1.

ROOF PURLIN DESIGN

1. CONSTRUCTIVE SCHEME

d’ ≤ 3,00 m

* Case study: D = 24,00m; d = 2,40m; h0 = 1,60m; H = 2,80m

α = atan (1,20/12,00) = 5,71º
cos α = 0,995

2. CALCULUS SCHEME

* Case study: t = 9.00m

3. LOADS, LOAD FACTORS, LOAD COMBINATIONS

Nominal Factor Factored

Loads Load of Load
[KN/m2] Safety [KN/m2]
Permanent Ö Roof weight: ….……………….. 0.15…0.35 1.35
Loads (corrugated sheet)
(P) Ö Purlin weight: ……………..…... 0.10…0.15 1.35
 (dead loads) Ö Technological load: …………… 0.10 1.35
Ö Snow (CR 1-1-3-2005):
sk = µi × Ce × Ct × s0,k
where :
* s0,k is the ground snow load (as is
shown in ground snow load map)
Zone on the map s0,k [KN/m2]
A 1,50
B 2,00
C 2,50
Variable * Ce is the exposure factor (to account
Loads for wind effects); the value of this sk 1.50
(V) coefficient is:
(environmental Ce = 0.80 for full exposure.
loads) Ce = 1.00 for partial exposure.
Ce = 1.20 for reduced exposure.
* Ct is the thermal factor (to account
for snow melting effects due to the
heat inside the building); the value of
this coefficient is considered 1.00 in
most cases.
* µi is the slope factor;
µ1 = 0.80 whenever 0° < α ≤ 30°
µ2 = 0.80+0.80 × α/30

* Case study:
Nominal Factor Factored
Loads Load of Load
[KN/m2] Safety [KN/m2]
Permanent Ö Roof weight: ….……………….. 0.15 1.35 0.203
Loads (corrugated sheet)
(P) Ö Purlin weight: ……………..…... 0.15 1.35 0.203
(dead loads) Ö Technological load: …………… 0.10 1.35 0.135
Ö Snow (CR 1-1-3-2005):
Variable
s0,k = 2,50 kN/m2
Loads
Ce = 0.80 for full exposure. 1.90 1.50 2.85
(V)
Ct = 1.00.
(environmental
µ1 = 0.80
loads)
µ2 = 0.95

Load combinations: relevant load combinations for:

n m
a) Ultimate Limit States (U.L.S.) : q c = 1,35∑ Pj + 1,50 ⋅V1 + ∑1,50 ⋅ψ 0,i ⋅ Vi [KN/m2]
j =1 i =2
n m
b) Serviceability Limit States (S.L.S.) : q n = ∑ Pj + V1 + ∑ψ 0,i ⋅ Vi [KN/m2]
j =1 i =2

where:
V1 is the dominant variable action
ψ0,i = 0.70 (factor of simultaneity)

* Case study:
The horizontal distributed load on the roof is:
U.L.S. ⇒ Qc = 1,35 (0,15 x 1/cos α + 0,15 + 0,10) + 1,50 × ( 1.90 ) = 3.391 [KN/m2]
S.L.S. ⇒ Qn = 0,15 x 1/cos α + 0,15 + 0,10 + 1.90 = 2.301 [KN/m2]

Determine the vertical distributed load acting on the current purlin (d = 2,40 m):
a) U.L.S. : qc = Qc × d = 3.391 × 2.40 = 8.14 kN/m
b) S.L.S. : qn = Qn × d = 2.301 × 2.40 = 5.53 KN/m

The vertical load on the purlin must be decomposed into normal (qw) and parallel (qf)
components; the parallel component (in the roof plane) qf is carried by the roof deck if this is
made of corrugated steel. Consequently the purlin needs to be designed for the normal
component (perpendicular to the roof plane) qw only.

