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Mechanical Engineering Department \\ Prof.

Eduardo Cabrera Ruiz

HEAT TRANSFER
Heat Transfer

Science that deals with rate of heat transfer as well as temperature distribution

Heat transfer has direction as well as magnitude

The basic requirement for heat transfer is the presence of a temperature difference.

The rate of heat transfer in a certain direction depends on the magnitude of the temperature difference per unit
length in that direction.

Total amount of heat transfer when the rate of heat transfer is available.

 kJ 
t2
Q   Q dt
t1

The rate of heat transfer per unit surface is called heat flux, and the average heat flux on a surface is expressed as:

Q
q   W m2 
A

Conduction

Transfer of energy form the more energetic particles of a substance to the adjacent less energetic ones as a result
of interactions between particles.

The rate of heat conduction through a medium depends on the temperature gradient, geometry of the medium, its
thickness, and the material of the medium.

The rate of heat conduction through a layer is proportional to the temperature difference across the layer and the
heat transfer area, but it is inversely proportional to the thickness of the layer.

dT
Qcond   kA W Thermal Conductivity (k)
dx

Fourier’s law of heat


conduction (1-D)

T2

T1
Q

A
A
k

Δx
Mechanical Engineering Department - Prof. Eduardo Cabrera Ruiz-
Thermal Diffusivity () represents how fast heat diffuses through a material.

Heat conducted k
 
Heat stored cp

Convection

Convection is the mode of energy transfer between a solid surface and the adjacent liquid or gas that is in motion,
and it involves the combined effects of conduction and fluid motion.

Qconv  h A(Ts  T ) (W )

Newton’s law of cooling

Where h is the convection heat transfer coefficient in W/(m2 oC)

Ts is the surface temperature

T∞ is the temperature of the fluid far from the surface

Convection heat Transfer coefficient (h)

Radiation

Radiation is the energy emitted by matter in the form of electromagnetic waves (or photons) as a result of the
changes in the electronic configurations of the atoms or molecules.

The maximum rate of radiation which can be emitted from a surface at an absolute temperature, and the body that
emits radiation at this maximum rate is called a blackbody. Blackbody radiation is calculated by:

Qmax   Ts4  W
where,   5.67 x 108 W/(m 2 K 4 )

Stefan-Boltzmann law

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Heat Transfer

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