Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TM
1
General Safety Guidelines to follow
when working on vehicles
• Always wear approved eye protection.
• Always operate the vehicle in a well ventilated area.
Do not inhale exhaust gases – they are very poisonous!
• Always keep yourself, tools and test equipment away from all
moving or hot engine parts.
• Always make sure the vehicle is in park (Automatic transmission)
or neutral (manual transmission) and that the parking brake is
firmly set. Block the drive wheels.
• Never leave vehicle unattended while running tests.
• Never lay tools on vehicle battery. You may short the terminals
together causing harm to yourself, the tools or the battery.
• Never smoke or have open flames near vehicle.
Vapors from gasoline and charging battery are highly flammable
and explosive.
• Always keep a fire extinguisher suitable for gasoline/electrical/
chemical fires handy.
• Always turn ignition key OFF when connecting or disconnecting
electrical components, unless otherwise instructed.
• Always follow vehicle manufacturer’s warnings, cautions and
service procedures.
CAUTION:
Some vehicles are equipped with safety air bags.
You must follow vehicle service manual cautions when working
around the air bag components or wiring. If the cautions are not
followed, the air bag may open up unexpectedly, resulting in per-
sonal injury. Note that the air bag can still open up several minutes
after the ignition key is off (or even if the vehicle battery is discon-
nected) because of a special energy reserve module.
2
About Codes
Where do they come from and what are they for?
Engine computers can find problems Read Codes with the Code Scanner
The computer system in today’s vehicles You obtain trouble codes from the engine
does more than control engine operation - it computer memory by using the Actron
can help you find problems, too! Special Code Scanner tool. Refer to section 5, 8
testing abilities are permanently pro- or 11 for details. After you get the trouble
grammed into the computer by factory codes, you can either:
engineers. These tests check the compo- • Have your vehicle professionally
nents connected to the computer which are serviced. Trouble codes indicate
used for (typically): fuel delivery, idle speed problems found by the computer.
control, spark timing and emission systems.
Mechanics have used these tests for years. or,
Now you can do the same thing by using • Repair the vehicle yourself using trouble
the Actron Code Scanner! codes to help pinpoint the problem.
Engine computers perform special tests Trouble Codes and Diagnostics help
The engine computer runs the special you fix the problem
tests. The type of testing varies with To find the cause of the problem yourself,
manufacturer, engine, model year etc. you need to perform special test
There is no “universal” test that is the same procedures called “diagnostics”. These
for all vehicles. The tests examine INPUTS procedures are in the vehicle service
(electrical signals going INTO the manual. There are many possible causes
computer) and OUTPUTS (electrical for any problem. For example, suppose
signals coming OUT of the computer). you turned on a wall switch in your home
Input signals which have “wrong” values or and the ceiling light did not turn on. Is it a
output circuits which don’t behave correctly bad bulb or light socket? Is the bulb
are noted by the test program and the installed correctly? Are there problems
results are stored in the computer’s with the wiring or wall switch? Maybe
memory. These tests are important. The there is no power coming into the house!
computer can not control the engine As you can see, there are many possible
properly if it has bad inputs or outputs! causes. The diagnostics written for
servicing a particular trouble code take
into account all the possibilities. If you
Code numbers give test results follow these procedures, you should be
The test results are stored by using code able to find the problem causing the code
numbers, usually called “trouble codes” and fix it if you want to “do-it-yourself.”
or “diagnostic codes.” For example, a
code 23 might mean “throttle position
sensor signal voltage is incorrect.” Code Actron makes it easy to fix computer-
meanings are listed in Sections 6, 9 and controlled vehicles
12. Specific code definitions vary with Using the Actron Code Scanner to
manufacturer, engine and model year, so obtain trouble codes is fast and easy.
you may want to refer to a vehicle Trouble codes give you valuable
service manual for additional informa- knowledge – whether you go for
tion. These manuals are available from professional vehicle servicing or “do-it-
the manufacturer, other publishers or yourself.” Now that you know what
your local public library. (See manual trouble codes are and where they come
listing on page 4.) from, you are well on your way to fixing
today’s computer controlled vehicles!
3
Vehicle Service Info
The following is a list of publishers who have service manuals for your specific
vehicle. Write or call them for availability and prices, specifying the make, style, model
year, and VIN (Vehicle Identification Number) of your vehicle.
4
When to Read Codes
Use the Code Scanner to read computer
trouble codes if...
6
Using Codes
Using Trouble Codes to Pinpoint Problems
EGR
G GAP VAC BRAKE BOOSTER
manual, or Vehicle
REG
FUEL
PRESS
U.S.A.
REG.
TO TRANS
Information(VECI)
decal located in the
EM FRONT
OF CAR
engine compartment.
–Pinches and kinks.
–Splits, cuts or breaks.
• Inspect wiring for:
–Contact with sharp
edges. (This
happens often.)
–Contact with hot
surfaces, such as
exhaust manifolds.
–Pinched, burned or chafed insula-
tion.
–Proper routing and
connections.
• Check electrical
connectors for:
–Corrosion on pins.
–Bent or damaged
pins.
–Contacts not properly seated in
housing.
–Bad wire crimps to terminals.
Problems with connectors are common
in the engine control system. Inspect
carefully. Note that some connectors use
a special grease on the contacts to
prevent corrosion. Do not wipe off!
Obtain extra grease, if needed, from
your vehicle dealer. It is a special type
for this purpose.
8
Vehicle Preparation
Important: Complete ALL steps in this section before proceeding to Section 5,
“Reading Trouble Codes.” (Exception: Vehicles with Super Monitor Display – Do steps
1 through 6 only.)
TOYOTA 9
ized Engine Controls”, “Electronic 9) Select the Proper Tool
Engine Controls” or “Tune-Up • The black jumper wire is used with
Information.” the circular type test connector.
• Turn the ignition key OFF.
10 TOYOTA
Reading Codes
Important: Complete ALL steps in Section 4, “Vehicle Preparation” before reading
trouble codes.
Toyota uses various computerized engine control systems.
• Trouble codes are read by counting flashes on the “CHECK” engine light (or using
the Super Monitor Display).
• Use the chart below to find the code reading test procedure for your vehicle.
TOYOTA 11
EFI System
(Electronic Fuel Injection system)
1) Complete ALL steps in Section 4, 5) Get Codes from the Flashing
“Vehicle Preparation” “CHECK” Engine Light
• Count flashes to get trouble codes.
2) Access Computer Test Connector • Only single digit codes (1 through 8)
are used.
Rectangular type:
–There is a 1 second pause between
• Open hinged cover on connector.
flashes.
• Some connectors use a special
grease on the contacts to prevent
Example: code 3 looks like...
corrosion. Do not wipe off!
Circular type: ❊ PAUSE❊ PAUSE ❊
FLASH (1 sec. pause) FLASH (1 sec.
• Remove the protective rubber cap
pause) FLASH
from the connector.
❊ PAUSE ❊ PAUSE ❊
CP
90
TM
O
TA
(3 second pause)
• Plug the black jumper wire into both FLASH - FLASH - FLASH - FLASH - FLASH
test connector contacts. (3 second pause, then start all over from
• The jumper wire will not harm the the very beginning)
vehicle engine computer.
12 TOYOTA
• After all trouble codes have been 7) Remove Tool from Connector and
written down, finish testing as follows: Replace Connector’s Protective
Cover
6) Turn ignition key OFF • The engine computer is now back to
normal.
What to do with the Trouble Codes – Celica, & Truck: Remove the “STOP”
Look up the code definitions listed in 15 amp fuse from the fuse block.
“Toyota Code Meanings.” – Starlet: Disconnect the fusible link
At this point you can either: (YELLOW connector) near the
positive (+) battery terminal.
• Have your vehicle professionally
serviced. Trouble codes indicate – Van: Remove the “EFI” 15 amp fuse
problems found by the computer. from the fuse block.
or, • All the trouble codes are now erased
from computer memory!
• Repair the vehicle yourself using
trouble codes to help pinpoint the • Replace fuse or link. You may have to
problem. Refer to Section 3, “Using reset the vehicle clock, radio stations,
Codes.” Be sure to erase any trouble and so on.
codes from the computer’s memory Important: The computer has a
after repairs are completed, as “learning” ability to take care of minor
indicated below. variations in engine control operation.
Whenever you erase the computer
memory, the computer has to “relearn”
Erasing Trouble Codes after Repair various things. Vehicle performance may
• Disconnect the link or remove the be noticeably different until it “relearns”.
indicated fuse for a minimum of 30 This temporary situation is normal. The
seconds. “learning” process takes place during
– Camry: Remove the “ECU +B” 15 warm engine driving.
amp fuse from the fuse block.
TOYOTA 13
TCCS-E
(Toyota Computer Control System - Early version)
DO NOT
START THE
ENGINE
❊ PAUSE ❊ PAUSE ❊
FLASH (1 sec. pause) FLASH (1 sec.
pause) FLASH
4) Install Code Scanning Tool • Two digit codes are sent as one long
Rectangular test connector: group of flashes. That is, a code 10
• Plug code scanner tool into connector. would be 10 flashes in a row, a code
12 would be 12 flashes in a row, and
Note: Tool does not completely cover so on.
all contacts in 24 pin type connector.
This is normal. • There is a 4.5 second pause between
codes.
• The tool only fits ONE WAY into the
test connector • After all codes are sent, the whole
sequence is repeated. This continues
• The tool will not harm the vehicle until the ignition key is turned OFF or
engine computer. the code scanning tool is discon-
nected.
