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ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN NORTHERN CHILE:
PROJECT TARAPACA-PRECERAMIC RESOURCES
D. L.TRUE, LAUTARONU(NJEZ A., AND PATRICIONUNIEZ H.
ABSTRACT and terrain features, this survey resulted in dis-
A series of nonceramic sites is described for the pur- covery of several sites which might have been
pose of indicating the nature of the resources to be difficult to locate from the ground. Next, pre-
found along the western margin of the Andean precor-
dillera in northern Chile. Artifacts recovered from sev-
liminary ground surveys were made in the Que-
eral sites are similar to those designated Ayampitin and brada Camifna, Quebrada Tarapaca, Quebrada
Lauricocha from other regions in Andean South Amer- de Quisma near the Oasis of Pica, and in the
ica. Strong ties are suggested between coastal and in- Quebrada Guatacondo.
ternor sites, due either to trade relationships between Although it was recognized that the solution
separate groups or to the same peoples occupying a series
of site locations on a seasonal round. Detailed studies of many of the suggested problems would
that hopefully will clarify these relationships are in proc- eventually involve investigations in other re-
ess. Information on permanent agricultural settlements in gions, the emphasis in this program was to be
this same region will be presented in a future summary. placed on that area along the lower reaches of
the western flank of the Andean Cordillera
/t RCHAEOLOGICALresearch was carded
ut in norther Chile during 1966 and 1967 (precordillera) extending from the Quebrada
under the auspices of the University of Cali- Camarones in the north to the River Loa in the
fornia/University of Chile Cooperative program, south (see Fig. 1).
hereafter referred to as the "Convenio." More specifically, it was planned that the be-
At the time this archaeological work was first ginning stages of the project should be con-
considered, the ultimate goals of the larger Con- cerned with settlement patterns, land use, eco-
venio programin anthropology had not yet been logical adaptation, and general patterns of cul-
determined. It was possible, however, to suggest tural development within two particular trans-
a preliminary research design for archaeology in verse valleys:
northern Chile wherein two kinds of problem- 1. The Quebrada Tarapaca
oriented studies would be implemented: 2. The Quebrada Guatacondo.
1. Contributions to the prehistoryof northern Phase one of this project was to confine its activi-
Chile resulting from selected excavations ties to the Quebrada Tarapaca. A later phase
in several key locations; would proceed with investigations in Guata-
2. Contributions to archaeological theory and condo after various administrative problems had
method through the development of coor- been resolved. As of this writing, plans are
dinated long-range study programsin areas being formulated under the direction of Dr. C.
where near ideal conditions prevail for the W. Meighan, University of California, Los An-
study of (1) culture change, (2) ecological geles, to implement the Guatacondo phase of
adaptation in arid land situations, (3) set- this project in cooperation with Dra Grete
tlement-pattern studies and related socio- Mostny, Director of the Museo Historia Natu-
cultural adlustments in response to en- ral, Santiago, Chile.
vironmental change or climatic fluctuation, Although the intent of the initial phase (proj-
and (4) archaeological definition of the ect Tarapaca) was to be essentially exploratory,
sociocultural aspects of prehistoric com- at least some aspects of all of the above stated
munities in a formative stage of develop- objectives have been considered in the work
ment. completed so far.
This suggests some of the more obvious possi- THE AREA
bilities and is not intended to be a complete
Tarapaca is the northernmost of the Chilean
listing of the significant problem-oriented re-
search potential for this area. provinces. Except for the higher mountain re-
Step one in the implementation of this proj- gions, it is one of the world's most barren desert
ect was an aerial survey of the topography and regions (Dingman and Galli 1965: 8-12; Bow-
resources of the larger area. In addition to the man 1924; Bird 1943: 184). The climate is con-
obvious value in understanding the topography trolled or modified by the cold Humboldt cur-
170
TRUE AND OTHERS ] PROJECTTARAPACA 171
Littoral &
Coast Central Western Flank InterAndean Bolivian
Range Valley SubCordillera Valleys(Basins) Altiplano
PUlNTA v
-t '- I
PICHALO ~ ~ ~ I IC
IOUIOUE __ \/_ ;-
~'orona I
Z~l Z
- :- - - ----- QUILLAGIUA V
g
Scil dON
g--z ~~~~~~~~Talabre .N ver
CALAMdA 9
FIGURE 1
FIG. 1. Terrain features and location of sites and localities mentioned in text.
