Professional Documents
Culture Documents
History of Architecture I
Prepared by Mariam Hassan
Summer 2010
Characteristics of Gothic
Architecture
As we consider the Gothic, the final phase of medieval architecture we are face with defining
the style; the term Gothic was first applied in the 17th century to denote designs not based on
precedent from classical antiquity; by the 19th century, pejorative connotations had largely
been overcome, but historians have struggled since to clarify what exactly constitutes the
Gothic style.
The most obvious definition involves key elements employed in many Gothic buildings which
features:
•The pointed arch
•Rib vaults
•Flying buttresses
•Large stained glass windows (with tracery)
•Piers composed of colonnades
•Shafts bundled around a core
•Considerable height
•Large scale spatial characteristics (airy and bright)
Structural and Constructional Innovations
The flexibility of the
pointed arch
channeled the weight
onto the bearing piers
or columns at a steep
angle, enabling a
much raised ceiling.
Since Gothic
construction loads at
piers rather than
distributed along the
wall, architects
developed
reinforcement at
specific points using
external buttressing.
Arches connected at
right angles and
appear to fly or leap
as they reach out to
strengthen the upper
sections of the
Architectural Features
Gothic architecture is more than a collection of
structural techniques, for it embraces an integrated
esthetic system:
Design flexibility (various arch angles).
•Steeper angles generate less push,By contrast, the
dimensions of semicircular arch are established by the
width of the span.
•Pointed arches allowed irregular areas to be vaulted
while maintaining a common ceiling height.
•Separate church elements (nave, aisle, chapel) were
combined in a unified ordered composition because of
geometric methods of rib vaults and pointed arches.
A characteristic of Gothic church architecture is its
height, both real and proportional. A section of the main
body of a Gothic church usually shows the nave as
considerably taller than it is width.
Another distinctive feature is the expansive windows.
The increased size between windows of the
Romanesque and Gothic periods is related to the use of
the ribbed vaults (specifically the pointed ribbed vault)
which channeled the weight to a supporting shaft with
less outward thrust than a semicircular vault
The Gothic vault, unlike the semi‐circular vault of the Romanesque buildings can be used to roof
rectangular and irregularly shaped plans such as trapezoids.
In Romanesque building, a continuous mass of wall was necessary to sustain the
load. In Gothic structure, it was a skeletal system that transferred roof loads
down to the ground at discrete points, thereby freeing large expanses of wall to
be opened for windows.
Vaults showing the implications of using pointed ribs as opposed to semi‐circular. Note how
the example on the left only uses semi‐circular ribs which creates a domed effect.
Early Gothic
The Gothic style originated in northern France, in the
region around Paris; this area had relatively little
Romanesque building, so perhaps it was more open to
developments from other places.
Early Gothic period featured simple groined vaults;
general simplicity and vigor of design and detail;
conventionalized foliage of small plants; plate tracery,
and narrow windows coupled under pointed arch with
circular foiled openings in the window‐head.
Recognized as the first Gothic building, the Abbey
Church of St. Denis (1137 – 40), is a royal monastery in
which Saint Denis and later kings of France were
buried
In 1140 a twin‐towered west façade of Norman
churches was incorporated and a tradition of sculpted
portals developed in the south of France.
In the original choir of this noble church almost all the
arches and openings were pointed (except the groin‐
ribs, which were semi‐circles). The vaults were
throughout constructed with cross‐ribs, wall‐ribs, and
groin‐ribs
High Gothic
The incorporation of flying buttresses at Notre‐Dame
in Paris (1194 – 1230).
The high Gothic period featured more perfect vaults;
in England multiple ribs and liernes; greater
slenderness and loftiness of proportions; decoration
much richer, less vigorous; more naturalistic carving
of mature foliage; walls nearly suppressed, windows
of great size, bar tracery with slender moulded or
columnar mullions and geometric combinations
(circles and cusps) in window‐heads, circular (rose)
windows.
The first monument of the High “developed” Gothic
style was the cathedral of Notre‐Dame at Chartres.
Flying buttresses were planned from the start thus
eliminating the need for galleries.
Italian Gothic
Italian cultural esthetics preferred tie‐rods instead of visible external buttressing, so flying buttresses appear
only rarely; given Italy’s bright skies, large windows were not necessary to provide illumination inside
buildings.
Italy’s largest Gothic church is Milan Cathedral, began in 1387 and finished 1858, although essentially
completed by 1572.
The plan features a broad nave with double aisles, an aisled transept and a polygon apse with ambulatory.
The aisle bays are square in plan, while the nave bays are rectangular.
The flying buttresses were only added in the 19th century.
The exterior is a veritable forest of carved marble and pinnacles from the vantage point of the roof level
which is accessible.
The resulting building lacks a sense of spatial openness because of the size and spacing of its piers.
The volume is enormous, and as the small clerestory windows are filled with stained glass, even in full Italian
sunshine little light enters the nave.