PROSPECT OF WIRELESS MAN IN RURAL NETWORK
INFRASTRUCTURE OF BANGLADESH
Abdul Hasib
Lecturer, Institute of Information and Communication Technology
Email: abdulhasib@iict.buet.ac.bd
ABSTRACT
The Consumption of IT in Bangladesh is rapidly
increasing both in public and private sectors. But our
communication network infrastructure is not yet ready to
serve the customer requirement to every corner of the
country. We believe the rapidly deployable, scalable,
distance-insensitive nature, and emerging low costs
associated with wireless solutions make broadband
wireless a highly viable technology in a developing
country like Bangladesh. High frequency point-to-point
wireless solutions can serve as urgent backhaul network
and point-to-multipoint solution can be “last mile”
broadband access network. These technologies will enable
high speed Internet, open new ways of doing business like
Telemedicine, Distance Learning, Electronic Service
Delivery and Information Sharing. In first step, targeted
group of users are core public service organizations,
educational institutes and health care organization across
the country. We hope that rapid investment on broadband
wireless infrastructure will connect every town, even rural
area, of Bangladesh with high-speed communication link
and minimize the digital divide between rural and urban
communities.
1. INTRODUCTION
The Consumption of IT in Bangladesh is rapidly
increasing both in public and private sectors. The
Government's policy on ICT is also very positive.
Bangladesh’s National ICT Policy aims to harness and
utilize the immense potentialities of IT for the overall
welfare of Bangladesh. Government has already taken
several steps like signing agreement for connectivity to
Submarine Cable Network, setting up Software
Technology Park etc. to attain that goal. But our
communication network infrastructure is not yet ready to
serve the customer requirement to every corner of the
country. Even more, in a very near future, when
Bangladesh will be connected to Intercontinental Fiber
optic super high way, to utilize immensely available
bandwidth, we need broadband “last mail” access network.
Other than broadband access, any other access technology
will be a burden to us. This paper will try to give a
guideline on which “last mile” broadband access network
infrastructure, government or private investor should
emphasis on and invest to attain the insatiable bandwidth
demand of potential users. Here, an urgent solution for
backbone network, in absence of fiber-optic network
backbone, is also discussed. These technologies will
enable high speed Internet, open new ways of doing
business like Telemedicine, Distance Learning, Electronic
Service Delivery and Information Sharing. In first step,
targeted group of users are core public service
organizations, educational institutes and health care
organization across the country. The possible outcomes
are lower telecommunications costs, minimize the digital
divide between rural and urban communities and improve
government service delivery to small and rural
communities.
2. INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES
Bangladesh has a very few communication network
infrastructure. To meet the near future demand of an IT
society, we need to invest on broadband technologies.
Broadband is characterized by high speed, always-on
connection and two-way capability and can support
applications in e-commerce, education, health care,
entertainment and e-government. Bangladesh has limited
broadband setup mainly in big cities and at IT
organization level. Most of the Internet user use Dial-up
connection with wire line modem of 56 kbps.
For an optimal investment on network infrastructure,
considered technology should have following
characteristics:
• Reliable and assure quality of service
• Affordable to ensure its acceptance
• Excellent Value
• Effectively connect people with respect to coverage
and bandwidth capacity
• Re-locatable technology with simple installation and
maintenance
 3. COMPETITIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY
BROADBAND SOLUTIONS
We now have the capability to generate and process
massive amounts of data from our desktop. An always-
growing range of applications leaves us craving more
capacity. That is the underlying reason of “broadband”
development. Between the desktop and the fiber backbone
is that stretch of the information highway known as the
“last mile” or access portion of the network. “Broadband
access” can be served by several broadband technologies,
mentionable,
• PSTN
• xDSL
• ISDN or Private/Leased Line
• Cable Modem
• Fixed Wireless etc.
3.1. PSTN
The biggest network infrastructure laid on Bangladesh is
Public Switched Telephone network (PSTN). Most
Internet access has been gained through traditional
telephone lines. Copper infrastructure is widespread,
readily available, and easy to commission. Copper can
competently handle bandwidth speeds up to 56 Kbps.
However, the public demands for higher connectivity is
dramatically increasing, and the imbedded copper cable
plant is becoming the bottleneck.
3.2. Digital Subscriber Line (xDSL)
A digital subscriber line (DSL) provides broadband
service by converting an existing analog telephone line
into a digital voice and data circuit. DSL is available in
various alternatives, including HDSL (high data-rate
DSL), which operates at 1.54 Mbps symmetric, ADSL
(asymmetrical DSL), which is faster than HDSL with
greater downstream than upstream capacity - benefit for
residential use; and VDSL (very high data-rate DSL),
which runs faster than ADSL but can only operate over
short distances. The always-on connection and maximum
speed allure of 8 Mbps downloading and 1 Mbps
upstream, combined with a cost much lower than other
more high-speed leased lines such as T-1 lines, make DSL
a frequent choice of high speed accessibility for small to
medium enterprises (SMEs). But to provide mass IT
literate people, DSL has major limitations. First, the home
or business fixed-line service must be located no more
than 18,000 feet from a telephone company switch.
Secondly, DSL requires a digital subscriber line access
multiplexer (DSLAM) to be installed in a phone company
switch, which requires large user group in an area to prove
it economically viable.
3.3. ISDN or Private/Leased Lines
Integrated services digital network (ISDN) offers a digital
telephone line that provides access two to five times faster
than traditional analog phone lines. ISDN provides
capacity for e-mail, video conferencing, faster Internet
browsing, and other digital services by operating at 128
Kbps. It also allows multiple stations to be online, so it
provides options for business use. The obstacles for ISDN
include its cost, which is usually considerably higher than
telephone service, and difficulty of installation. The
advantage of E-1 or E-3 is very large capacity that is
dedicated to the use of the subscriber for multiple uses.
The primary problem for the leased lines is expense. A E-1
line can cost $2,000-$3,000 to install, with the average
monthly cost between $500 and $1,000. Wireless high-
speed access, DSL, and cable all other option will cost less
than E-1.