172 AMERICANANTIQUITY' [ VOL.35, No. 2, 1970
rent, and rainfall is literally unknown for this Pleistocene age - marking the outlets of the
area. The coastal regions have considerable fog, aforementioned exotic streams. In some in-
and on occasion this fog (known locally as stances these fans extend well into the valley
Camanchaca) extends inland nearly to the base and cover portions of the old lake beds. In
of the Andean subcordillera. In a few isolated many locales, the western foothill region of the
coastal locales, condensation from this fog is Andean subcordilleraextends nearly to the mar-
sufficient to support a feeble stand of transient gins of the salares. For the most part this aspect
vegetation. For all practical purposes, however, of the local topography consists of massive fan-
there is no rain-controlled vegetation in this like deposits (fanglomerates) broken by occa-
province lower than 3,000 m. above sea level. sional, partly submerged, mountain peaks and
Even in the higher elevations cover is sparse and ridges. These older fans and possible piedmont
typical of arid desert regions. formations are sharply dissected in the upper
Throughout its length (within the Province regions of the subcordillera by high gradient
of Tarapaca) the coastline is rough and rocky. streams. Present stream flow seems hardly suffi-
Open sandy beaches are not common, and cient to have created the extant topography,
coastal terrace features, as such, are narrow and even given considerable time.
poorly developed. The coastal scarp rises steeply Emphasis in the present work is directed
in near cliff-like formations to an elevation of toward those locales immediately adjacent to
some 500-600 m. near Iquique, and up to 1,200 the salares, but the topography of the larger
m. above sea level near the southem margins area and the climatic conditions responsible for
of the province. Just inland from the coastal this topography are of considerable import in
scarp, which has considerable local relief, eleva- the interpretation of prehistoric cultural activi-
tions increase rapidly to the point where peaks; ties in this region. Detailed discussion of local
up to 1,600 m. above sea level mark the crest environmental and ecological situations will be
of the coastal range. presented in future reports dealing with specific
Between the eastern margins of the coastal problems.
range and the westem slopes of the Andean
subcordillera there is an open valley-like region PROJECTTARAPACA 1966-1967
with little overall relief. This interior valley liesThe basic intent of this first phase of the
at an elevation of some 1,100-1,200 m. above sea project was to obtain information that would
level in the area just east of Iquique. Elevations permit the definition of a local cultural se-
increase slightly to the north and drop to about quence, and to explore the possibilities for more
900 m. above sea level in the vicinity of the Salardetailed future studies oriented toward theoreti-
de Pintados. The valley, or region of interior cal problems. It was proposed that these goals
drainage, extends essentially unbroken from the could best be met as a result of a concentrated
Quebrada Camifnain the north to the River Loa effort within some limited area, as opposed to a
in the south. shotgun approach wherein a number of short-
The portion of this interior valley region that term one-shot investigations would be instigated
concerns us here extends from the Quebrada over the area at large. This was the basis for the
Camifia to the Quebrada Guatacondo and is decision to spend over a year working in a single
known locally as the Pampa de Tamarugal. quebrada. Further, it was obvious that even a
Basically the Pampa Tamarugal consists of a portion of one quebrada included more re-
series of salares, or dry lake beds, which form sources than could be examined in the available
the terminal basins for several exotic streams time.
originating in the Andean highlands to the east. The resulting research design called for inten-
For most quebradas, and for most years, little sive examination of the archaeological resources
surface water reaches these basins, although the within a small defined territory (see Fig. 2).