* Case study:
- the parallel component:
qfc = qc × sinα = 8.14 × sin5.71° = 0.81 KN/ml
qfn = qn × sinα = 5.53 × sin5.71° = 0.55 KN/ml
- the normal component (carried by the purlin):
qwc = qc × cosα = 8.14 × cos5.71° = 8.10 KN/ml
qwn = qn × cosα = 5.53 × cos5.71° = 5.50 KN/ml
4. CALCULUS OF BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE (in elastic range)

- for Ultimate Limit States verification:

- for Serviceability Limit States verification (only nominal bending moment diagram):
5. CROSS-SECTION SIZING
5.1. SIZING FOR DEFLECTION CHECKING
Calculus of the Inecd (moment of inertia with respect to x-x axis) necessary to satisfy the
deflection checking (using nominal loads) is realised to set the minimum value of this
geometrical characteristic of the section.
M ×m 1 t
Theoretically: factual = ∫ dx = F(M, m) ≤ fallowable =
EI EI 200
900
(For t = 9,00 m: fallowable = = 4,50 cm)
200
1
Inecd = F(M, m); Ix ≥ Inecd
E ⋅ f al

In practical engineering, we are using tables with coefficients for deflection calculus:
t2
factual = ×∑α×M;
10 Ix
t ⇒ [m]
Input all data in shown units Ix ⇒ [cm4] and results: factual ⇒ [cm]
M ⇒ [KNm]
α ⇒ from tables
d t2
Inec = × ∑ α × M ; Ix ≥ Inecd
10 f al

Inecd is computed for the first (terminal) span and for the current span. For the example
discussed earlier, we obtain:
 92 5,50 × 92 0 + 46, 78 92
Inecd,1 = ×[49.6 × - 59.52 × ]= ×1369,93 = 2466 cm4
10 × 4,50 8 2 10 × 4,50
92 5,50 × 92 35,19 + 35,19 92
Inecd,2 = ×[49.6 × -59.52 × ]= ×667,6 = 1202 cm4
10 × 4,50 8 2 10 × 4,50

5.2. SIZING FOR RESISTING BENDING MOMENT (using factored loads)

The first (terminal) purlin portion and current purlin portion are to be calculated; each of these
purlin portions has two cross-sections for sizing: midspan section and support section.
Consequently, there are four cross-sections to be sized, so that is necessary to have the same
depth and the same thickness of flanges because they belong to the same element, which has
only one depth.
• Choice of the cross-section shape:
Double T - bisymmetric cross-section (most adequate shape for members in bending);

• Choice of the material quality:

 For purlin design is possible to use one of the following steel grades: OL 52, OL 44 or
OL 37; the steel grade is chosen such that the deflection requirement should be satisfied, with
a minimum material consumption. For the beginning one should start with OL 52 grade and if
the actual deflection is greater than the allowable deflection (the actual moment of inertia is
smaller than the necessary moment of inertia – see sizing for deflection checking), the steel
grade should be changed in OL44 or further on, in OL37.

Steps:

1) Determination of the required section modulus:

M*
W* =
R

where: M* is the ponderate moment on the purlin and

R the design strength of the material

* Case study:
2 ⋅ 0,8t ⋅ 51,18 + 2 ⋅ 0, 4t ⋅ 68,89 + 2 ⋅ 0, 6t ⋅ 21, 65 + 4 ⋅ 0, 4t ⋅ 51,83 + 3 ⋅ 0, 6t ⋅ 30,18
M* = =
7t
= 42,90 kNm

W* = 42,90 x 106 /260 = 165000 mm3 = 165,00cm3 (OL44)

2) Determination of the web dimensions : hw × tw

Wnec
hw ≈ 1.15 ×
tw

- propose tw (tw = 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12 mm).

- calculate hw
100 to 100 mm for hw > 1000 mm;
- round off result: 50 to 50 mm for 500 mm < hw ≤ 1000 mm;
10 to 10 for hw ≤ 500.
h
- Determine hw and check if w ∈ (100…150); if not, change tw .
tw

* Case study: propose tw = 3 mm

W* 165000
hw = 1,15 = 1,15 = 269, 7 mm hw = 270 mm
tw 3
hw
= 90 < 100; as the result was obtained with the minimum tw it is not possible to change
tw
3) Determination of the flanges dimensions : bf × tf

Wi
Af ≈ - 0.16 × hw × tw = net area for one flange
hw

Mi
where: Wi =
R

- propose: tf = ( 1.50…2.50 ) × tw ;
Af
- calculate: bf = ≥ 60 mm
tf
- round up result 10 to 10 mm;

13 OL52
b'
-check if: ≤ 14 OL44 if not change tf .
tf
15 OL37

* Case study:
1. Propose tf = 6 mm
2. Compute the strength modulus:
- first span and current supports: W1 = 51,83 x 106 /260 = 199346,2 mm3
- first support: W2 = 68,89 x 106 /260 = 264961,6 mm3
- current spans: W3 = 30,18 x 106 /260 = 116076,9 mm3
3. Compute the flange areas:
Af1 =199346,2/270-0,16x3x270 = 608,7 mm
Af2 =264961,6/270-0,16x3x270 = 851,7 mm
Af3 =116076,9/270-0,16x3x270 = 300,3 mm

