas Y + Gas Z

Gas Y is a brown gas.

Based on the diagram above,

(i) state the name of the gas Y.

................................................................................................................................................

(ii) state the colour of lead(II) oxide when it is hot and cold.

................................................................................................................................................

(iii) write the formula of compound X.

................................................................................................................................................

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4541 CHEMISTRY 19 Chapter 8

(iv) write the chemical equation for the reaction.

................................................................................................................................................

2. Confirmatory Tests for Cations and Anions


(a) Chemical tests should be conducted for the confirmation of anions and cations in aqueous
form.
(b) Cation confirmation  It is done by adding a small amount of sodium hydroxide solution,
NaOH(aq) / aqueous ammonia solution, NH3(aq) followed by excess sodium hydroxide /
aqueous ammonia solution.

(i) Reaction with sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH(aq)

Cation Sodium hydroxide

+ NaOH(aq)

Solution with cation

No Precipitate Yes
formed?

NH4+ Colour of White


precipitate

+ excess NaOH(aq)

Blue Green Brown


No Precipitate Yes
Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ dissolve?

Mg2+ Ca2+
Zn2+ Al3+ Pb2+

Chapter 8 Salts
4541 CHEMISTRY 20 Chapter 8

(ii) Reaction with ammonia solution, NH3(aq)

Cation Ammonia solution

+ NH3(aq)

Solution with cation

No Precipitate Yes
formed?

Colour of White
2+ precipitate
NH +
Ca
4

+ excess NH3(aq)

Blue Green Brown


No Precipitate Yes
Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe 3+
dissolve?

+ excess NH3(aq)

2+ 3+ 2+
Zn2+
Mg Al Pb
Precipitate dissolve
in excess NH3 (aq)
to form blue
solution

Chapter 8 Salts
4541 CHEMISTRY 21 Chapter 8

3. Confirmatory Tests For Cations

Test with a small amount of sodium Test with a small amount of ammonia
Cations
hydroxide solution until in excess solution until in excess

Ca2+ white precipitate, insoluble in excess -

Mg2+ white precipitate, insoluble in excess white precipitate, insoluble in excess

Al3+ white precipitate, soluble in excess white precipitate, insoluble in excess

Zn2+ white precipitate, soluble in excess white precipitate, soluble in excess

Fe2+
green precipitate, insoluble in excess green precipitate, insoluble in excess

Fe3+ brown precipitate, insoluble in excess brown precipitate, insoluble in excess

Pb2+ white precipitate, soluble in excess white precipitate, insoluble in excess

Cu2+ blue precipitate, insoluble in excess blue precipitate, soluble in excess

NH4+ - -

Confirmatory Tests for ammonium ion, NH4+


(a) Nessler reagent
 a small amount of Nessler reagent is added into the solution.
 brown precipitate are formed.

(b) Heat
 sodium hydroxide solution is added to a small amount of solution contains NH4+
 the solution is heated.
 A piece of moist red litmus paper is placed. Red moist litmus paper turns blue.
NH4+
+
NaOH(aq)
heat
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4541 CHEMISTRY 22 Chapter 8

4. To differentiate between Al3+ and Pb2+

Al3+ // Pb2+

+ H2SO4 / Na2SO4
+ KI

+ HCl / NaCl
No changes Yellow precipitate

No changes White precipitate No changes White precipitate (c)


(a) (b) Al3+ Pb2+
Al3+ Pb2+ Al3+ Pb2+
Write the ionic equations for the formation of precipitate :

(a) : ……………………………………………………………………….

(b) : ……………………………………………………………………….

(c) : ……………………………………………………………………….

Chapter 8 Salts
4541 CHEMISTRY 23 Chapter 8

5. Confirmatory Tests For Anions

Anion Tests Conclusion / Ionic equation

2 cm3 of dilute HCl / H2SO4 is added to 2 cm3 of


aqueous solution of carbonate ions.
CO32- Effervescence occurs and the gas released turns
lime water chalky.

Dilute HNO3 is added to 2 cm3 of an aqueous


solution of chloride ions followed by 2 cm3 of silver
Cl- nitrate solution.
A white precipitate is formed.

Dilute HCl / HNO3 is added to 2 cm3 of an aqueous


solution of sulphate ions followed by 2 cm3 barium
SO42- chloride / barium nitrate solution.
A white precipitate is formed.

2 cm3 of dilute H2SO4 is added to solution of nitrate


ions followed by 2 cm3 of Iron(II) sulphate. The
mixture is shaken. The test tube is slanted and held
NO3- with a test tube holder. A few drops of concentrated -
H2SO4 acid is dropped along the wall of the test tube
and is held upright.
A brown ring is formed.

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4541 CHEMISTRY 24 Chapter 8

Activity 8 :-
1 Table below shows four types of salts.

Sodium carbonate
Zinc nitrate
Lead(II) chloride
Copper(II) sulphate

With reference to the salts given above, answer the following question :

(a) Write the chemical formula of sodium carbonate.

..................................................................................................................................

(b) Name the salt which is insoluble in water.

..................................................................................................................................

(c) (i) What is observed when zinc nitrate salt is heated.

..............................................................................................................................

(ii) Write the chemical equation to represent the reaction.

.....................................................................................................................

(d) State the type of reaction in the preparation of lead(II) chloride salt.

........................................................................................................................................

(e) Describe how to verify copper(II) ion and sulphate ion in copper(II) sulphate solution.
(i) copper(II) ion :

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

(ii) sulphate ion :

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

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4541 CHEMISTRY 25 Chapter 8

2 Nitric acid reacts with substance Y and produces a gas which changes lime water chalky as one
of the products.
Which of the following is substance Y?

A Mg

B NaOH

C CaCO3
D Al2O3

3 When potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) solution is added to solution X, a dark blue precipitate is


formed. Then, solution X is added with barium chloride solution in another test tube, a white
precipitate is formed. The formula of the solution X is ……………..

A FeCl2
B FeSO4
C Fe(NO3)3
D Fe2(SO4)3

4 Which of the following reagent can be used to differentiate iron(II) ion, Fe 2+ and iron(III) ion, Fe3+?

I Ammonia solution
II Potassium bromide solution
III Acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution
IV Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) solution

A I and II
B I and IV
C II and III
D III and IV

5 A white precipitate formed when sodium sulphate solution is added to solution Z.


Which of the following solutions is most probably solution Z?

A Zinc nitrate
B Silver nitrate
C Calcium nitrate
D Magnesium nitrate

Chapter 8 Salts
4541 CHEMISTRY 26 Chapter 8

6 Figure below shows an incomplete flow chart of cation and anion tests for salts X?

Salt X

Cation test Anion test

Mg2+ NO3-

(ii) Describe the test that you use in the laboratory to confirm that salt X contains magnesium
ions, Mg2+ and nitrate ions, NO3-. Include in your observations.
[10 marks]

Chapter 8 Salts

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