water table in some portions of some salares is This territory was set up to include the widest
presently high enough to support scattered possible range of cultural activities over the
stands of Phreatophytic vegetation (Prosopis longest possible span of time. It extended from
sp.) . the margins of the Pampa Tamarugal to the
The eastern margin of the Pampa Tamarugal point in the canyon where the steep canyon
is characterizedby a series of coalescing alluvial topography typical of the subcordillera began.
fans - probably of late Pleistocene and post- These bounds included an area of open pampa
TRUE AND OTHERS] PROJECT TARAPACA 173
Punts
P
Pic halo
0~~~~~~~
0~~~~~~/ 3
Scala 3 kiomatarsa
and part of the margins of a salar (possible though some were known to Chilean archaeolo-
Early Man); an area in the lower reaches of the gists working in the province. The region was
quebrada marked by intermittent water supply surveyed in part the previous year by archaeolo-
and low-relief topography (intermittent occu- gists from the University of Chile (L. Nunfiez
pation with hunting and gathering as well as 1965a: 17-19; 1966: 25-30).
horticultural possibilities); and an area of It is considered likely that the artifacts so far
marked relief with steep canyon walls and a recovered and examined in the sequence of sites
perennial stream (permanent agricultural vil- ranges in time from some 6000 years B.C. through
lages more or less in the Andean tradition). Spanish Colonial occupancy.
The defined territory was approximately 25 These resources have been categorized as fol-
km. in length and 1 to 2 km. wide, depending lows:
upon the width of the quebrada. The majority
of the field research was carried on in the lower 1. workshop or quarry sites;
half of this territory in an area of considerably 2. habitational sites including open camps and
less than 20 sq. km. Field work was in progress permanent masonry structures;
in one form or another from July, 1966, through 3. cemetery sites;
July, 1967. 4. other - includes ceremonial locations,
Within this designated territory, a total of 83 ground figures,petroglyphs, etc.
separable sites was recorded. For the most part Because of the complex nature of the perma-
these were sites not previously recorded, al- nent habitation sites, cemeteries and ceremonial
174 AMERICANANTIQUITY [ VOL.35, No. 2, 1970
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FiG. 4. Projectile p-oints and knives from the workshop sites (Tarapaca 10).
and are also similar to what Lanning includes in producing groups from nonceramic or prece-
Period II and Period III in his 1966 resume (Lan- ramic peoples. Unfortunately, the point in time
ning 1966: 135). when ceramics were introduced into this region
has not yet been established in any secure way.
HABITATION SITES In general, it is assumed that ceramic-using peo,
The most common and basic subdivision for ples were associated with a sedentary agricul-
this site category is that which separates ceramic- turally based subsistence and that preceramic
TRUE AND OTHERS ] PROJECTTARAPACA 177
groups were hunters and gatherers without is not likely in this context. Other sites in the
permanent villages. However, there is no neces- sequence have the same range of heavy lithic
sary relationship between preceramic and pre- tools plus bifacially flaked knives or scraping
agricultural in this part of the world, although tools. Organic material suitable for radiocarbon
the two conditions tend to be found together. determinations was collected from both sites.