Remove cap if present
Note: This means a code 1 (system
O.K.) will appear as a single flash
occurring every 4.5 seconds.
• Codes are sent in numeric order from
the lowest number to the highest.
❊ ❊ ❊
TO
Y
TM
O
TA
PAUSE PAUSE
14 TOYOTA
Example of code series 3 and 5: 7) Remove Tool from Connector and
Replace Connector’s Protective
❊ PAUSE ❊ PAUSE ❊ Cover
FLASH - FLASH - FLASH • The engine computer is now back to
normal.
(4.5 second pause)
Replace cap
CP
90
25
TO
Y
TM
O
FF
TA
6) Turn ignition ON
key OFF
O
30
SECONDS
16 TOYOTA
TCCS-L
(Toyota Computer Control System - Later version)
TM
O
TA
TOYOTA 17
Example of code series 11, 13 and 23: 6) Turn ignition
key OFF
FF ON
❊ ❊
O
PAUSE
❊❊ PAUSE ❊❊❊
FLASH FLASH (pause) FLASH FLASH FLASH
(4.5 second pause, then start all over
again from the very beginning)
❊ ❊❊
25
TO
Y
PAUSE
TM
O
TA
18 TOYOTA
What to do with the Trouble Codes Erasing Trouble Codes after Repair
Look up the code definitions listed in • Remove the indicated fuse for a
“Toyota Code Meanings.” minimum of 30 seconds.
At this point you can either:
• Have your vehicle professionally 30
serviced. Trouble codes indicate SECONDS
problems found by the computer.
or,
• Repair the vehicle yourself using
trouble codes to help pinpoint the – Camry, Celica, Cressida, Land
problem. Refer to Section 3, “Using Cruiser, 1991 & newer MR2, Paseo,
Codes.” Be sure to erase any trouble Pickup, Previa, Supra, 1991 & newer
codes from the computer’s memory Tercel, Van, & 4Runner:
after repairs are completed, as
follows. Remove the “EFI” fuse from the fuse
block.
TOYOTA 19
TCCS-M
(Toyota Computer Control System with Super
Monitor Display option)
1) Complete Steps 1 Through 5 in • Stored trouble codes are shown on
Section 4, “Vehicle Preparation” display as follows...
stored,
there will
4) Press and Hold the “SELECT” and be a 3 second pause between codes.
“INPUT M” Keys at the Same Time
• After all trouble codes have been
• Press both written down, finish testing as follows:
keys for a
minimum
of 3
DIAG 7) Press the “SELECT” Key to Show
seconds. H M Time
SELECT INPUT SET
• The engine
• Wait a few seconds, then proceed to computer is
next step. now back to
normal.
5) Press
and Hold H M
the “SET”CT INPUT SET
Key for at SUPER MONITOR
Least 3
Seconds
ENG OK
H M
SELECT INPUT SET
SUPER MONITOR
20 TOYOTA
TEST RESULTS COMMENTS
No indication on Super You have a problem with the Super Monitor Display
Monitor Display which needs repair before reading codes. Refer to
vehicle service manual.
What to do with the Trouble Codes Erasing Trouble Codes after Repair
Look up the code definitions listed in
Section 6, “Toyota Code Meanings.” 30
At this point you can either: SECONDS
• Have your vehicle professionally
serviced. Trouble codes indicate
problems found by the computer.
or, – On 1985 & 1986 vehicles:
• Repair the vehicle yourself using Remove the “STOP” 15 amp fuse from
trouble codes to help pinpoint the the fuse block for a minimum of 30
problem. Refer to Section 3, “Using seconds.
Codes.” Be sure to erase any trouble
codes from the computer’s memory – On 1987 & 1988 vehicles:
after repairs are completed, as Remove the “EFI” 15 amp fuse from
follows. the fuse block for a minimum of 30
seconds.
TOYOTA 21
Code Meanings
Note:
• Code meanings can vary with vehicle, model year, engine
type and options.
• If a code number has more than one definition listed, note
that only one definition applies to your vehicle. Consult
service manual to get the specific definition for your vehicle.
• Each code definition includes a list of possible causes for
the code.
• Follow vehicle service manual procedures to find the cause
of the code.
Remember:
1) Visual inspections are important!
2) Problems with wiring and connectors are common,
especially for intermittent faults.
3) Mechanical problems (vacuum leaks, binding or sticking
linkages, etc.) can make a good sensor send an incorrect
signal to the computer. This can cause a Trouble Code.
4) Incorrect information from a sensor may cause the computer
to control the engine in the wrong way. Faulty engine
operation might even make the computer show a different
good sensor as being bad!
22 TOYOTA
EFI Codes
Electronic Fuel Injection system
TOYOTA 23
TCCS-E Codes
Toyota Computer Control System (Early version)
24 TOYOTA
TCCS-L Codes
Toyota Computer Control System (Later version)
and
TCCS-M Codes
Toyota Computer Control System with Super Monitor Display option
TOYOTA 25
Injector circuit, Ignition Sub Oxygen (O2) sensor 32
system, Air Intake system, signal - Air suction into Airflow meter signal - Bad
Exhaust Gas Recirculation Exhaust system, Leak in Air Airflow meter or faulty meter
(EGR) system, EGR Vacuum Induction system or in Air wiring.
lines or Engine ground. intake system. Bad Spark
Wiring associated with these Plug(s), Vacuum sensor, O2 or,
parts. sensor(s) or O2 sensor High Altitude
or, Heater, Integrated Ignition Compensator (HAC) - Bad
Assembly (IIA), Air Flow HAC or faulty circuit.
Oxygen (O2) sensor circuit meter, Fuel Injector(s) or
- Bad or blocked Fuel
Injector(s). Leak in Air
Cold Start Injector. Improper 34
Fuel line pressure. Faulty Turbocharger Pressure
Induction system. Bad Air Ignition system or
Flow meter, O2 sensor or sensor - Bad Turbocharger
Distributor. Wiring Pressure sensor or Airflow
Spark Plug(s). Improper Fuel associated with these parts.
line pressure. Faulty Ignition meter. Faulty Intercooler
system or Distributor. Wiring system, Turbocharger or
associated with these parts. sensor/meter wiring.
28
26 Main Oxygen (O2) sensor 35
Rich Air/Fuel mixture - Bad signal - Air suction into Turbocharger Pressure
or leaking Fuel Injector(s) or Exhaust system. Leak in Air sensor - Bad Turbocharger
Cold Start Injector. Bad Intake system. Bad Spark Pressure sensor or faulty
Coolant Temperature Plug(s) Vacuum sensor, O2 sensor wiring.
sensor, Air Flow meter, sensor(s), O2 sensor Heater, or,
Vacuum sensor, Electronic Air Flow meter, Fuel
Injector(s) or Cold Start High Altitude
Air Bleed Control Valve Compensator (HAC) - Bad
(EBCV) or O2 sensor. Injector. Improper Fuel line
pressure. Faulty Ignition HAC or faulty circuit.
Improper Fuel line pressure
system or Distributor. Wiring
or Compression pressure.
Short in Injector circuit. associated with these parts. 41
Faulty Ignition system, or, Throttle Position sensor
Carburetor or Engine (TPS) signal - Bad Throttle
Oxygen sensor No. 2 Position sensor, Main relay,
ground. Wiring associated signal - Air suction into
with these parts. EFI Main relay or faulty
Exhaust system. Leak in Air sensor/relay wiring.
or, Induction system or in Air
Intake system. Bad Spark or,
Oxygen (O2) sensor circuit
- Bad or blocked Fuel Plug(s), Vacuum sensor, O2 Throttle Position switch
Injector(s). Bad Air Flow sensor(s), O2 sensor Heater, (TPS) signal - Bad or out of
meter, O2 sensor, Cold Start Integrated Ignition Assembly adjustment Throttle Position
Injector or Spark Plugs. (IIA), Air Flow meter, Fuel switch or faulty switch
Improper Fuel line pressure. Injector(s), Cold Start wiring.
Leak in Air Induction system. Injector or Cam Position
Faulty Injector circuit, sensor. Improper Fuel line 42
Ignition system, Distributor pressure. Faulty Distributor Vehicle Speed sensor
or Air Induction system. or Ignition system. Wiring signal - Bad Vehicle Speed
Wiring associated with these associated with these parts. sensor, No.1 Speed Sensor
parts. or faulty sensor wiring.
31
27 Vacuum sensor signal - 43
Oxygen (O2) sensor signal Bad Vacuum sensor or Starter signal - Bad Starter,
- Air suction into Exhaust faulty sensor wiring. Battery, Ignition switch,
system. Leak in Air Induction or, Clutch switch, Clutch Start
system or in Air Intake Vacuum switch signal - switch, Clutch Starter relay,
system. Bad Spark Plug(s), Bad Vacuum switch(s). Bad Neutral Start switch, Starter
Vacuum sensor, O2 or out of adjustment Throttle relay or Main relay. Wiring
sensor(s), O2 sensor Heater, Position (TPS) switch. Faulty associated with these parts.
Air Flow meter, Cam Vacuum line(s) or switch/
Position sensor, Integrated sensor wiring.
Ignition Assembly (IIA), Fuel
Injector(s) or Cold Start or,
Injector. Improper Fuel line Airflow meter signal - Bad
pressure. Faulty Ignition Airflow meter, Main relay or
system or Distributor. Wiring faulty meter/relay wiring.
associated with these parts.
or,
26 TOYOTA
51 53
Switch Condition - Bad Air Knock sensor Control -
Conditioning (A/C) switch, A/ Faulty Knock sensor control
C Amplifier, Neutral/Start (ECU) or associated wiring.
switch, Throttle Position or,
sensor, Accelerator pedal or
Knock Control - Faulty
Accelerator pedal cable.