3.4. Coaxial Cable
The greatest benefit of cable is its speed, which can
deliver data at speeds up to 100 times faster than
telephone modems. However, cable was built as a one-way
transmission pipe and must be upgraded to handle two-
way capacity. The cost for the upgrades is estimated to run
up to $1,000 or more per home. Because of this cost, the
build-out is progressing slowly and the service cannot be
offered in many areas. Another drawback from the user’s
standpoint is that it is a shared resource. The technology
puts a group of nearby users served by the same node into
what is essentially a network, with the bandwidth shared
by all users online. As more users go online, there is a
reduction of throughput in data and consistent speed. From
a practical standpoint, the first user to sign on may find the
speeds very fast, but they drop as soon as the next user
signs on. As more users log on, the system continues to
split the bandwidth among all users, resulting in
inconsistent service.
3.5. Fixed Wireless
Fixed-wireless systems can be used for almost anything
that wire line or fiber is used for, whether the connection is
an E-1 circuit, a cable television connection, an Ethernet
connection, or a fiber-optic connection. It is designed to
emulate wireline and fiber-optic connections, and they use
the same type of interfaces and protocols, such as E-1,
frame relay, Ethernet, and ATM. The technologies can
deliver data rates from less than E-1 up to and beyond 155
megabits per second (Mbps).
Broadband wireless allows:
a) High Capacity: Broadband wireless solutions use
spectrum with a powerful dynamic bandwidth allocation
mechanism to support the exponential growth in data
communications and the tremendous demand for low-cost
circuit services.
b) Fast Rollout and Early Market Capture: Broadband
wireless solutions are easy and quick to implement, giving
the first-mover the opportunity to “cherry pick” the most
profitable customers.
c) Low Start-Up Costs: With no cables to lay or DSLAM
(for xDSL) access fees to negotiate and pay, deployment
costs are kept low.
d) On-Demand Build-Out: When demand increases, the
broadband wireless access solutions scale simply by
increasing sectorization or adding more cells, allowing a
business to expand.
e) Fast Payback: Since the initial investment is
comparatively low and deployment is fast, operators start
seeing a return on investment sooner.
f) Greater flexibility: One of the major driving forces for
broadband wireless will be the simplicity and re-locate
ability it provides. Once the technology become obsolete
is one group of user, it will be repositioned to a less
demanding group of user.
Considering the above reasons, when both wireless and
wire line options exist, number of companies are
deploying or planning to deploy wireless networks.
Wireless communication offers tremendous flexibility
and ever-improving performance, but it does have some
limitations. First and foremost, wireless uses radio
spectrum, a finite resource. This limits the number of
wireless users and the amount of spectrum available to any
user at any moment in time. The amount of spectrum
available equates almost directly to data bandwidth, with 1
Hz of spectrum typically yielding between 2 bps and 8 bps
of throughput depending on various factors such as the
type of modulation used and environmental factors. The
amount of spectrum actually available varies from radio
band to radio band, but suffice it to say that fiber-optic
cable offers far greater overall capacity. Despite this
capacity limitation, wireless offers more than sufficient
bandwidth for many applications. Another limitation is
that fixed- wireless systems operate at frequencies that
almost always require line-of-sight and that are restricted
to distances that vary from a few miles to tens of miles.
New wireless technologies are developing to overcome the
limitations.
Considering all of these characteristics, broadband
wireless can be a potential tool to reach people at remote
places of Bangladesh.
4. RADIO SPECTRUM
The spectrum needs for broadband radio access networks
vary with the application and the environment in which
they are deployed. Different prominent broadband wireless
systems are:
• Private Licensed Links (Microwave)
• Private Unlicensed Links (Spread Spectrum)
• 2.5GHz and 3.5GHz MMDS (Multichannel
Multipoint Distribution Service)
• UNII (Unlicensed National Information
Infrastructure); Broadband Radio Access Network
(BRAN)
• LMDS (Local Multipoint Distribution Service)
• 38 GHz fixed wireless system
The lower the frequency, the farther the signal travels
and the better it can penetrate obstacles. For carriers,
lower frequencies mean cheaper network build-outs and
greater reach than higher frequencies. In addition, mobile
services tend to work better at frequencies lower than 3
GHz (cellular is at 800 MHz, and PCS is just less than 2
GHz). At frequencies higher than 3 GHz, wireless services
providing substantial range performance usually require a
fixed antenna rather than a mobile one. Most higher-
bandwidth systems use frequencies greater than 10 GHz.
Antennas at these frequencies are smaller due to the
smaller wavelengths, making systems easier to deploy. But
with higher frequency, components demand more
sophisticated technology, so systems typically cost more.
Also, propagation distance for reliable communications
decreases, and the signal is more susceptible to weather
conditions like rain and fog. Higher-frequency systems,
those greater than approximately 30 GHz, are sometimes
referred to as millimeter wave because the wavelength of
these signals is on the order of 1 millimeter.
Both private and carrier systems have a choice of using
licensed or unlicensed spectrum. The main advantage of
unlicensed spectrum is being able to deploy a system
without applying for a license from the FCC (or equivalent
body in other countries). The disadvantage is that user
could experience or cause interference, though the type of
technology used in these frequencies minimizes this
possibility.
5. THE BROADBAND WIRELESS INDUSTRY
SEGMENTATION AND SPECTRUM
The market for wireless access systems is diverse and
changing. There are generally two types of fixed wireless
solutions, one in which one terminal station is dedicated to
another terminal station, known as point-to-point, and the
other that enables transmissions between multiple terminal
stations and a single base station, known as point-to-
multipoint. A point-to-multipoint wireless system enables
a single base station located at the center of a cell to
support a few hundred to thousand terminal stations all
located at the premises of different customers within that
cell, similar to a cellular phone network. This allows a
carrier to spread the cost of a base station, the most
expensive portion of the wireless link, across many users,
providing cost-effective broadband wireless services. Table 1: Broadband Wireless Market Segments
Breaking the last-mile bandwidth barrier using broadband
wireless is an ideal business opportunity, especially as a
cost-attractive alternative to fiber, which can be priced at
more than $100,000 per mile. Holders of valuable