Until a substantial number of radiocarbon
determinations are available for the area and Group 2 (Tarapaca 1, Tarapaca 3, Tarapaca 4,
until detailed studies of the resources have been Tarapaca 8, and Tarapaca 12)
completed, it may not always be possible to dif- Sites in this category are characterized by
ferentiate temporary camps of traders or herders heavy lithic tools similar to those described in
from those actually belonging to preceramic- Group 1 above, but with the significant addition
preagricultural collectors. To further compli- of numerous well-made bifacially flaked tools
cate the situation, it is almost certain that there (see Fig. 5). The sites are open camps without
were circumstances wherein agricultural peo- obvious structural features. Most artifacts were
ples subsisted to a considerable degree on non- found scattered over the surface, but some refuse
cultivated vegetable foods such as algarroba or midden is present. This refuse contains nu-
(Prosopis sp.). merous faunal remains, charcoal, some vegetable
Only nonceramic, nonagriculturalsites are in- material, and chipping waste. Milling-stone ele-
cluded in the present survey. Agriculturally ments may be part of the assemblage, but they
based habitation sites will be discussed in a later were found on the surface of only one of the five
paper. A total of 21 sites is included in this cate- included sites. Manos were recovered from the
gory (habitation sites - nonceramic). These can excavations at Tarapaca 12. Tarapaca 12 is dif-
be further subdivided into a number of group- ferentiated from the remainder of these sites on
ings based on several shared traits, although, in the basis of the above-mentioned milling-stone
fact, each site is slightly different from the rest. elements and on the basis of a distinctive tri-
Tentative groupingsfor these sites are suggested angular-shaped knife or projectile point with a
below. The order of presentation does not neces- concave base (see Fig. 51,m) . This artifact assem-
sarily reflect the relative time placement of the blage, minus the milling-stone elements and tri-
groups. Following the group heading, the sites angular points, is found associated with a num-
believed to belong in that group will be listed. ber of structures and rock features on site Tara-
paca 1. However, the relationship between the
Group 1 (Tarapaca 18, Tarapaca 14) artifacts and the structuresis not clear. It is sug-
These are sites characterized by numerous gested, but not demonstrated, that the struc-
heavy lithic implements; they lack evidence for tures postdate the artifacts described.
the use of bifacially flaked knives or projectile Material from Tarapaca 2 is similar in many
points. The artifacts are typical of those tools respects to that of Tarapaca 12 and probably
archaeoloigistscall cobble choppers, hammers, should be included within this group. Though
planes, and the like. These are found on surface the artifact assemblage seems to be mixed, some
sites, i.e., there is no well-developed midden. elements on this site are distinctive, and it is dif-
There is, however, evidence of faunal remains ficult to know where it fits into the sequence.
on the surface, and some pockets of refuse were
located in the test excavations. Group 3 (Tarapaca 2A, Tarapaca 14A)
Most of the tools are basalt, and most are typi- Sites in this group are characterized by well-
cal of those described by Bird from Taltal and made, pressure-retouched, bifacially flaked im-
Quiani (Bird 1943: 237-8, 286-90). It is im- plements including a distinctive serrated form
portant to stress the fact that, although bifacially that may represent a very sophisticated tool (see
flaked knives or points are clearly not part of the Fig. 6a). Knife-like forms are common, with
assemblageshere, no claim is made, nor is it sug- both leaf and oval configurations. The sites are
gested, that these sites represent what Krieger small camping areas (TR-2A is less than 10 m.
and others have called a "Preprojectile point in diameter) marked by a shallow sheet of refuse
Horizon or stage" (Krieger 1964: 42-51). The or midden and considerable chipping waste.
time placement of these sites in the local se- Some cobble tools or heavy implements were
quence is problematical. The possibility that found on the surface, but not in the refuse sheet
they are part of some older nonprojectile-point- or pockets. Scraping tools are present but are
using cultural pattern must be considered, but it not common. No milling-stone elements were
178 AMERICANANTIQUITY [ VOL.35, No. 2, 1970
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found on these sites. Faunal remains in the were common both on the surface and in the
refuse include numerous bone fragments be- house pits themselves. The most diagnostic arti-
lieved to be guanaco (Lama huanacus [Mo- fact so far examined from this site is a small leaf-
lina]). Fish-bone and mollusk remains are com- shaped or oval projectile point (?). This form
mon, and dried fish remains were recovered in was not recovered from any of the sites described
one refuse pocket. Vegetable material was pres- above. Some maize was recovered from the
ent in the sample but has not yet been identified. house fill, and it is suggested that this is a transi-
tion phase in the local sequence - part of the
Group 4 (Tarapaca 24, Tarapaca 25, Tarapaca
settling-down process associated with the acqui-
26, Tarapaca 29, Tarapaca 31, and Tarapaca
sition of agriculture. Not much more can be said
32)
until the refuse has been studied in detail and
Sites here are marked by heavy concentrations until radiocarbon dates are obtained.