Af 1
bf1 = = 608,7/6 = 101,5 mm bf1 = 110 mm
tf
Af 2
bf2 = = 851,7/6 = 141,9 mm bf2 = 150 mm
tf
Af 3
bf3 = = 300,3/6 = 50,1 mm bf3 = 60 mm
tf
4) Optimize the material consumption (if possible)
-check if: b ∈ ( 1/3…1/5 );
hw

2 × Af ≈(0.50…0.60) × A ; (A is the area for the whole cross-section)

Ai ≈ (0.50…0.40) × A .

6. VERIFICATIONS FOR THE SIZED CROSS-SECTION

a) Draw the sketch of the section;

b) Calculate the geometrical characteristics:
- area (A);
- centroid location (C.G.) → position of neutral axis;
- moment of inertia with respect to x-x axis (Ix).
c) Verify if Ix > Inecd ; if not, size once again.

6.1. VERIFICATIONS OF ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES (with factored loads)

a) CHECK FOR RESISTANCE

M
σ= × ymax ≤ R
Ix
T
τ = ≤ Rf
t w × hw
M
σ∗ = × y∗
Ix
σe = (σ ) * 2
+ 3 ×τ 2 ≤ 1.1 R

b) CHECK FOR LOCAL BUCKLING

- for compressed flange verify the plate slenderness:
b'
≤ 13, 14, 15; (limiting values of slenderness for OL52; OL44; OL37 respectively).
tf
hw 210
- for web : if ≤ 110 ⇒ check is not necessary
tw R

If not one must check:

2 2
⎛σ* ⎞ ⎛ τ ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ≤ 1
⎝ σ cr ⎠ ⎝ σ cr ⎠

where:
σ∗ = compression stress in extreme web fiber, induced by the average bending moment in the
web panel; [N/mm2]
τ = shear stress in the web panel, induced by the average shear force in the web panel;
[N/mm2]
σcr , τcr = plate buckling design stresses;
 2
⎛t ⎞
σcr = 7000 × ⎜⎜ w ⎟⎟ × 103 [N/mm2] ;
⎝ hw ⎠
2
950 ⎛t ⎞
τcr = ( 1250 + ) × ⎜⎜ w ⎟⎟ × 103
[N/mm2] ;
α2 ⎝ hw ⎠
max(a, hw )
α= (usually α = a / hw);
min(a, hw )

a = clear distance between transverse stiffeners; if there are no transverse stiffeners, then
2
⎛t ⎞
a→∞ ⇒ τcr = 1250 × ⎜⎜ w ⎟⎟ × 103 [N/mm2] ;
⎝ hw ⎠

6.2. VERIFICATION OF SERVICIABILITY LIMIT STATE (with nominal loads)

Check for deflection:

t2 t
factual = × ∑ α × M ≤ fallowable = ;
10 Ix 200

Input t ⇒ [m] ;
Ix ⇒ [cm4] ; ⇒ factual in [cm] ;
M ⇒ [KNm] ;
(α ⇒ from tables)

7. PURLIN CROSS-SECTION VARIATION ON THE LENGTH OF THE BEAM

It is necessary to determine the distances ‘x’ on both sides of the supports, for which
the midspan section resists to the bending moment; for purlin design we choose the greatest
distance ‘x’. In the current portions of the purlin, both in midspan sections and in support
sections, the same cross-section must be used (which is the support section). Assuming the
loads discussed earlier and OL44 for the purlin material, we obtain:
8. PURLIN (ERECTION) SPLICE DESIGN (with factored loads)

It is necessary to design two (erection) splices (connections which provide the purlin
continuity): on the second support and on the current one.
- Design stress is: M10, (M20) which is resolved in a couple of forces

M
H= ; h = hw + 2 tf (lever arm = overall depth of the beam)
h

H
- Cover plates sizing: Ac.p.nec =
R

a) top flange cover plate ( tc.p.t × bc.p.t - lc.p.t ):

- propose: bc.p.t = b – 20 ;

nec
A c.p.
- calculate : tc.p.t = t
b c.p.
(round off to a plate thickness which is manufactured)

- check for cover plate resistance:

H
σ= ≤R;
t t
c. p. × bct . p.
- fillet welds sizing:
- propose weld size aw ≤ 0.70 × tmin ;
tmin = min (tf, tc.p.t) ;

t ct . p. × bct . p. × R
- weld length : lw = + 2 aw (round off 5 to 5)
2 × a w × Rshear
w

Rshw = 0.70 × R (R = base metal strength);

 - verify if : lw ≤ 60 × aw .

b) bottom flange cover plate ( tc.p.b × bc.p.b - lc.p.b ):

- propose : tc.p.b = tf ;

Acnec
bc.p.b
. p.
- calculate : = , round off 10 to 10;
t cb. p.