FSO

Figure 2: Broadband Wireless MAN [2]

Figure 1: “Last Mile” Broadband Access Technology [1] 5.1. Point-to-Point Wireless Broadband Access

spectrum are in an optimal position to build and grow Fixed-wireless systems have a long history. Point-to-point
profitable businesses quickly by providing the microwave connections have long been used for voice and
evolutionary services necessary to keep pace with data communications, generally in backhaul networks
pervasive demand. operated by phone companies, cable TV companies,
PtP products are targeting application where data link utilities, railways, paging companies, and government
rates range from T-1 up to OC-3 with a high degree of agencies, and will continue to be an important part of the
spectral efficiency; whereas, PtMP application of wireless communications infrastructure to support constant
is typically targeting a lower “shared” bandwidth and bandwidth requirement to single locations. An alternative
multiple distributed users in an area. to a microwave link is to use spread-spectrum bridging
products. Many wireless LAN vendors offer such products
because they incorporate much of the required technology
Point-to-Point Point-to-Multipoint within their access points. These wireless bridges, mostly
High High Capacity High Capactity (FDMA operating in the 2.4 GHz band, offer rates of 1 Mbps
- (OC-3 [155 Mbps], [>40 MBPS]) through 11 Mbps and distances up to 10 or 25 miles (16 to
Freq. OC-12 in future) Medium Capacity or 40 kilometers) depending on the type of antenna used. For
Narrowband (T1 Wideband (TDMA 1- longer distances, a user may not be able to achieve as high
[1.5 Mbps] 40 Mbps) a throughput. The above-mentioned technologies are
to DS3 [45 Mbps]) 10, 24, 26, 28, and 31 already available in Bangladesh.
(LMDS); and 38GHz Technology has continued to advance, allowing higher
Low- Microwave and Medium Capacity frequencies, and thus smaller antennas, to be used,
Freq. Bridge market (fractional T-1 to >10 resulting in lower costs and easier-to-deploy systems for
(OC-3 [155 Mbps] Mbps) private use and for a whole new generation of carriers that
to Unlicensed (2.4 GHz use broadband wireless as their last mile of
fractional T-1s [sub- and 5 GHz ), communication.
1 Mbps]) MMDS and 3.5 GHz