of artifacts and chipping waste, sometimes over The small oval projectile points recovered
extensive areas (site Tarapaca 29 covers not less from the house refuse here are nearly identical
than one acre). A wide range of artifact forms to those recovered at Conanoxa, near the Que-
are present in the sample, and these include brada Camarones to the north (Niemeyer and
triangular,concave-based points (see Fig. 6 h-o), Schiappacasse 1963, lamina IV). A single radio-
bifacially flaked knives, numerous flake scrapers, carbon date from Conanoxa suggests a time
drills or gravers, and several kinds of choppers, placement of some 3,500 to 4,000 years before
hammers, and planes not unlike those described the present (1790
B.C.+-130,IVIC-175) for this
for sites in Group 1 above. In most cases, this material (L. Nufiez 1965b: 107-09). However,
similarity is not marked, however, because the it is not stated from which portion of the Cona-
tools from this group of sites tend to be smaller noxa site the dating sample was taken, and
in size and somewhat more refined in appear- Conanoxa may represent more than one cul-
ance. Milling-stone elements are common on site tural pattern through some significant timespan.
Tarapaca 29 as are some rock features that may
be remains of house circles. Simple rock align- DISCUSSION
ments and design elements were found adja- The brief description of a series of preceramic
cent to the site proper. A thin sheet and occa- sites described above is not intended to be-
sional pockets of refuse were found under the nor to provide the basis for -a detailed com-
surface artifacts and were intermixed with a parative study. The intent of this preliminary
veneer of windblown sand. Hearths or burned report is nothing more than to indicate that
areas were definitely associated with this refuse. these kinds of cultural remains have been re-
Some faunal and vegetable materials were re- covered in this region, and to suggest the basis
covered. for a possible local sequence. Without detailed
Group 5 (Tarapaca 14A; house-pit zone Tara- artifact descriptions, artifact frequencies, and the
paca 35) study of accompanying faunal and floral associ-
These two areas represent small groups of ations, no serious reconstructionsare possible, of
shallow house pits. The artifacts seem to be course.
related to material found on the Group 3 sites Some of the artifactsrecovered from the work-
above, but with several significant differences. shop sites seem to fall into what has been termed
Excavations from the house-pit sector of Tara- the Andean Biface tradition (Lanning 1966:
paca 14A reveal oval floor surfaces, 16-18 in. 134). The larger of the bifaces - those found
below the present surface. Each living area or on the isolated stations here in Tarapaca - are
house unit has a central hearth and evidence probably earlier in time than the Puripica or
that suggests the roofs were formed by setting Ayampitin types found on the workshop sites
small diameter poles around the edges of the pit proper. But this has not been established strati-
and pulling them together in the center in some graphically or with any independent dating
way. This is not definite, however, and ramada- methods. No satisfactory function or use for
type roofs, typical of the area at the present time, these heavy tools has been demonstrated, and
may have been constructed in some instances. so far there is insufficient evidence here to sug-
The upper portion of the fill in these houses con- gest any specific cultural affiliation. What we
tained numerous heavy lithic tools similar to can say is that they are most often found on
those from Tarapaca 18. Milling-stone elements the margins of dry lake beds (salares) where,
180 AMERICANANTIQUITY [ VOL.35, No. 2, 1970
in times past, standing water or a forest cover porary camps. We see these camps as part of
of Phreatophytic vegetation existed, at least on a seasonal round extending from the higher
an occasional basis. This cover had a significant Andean regions to the coastal foothills. Sites
subsistence potential both as food for animals in the Tarapaca sequence that best fit this pat-
which might be hunted, or as food for the tern seem to be limited to workshop situations.
hunters themselves. Similar artifacts (see Fig. No milling-stone elements or refuse depositions
3a-e), be they blanks, finished tools, or some are associated with the tools. However, it is
of each, have not been reported from the adja- possible, if not likely, that most of the actual
cent littoral. They have been reported from sev- camps were made on the Pampa proper where
eral inland sites along the Pampa Tamarugal there was cover, water, and firewood, as opposed
(Salar de Soranal, reported by L. Nun'iezand to exposed dry camps on the terracesthemselves.