Wiring associated with these Knock control (ECU) or
associated wiring.
parts.
or ,
54
Switch signal - Bad Air Intercooler ECU Signal -
Conditioning (A/C) switch or Improper Intercooler Coolant
A/C Amplifier, Neutral/Start level. Bad Intercooler Water
switch, Throttle Position pump or Coolant level
sensor, Accelerator pedal or sensor. Faulty Intercooler
Accelerator Pedal cable. ECU. Wiring associated with
Wiring associated with these these parts.
parts.
or , 55
Air Conditioning (A/C) Knock sensor - Bad Knock
signal - Bad A/C Amplifier sensor or sensor wiring.
or faulty amplifier wiring.
71
52 Exhaust Gas Recirculation
Knock sensor signal - Bad (EGR) system - Bad EGR
Knock sensor or faulty Gas Temperature sensor or
sensor wiring. EGR Valve. Faulty EGR
hose(s), EGR system or
faulty sensor/EGR wiring.
72
Fuel Cut solenoid signal -
Bad Fuel Cut solenoid or
faulty solenoid wiring.
TOYOTA 27
Vehicle Preparation
Complete ALL steps in this section before proceeding to Reading Trouble
Codes.
IMPORTANT: Reading trouble codes on 1985 - 1990 (all models) and 1991 Civic,
CRX, & Prelude models, requires access to the engine computer. Due to varying
mounting locations and methods, some mechanical disassembly may be
required! Refer to the Computer Location table in step 3 below. If you are unfamiliar
or uncomfortable with the disassembly required, you may want to get help from
another person before proceeding.
8 4 2 1
HONDA 29
Reading Codes
Important: Complete ALL steps in “Vehicle Preparation” before reading trouble
codes.
• Honda uses various computerized engine control systems.
• Trouble codes are read by:
– Observing LED’s (Light Emitting Diodes) built into the engine computer
OR...
– Counting flashes on the “CHECK” engine light.
• Use the chart below to find the code reading test procedure for your vehicle.
Remember: Vehicles using the instrument panel (“CHECK” engine) lamp for reading
trouble codes do NOT require engine computer access.
30 HONDA
SPECIAL NOTE:
Vehicles With Electronically Controlled Automatic Transaxles
HONDA 31
1985 Accord SEi, Civic CRX Si
1986 Civic CRX Si, Civic Si
1987 Civic CRX Si, Civic Si
32 HONDA
• Trouble codes from zero (no LED’s lit) Erasing Trouble Codes After Repair
through 15 (all LED’s lit) are used. • Verify that the
• When more than one code is stored: ignition key is in FF ON
O
–Each trouble code is presented the OFF position.
once.
–There is a 2 second pause between • Remove the
codes. negative (-) battery
cable and wait 15
seconds.
5) Write down all displayed Trouble
Codes.
• All the trouble
codes are now
6) To view codes a second time, turn
the ignition key OFF and then back
erased from 15
computer memory! SECONDS
to the ON position.
• Reconnect battery
7) This completes trouble code cable. You may
retrieval on these vehicles. Turn the have to reset the vehicle clock, radio
ignition key stations, and so on.
OFF. (The
engine FF ON
O
HONDA 33
1986 Accord LXi, Prelude (Fuel Injected only)
1987 Accord LXi, Prelude (Fuel Injected only)
1988 All models except carbureted Accord
1989 All models except carbureted Accord
1990 All models
1991 All models except Accord (any) and
Prelude with 2.1 Liter engine
Preliminary Checks 4) Get codes from the flashing LED.
Honda service manuals list several • The LED blinks long flashes and short
checks which should be made before flashes.
reading trouble codes. Problems in the –The duration of the LONG
areas listed below can cause the flash is 2 seconds.
computer to set false or misleading
codes. Ignoring these checks can make
you miss the real cause of a code! This
❊
–The duration of the SHORT
can lead to the unnecessary replace-
flash is 1 second.
ment of good parts. Service manual
procedures for troubleshooting a code
assume all preliminary checks are good.
❊
These checks vary with vehicle. Typical
checks are listed below. Refer to service For codes 1 through 10...
manual for your vehicle requirements. – Count SHORT flashes to get the code.
• Visually inspect electrical wiring & Example of code 4:
connectors.
• Visually inspect vacuum hoses &
connectors.
❊❊❊❊
• Perform a compression test.
For codes 11 through 99...
• Perform an exhaust system
– Count LONG flashes to get the first
backpressure test.
digit.
• Perform a fuel pressure test.
– Count SHORT flashes to get the
• Check curb idle speed. second digit.
• Check ignition timing. – Combine digits to get the code.
Example of code 12:
1) Make sure the engine computer
LED is easily viewable. ❊ PAUSE ❊❊
The pause between the first and second
2) Have your pencil and paper ready. digits is 2 seconds.
34 HONDA
Multiple Codes... Example: Codes 13 and 21 occur at
same time.
• Depending upon system, trouble
codes are repeated 2 or 3 times in (Same failure may have caused both
succession. codes.)
Sent as...
Example: Code 12
Sent as...
❊ PAUSE ❊❊❊
PAUSE
❊ PAUSE ❊❊ ❊❊ PAUSE ❊
PAUSE
PAUSE
❊ PAUSE ❊❊ ❊ PAUSE ❊❊❊
or PAUSE
❊ PAUSE ❊❊ ❊❊ PAUSE ❊
PAUSE --Notice how the codes are grouped and
PAUSE computer is
❊❊ PAUSE ❊ back to
normal
operation.)
Notice how each code is repeated before
the next code is sent.
HONDA 35
What to do with the Trouble Codes Erasing Trouble Codes after Repair
Look up the code definitions listed in • Verify that the
Section 9, “Honda Code Meanings.” ignition key is in FF ON
O
At this point you can either: the OFF position.
• Have your vehicle professionally
serviced. Trouble codes indicate
problems found by the computer. • Remove the negative (-) battery cable
or, or indicated fuse and wait 15 seconds.
• Repair the vehicle yourself using
trouble codes to help pinpoint the
problem. Refer to Section 3, “Using
Codes.” Be sure to erase any trouble
codes from the computer’s memory
after repairs are completed, as
follows.
15
SECONDS
36 HONDA
1991 Accord (all)
1991 Prelude with 2.1L engine
1992 All models
Prelude, 1991 (with 2.1L engine)
Preliminary Checks Under the hood, on the left fender, to
Honda service manuals list several the rear of the Fuse/Relay Block. This
checks which should be made before connector will likely have a protective
reading trouble codes. Problems in the cover over the terminals.
areas listed below can cause the Prelude, 1992
computer to set false or misleading Behind the center console, in front of
codes. Ignoring these checks can make the accelerator pedal.
you miss the real cause of a code! This
can lead to the unnecessary replace- Note: Search carefully for the Service
ment of good parts. Service manual Check connector. It may be tucked away
procedures for troubleshooting a code among vehicle harnessing
assume all preliminary checks are good.
These checks vary with vehicle. Typical 3) Install the
checks are listed below. Refer to service WHITE
manual for your vehicle requirements. jumper wire
• Visually inspect electrical wiring & in the
connectors. Service
• Visually inspect vacuum hoses & Check
connectors. Connector.
• Perform a compression test.
• Perform an exhaust system 4) Have your
backpressure test. pencil and paper ready.
• Perform a fuel pressure test.
• Check curb idle speed. 5) Turn the ON
ignition key
• Check ignition timing. ON, but DO
OFF
NOT START
THE ENGINE.
1) Make sure the FF ON
O
ignition key is
in the OFF 6) All except 1991 Prelude with 2.1L
position. engine:
Get codes from the flashing
2) Access the Service Check “CHECK” engine light.
Connector. 1991 Prelude with 2.1L engine ONLY:
This 2-contact rectangular connector Get codes from the flashing LED.
is usually light blue and is located as (Engine computer must be accessed.)
follows: • The light blinks long flashes and short
Accord, 1991-1992 flashes.
Above the Front Passenger’s Kick –The duration of the LONG
Panel (right of passenger’s right foot) flash is 2 seconds.
close to the door.
Civic, 1992 ❊
Behind the Front Passenger’s Kick –The duration of the SHORT
Panel (right of passenger’s right foot). flash is 1 second.
❊
HONDA 37
For codes 1 through 10... if the computer sees more than one
– Count SHORT flashes to get the code. problem.
Example of code 4: • Some systems group codes based on
occurrence:
❊❊❊❊ Example: Codes 13 and 21 occur at
different times.
For codes 11 through 99...
(Codes have unrelated causes.)
– Count LONG flashes to get the first
digit. Sent as...
– Count SHORT flashes to get the
second digit. ❊ PAUSE ❊❊❊
– Combine digits to get the code. PAUSE
Example of code 12: ❊ PAUSE ❊❊❊
❊ PAUSE ❊❊ PAUSE
Remember: ❊❊ PAUSE ❊
– If SHORT flashes come first, the code
is 10, or less. Notice how each code is repeated before
the next code is sent.
– If LONG flashes come first, it is the
first digit of a two digit code.
The pause between codes is 2 seconds. Example: Codes 13 and 21 occur at
same time.
(Same failure may have caused both
Multiple Codes... codes.)
• Depending upon system, trouble Sent as...
codes are repeated 2 or 3 times in
succession.