Figure 3: Elements of a Point-to-Point Broadband
Wireless System [1]
At a minimum, any PtP link will contain two terminals
where each terminal consists of an OutDoor Unit (ODU)
and InDoor Unit (IDU). The ODU is typically the antenna
and RF functions, while the IDU is the modem and a
variety of network interfaces.
PtP is connecting the tremendous bandwidth available
on the long-haul backbones and metropolitan fiber rings to
buildings and their business tenants. These networks now
form a reliable, sophisticated data infrastructure that can
also serve as the basis for Voice over IP. In many cases,
DSL technology on copper wiring inside customer
buildings can be combined with fixed-wireless networks
outside the buildings to provide a lower-cost, entry-level
data service for smaller companies.
Four critical characteristics differentiate the leading
companies in this equipment category from previous
microwave suppliers. First, instead of starting with low-
capacity radios and trying to work up to higher data rates
to meet the demand for capacity, engineers designed high-
capacity systems in the SONET OC-3/SDH STM-1 range.
So the baseline systems already offer capacity more than
three times greater than the DS-3 rate that was the
maximum previously available. Second, they have selected
modulation schemes (16 QAM, 64 QAM, 128 QAM, and
256 QAM) that are much more spectrally efficient than
those of their predecessors. This provides OC-3 (155
Mbps) in the same 50 MHz channel that otherwise
accommodated at best a single DS-3 (45 Mbps). Third,
they have integrated very flexible multiplexers into their
indoor units that offer carriers interface options of:
• Direct fiber or copper OC-3/STM-1
• Three times DS-3/E-3
• 100 base T Fast Ethernet + DS-3/E-3 or
• Two times 100baseT Fast Ethernet
This flexibility offers carriers the very significant benefit
to directly provision for all key voice and data formats
(e.g., IP and ATM over SONET) and associated
broadband data rates as required for various customer
applications. And last, lower capacity systems are also
offered using even higher order modulation (64 QAM) to
allow carriers to deploy DS-3 service in much smaller
channel bandwidths (12.5 MHz) than previously possible.
Single 100baseT Fast Ethernet circuits are also available
in that same narrow bandwidth.
With the transmission capacity up to 155 Mbps, PtP can
satisfy customers at distance places quickly and cheaply
compared to fiber lay down. Wireless service provider
risked no significant sunken costs; if their customers
terminated service or moved, the radio link is easily
moved and reused elsewhere. Wireless carriers believe
that their large spectrum holdings are ideal for such
higher-capacity services.
5.2. Point-to-Multipoint (PtMP) Wireless Broadband
Access
Where broadband wireless customers are geographically
dispersed, PtP is not appropriate because of the need for
many antennas at a central location and the lack of ability
to spread costs, or more importantly, for users to share
bandwidth. We believe the benefits of PtMP are best
leveraged when the number of connection points is
increased to justify the cost of the controlling hub, and
when the data demands are not as high as what PtP
solutions provide or when data allocation adaptation is
necessary on the fly between a few nodes. PtMP systems
are, of course, being developed for numerous bands; they
are intended to offer diverse, flexible capacity services to a
multitude of end-users.
The point-to-multipoint common objectives include the
following:
• Low cost with simple installation/deployment
procedures (i.e., it must be consumer installable for
the residential target market) and scalable deployment
architectures;
• Efficient coverage capabilities (potentially including
in-building coverage);
• Spectrially efficient delivery of high data rates and
overall throughput (relative to the frequency
bandwidth available); and
• Low-cost continuation support and management.