- check for cover plate resistance :

H
σ= ≤R;
t b
c. p. × bcb. p.

- fillet welds sizing:

- propose weld size aw ≤ 0.70 × tmin ;

tmin = min (tf, tc.p.t) ;

t cb. p. × bcb. p. × R
- weld length: lw = + 2 aw (round off 5 to 5)
2 × a w × Rshear
w

Rshw = 0.70 × R (R=base metal strength) ;

- verify if: lw ≤ 60 × aw .

M 68,89
* Case study: H= = = 262,94 kN
h 0, 262

H 262,94 ⋅103
Ac.p.nec = = = 834,8 mm2
R 315
a) top cover plate: bc.p.t = b – 20 = 130 – 20 = 110 mm
nec
A c.p. 834,8
tc.p.t = t
= = 7,6 mm tc.p.t = 8 mm
b c.p. 110

H 262,94 ⋅103
- check for strength: σ = = = 298,8 N/mm2 ≤ R = 315 N/mm2
t c. p. × bc. p.
t t
110 ⋅ 8

- fillet weld sizing: aw = 4 mm

t ct . p. × bct . p. × R 8 × 110 × 315
- weld length : lw = + 2 aw = + 2 x 4 = 165,5 mm
2 × aw × R w
shear 2 × 4 × 220
lw = 170 mm ≤ 60 x 4 = 240 mm
b) bottom cover plate: tc.p.b = tf = 6 mm
nec
A c.p. 834,8
bc.p.b = b
= = 139,1 mm bc.p.b = 140 mm
t c.p. 6

H 262,94 ⋅103
- check for strength: σ= = = 313 N/mm2 ≤ R = 315 N/mm2
tcb. p. × bcb. p. 140 ⋅ 6

- fillet weld sizing: aw = 4 mm

tcb. p. × bcb. p. × R 6 × 140 × 315
- weld length : lw = + 2 aw = + 2 x 4 = 158,4 mm
2 × aw × R w
shear 2 × 4 × 220
lw = 160 mm ≤ 60 x 4 = 240 mm
 ROOF TRUSS DESIGN

1. STRUCTURAL CONFIGURATION

2. LOADS, LOAD FACTORS, LOAD COMBINATIONS

Loads are the same as fo the purlins, excpt for Permanent Loads, which must take into
account the truss weight as well. The nominal truss weight is assumed to be in between
0.10…0.15 KN/m2. The factor of safety for the truss weight is n = 1.35.

Load Combinations:
a) Ultimate Limit States (U.L.S.) : ⎯qc = ∑ ni × Pi + ∑ ni × Ci + ng × ∑ ni × Vi [KN/m2]
b) Serviceability Limit States (S.L.S.) : ⎯qn = ∑ Pi + ∑ Ci + ng × ∑ Vi [KN/m2]

Determination of the panel point loads:

a) U.L.S.: Qc = ⎯qc × Aaff = ⎯qc× d × t [KN]
b) S.L.S.: Qn = ⎯qn × Aaff = ⎯qn× d × t [KN]

where Aaff is the aferent area, detailed in the figure below

3. DETERMINATION OF THE STRESSES IN THE MEMBERS OF THE ROOF

TRUSS USING THE METHOD OF SECTIONS OR THE METHOD OF JOINTS

3.1. Determination of the geometrical characteristics of the roof truss

- angles made by the bars with horizontal direction;
- lengths of the bars.
For instance, for a truss with the dimensions below, the angles are computed as shown:
 After the computation of all angles, the lengths of the bars are determined very easy as it
follows:
l01 = l13 = l35 = l57 = 3000 / cos α ;
l02 = 3000 / cos β ;
l12 = 2200 + 3000 / tg α ;
l23 = l34 = 3000 / cos γ ;
l45 = 2200 + 3 x 3000 / tg α ;
l47 = 3000 / cos δ ;
l67 = 2200 + 4 x 3000 / tg α ;