Example: Code 12
❊ PAUSE ❊❊❊
PAUSE
Sent as...
❊❊ PAUSE ❊
❊ PAUSE ❊❊ PAUSE
❊ ❊❊❊
PAUSE
PAUSE
❊ PAUSE ❊❊ PAUSE
or ❊❊ PAUSE ❊
❊ PAUSE ❊❊ --Notice how the codes are grouped and
the code group is repeated.
PAUSE
❊ PAUSE ❊❊
PAUSE
❊ PAUSE ❊❊
• Several different codes can be stored
38 HONDA
7) Write down all displayed Trouble Erasing Trouble Codes after Repair
Codes. • Verify that the
ignition key is in FF ON
O
8) To view codes a second time, turn the OFF position.
the ignition key OFF and then back • Remove the
to the ON position. indicated fuse
from the fuse
block and wait 15 seconds.
9) Turn the ignition key OFF and
remove the WHITE jumper wire.
(The engine computer is back to
normal operation.)
FF ON
O
15
SECONDS
HONDA 39
Code Meanings
Note:
• Code meanings can vary with vehicle, model year, engine type and options.
• If a code number has more than one definition listed, note that only one definition
applies to your vehicle. Consult service manual to get the specific definition for
your vehicle.
• Each code definition includes a list of possible causes for the code.
• Follow vehicle service manual procedures to find the cause of the code.
Remember:
1) Visual inspections are important!
2) Problems with wiring and connectors are common, especially for intermittent faults.
3) Mechanical problems (vacuum leaks, binding or sticking linkages, etc.) can make a
good sensor send an incorrect signal to the computer. This can cause a Trouble
Code.
4) Incorrect information from a sensor may cause the computer to control the engine
in the wrong way. Faulty engine operation might even make the computer show a
different good sensor as being bad!
HONDA 41
22 41
Variable Valve Timing Oxygen (O2) sensor heater
Electronic Control (VTEC) - Bad Oxygen sensor or
Oil Pressure switch - Bad faulty sensor wiring.
VTEC Oil Pressure switch, or,
VTEC Spool Valve or faulty
Linear Air/Fuel Ratio (LAF)
switch/valve wiring.
sensor - Bad LAF sensor or
faulty sensor wiring.
23
Knock sensor - Bad Knock
sensor or faulty sensor
43
wiring. Fuel Supply system - Bad
Oxygen (O2) sensor or
problem in fuel system.
30
Automatic Transmission
(A/T) “A” signal - Faulty
48
Linear Air/Fuel Ratio (LAF)
signal wiring.
sensor - Bad LAF sensor or
or, faulty sensor wiring.
A/T FI Signal A - Faulty
signal wiring.
31
Automatic Transmission
(A/T) “B” signal - Faulty
signal wiring.
or,
A/T FI Signal B - Faulty
signal wiring.
42 HONDA
Vehicle Preparation
Complete ALL steps in this section 2) Test the
before proceeding to Reading “CHECK”
Trouble Codes, page 46 Engine Light CHECK
IMPORTANT: Reading trouble codes on (Also called
Nissan vehicles requires access to the “CHECK
engine computer. Due to varying ENGINE”, or
mounting locations and methods, labeled with a small engine picture.)
some mechanical disassembly may NOTE: If vehicle does NOT have a
be required! Refer to the Computer “CHECK” engine light, go directly to
Location table in step 3 (see page 44). If step 3.
you are unfamiliar or uncomfortable with • Turn the ignition key from the OFF to
the disassembly required, you may want the ON position, but do not start the
to get help from another person before engine!
proceeding.
• Verify that the light turns ON.
• If the light does not turn on, you have
1) Safety First! a problem with this circuit which must
• Set the parking brake. be repaired. Refer to the vehicle
• Put the shift lever in PARK or Neutral. service manual. Some publications
have this information in books or
• Block the drive wheels. sections called “Computerized Engine
• Make sure all accessories are turned Controls”, “Electronic Engine Controls”
OFF. or “Tune-Up Information.”
• Make sure the • Turn the ignition key OFF.
ignition key is FF ON
O
in the OFF
position.
NISSAN 43
3) Locate the Engine Computer
Note: Nissan refers to the engine computer as the ECU (Electronic Control Unit).
44 NISSAN
4) Access the Computer for Testing
• Trouble
codes are
“read” by
observing
the flash
patterns of 1 or 2
LED’s (Light Emitting Diodes)
mounted inside the computer. These
LED’s can be seen through a “sight
window” - an opening in the top or
side of the computer housing.
• Also mounted in the computer is the
test switch or potentiometer which
must be operated to start the code
reading process.
• Remove any vehicle parts such as
kick panels or other plastic pieces
which would restrict access to the
LED sight window, the test switch or
potentiometer.
• The computer itself may have to be
removed from its mounting location.
–Make note of wire harness position
before moving computer. Harness
should be replaced in original
position when computer is re-
mounted.
–Do not disconnect any of the
wiring harness connectors which
plug into the computer. You may
lose stored trouble codes!
NISSAN 45
Reading Codes
Important: Complete ALL steps in Vehicle Preparation before reading
trouble codes.
Nissan uses several engine computer 1) Find the number of LED’s used.
systems and trouble code reading
procedures.
2) Read the procedure for counting
• Trouble codes are obtained by flashes, page 48.
counting LED (Light Emitting Diode)
flashes.
3) Follow the test procedure on the
• The LED’s are built into the computer
page listed in the chart.
– there may be 1 or 2 LED’s used.
The procedures assume you already know
• Refer to chart on next page for your
how to get codes from the LED flashes.
vehicle.
46 NISSAN
Test
Year Usage System LED’s Pg.
1984 Stanza EFI ECS 2 50
200SX EFI ECS 2 52
200SX Turbo, 300ZX, 300ZX Turbo ECCS 2 56
NISSAN 47
2 LED System 1 LED System
How to Count Flashes to get Trouble How to Count Flashes to get Trouble
Codes Codes
This system uses a RED and a GREEN This system uses a single RED LED.
LED. • The LED blinks long flashes and short
flashes.
• All Nissan trouble codes are 2 digits –The duration of the LONG flash is .6
long. seconds.
–Count RED flashes to get the first –The duration of the SHORT flash is
digit. .3 seconds.
–Count GREEN flashes to get the • All Nissan trouble codes are 2 digits
second digit. long.
–Combine digits to get the code. –Count LONG flashes to get the first
digit.
Example of code 12: –Count SHORT flashes to get the
second digit.
RED GREEN GREEN
• The RED LED will flash first, followed Example of code 12:
by the GREEN LED.
❊ PAUSE ❊❊
Example of code sequence 12 and 32: • Look for the LONG flashes first, then
RED GREEN GREEN the SHORT flashes when reading a
❊ PAUSE ❊❊ code.
48 NISSAN
NISSAN 49
1984 Stanza
Warning: Involves running engine. 8) When the results from Step 7 are
Observe all safety precautions (see satisfactory, start the engine and
page 2). Work in well ventilated area. observe the RED and GREEN
LED’s.
• Vehicles with air conditioning: Code
1) Use Selector tool or other means to 44 indicates that the computer
turn the Diagnosis Mode Selector system is O.K. and that testing is
to the ON position. complete. Codes other than 44
indicate a problem which should be
DIAGNOSTIC IND.
CAUTION repaired.
OFF
PLEASE OPERATE • Vehicles without air conditioning:
WITHIN THIS EXTENT Code 31 indicates that the computer
ON system is O.K. and that testing is
complete. Codes other than 31
indicate a problem which should be
2) Turn the ignition ON repaired.
switch ON, but DO
OFF
O
both the RED and Diagnosis Mode
GREEN LED’s turn Selector to the
ON and flash at OFF position.
the same time:
• If they do, proceed to the next step.
• If they do not, the computer (ECU) What to do with the Trouble Codes
may be defective. Refer to vehicle
service Look up the code definitions listed in
manual. Section 12, “Nissan Code Meanings,”
At this point you can either:
4) Depress and • Have your vehicle professionally
release serviced. Trouble codes indicate
accelerator problems found by the computer.
pedal. or,
• Repair the vehicle yourself using
5) Turn the A/C switch trouble codes to help pinpoint the
from OFF to ON to A/C problem. Refer to Section 3, “Using
Codes.” Be sure to erase any trouble
OFF (if equipped).
codes from the computer’s memory
after repairs are completed, as
6) Have your pencil and paper ready. indicated on the following page.
O
ignition connector.
switch OFF.
14)Reconnect the negative (-) battery
cable. You may have to reset the
vehicle clock, radio stations, etc.
11)Disconnect
the negative Important: The computer has a
(-) battery “learning” ability to take care of minor
cable. variations in engine control operation.
Whenever you erase the computer
memory, the computer has to “relearn”
various things. Vehicle performance may
12)Remove the be noticeably different until it “relearns”.
harness
connector
15 This temporary situation is normal. The
“learning” process takes place during
from the SECONDS warm engine driving.
computer NOTE: When reinstalling the ECU, be
(ECU) and careful to route all wiring to its original
wait 15 position.
seconds.
Trouble codes are now erased!
NISSAN 51
1984 - 85 200SX, 1985 Stanza
gear shift
ENGINE. lever from
Neutral to the highest gear and
3) Check to see that both the RED and then back to Neutral.
GREEN LED’s turn
ON and stay ON. 10)Observe the RED and GREEN
• If they do, proceed LED’s.
to the next step. • Code 31 should be displayed.