Figure 4: Elements of a Point-to-Multipoint Broadband
Wireless System [1]
PtMP system has minimum of nine elemental functions:
• Computer, television, or telephone at the customer’s
premise to interact with the desired data, audio, or
video;
• A modem to encode and decode information;
• A transceiver and antenna to convert the information
to and from radio frequency (RF);
• A centralized base station antenna;
• Transmitters, receivers, and switches for the base
station;
• A wireless hub that encodes and decodes information
for and from all users;
• Network management tools to monitor the network’s
health and manage all users;
• A gateway and router to effectively connect to other
networks and distribute and receive information for
all customers; and finally,
• A connection to an information network or source-in
this case the Internet.
Deployment of a nationwide PtMP system would
provide an information pipe to several under-served
segments, including:
• Residential customers-especially those in rural areas
where it is cost-prohibitive cable companies to build
systems or for telephone companies to supply DSL
service.
• Schools-all learning institutions, from kindergarten
through universities, need data.
• Branch offices-small to mid-sized public and private
offices must have a network to transmit among their
locations.
• Businesses in urban sprawl-those businesses not
located in the primary business district, and are thus
years away from having either DSL or fiber nearby,
need access to this technology.
5.2.1. System Deployment Architecture
The system deployment architecture refers to the
technological approach used in the actual field deployment
of the equipment (i.e., the positioning of the wireless base
stations or hubs to adequately cover a service area). In
general, there are three different architecture strategies,
each with different implications for the product design and
system function. The first strategy is an ad hoc approach,
where base stations are simply positioned where coverage
is needed. This approach is typically the most inefficient
relative to coverage and scalability in that it does not
employ an overall plan on delivering service to a large
number of customers over a broad area. It can, therefore,
be quite problematic. In particular, the uniformity of
coverage can be inconsistent (i.e., in-building coverage
close to the base station and not in areas further away),
and interference issues can result as additional base
stations are added. This technique is still used, however, in
situations where customer density is low and where
performance/interference issues can be managed in detail.
An incrementally better architecture is the supercell
approach in which a plan is derived to cover a given
geographic area (typically a large area) with a few large-
diameter cells (typically 10-25 miles in diameter for
2.5/3.5 GHz frequencies), i.e., supercells. This approach is
better than an ad hoc architecture in that it reduces
interference issues with an overall plan detailing where
base stations should be located. Each base station is
designed to cover a large area and thus typically uses high
antenna towers. The supercell architecture is ideal for
areas with low customer density and situations where a
very cost-effective deployment is required. In addition, a
supercell architecture can be a very cost-effective way to
initially enter a marketplace because a large area can be
covered and initial customers (typically a small number of
customers) can be added quickly. In this situation, as
customers increase, supercells can be augmented with
smaller cells on different frequencies as long as the overall
system and frequency availability support this scalability.
The disadvantage of supercells is in quality of coverage
because base station signal strengths may vary
considerably from the inner portion of the cell to the outer
edge of the cell. This can result in dramatically
inconsistent data rate capabilities from one area to the next
and non-existent in-building coverage in most areas. The
last architecture strategy is the cellularized approach,
which ultimately is very similar to the cellular
infrastructure used for mobile wireless communications. A
cellular approach uses much smaller cells (typically three
to five miles in diameter for 2.5/3.5 GHz frequencies) and
offers more uniform coverage capabilities and even in-
building coverage penetration
(Depending on the power output of the transceivers and
the modulation techniques used). A cellular approach is
the highest-capacity architecture (in terms of customers
and aggregate data throughput) and is thus typically used
in customer-dense areas. Like mobile cellular
infrastructures, frequencies must typically be coordinated
on an overall planning basis between base stations to avoid
interference. In addition, due to the smaller cell size, base
station density is much higher and thus results in a higher
infrastructure deployment cost.
6. STANDARDS
Very few standards exist for broadband wireless systems,
and users need to purchase equipment from the same
vendor for both sides of the connection to ensure
interoperability. In some vertical markets, interoperability
and standards are moot because the entire system, from
application to access point to user device, is sold as a
package. The broadband wire-less access industry has
numerous suppliers for the various elements of the
infrastructure throughout the world and will, therefore,
require standardization to attain all of the benefits of
interoperability.