3.2. Determination of the member forces

For instance using the method of sections:

M3
∑ M3 = 0 ⇒ B24 = ;
l33'
B

∑ Mi = 0
M4
∑ M4 = 0 ⇒ T35 = ;
l 44 '

∑ Yi = 0 ⇒ R - Qc /2- Qc - Qc - T35 × sinα - D34 × sinγ = 0

Qc
R− − Q c − Q c − T35 × sin α
D34 = 2
sin γ

M2
T01 = T13 = ;
l 22 '
-Qc + T01 × sinα - T13 × sinα + M12 = 0

M12 = Qc

3.3. Truss diagram (with force values resulted from computations)

The sign “?” will be replaced by each student with the force values resulted from calculation.
4. DESIGN OF THE TRUSS MEMBERS

4.1. Choice of the cross-section shape

An adequate cross-section (concerning fabrication) for the truss elements (chords and
web members) is built up of two angles back to back. The two angles are connected to each
other by means of local filler plates spaced as follows:

- for compression members :

¾ l1 ≤ 40 r1;
¾ no less than two filler plates along the members between two joints.
- for tension members :
¾ l1 ≤ 80 r1;
¾ no less than one filler plate along the members between two joints.
In the equations above, r1 is the radius of gyration for one angle with respect to its 1-1
axis parallel to y-y axis contained in the y-y plane which passes between the two angles.

4.2. Choice of the material quality

The steel grade used for the Romanian rolled sections is OL 37.

5. DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS

- bottom chord;
- some diagonal members.

5.1. Cross-section sizing

N
Areq = ⇒ from the tables with rolled angles, select angle: L…x…x…
R
to fulfill Aact = 2 A1L ≥ Areq
- extract also from tables the values for: e; rx = ix; ry = iy; r1 = i1

N
5.2. Check for resistance σ= ≤ R = 220 N/mm2
Aactual
5.3. Check for slenderness λmax = max (λx , λy ) ≤ λallowable = 400
l ly
λx = x ; λy = ;
rx ry
- bottom chord :
lx = li = distance between two joints
ly = L1 = distance between two latteral braced joints (between the diagonal links).
- diagonal members in tension:
lx = 0.80 li
ly = li
li = distance between the two joints of the member (length of the bar).

6. DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS

- top chord;
- some diagonal members and the vertical members.

6.1. Cross-section sizing

From tables with buckling coefficients we select values of ϕ for “C” curve ⇒ propose:
- for top chord, λ = 60…110 → ϕ
- for all other members , λ = 80…140 → ϕ

N
Areq = ⇒ from the tables with rolled angles, select angle: L…x…x…
ϕ×R
to fulfill Aact = 2 A1L ≈ Areq
- extract also from tables the values for: e ; rx = ix; ry = iy; r1 = i1

N
6.2. Check for buckling ≤R
ϕ min × Aact

ϕ min = min (ϕ x , ϕ y )

lbx
λx = → curve C → ϕ x
rx

lby
λy = → curve B → ϕ y
ry

- for the top chord:

lbx = li = distance between two joints
lby = L = distance between two lateral braced joints = distance between two purlins
- all other members in compression:
lx = 0.80 li
ly = li
li = distance between the two joints of the member (length of the bar).

7. DESIGN OF FILLET WELDS (for web members only)

⎯N = min ( 1.30 Nact , Ncap)

Nact → as it results from computation of the forces in the truss members ;

Ncap = Aact R (members in tension);

Ncap = ϕmin Aact R (members in compression).

-propose weld size: a1 ≤ 0.70 × tg

⇒ a1
a1 ≤ 0.85 × tL

a2 ≤ 0.70 × tg
⇒ a2
a2 ≤ 0.70 × tL

-calculate weld length:

b−e
×N
l1 = b + 2 × a1
2 × a1 × Rshear
w

rounding off 5 to 5.
e
×N
l2 = b + 2 × a2
2 × a1 × Rshear
w

where Rshearw = 0.70 × R

- verify if : l1 ≥ 40 mm l2 ≥ 40 mm
l1 ≥ 15 a1 l2 ≥ 15 a2
l1 ≥ b l2 ≥ b
l1 ≤ 60 a1 l2 ≤ 60 a2
 TRANSVERSE FRAME ANALISYS

1. STRUCTURAL LAYOUT
- See the transverse section (cross-section of the building).

2. STRUCTURAL CONFIGURATION AND LOADING

- Single storey sway frame

3. LOADS, LOAD FACTORS, LOAD COMBINATIONS

Nominal Factor Factored
Load of Load
Loads
[KN/m2] Safety [KN/m2]