• If they do not, you • Note any codes other than 31.
have a problem with the battery
supply circuit which feeds the
computer (ECU), or the ECU itself 11)Start the vehicle’s engine.
may be defective. This failure must
be repaired before proceeding. Refer
to the vehicle service manual. Some 12)Observe the RED and GREEN
publications have this information in LED’s.
books or sections called “Computer- • Code 31 should be displayed.
ized Engine Controls”, “Electronic • Note any codes other than 31.
Engine Controls”, or “Tune-Up
Information.”
13)Turn the A/C switch
4) Turn the Diagnosis
from OFF to ON to
OFF (if equipped). A/C
Mode Selector to
the ON position.
14)Observe the RED
and GREEN LED’s.
5) Have your pencil and paper ready.
• Code 44 should be displayed.
• Note any codes other than 44.
6) Observe the RED and GREEN
LED’s.
• Codes 23, 24, and 31 should be 15)When all diagnostic
displayed. procedures are
complete, turn the
• Note any codes other than 23, 24, Diagnosis Mode
and 31. Selector to the OFF
position, and the ignition switch to
the OFF position.
52 NISSAN
What to do with the Trouble Codes Erasing Trouble Codes after Repair
Look up the code definitions listed in 16)Verify that the Diagnosis Mode
Section 12, “Nissan Code Meanings,” Selector is in the OFF position.
At this point you can either:
• Have your vehicle professionally 17)Remove either
serviced. Trouble codes indicate the harness
problems found by the computer. connector
or, from the
computer
• Repair the vehicle yourself using (ECU), or the
trouble codes to help pinpoint the negative (-)
problem. Refer to Section 3, “Using
Codes.” Be sure to erase any trouble
battery cable
and wait 15
15
codes from the computer’s memory seconds. SECONDS
after repairs are completed, as
follows: Trouble codes
are now erased!
NISSAN 53
1986 Stanza, 200SX
Warning: Involves running engine. • Automatic Transmission vehicles:
Observe all safety precautions (see codes 31, and 32 should be
page 2). Work in well ventilated area. displayed.
• Note any codes other than 31, and
32.
1) Using the Selector
Tool or other
means, verify that 7) Depress and
the Diagnosis Mode release
Selector is in the accelerator
OFF position. pedal.
NISSAN 55
1984 200SX Turbo, 300ZX, 300ZX Turbo
1) Mark the initial setting of the 6) Have your pencil and paper ready.
Diagnostic Mode Selector
on the computer 7) Observe the RED and GREEN
housing. LED’s.
IMPORTANT: The • Codes 23, 24, (300ZX Turbo only)
Diagnostic Mode and 31 (all vehicles) should be
Selector is a potentiom- displayed.
eter. It is critical that the
initial position (setting) • Note any codes other than 23, 24,
of this potentiometer be marked on the and 31.
computer housing so that when testing is
complete, it can be reset to its original 8) Depress and
position! release
accelerator
2) Using the Selector pedal.
Tool or other means,
turn the Diagnosis 9) Observe the RED and GREEN
Mode Selector to the LED’s.
fully COUNTER-
CLOCKWISE position. • Codes 24, (300ZX Turbo only) and
31 (all vehicles) should be
displayed.
3) Turn the
ignition ON • Note any codes other than 24, and
31.
switch ON,
OFF
but do not
start the 10)(For 300ZX Turbo only. All others go
engine. to Step 12). Move the gear shift
lever from Neutral to the highest
gear and
4) Check to see that then back to
both the RED and Neutral. P RN D 2 1
GREEN LED’s turn
ON and stay ON.
• If they do, proceed to the next step. 11)Observe the RED and GREEN
LED’s.
• If they do not, you have a problem
with the battery supply circuit which • Code 31 should be displayed.
feeds the computer (ECU), or the • Note any codes other than 31.
ECU itself is defective. This failure
must be repaired before proceeding.
Refer to the vehicle service manual. 12)Start the vehicle’s engine.
Some publications have this
information in books or sections 13)Observe the RED and GREEN LED’s.
called “Computerized Engine
Controls”, “Electronic Engine • Codes 14, (300ZX Turbo only) and
Controls”, or “Tune-Up Information.” 31 (all vehicles) should be displayed.
• Note any codes other than 14, and
31.
56 NISSAN
14)(For 300ZX & 300ZX Turbo only. All What to do with the Trouble Codes
others go to Step 16). Drive the Look up the code definitions listed in
vehicle at a speed of greater than 6 Section 12, “Nissan Code Meanings,”
MPH. Warning: Get the help of
another person for this step! At this point you can either:
• Have your vehicle professionally
serviced. Trouble codes indicate
15)Observe the RED and GREEN problems found by the computer.
LED’s.
or,
• Code 31 should be displayed.
• Repair the vehicle yourself using
• Note any codes other than 31. trouble codes to help pinpoint the
problem. Refer to Section 3, “Using
16)Turn the A/C switch Codes.” Be sure to erase any trouble
codes from the computer’s memory
from OFF to ON to
OFF (if equipped).
A/C after repairs are completed, as
indicated below.
24)IMPORTANT: Turn
the Diagnosis Mode
Selector to its initial ORIGINAL
PENCIL MARK
position (setting) as
marked in Step 1 of
the test procedure.
NISSAN 57
1985 Maxima, 300ZX, 300ZX Turbo
9) Observe the
3) Turn the RED and GREEN LED’s.
ignition
switch ON, ON • On the 300ZX Turbo only, codes 24,
and 31 should be displayed.
but do not
start the • Note any codes other than 24, and
OFF
engine. 31.
• On all other models code 31 should
4) Check to see be displayed.
that both the RED • Note any codes other than 31.
and GREEN LED’s
turn ON and stay
ON. 10)(For 300ZX Turbo only. All others go
to Step 12).
• If they do, proceed to the next step. Move the
• If they do not, you have a problem gear shift P RN D 2 1
with the battery supply circuit which lever from
feeds the computer (ECU), or the Neutral to the
ECU itself is defective. This failure highest gear and then back to
must be repaired before proceeding. Neutral.
Refer to the vehicle service manual.
Some publications have this
information in books or sections 11)Observe the RED and GREEN
called “Computerized Engine LED’s.
Controls”, “Electronic Engine • Code 31 should be displayed.
Controls”, or “Tune-Up Information.” • Note any codes other than 31.
58 NISSAN
12)Start the vehicle’s engine. What to do with the Trouble Codes
Look up the code definitions listed in
13)Observe the RED and GREEN Section 12, “Nissan Code Meanings,”
LED’s. At this point you can either:
• On the 300ZX Turbo only, codes 14, • Have your vehicle professionally
and 31 should be displayed. serviced. Trouble codes indicate
• Note any codes other than 14, and problems found by the computer.
31. or,
• On all other models code 31 should • Repair the vehicle yourself using
be displayed. trouble codes to help pinpoint the
• Note any codes other than 31. problem. Refer to Section 3, “Using
Codes.” Be sure to erase any trouble
codes from the computer’s memory
14)(For 300ZX and 300ZX Turbo only. If after repairs are completed, as
Maxima, go to Step 16). Drive the indicated below.
vehicle at a speed of greater than 6
MPH. Warning: Get the help of
another person for this step!
Erasing Trouble Codes after Repair
15)Observe the RED and GREEN 20)Turn the ignition switch to the ON
LED’s. position, but do not start the
• Code 31 should be displayed. engine.
• Note any codes other than 31.
21)Turn the Diagnosis
Mode Selector fully
16)Apply the parking brake, and block CLOCKWISE, and wait
the drive wheels. Move the gear at least 3 seconds.
shift lever to the
DRIVE position. Turn
the A/C switch from
OFF to ON to OFF (if
A/C 22)Turn the Diagnosis
Mode Selector fully
equipped). COUNTERCLOCK-
WISE, and wait at
least 3 seconds.
17)Observe the RED and GREEN
LED’s.
• Code 44 should be displayed. 23)Turn the ignition switch to the OFF
position.
• Note any codes other than 44.
Trouble Codes are now erased!
1) Mark the initial setting of 6) Have your pencil and paper ready.
the Diagnostic Mode
Selector on the 7) Observe the RED and GREEN
computer housing. LED’s.
IMPORTANT: The • Codes 23, 31, and 32 should be
Diagnostic Mode displayed.
Selector is a potentiom-
eter. It is critical that the • Note any codes other than 23, 31,
initial position (setting) and 32.
of this potentiometer be marked on the
computer housing so that when testing is 8) Depress and
complete, it can be reset to its original release
position! accelerator
pedal.
2) Using the Selector
Tool or other means, 9) Observe the RED and GREEN
turn the Diagnosis LED’s.
Mode Selector to the
fully COUNTER- • Codes 31, and 32 should be
CLOCKWISE position. displayed.
• Note any codes other than 31, and
32.
3) Turn the
ignition ON
switch ON, 10)Start the vehicle’s engine.
but do not
OFF
start the
engine. 11)Observe the RED and GREEN
LED’s.
• Code 31 should be displayed.
4) Check to see that
both the RED and • Note any codes other than 31.
GREEN LED’s turn
ON and stay ON. 12)Turn the A/C switch
• If they do, proceed to the next step. from OFF to ON to A/C
• If they do not, you have a problem OFF (if equipped).
with the battery supply circuit which
feeds the computer (ECU), or the 13)Observe the RED and GREEN
ECU itself is defective. This failure LED’s.
must be repaired before proceeding.
Refer to the vehicle service manual. • Code 44 should be displayed.