Varela 1964: 189-204; Puquio de Nunfiez,re- So far no exploration of the Pampa has been
ported by Lautaro Nunfiez,personal communica- made with the discovery of such camps in mind.
tion, 1967), and from the higher basins in the The nature of the Pampa - with seasonal flood-
adjacent subcordillera (Salar de Huasco, re- ing and alluviation, shifting wind-borne sand
ported by L. Nuniez and Varela 1966: 9-25; deposits, and considerable cultivation in recent
Salar de Talabre, reported by L. Nuiez 1967: times - makes the discovery of such evidence
5-11). in situ highly unlikely. The possibility that the
All of the cited reports are preliminary, and milling stone may have been part of this pattem
no attempt has yet been made to study these must be considered, even without direct evi-
tools in detail. Work by Lanning in the Talabre dence locally. Milling-stone elements are re-
region probablyincludes artifactssimilar to those ported as part of the Ayampitin assemblage
from Tarapaca, but the details on these investi- (Gonzales 1960a), and it is likely that algarroba
gations are not yet available (Lanning and Pat- (Prosopis) was an important food source along
terson 1967: 44-50). with whatever animals might have been hunted.
For Tarapaca, it is suggested that this class of With possible cyclic shifts in the Humboldt
implement represents the earliest evidence for current and a postulated general increase in
occupation so far discovered, but it is also likely precipitation as we move back in time, it is possi-
that the use of similar forms persisted for some ble to suggest that portions of the coastal range
considerable time. An early age cannot be at- were at times much more suited to seasonal graz-
tributed to such tools strictly on the basis of ing than they have been in recent centuries.
formal attributes or typological considerations. Thus some subsistence for grazing animals may
The material from the workshop sites (Tara- have been available, at least on occasion, within
paca 9, 10, 11, and 28) is somewhat better the coastal-range province. The fruit pods and
known, and some tentative comparisons within seeds of the algarroba and tamarugal could
the larger area can be made. Most implements easily have provided another important food
recovered from the workshop sites are clearly source for such animals, as well as for human
within the Ayampitin, Lauricocha, and Puripica gatherers. With extensive stands of this vegeta-
traditions. tion spread over a substantial portion of the
It is generally assumed that this class of ma- Pampa Tamarugal and with occasional stands
terial represents projectile points and knives and of annual vegetation along the coastal range,
that these tools were the by-product of some some considerable food resources were available
hunting peoples or culture (see Fig. 4a-o). The for grazinganimals such as the guanaco, in spite
animal most often cited as the object of these of the seeming lack of such a potential at the
activities is the guanaco (Lama huanacus). present time. Differential maturation of these
There is so far, however, no direct association resources in different regions would provide the
between the tools recovered from the workshop basis for a seasonal round oriented toward both
sites and any faunal material. The leaf-shaped hunting and collecting activities. Utilization of
point/guanaco-hunting relationship for Tara- maritime resources may have been part of this
paca must be considered logical but not yet round, although there is little to suggest this for
demonstrated. that particularcultural pattern or period of time.
We agree, however, that these implements What we are saying is that, in spite of the fact
were made by hunting-and-gathering peoples that the larger region is and has been for several
and that the sites along the salares were temr thousand years a barren desert environment,
............ . E......................
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:
- ' " b
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.
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...
. ... ...... .....
. ..
... ... .
. . ...........
*:.|!;
..
*: : . :: .: . ... .. :. .:~~~~~~~~~~~~!i;:
..:...:. . . ::..:.... :.:.
*
::
~~~~~~~~~~~~~. : . . .:.:.
...::.: .... . . .
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::::
S
...
..............
:.:;
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;.;
.: : .
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................
...
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... .. .. .. ..
FIG. 6. Artifacts a-g typical of Group 3 habitation sites. These are also representative of the short-term stopover
sites. Artifacts h-o are typical of Group 4 habitation sites and representative (along with artifacts a-a on Fig. 5)
of the seasonal campsite pattern.