Ö Roof weight: ….……………….. 0.45…0.50 1.20

-hydro-insulation (tar roofing)
Permanent
-thermal insulation (mineral wool)
Loads
-corrugated sheet
(P)
Ö Purlin weight: ……………..…... 0.10…0.15 1.10
Ö Truss weight:…………………... 0.15 1.10
Quasipermanent
Ö Industrial dust:………………… 0.25 1.40
Loads
Ö Technological load:……………. 0.20 1.10
(C)
Ö Snow (STAS 10101/21-92):
pz = czi × ce × gz
where :
gz = ground snow load (as is shown in
ground snow load map)
Zone on the map gz [KN/m2]
A 0.90
B 1.20
Variable C 1.50
Loads
(V) ce = exposure factor (to account for wind
(environmental effects); ce = 0.80 for normal conditions
loads) of exposure.
czi = slope factor; czi = 1.00 whenever
0° < α ≤ 30°
Partial Factors of Safety:
-design values in ULTIMATE LIMIT
STATES: γ0×pz γF×pz
pzc = γF × pz
 gp
γF = γa – 0.40 × ≥ 0.30 × γa
ce × g z

-design values in SERVICEABILITY

LIMIT STATES:
pzn = γ0 × pz
gp
γ0 = γc - 0.20 × ≥ 0.30 × γc
ce × g z
where:
gp = permanent nominal loads
γa = 2.20 for Class 3 Importance of the
building
γc = 1.40 for Class 3 Importance of the
building

Ö Wind (STAS 10101/20-90)

p w = β × c ni × c h ( z ) × g w
- β = 1.60 is the gust response factor for
industrial halls (C1 cathegory of
buildings);
- Pressure coefficients
c ni = + 0.8 wind pressure
c ni = - 0.4 wind suction
- Velocity pressure exposure coefficient
0.44
⎛ z ⎞
c h ( z ) = 0.65 × ⎜ ⎟ ≥ 0.65
⎝ 10 ⎠ γ 0 × pw γ F × pw
for exposure cathegory II (suburban
areas, towns, city outskirts, wooden
areas) ;
z = the height above the ground;
g w = the basic wind velocity pressure
(to 10m above the ground), see the wind
map.

- Zone of the wind

Map g w [KN/ m 2 ]
A 0.30
B 0.42
C 0.55

- Partial Factors of Safety :

U.L.S. : γ F = γ a = 1.20 → p wc = γ F × p w
S.L.S. : γ 0 = γ c = 1.00 → p wn = γ 0 × p w

Earthquake (Normativ P100-92)

Seismic Force : S = cr × G

G is the total weight of building as follows :

• permanent loads
• cvasipermanent loads (nominal loads)
• snow ( γ e x pz) ; γ e = 0.30

c r = α × k s × β r × ψ × ε r (global seismic factor)

α = 1.00 is the Importance Factor for buildings from Class III ;
k s is the Zone Factor according to seismic risk zones (on the map);

Seismic risk zones A B C D E F

ks 0.32 0.25 0.20 0.16 0.12 0.08

β r = 2.50 if Tr < Tc ; β r = 2.50 − (Tr − Tc ) ≥ 1 if Tr > Tc

(βr is the Site Structure Resonance Factor);
Tr is the fundamental elastic period of vibration of the building;
Tc is the Seismic Zone Dumping Period (Dumping Period Map);

ψ = 0.34 for transverse frame; ψ = 0.40 for longitudinal braced bay.

(the Ductility Factor);

ε r = 1.00 is the Equivalency Factor between effective structure and statically indeterminate
structure to the first degree.
LOAD COMBINATIONS
a) ∑ ni × Pi + ∑ ni × Ci + ng × ∑ ni × Vi (Vi = snow, wind; ng = 0.90)
b) ∑ Pi + ∑ Ci + γ e × Snow + Seism γ e =0.30.

