• Heat changes in Chemical Reactions

Chemical reactions can be classified into two groups:

a) Exothermic reactions
b) Endothermic Reactions.

Exothermic Reactions

- Release heat to surroundings.

- Energy needed to break down the olds bonds in the reactants is less
than the energy released when the new bonds are formed in the
products. Therefore there is a net energy loss.
- Example
a) Combustion
A chemical reactions which substances is combined chemically with
oxygen by heating

b) Neutralisation
Take place when an acid solutions is mixed with an alkali solutions

c) Reactions between reactive metals and water.

Reactive metals such as potassium react vigorously with water.

Endothermic reactions

- Absorb heat from the surroundings.

- Energy needed to break the old bonds in the reactants is greater
than the energy released when the new bonds are formed in the
products.Therefore , there is the net energy gain.

- Example
a) Photosynthesis
Energy from the sun is used by plants to produce sugar and oxygen
from carbon dioxide and water.

b) Decompositions by heat
Heat is needed to break down big particles into small particles.
 Reactivity of metals with water.

Metal Reaction with Red litmus Burning

water paper test wooden
splinter test
Sodium Sodium darts Turns Blue
around rapidly
on the surface of -
water . A hissing
sound is heard.
Calcium Calcium reacts Turns Blue A ‘ pop’ sound is
readily with heard.
water and gas
bubbles are
produced.A
colourless gas is
released
Magnesium Magnesium does Turns Blue
not react with
cold water . It -
react readily with
hot water and
gas bubbles are
released.
Aluminium Aluminium does Turns Blue
not react with
cold water . It
react easily with -
hot water and
gas bubbles are
released. The
reactions is less
reactive compare
to that
magnesium.
Zink Zinc does not Turns Blue
react with cold
water . It reacts -
with hot water
and gas bubbles
are released.
Cooper Cooper does not No change
react with cold -
water nor hot
water . No
changes occur.
 Discussions

1. Sodium reacts vigorously with water to produce hydrogen gas

and alkaline solutions.

Sodium + Water Sodium hydroxide + Hydrogen

2. Calcium reacts less vigorously with water compare to

sodium.Calcium also released hydrogen gas and forms an
alkaline solutions when reacts with water.

Calcium + Water Calcium hydroxide + Hydrogen

3. Magnesium, aluminium and zinc do not react with cold water

but react with hot water. They react with hot water to form
hydrogen gas and alkaline solutions.

Magnesium + water Magnesium hydroxide + Hydrogen

Aluminium + water Aluminium hydroxide + Hydrogen
Zinc + water Zinc hydroxide + Hydrogen

4. Cooper does nor react with either cold water or hot water

5. The reactivity of the metal with water is follows

Sodium Calcium Magnesium Zinc Cooper

Conclusions

The arrangement for the reactivity of metals with water in desending

order is : sodium,calcium,magnesium,aluminium,zinc and copper. The
hypothesis is accepted.