Some publications have this • Note any codes other than 44.
information in books or sections
called “Computerized Engine
Controls”, “Electronic Engine
Controls”, or “Tune-Up Information.”
60 NISSAN
14) When all diagnostic What to do with the Trouble Codes
procedures are Look up the code definitions listed in
complete, turn the Section 12, “Nissan Code Meanings,”
Diagnosis Mode
Selector fully At this point you can either:
COUNTERCLOCK- • Have your vehicle professionally
WISE, then the ignition switch to serviced. Trouble codes indicate
the OFF position. problems found by the computer.
or,
15) IMPORTANT: Turn • Repair the vehicle yourself using
the Diagnosis Mode trouble codes to help pinpoint the
Selector to its initial ORIGINAL problem. Refer to Section 3, “Using
PENCIL MARK
position (setting) as Codes.” Be sure to erase any trouble
marked in Step 1 of codes from the computer’s memory
the test procedure. after repairs are completed, as
indicated below.
marked in Step 1 of
the test procedure.
NOTE: When reinstalling the computer,
be careful to route all wiring to its
original position.
NISSAN 61
1986 Maxima, 300ZX, 300ZX Turbo
1) Mark the initial setting of 6) Have your pencil and paper ready.
the Diagnostic Mode
Selector on the 7) (For Maxima
computer housing. and 300ZX only.
IMPORTANT: The If 300ZX Turbo,
Diagnostic Mode go to Step 13.)
Selector is a potentiom- Depress and
eter. It is critical that the release
initial position (setting) accelerator
of this potentiometer be marked on the pedal.
computer housing so that when testing is
complete, it can be reset to its original
position! 8) Start the vehicle’s engine.
3) Turn the
ignition ON 11)Observe the RED and GREEN
LED’s.
switch ON,
• Code 44 should be displayed.
OFF
but do not
start the • Note any codes other than 44.
engine.
12)This completes trouble code
4) Check to see that retrieval for Maxima and 300ZX.
both the RED and • Turn the Diagnosis
GREEN LED’s turn Mode Selector fully
ON and stay ON. COUNTERCLOCK-
• If they do, proceed to the next step. WISE, then the
• If they do not, you have a problem ignition switch to the
with the battery supply circuit which OFF position.
feeds the computer (ECU), or the • IMPORTANT: Turn
ECU itself is defective. This failure the Diagnosis Mode
ORIGINAL
must be repaired before proceeding. Selector to its initial PENCIL MARK
Refer to the vehicle service manual. position (setting) as
Some publications have this marked in Step 1 of
information in books or sections the test procedure.
called “Computerized Engine • Proceed to the “What to do with the
Controls”, “Electronic Engine Trouble Codes” section below. (Skip
Controls”, or “Tune-Up Information.” steps 13 through 18.)
62 NISSAN
13)300ZX Turbo only: Move the gear What to do with the Trouble Codes
shift lever from Neutral to all other Look up the code definitions listed in
gears and Section 12, “Nissan Code Meanings,”
then back to
Neutral. P RN D 2 1 At this point you can either:
• Have your vehicle professionally
serviced. Trouble codes indicate
14)Start the vehicle’s engine. problems found by the computer.
or,
15)Drive the vehicle at a speed of • Repair the vehicle yourself using
greater than 6 MPH. Warning: Get trouble codes to help pinpoint the
the help of another person for this problem. Refer to Section 3, “Using
step! Codes.” Be sure to erase any trouble
codes from the computer’s memory
16)Turn the A/C switch, after repairs are completed, as
and the heater fan indicated below.
switch ON and then A/C
back to OFF.
NISSAN 63
1986 1/2 Pickup
Warning: Involves running engine. 10)Observe the RED and GREEN
Observe all safety precautions (see LED’s.
page 2). Work in well ventilated area. • Code 24 should be displayed.
• Note any codes other than 24.
1) Start the vehicle’s engine and warm
it to normal operating temperature. 11)(For Manual Transmission only. If
Automatic Transmission, go to Step
15.) Depress the clutch and move
C H the gear shift lever from Neutral to
any other gear and completely
release the clutch.
64 NISSAN
17)This completes Erasing Trouble Codes after Repair
trouble code retrieval OFF 18)Turn the ignition switch to the ON
for automatic position, but do not start the
transmission Pickup. engine.
Turn the Diagnosis
Mode Selector switch ON OFF
OFF, and the ignition 19)Switch the Diagno-
switch to the OFF sis Mode Selector
position. ON, and wait at least
3 seconds. ON
O
• Repair the vehicle yourself using OFF position.
trouble codes to help pinpoint the
problem. Refer to Section 3, “Using Trouble Codes are
Codes.” Be sure to erase any trouble now erased!
codes from the computer’s memory
after repairs are completed, as NOTE: When reinstalling the computer,
follows: be careful to route all wiring to its
original position.
NISSAN 65
1987 All models except Pathfinder, Pickup, Van
1988 All models except Pathfinder, Pickup, Van
1989 All models except Pathfinder, Pickup
1990 All models (including Axxess) except Stanza,
Van, 300SX
1991 Maxima, Pathfinder, Pickup
1992 Maxima with VG30E engine, Pathfinder, Pickup
O
Codes) has been
trouble code reached, as indicated
retrieval on these by 3 flashes, immedi-
vehicles. Turn ately turn the
ignition key OFF. Diagnosis Mode Selector fully
(The computer will automatically COUNTERCLOCKWISE.
return to normal operation.)
NISSAN 67
1987 Pathfinder, Pickup, Van
1988 Pathfinder, Pickup, Van
1989 Pathfinder, Pickup
1990 Van (not Axxess)
OFF
areas listed below can cause the not start the
computer to set false or misleading engine.
codes. Ignoring these checks can make
you miss the real cause of a code! This 2) Turn the Diagnosis OFF
can lead to the unnecessary replace- Mode Selector ON.
ment of good parts. Service manual
procedures for troubleshooting a code ON
assume all preliminary checks are good.
These checks vary with vehicle. Typical 3) Observe the RED
checks are listed below. Refer to service and GREEN LED’s.
manual for your vehicle requirements.
• Visually inspect electrical wiring and
connectors. 4) Both LED’s will
flash sequentially 1 through 5 (1
• Visually inspect vacuum hoses and flash = Mode 1, 2 flashes = Mode 2,
connectors. etc.).
• Perform a compression test.
• Perform an exhaust system 5) When Mode 3 (Trouble
backpressure test. Codes) has been OFF
• Perform a fuel pressure test. reached, as indicated
• Check curb idle speed. by 3 flashes, immedi-
ately turn the Diagno- ON
• Check ignition timing. sis Mode Selector OFF.
• Check computer control of air/fuel
mixture.
6) Have your pencil and paper ready.
• Check the idle speed switch.
• Perform a Mode 5 check, while test
driving the vehicle. 7) Write down all displayed Trouble
Codes.
8) This completes
trouble code FF ON
O
retrieval on these
vehicles. Turn the
Diagnosis Mode
Selector switch
OFF, and the ignition switch to the
OFF position. (The computer will
automatically return to normal
operation.)
68 NISSAN
What to do with the Trouble Codes Erasing Trouble Codes after Repair
Look up the code definitions listed in 9) Turn the ignition
Section 12, “Nissan Code Meanings,” switch ON, but do ON
At this point you can either: not start the
OFF
engine.
• Have your vehicle professionally
serviced. Trouble codes indicate
problems found by the computer. 10)Turn the Diagnosis
Mode Selector ON. OFF
or,
• Repair the vehicle yourself using
trouble codes to help pinpoint the 11)Observe the RED and ON
problem. Refer to Section 3, “Using GREEN LED’s. They
Codes.” Be sure to erase any trouble will flash sequentially
codes from the computer’s memory 1 through 5 (1 flash = Mode 1, 2
after repairs are completed, as flashes = Mode 2, etc.).
follows:
12)When Mode 3 (Trouble
Codes) has been
reached, as indicated OFF
by 3 flashes, immedi-
ately turn the Diagno-
sis Mode Selector OFF. ON
computer will
automatically
return to normal
operation.)
Trouble Codes are now erased!
NOTE: When reinstalling the computer,
be careful to route all wiring to its
original position.
NISSAN 69
1990 Stanza, 300ZX
1991 NX, Sentra, Stanza, 240SX, 300ZX
1992 Maxima w/VE30DE (DIS) engine, NX,
Sentra, Stanza, 240SX, 300ZX
70 NISSAN
7) This completes trouble code Erasing Trouble Codes after Repair
retrieval on these vehicles. Turn 9) Turn the ignition
ignition key OFF. switch ON, but do ON
(The computer will
FF ON not start the
automatically
OFF
O
engine.
return to normal
operation.)
10)Turn the Diagnosis
Mode Selector fully
8) IMPORTANT: Turn CLOCKWISE.
the Diagnosis Mode Wait 3 seconds and
Selector to its initial ORIGINAL
turn the Diagnosis
PENCIL MARK
position (setting) as Mode Selector fully
marked in Step 1 of COUNTERCLOCK-
the test procedure. WISE.
O
At this point you can either: automatically
return to normal
• Have your vehicle professionally operation.)
serviced. Trouble codes indicate
problems found by the computer. Trouble Codes are now erased!
or,
• Repair the vehicle yourself using 12)IMPORTANT: Turn
trouble codes to help pinpoint the the Diagnosis Mode
problem. Refer to Section 3, “Using Selector to its initial ORIGINAL
PENCIL MARK
Codes.” Be sure to erase any trouble position (setting) as
codes from the computer’s memory marked in Step 1 of
after repairs are completed, as the test procedure.
follows: NOTE: When reinstalling the computer,
be careful to route all wiring to its
original position.