DETERMINATION OF THE LOADS AND MOMENT DISTRIBUTION

1. Permanent (P) :

Q(cP ) = P c × Aaff . [KN]

Q(nP ) = P n × Aaff . [KN]

Aaff = t × L / 2

2. Cvasipermanent (C) :

Q(cC ) = C c × Aaff . [KN]

Q(nC ) = C n × Aaff . [KN]

3. Snow (Z) :
Z c = γ F × p z × Aaff . [KN]
Z n = γ e × p z × Aaff . [KN]

4. Wind (W) :

p w = 1.60 × 0.80 × c h ( z ) × g w [KN/ m 2 ] pressure

p ,
w = 1.60 × 0.40 × c h ( z ) × g w 2
[KN/ m ] suction

p w = p w × t → p wc = p w × γ F [KN/m]; W = p w,average × 1.35 × t → W c = W × γ F [KN]

p w, = p w, × t → p w'c = p w, × γ F [KN/m]; W ' = p' w,average ×1.35 × t → W ' c = W '×γ F [KN]

This frame is indeterminate to the first degree; it is a sidesway frame (joint translation is
possible).
Calculation of bending moment distribution

3 3
R = W c + W ' c + × p wc × h + × p ' cw × h
8 8
h2
M '1 = p wc ×
8
h2
M ' 2 = p' cw × M 1 = M '1 + M ' and M 2 = M ' 2 + M '
8
R
M '= × h
2

5. Seismic Force (S) :

S
M = ×h [KNm]
2
 Results of calculation:
After finishing all the calculations, the results will be centralized in the following table for
both sections 1 –1 and 2 – 2 of the column.

Permanent Loads Quasipermanent Snow

Column
Section Efforts (Pi) Loads (Ci) (Z)
sketch
Factored Nominal Factored Nominal Factored Nominal
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
M
1 1 (kNm)
N
1-1
(kN)
T
(kN)
M
(kNm)
2 2 N
2-2
(kN)
T
(kN)
(The nominal load for snow is considered for the earthquake combination – 0.30 x pz)

Relevant Load Combinations

Wind Eartquake
∑ ni × Pi + ∑ ni × Ci + ng × ∑ ni × Vi ∑ Pi + ∑ Ci + γe x Z + S
(W) (S)
3 5 7+9 4 6 8 10
Mmax Nmax Mmax Mmax Nmax Mmax
Factored S = cr × G
Ncor Mcor Nmin Ncor Mcor Nmin
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
 COLUMN DESIGN

1. CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
(Fig. 32)

2. CALCULUS SCHEME

The bracing (of the longitudinal frame) prevents sway in the longitudinal plane of the
hall, or members connecting stanchions to a braced bay;

Effective lengths of stanchion (buckling length) – theoretical is the distance between

two points of contraflexure:
- transverse plane of the hall = plane of the diagram; l fx = 2 × L ; if we consider that
in the plane of diagram the stanchions act as cantilevers tied together by the roof
trusses (but in this plane the tops of the stanchions are not otherwise held in position or
restrained in direction), than for two or more spans : l fx = 1.50 × L .
L
- longitudinal plane of the hall = perpendicular to the plane of the diagram; l fy = ;
2

3. LOADING
N=…
M=…
T=…

For (maximum) values of axial compression , bending moment and shear force , see frame
analysis.

4. CROSS-SECTION SIZING

- cross-section shape: double T bisymmetric section;

- material quality: steel grade OL 37;
- sizing: by successive tests (propose an initial section and verify it; the proper section
satisfies, in all economical manners, all formulae of verification); for instance:
5. VERIFICATIONS FOR CROSS-SECTION

5.1. Check for resistance (local capacity check):

N M
σ= + ≤R
A W

N M
σ* = + × y*
A W
⇒σe = (σ )
* 2
+ 3 × τ 2 ≤ 1.10 × R
T
τ= ≤ Rf
hw × t w
 5.2. Overall buckling check

N cx × M x
+ ≤R
ϕ min × A ⎛ N ⎞
ϕ g × W x × ⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟
⎝ N Ex ⎠

ϕ min = min (ϕ x , ϕ y ) is the minimum buckling factor;

l fx
λx = → from buckling curve A → ϕ x
rx
l fy
λy = → from buckling curve B → ϕ y
ry
rx , ry are the radius of gyration with respect to x-x axis and y-y axis respectively.
l fy
λ yf = → from buckling curve B → ϕ y
ryf
ryf is the radius of gyration for maximum compressed flange with respect to y-y axis;
c x =0.85 is the equivalent uniform moment factor;
π2 ×E
N Ex = × A is the elastic buckling Euler force.
λx 2

5.3 Check for slenderness

λ max = max (λ x , λ y ) < λ allowable = 120

5.4.Check for local buckling

- verify the width-to- thickness ratio (plate slenderness)

- for maximum compressed flange:

-
b' f
≤ 15 (for OL 37)
tf

- for web:

hw 20 × k 3
tw
≤ 100 ×
[
σ × 2 −ψ + ψ 2 + 4 × β 2 ]
 N M
σ =− − × y*
A Ix
σ −σ ' k3
⇒ψ = → table 35 STAS → k 3 ; β = 0.07 × τ ×
σ σ
N M
σ ' = − + × y* σ , σ ' with their signs;
A Ix
T
τ=
hw × t w

5.5. Anchorage bolts check

(Fig. 37)

Loading: M max , N min,corr .

