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The total current vector is the sum of active and reactive current vec-
tors, i.e.,
Using Instantaneous Reactive Power Theory
i = i p + iq . (6)
Mahesh K. Mishra, Avinash Joshi, Arindam Ghosh
Further properties of the quantities defined above have been discussed
Author Affiliations: Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian in detail in [1].
Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India. General Algorithm in Vector Form: In general, the active and re-
Abstract: This letter discusses a new general algorithm for shunt active powers have two components, i.e.,
active power filters using instantaneous reactive power theory. The gen-
eral vector expression for desired source current has been formulated. p = p + p~ (7a)
Proper choices of source power terms give different levels and types of
compensation.
Keywords: Generalized reactive power theory, reactive power q = q + q~ (7b)
compensators, shunt active filters.
Introduction: In [1], the active and reactive powers are expressed where over bar (–) and over tilde (~) refer to the average and zero mean
as the dot and the cross product of voltage and current vectors, respec- oscillating values of the powers, respectively. In the following discus-
tively. Based on these definitions, a general instantaneous vector for the sion, the subscripts “s,” “l,” and “f” denote the source, load, and com-
desired source currents is proposed. From this, a general algorithm for pensator (filter), respectively. The averaging of powers is usually
shunt compensation has been derived that compensates for both reac- carried out over one half cycle of the system voltage (10 ms).
tive and zero mean oscillating active powers. Using (5a), (5b), and (6), it is possible to write the instantaneous
For a three-phase, four-wire system (Figure 1), the instantaneous vector for source current in terms of source reactive power ( q s ) and ac-
voltage and current vectors v and i are tive power ( p s ) as
v = [va vc ] , i = [ia ic ] .
t t
vb ib (1)
Here, the superscript t denotes the transpose operator and a vector is de-
noted by lower case bold.
The instantaneous active and reactive powers are defined as follows:
p = v ⋅ i = va ia + vb ib + vcic (2)
qa t
v vc vc va va vb
q = v × i = qb = b
ib
.
ib ic ic ia ia
qc (3)
The Euclidean norm q = qa2 + qb2 + qc2 is often used as the scalar Figure 2. Schematic diagram of a three-phase, four-wire compensated system
representing the instantaneous reactive power. Alternatively, we define
the algebraic sum
qsum = q = ( qa + qb + qc ) 3 (4)
as the scalar representing the total reactive power that circulates in the
three phases. An advantage of this representation is that it can indicate
the polarity of instantaneous reactive power unlike q , which is always
positive.
The instantaneous active current vector, i p , and the instantaneous
reactive current vector, i q are defined as
[ ] p
t
i p = iap ibp icp = v
v ⋅v (5a)
q×v
[ ]
t
i q = iaq ibq icq = .
v ⋅v (5b)
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of a three-phase, four-wire system Figure 3. (a) Load currents; (b) load active and reactive powers
p s = pl , q sa = q sb = q sc = βql / 3. (13)
pl
β= tan φ.
ql (14)
Figure 4. Source voltage and currents (β = 0)
Figure 2. UPQS