NISSAN 71
Code Meanings
Note: Remember:
• Code meanings can vary with vehicle, 1) Visual inspections are important!
model year, engine type and options. 2) Problems with wiring and connectors
• If a code number has more than one are common, especially for intermit-
definition listed, note that only one tent faults.
definition applies to your vehicle. 3) Mechanical problems (vacuum leaks,
Consult service manual to get the binding or sticking linkages, etc.) can
specific definition for your vehicle. make a good sensor send an incorrect
• Each code definition includes a list of signal to the computer. This can cause
possible causes for the code. a Trouble Code.
• Follow vehicle service manual 4) Incorrect information from a sensor
procedures to find the cause of the may cause the computer to control the
code. engine in the wrong way. Faulty
engine operation might even make the
computer show a different good
sensor as being bad!
NISSAN 73
Computer Basics
This section explains the engine What the computer controls
computer control system, the types of The main control areas of the computer
sensors and how the computer controls are:
fuel delivery, idle speed, spark timing • Fuel delivery
and emission devices.
• Idle speed
• Spark advance timing
The following is a general introduction to
computer controlled engine systems. • Emission devices (EGR valve, carbon
Additional information may be found in cannister,etc.)
books dealing with this subject available Some early systems only controlled fuel
at your local library or auto parts store. delivery. The other functions were added
The more you know about the computer soon after.
system, the better and faster you can The changes made to the basic engine
troubleshoot and fix problems. to allow a computer to control these
tasks are the only differences between
Why Computers? an older engine and a computerized one.
A little later we will discuss just how the
Computer controls were installed in computer handles these tasks.
vehicles to meet Federal Government
regulations for lower emissions and
better fuel economy. This all began in the What has NOT changed?
early 1980’s when purely mechanical
A computer controlled engine is basically
control systems just were not good
the same as earlier types. It is still an
enough anymore. A computer could be
internal combustion engine with pistons,
programmed to precisely control the
spark plugs, valves and cams. The
engine under various operating
ignition, charging, starting, and exhaust
conditions and eliminate some mechani-
systems are almost the same, as well.
cal parts making the engine more
You test and repair these systems the
reliable.
same way as before, using familiar tools.
The instruction manuals for these tools
show you how to perform the tests. Your
compression gauge, vacuum pump,
dwell-tach meter, engine analyzer, timing
light, etc., are still valuable!
74
The computer module is the heart example, engine temperature is
of the system something the computer needs to know
when controlling fuel delivery, spark
The computer is permanently pro- timing, idle speed and emission systems.
grammed by factory engineers. The The sensor information may be very
program is a complex list of instructions important for one engine control function,
telling the computer how to control the but only used to “fine tune” a second one.
engine under various driving conditions.
To do its job, the computer needs to There are several types of sensors
know what is happening and then it • Thermistor - This is a resistor whose
needs devices to control things. resistance changes with temperature.
It is used to measure temperatures of
coolant or incoming air. It has two
Sensors give the computer wires connected to it.
information
• Potentiometer - This signals a
The computer can only work with position, such as throttle position or
electrical signals. The job of the sensor EGR valve position. It connects to
is to take something the computer needs three wires: one for power, one for
to know, such as engine temperature, ground and one to carry the position
and convert it to an electrical signal signal back to the computer.
which the computer can understand. You
• Switches - These are either ON
can think of sensors as “high tech”
(voltage signal to the computer) or
senders - the devices found in older
OFF (no voltage signal to the
vehicles for gauges and dashboard
computer). Switches connect to two
message lights (oil pressure, fuel level,
wires and tell the computer simple
etc). Signals running into the computer
things, such as whether or not the air
are referred to as “inputs.”
conditioner is running.
Sensors monitor such things as:
• Signal Generator - These create their
• Engine temperature own signal to tell the computer of
• Intake manifold vacuum some condition, such as exhaust gas
oxygen content, camshaft position, or
• Throttle position
intake manifold vacuum. They may
• RPM have one, two or three wires con-
• Incoming air (temperature, amount) nected to them.
• Exhaust gas oxygen content
• EGR Valve flow Actuators are energized by the
Most engine computer systems will use computer to control things
the sensor types listed above. Additional The computer can only send out
sensors may be used depending upon electrical signals (referred to as
the engine, vehicle type or other tasks the “outputs”). Devices called actuators are
computer must do. Note that information powered by the computer to control
from one sensor may be used by the things. Actuator types include:
computer for many different tasks. For • Solenoids - These are used to control
a vacuum signal, bleed air, control fuel
UT
INPNSORS
flow, etc.
SE
• Relays - These switch high amperage
power devices on and off, such as
electric fuel pumps or electric
cooling fans.
ECA
AT UT
S
• Motors - Small
OR
TU P
78
Glossary
AAC Air Flow Sensor Air Suction
See Auxiliary Air Control valve. This sensor measures the
amount of air entering the
System (AS)
The Air Suction system draws
A/C engine and sends a signal to air into the exhaust port to
Air Conditioning. the ECU. Depending upon reduce the HC and CO
sensor type, the signal may be emissions. The extra air helps
a voltage or frequency. The
A/C Amplifier signal voltage (or frequency)
partially burned exhaust gases
The A/C Amplifier sends a to completely burn and reduce
increases when the amount of pollution.
signal to the ECU representing incoming air goes up. The ECU
the temperature at the needs to know incoming air flow
Evaporator outlet. The ECU to properly adjust air/fuel Air Temperature
then adjusts the engine cooling
fan operation as necessary.
mixture and ignition timing for Sensor (TA)
varying engine load and This sensor is a thermistor – a
operating conditions. resistor whose resistance
A/C Switch changes with temperature. The
Air Conditioning switch. Switch Air Induction hotter the sensor gets, the
signals ECU when Air
Conditioning is activated. The
System lower the resistance becomes.
The sensor is located along the
ECU will increase idle speed to System including but not limited path of air entering the engine.
prevent engine stalling whenever to the Air Intake system, By- The ECU uses air temperature
Air Conditioning is engaged. Pass Control system, Intake to provide the proper air/fuel
Control system and Throttle mixture for the desired engine
Body.
Actuator operating condition.
Devices which are powered by
the ECU to control mechanical
Air Injection Valve AIV
things. Actuator types include (AIV) See Air Injection Valve.
relays, solenoids and electric The AIV is a one way reed valve
motors. Actuators allow the
ECU to control engine
with a lock-out diaphragm.
When negative exhaust
AP
pressure is present, the AIV will Air pump. Used in Air Pump
operation. Injection System.
allow air to enter the exhaust
A/F manifold allowing burning of HC
and CO in the catalytic AS
Air to Fuel ratio. This refers to
converter. See Air Suction System.
the proportion of air and fuel
delivered to the cylinder for
combustion. For example, if you Air Intake System A/T
have 14 times more air than This system contains Automatic Transmission.
fuel (by weight) than the A/F components like the air cleaner,
ratio is 14:1 (read as “fourteen air intake pipe, throttle body, ATC
to one”). Note that a colon is fast idle mechanism, intake See Automatic Temperature
written instead of a slash. manifold, Electronic air control control.
valve and bypass control
AFM system.
ATCV
See Air Flow Meter.
Air Pump Injection See Automatic Transmission /
Transaxle Control.
Air Cut Valve System
The Air Cut Valve is mounted A system that reduces HC and Atmospheric
CO emissions by injecting air
on the Auxiliary Air Control
valve (AAC). It limits the into the exhaust manifold. The Pressure Sensor
amount of air flowing through extra air helps partially burned (PA)
the AAC based on coolant exhaust gases to completely This sensor is an electronic
temperature to reduce the burn and reduce pollution. module which sends a signal to
possibility of dieseling (engine the ECU indicating atmospheric
run-on with ignition key off). Air Regulator pressure. Depending upon
The Air regulator allows some sensor type, the signal may be
Air Flow Meter air to bypass a closed throttle. a dc voltage or a frequency.
More pressure makes the
(AFM) Used when the engine is cold
for fast idle. sensor signal increase (higher
The part of the air intake system voltage or frequency). The ECU
containing the Air Flow sensor. needs to know air pressure to
79
properly adjust air/fuel mixture atmosphere and causing Clutch Switch
and ignition timing for varying pollution. During warm engine This switch tells the ECU when
engine load and altitude cruise conditions these vapors the clutch is engaged.
conditions. are drawn into the engine and
burned.
CO
Automatic
Temperature Canister Control Carbon Monoxide. Colorless,
odorless and poisonous
Control (ATC) Solenoid valve byproduct of fuel combustion.
Maintains a relatively constant Adjusts the amount of canister
intake air temperature. “purge” - the flow of vapors out Cold Start Injector
of the canister. Delivers additional fuel for
Auxiliary Air Canister Purge
starting a cold engine.
Control valve
(AAC) solenoid Condenser
This device controls the flow of Also referred to as a Capacitor.
The ECU uses the AAC to fuel vapors from the canister to This is an electronic device that
adjust idle speed by changing the intake manifold. stores an electrical charge.
the amount of air bypassing the They are often used to reduce
throttle plate. Idle speed
increases as more air CANP electrical noise.
bypasses the throttle through See Canister Purge Solenoid.
the AAC. Continuity
CCE An unbroken, continuous circuit
Back Pressure Computer Controlled Emission through which an electric
current can flow.