6.1. IEEE 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access
Systems
The IEEE 802 standard [3] covers local and metropolitan
area networks whereas Part 16 specifies the standard air
interface for fixed broadband wireless access systems
under 802.16 The overall purpose of this standards body is
to: 1) Enable rapid worldwide deployment of innovative,
cost-effective, and interoperable multivendor broadband
wireless access products; 2) To facilitate competition in
broadband access by providing alternatives to wireline
broadband access; and 3) To facilitate coexistence studies,
encourage consistent worldwide allocation, and accelerate
the commercialization of broadband wireless access
spectrum. This standard specifies the medium access
control layer and physical layers of the air interface of
interoperable, fixed point-to-multipoint broadband
wireless access systems. The specification enables
transport of data, video, and voice services. Physical
layers are specified for both licensed and license-exempt
bands. It will identify techniques to tolerate interference in
the unlicensed bands and facilitate strategies for
coexistence with other unlicensed band systems such as
802.11 and 802.15. It will encourage consistent worldwide
spectrum allocation and accelerate the commercialization
of unlicensed broadband wireless access spectrum.
Utilization of unlicensed frequencies will address a market
that includes residences, small office/home office
(SOHO), telecommuters, and small and medium
enterprises (SMEs).
6.2. DOCSIS+
The Data Over Cable System Interface Specification
(DOCSIS) [4] was developed by a consortium of
equipment manufacturers and CATV operators with
ratification in August 1998. The specification establishes a
clear standard for cable modems and the cable modem
termination system (CMTS) to allow interoperability of
products from various manufacturers. It specifies the RF
physical layer, with specific modulation types and symbol
rates. The protocols for initialization, data control, and
security aspects are also defined. DOCSIS is a standard
that has several advantages: lower costs, multiple
knowledgeable sources, add-ons, and plug-ins from third
parties. DOCSIS was conceived and is designed for the
CATV hybrid-fiber/coax plant. DOCSIS+ (a wireless
version of the DOCSIS specification) builds on the
specification by adding several enhancements.
Specifically, it adds a superset of features to the DOCSIS
specification. These features extend the frequency
tolerance, add more signal path equalization, increase the
dynamic range, and support multiple modulation types and
modulation symbol rates. These enhancements improve,
among other things, the signal-to-noise margin for robust
performance under the less-than-ideal conditions of
broadband wireless operation. The new DOCSIS 1.1
features quality of service (QoS), data and voice/video
application, service flows, classifiers, scheduling types,
and dynamic service establishment.
6.3. Broadband Radio Access Network (BRAN)
Project
The Broadband Radio Access Network project [5] has
defined three types of broadband radio networks:
HIPERLAN/2, HIPERACCESS, and HIPERLINK.
HIPERLAN/2, a complement to HIPERLAN/1, ETSI’s
high-speed wireless LAN, is a local access network that
provides communication between portable computing
devices and broadband core networks aimed at
telecommunications access and capable of supporting the
multimedia applications of the future. User mobility is
supported, but only within the local service area, which
ranges from 50 meters indoors to a few hundred meters
outdoors.
HIPERACCESS is an outdoor, high-speed radio access
network that provides fixed radio connections to customer
premises (other technologies such as HIPERLAN/2 might
be used for distribution within the premises).
HIPERACCESS will allow an operator to rapidly roll out
a wide area broadband access network to provide
connections to residential households and small
businesses. It will be an attractive alternative to wired
access technologies such as digital subscriber loop or
cable modems, especially in the competitive market of the
future where no one operator will have the certainty of
monopoly.
The third category is HIPERLINK, which is a very high-
speed radio network for small-scale interconnections. A
typical use is the interconnection of HIPERACCESS
networks and/or HIPERLAN Access Points into a fully
wireless network.
With this standardized solutions, we believe customer
premise equipment pricing less than $200 to $400 will be
necessary instead of the $1,500 to $4,000 and multi-hour
installation currently being experienced.

7. CONCLUSION

The development of broadband wireless is no different

from any other new market: the explorers have mapped the
terrain, and now the settlers are moving in for growth and
expansion. We believe the rapidly deployable, scalable,
distance-insensitive nature, and emerging low costs
associated with wireless solutions make them a highly
viable broadband access technology in a developing
country like Bangladesh. We hope that rapid investment
on broadband wireless infrastructure will connect every
town, even rural area, of Bangladesh with high-speed
communication link and ensure that rural and urban
communities have the same opportunity to participate in
the digital economy.

REFERENCE

[1] Michael A. Helgeson, Broadband Wireless:

The Worldwide Assessment. Institutional Research, DAIN
RAUSCHER WESSELS, I May 17, 2001
[2] www.nortelnetworks.com
[3] www.ieee802.org/16
[4] www.wdslconsortium.com
[5] www.etsi.org/bran