182 AMERICANANTIQUITY [ VOL.35, No. 2, 1970
there have been from time to time important 6h-o). Sites included here are much larger than
subsistence resources available, at least on a sea- the first category.
sonal basis. The most reliable of these resources Although it is in part speculation without firm
depended upon runoff from the higher Andean empirical support, we suggest that the sites in
regions and were, to a great degree, independent the first pattern were the by-products of small
of the local lowland climatic situation which in groups camping for short periods of time, then
its own right does not normally produce suffi- moving on. These may or may not be seasonal
cient moisture to support any significant amount occupations for the purpose of exploiting some
of life in the area. local resources. They seem more like overnight
The prehistory of the region must be inter- stopover stations or short-term resting camps,
preted in terms of this subsistence base, with the with little concern for local resources as such.
recognition that it was subject to considerable The small size of the sites -only a few yards
fluctuation with respect to both its existence in diameter - indicate one-time occupancies
and relative productivity. and do not suggest annual encampments. They
The idea that resources such as this are best might represent the activities of some specialized
exploited as part of a seasonal round is, of course, segment of some larger group working out of a
widely recognized. Such a seasonal round ex- more permanent camp elsewhere. The refuse
tending from the coast to the upland Punas in at both Tarapaca 2A and 14A indicates strong
the Andean region has been suggested for parts ties with the sea. Much of the faunal material
of Peru (Lynch 1967). Lanning (1966: 133-8) is fish bone, dried fish remains, and shellfish of
agrees that transhumance was a highly likely at least two kinds. Larger mammal bone, be-
mode of exploitation for this part of the Andean lieved to be guanaco, was also present in sig-
region. nificant quantities.
Relationships between the workshop sites and The sites in pattern 2 look like the kind of
the temporary campsites within the Quebrada accumulations that would result if small family
area are not clear. Leaf-shaped bifacially flaked groups of hunters-and-gatherers returned year
tools occur in nearly all the campsite situations. after year to the same general locations. Milling
Frequencies vary from site to site, and the fav- stones and the more complete tool inventory
ored lithic material (rhyolite) on the workshop suggest longer stays and a concern with local
sites is replaced by basalt on most of the camps. vegetable resources.
We can say that we have a number of single- No attempt has been made to fit all of the
component sites, each of which seems to have a mapped nonceramic sites into this twofold divi-
slightly different and distinctive artifact inven- sion. Some sites are clearly mixed, and others
tory. There is some sharing of elements between were contaminated by the activities of later agri-
the assemblages,suggestingpossible relationships cultural groups living over much of the same
territory.
of one sort or another.
Time placement for both patterns must await
Impressionistically,it is possible to suggest that
radiocarbon determinations. A single radiocar-
two separable cultural patterns are involved. bon date from the refuse in Tarapaca 12 pro-
These patterns may be sequent in time, one vides the basis for an estimate for the age of one
following the other, or they may be more or less component of the second pattern (2740 B.C.?
contemporary. The differentiationis based upon 80 years, UCLA 1293, Berger, personal com-
two lines of projectile-point development and munication, 1967). It is not possible to say much
upon the nature of the complete assemblagesfor more on the basis of local data. Comparison of
each grouping or pattern. the assemblages here with similar artifacts from
The first pattern is characterizedby tiny camp- sites in adjacent areas suggeststhat all of the sites
ing locations and distinctively shaped projectile in both pattern 1 and pattern 2 postdate the
points or knives marked by finely serrated edges workshop sites described previously. In other
(see Fig. 6a-e). Sites in the second pattern in- locales, some stratigraphicrelationships provide
clude large numbers of heavy lithic tools, several a general suggestion of time placement that may
categories of scrapers, drills, gravers,and milling be valid in the Tarapaca sequence as well.
stones. Bifacially flaked knives are common in Ravines (1967: 39-56) describes material from
these assemblages, as are triangular-shaped pro- several sites located in southern Peru not far
jectile points with concave bases (Fig. 5a-o; Fig. from the Chilean boundary. His sites were
TRUE AND OTHERS ] PROJECTTARAPACA 183