Transducer Valve system.
(BPT) CE Coolant
Bleeds off vacuum signal to
EGR valve when operation is
See Check Engine light. Temperature
not desirable. Sensor (CTS or TW)
CEC This sensor is a thermistor - a
BPT Computerized Engine Control. resistor whose resistance
changes with temperature. The
See Back Pressure
Transducer. Check Engine hotter the sensor gets, the lower
the resistance becomes. The
light (CE) sensor is threaded into the
Bypass Control The Check engine light comes engine block to give it direct
System on when the ignition is turned
on. It should go off a few
contact with the engine coolant.
The Bypass Control system The ECU uses engine
seconds after the engine is temperature to properly control
includes a bypass valve,
started. The Check Engine light air/fuel mixture, spark advance,
bypass control diaphragm, turns on to signal a problem.
bypass control solenoid and 2 idle speed and emission device
Some vehicles display trouble operation (such as EGR valve).
separate intake paths in the codes by flashing this light.
intake manifold. The Engine
Control computer selects the Coolant
proper air path based on Closed Loop (C/L) Temperature
present operating conditions. This is when a control system
One path provides high engine performs an action (expecting a Switch (CTS)
torque at low RPM’s while the certain result), then checks the A switch that opens or closes
other path produces high results and corrects its actions depending on coolant
output at high RPM’s. (if necessary) until the desired temperature.
results are achieved. Example:
Camshaft The ECU pulses a fuel injector Crankshaft Angle
Position Sensor
expecting a certain amount of
fuel to be delivered. In closed
sensor (CRANK)
Sends camshaft speed and loop operation, the ECU uses a The Crankshaft angle sensor is
position information to the ECU sensor to check the actual mounted in the distributor. It
for spark timing or fuel injector amount of fuel delivered. The sends crankshaft speed and
control. ECU will correct the injector position information to the ECU
pulse width as necessary to for spark timing or fuel injector
CAN obtain the desired fuel delivery. control.
See Canister.
Clutch Start Crk/Cyl Sensor
Canister (CAN) Switch Crankshaft/Cylinder Sensor.
Detects position of Crankshaft
The canister collects vapors Enables the Starter Relay when and #1 Cylinder. Used by the
from the fuel tank, preventing the clutch is depressed. ECU for spark timing or fuel
them from escaping into the injector control.
80
CTS Direct Ignition constantly switching between a
See Coolant Temperature System (DIS) small voltage value (close to
zero) and a larger value (usually
Sensor or Coolant Temperature DIS uses 1 ignition coil per spark
Switch. 5 volts or greater). Duty cycle is
plug. The coil is mounted directly the percentage of time the
to the spark plug (sometimes signal has a large voltage value.
Cylinder Head called a “coil per plug” system). For example, if the signal is
Temperature No distributor or spark plug wires “high” (large voltage) half of the
are used. Power to the coils is
Sensor switched by the ECU or an
time then the duty cycle is 50%.
The Cylinder Head If the signal is “high” only one
ignition module. Information from fourth of the time, then the duty
Temperature sensor is mounted various sensors is required to
in the cylinder head usually cycle is 25%. A duty cycle of 0%
fire the proper coil at the correct means the signal is always at a
near the thermostat. time. The system needs to know
Temperature is usually “low” value and not changing. A
crankshaft and camshaft position duty cycle of 100% means the
measured by a thermistor - a and speed, engine temperature,
resistor whose resistance signal is always at a “high” value
loading, throttle position and and not changing. The engine
changes with temperature. The RPM.
hotter the sensor gets, the control computer uses duty
cycle type signals when it wants
lower the resistance becomes.
DIS more than just “on-off” control of
See Direct Ignition System or an actuator. This is how it
Detonation Distributorless Ignition System. works: A 50% duty cycle signal
Sensor (KNK) going to a vacuum switching
The ECU uses this device to Distributor solenoid means the solenoid will
be “on” (passing full vacuum)
detect engine detonation A mechanical device used to
(knocking). When spark knock switch the high voltage, half the time and “off” (passing
occurs, the sensor sends a generated by the ignition coil, to no vacuum) half the time. The
pulsing signal. The ECU than the proper spark plug. average amount of vacuum
retards spark advance until no passing through the solenoid will
detonation is sensed. The be one half of the full value
sensor contains a piezoelectric Distributorless because the solenoid is only
element and is threaded into Ignition system “on” for one half of the time.
the engine block. Vibrating the (DIS) (The signal switches at a rapid
rate, such as ten times a
element generates the signal. This system uses one ignition
Special construction makes the second.) Thus, the computer
coil for each pair of cylinders. can get a vacuum controlled
element only sensitive to the The cylinders are paired such
engine vibrations associated actuator to move half way
that one is on the compression between “no vacuum” position
with knocking. stroke while the other is on the
and “full vacuum” position. Other
exhaust stroke. When the coil is
Digital Signal powered, spark plugs in both
positions can be achieved by
changing the duty cycle of the
An electronic signal which has cylinders fire at the same time. control signal which in turn
only two (2) voltage values: a The spark in the exhaust
changes the average amount of
“low” value (close to zero) and cylinder has no effect. (Which is control vacuum.
a “high” value (usually 5 volts or why this method is sometimes
greater). Sometimes the low called a “Wasted Spark” ignition
voltage condition is called “Off” system.) No distributor is used. DVM
and the high voltage condition Power to the coils is switched See Digital Volt Meter.
is called “On”. Signals which by the ECU or an ignition
can have any voltage value are module. Information from EABCV
called “analog” signals. various sensors is required to See Electronic Air Bleed
fire the proper coil at the correct Control Valve.
Digital Volt Meter time. The system needs to
(DVM) know crankshaft and camshaft
position and speed, engine EACV
An instrument using a numeric temperature, loading, throttle See Electronic Air Control
readout to display measured position and RPM. Valve.
voltage values as opposed to a
moving needle on a gauge face.
Driver Early Fuel
Usually the instrument has other
measuring capabilities, such as A transistor “switch” inside the Evaporation (EFE)
resistance and current, and may ECU used to apply power to an Early Fuel Evaporation refers to
be called a DMM (Digital Multi- external device. This allows the the heating of fuel while the
Meter). Most DVM’s have 10 ECU to control relays, engine is cold to aid in
Megohm input impedance. This solenoids and small motors. vaporization.
means the circuit under test will
not be electronically disturbed Duty Cycle ECCS
when the DVM is connected for A term applied to frequency See Electronic Concentrated
a measurement. signals - those which are Control System.
81
ECCS Relay EGR Vacuum the amount of air bypassing the
Supplies power to the ECCS. Switching Valve throttle plate.
86
Vehicle Speed
Sensor (VSS)
Vehicle Speed Sensor. This
sensor, mounted in the
transmission, sends a
frequency signal to the ECU.
The frequency increases as the
vehicle moves faster to give the
ECU vehicle speed information.
VSS
See Vehicle Speed Sensor.
VSV
See Vacuum Switching Valve.
VTEC
See Variable Valve Timing
Electronic Control.
Wide Open
Throttle (WOT)
The vehicle operating condition
brought about when the throttle
is completely (or nearly so)
open. The ECU typically
delivers extra fuel to the engine
at this time for acceleration
purposes. The ECU uses the
Throttle Position sensor, or a
switch, to identify the WOT
condition.
WOT
See Wide Open Throttle.
87
ONE (1) YEAR LIMITED WARRANTY
Actron Manufacturing Company (“Actron”) warrants to the original purchaser that this product will
be free from defects in materials and workmanship for a period of one (1) year from the date of
original purchase. Any unit that fails within this period will be replaced or repaired at Actron’s
discretion without charge. If you need to return product, please follow the instructions below. This
warranty does not apply to damages (intentional or accidental), alterations or improper or unrea-
sonable use.
DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY
ACTRON DISCLAIMS ALL EXPRESS WARRANTIES EXCEPT THOSE THAT APPEAR ABOVE.
FURTHER, ACTRON DISCLAIMS ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OF THE
GOODS OR FITNESS OF THE GOODS FOR ANY PURPOSE. (TO THE EXTENT ALLOWED
BY LAW, ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR OF FITNESS APPLICABLE
TO ANY PRODUCT IS SUBJECT TO ALL THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF THIS LIMITED
WARRANTY. SOME STATES DO NOT ALLOW LIMITATIONS ON HOW LONG AN IMPLIED
WARRANTY LASTS, SO THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO A SPECIFIC BUYER.)
LIMITATION OF REMEDIES
IN NO CASE SHALL ACTRON BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSE-
QUENTIAL DAMAGES BASED UPON ANY LEGAL THEORY INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
TO, DAMAGES FOR LOST PROFITS AND/OR INJURY TO PROPERTY. SOME STATES DO
NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OR LIMITATION OF INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAM-
AGES, SO THIS LIMITATION OR EXCLUSION MAY NOT APPLY TO A SPECIFIC BUYER. THIS
WARRANTY GIVES YOU SPECIFIC LEGAL RIGHTS, AND YOU MAY ALSO HAVE OTHER
RIGHTS WHICH VARY FROM STATE TO STATE.
All information, illustrations and specifications contained in this manual are based on the latest information
available from industry sources at the time of publication. No warranty (expressed or implied) can be made for its
accuracy or completeness, nor is any responsibility assumed by Actron or anyone connected with it for loss or
damages suffered through reliance on any information contained in this manual or misuse of accompanying
product. Actron reserves the right to make changes at any time to this manual or accompanying product without
obligation to notify any person or organization of such changes.