Rib → gr.4.6. → R = 150

T
σ= ≤ Rib Rib → gr.5.6. → R = 180 [N/ mm 2 ]
n × An
Rib → gr.6.6. → R = 210

T is the tensile force in bolts (2 bolts);

α × l 0 × b × Rb
T= −N
2
3
α = 1.50 − 2.25 − 2
r0
2
2 l × b × Rb
r0 = 0
2× Ma
⎛ l⎞
M a = M + N × ⎜ l0 − ⎟
⎝ 2⎠

Rb is the strength (compression stress) of the concrete;

B100 B150 B200

[
Rb N / mm 2
] 5 7 9

π × d02
An ≈ , is the net area of the bolt in the threaded zone;
4

d 0 ≈ 0.89 × d ;

d = the nominal diameter of the bolt;

n = the number of bolts in tension.

Base Plate :

Loading: M max , N max,corr .

N M
σb = + ≤ Rb ⇒ b, l
b×l b×l2
6
2
l
M1 = σ b ×
2

l2
→ table → β
l1

2
M 2 = β ×σ b × l
6 × M max
t≥ rounded off to 20, 25, 30.
ROL37
 ROOF BRACING DESIGN

(Fig. 39)

1. LOADING:

a) Wind pressure on the transverse cladding (according to “Transverse frame

analysis”, point 3, Loads):

p w = 1.60 × 0.80 × c h ( z ) × g w [KN/ m 2 ]

p wc = γ F × p w [KN/ m 2 ]
The factored loads: W1 p = p wc × A1p,aff [KN]
W = p ×A
2
p c
w
p
2 , aff [KN]
W = p ×A
3
p c
w
p
3, aff [KN]

b) Wind friction on the roof:

p w, f = β × c f × c h ( z ) × g w = 1,60 × 0.025 × c h (z ) × g w [KN/ m 2 ]

c f = 0.025 wind friction factor;

p wc , f = γ F × p w, f [KN/ m 2 ]

The factored loads: W1 f = p wc , f × A1f,aff [KN]

W2f = p wc , f × A2f,aff [KN]
W3 f = p wc , f × A3f,aff [KN]
 c) Stabilizing force corresponding to restraint the compression top chord of the
afferent trusses to the bracing;

- total force “S” for one truss: S ≈ 2% × Tmax ;

- Tmax is the maximum compression force in the top chord of the truss (factored load);

- “n” is the number of joints to be laterally restrained (we consider it equal to the
number of central loaded joints – in a simplifying assumption: n = 3);

S1 = 0
- for three trusses: 3× S [KN]
S 2 = S3 =
3

Bracing loading for diagonal members design (scheme A2):

H 1 = W1 p + W1 f [KN]
H 2 = W2p + W2f + S 2 [KN]
H 3 = W 3 p + W3 f + S 3 [KN]

- where: W1 p , W2p , W3p are from wind pressure ( c ni = 0.80 ).

Bracing loading for bracing chord design (scheme A1):

H 1 = W1s + W1 f [KN]
H 2 = W2s + W2f + S 2 [KN]
H 3 = W3s + W3 f + S 3 [KN]

- where: W1s , W2s , W3s are from wind suction ( c ni = 0.40 ).

p w = 1.60 × 0.80 × c h ( z ) × g w [KN/ m 2 ]

p wc = γ F × p w [KN/ m 2 ]

W1s = p wc × A1p,aff [KN]

W2s = p wc × A2p,aff [KN]
W3s = p wc × A3p,aff [KN]

A1pressure
, aff = A1suction
, aff
 A2pressure
, aff = A2suction
, aff

A3pressure
, aff = A3suction
, aff

2. DETERMINATION OF THE STRESSES IN THE MEMBERS OF THE

TRANSVERSE BRACING

- Stresses in the bracing chord : from scheme A1

(H 1 , H 2 , H 3 reverse)
M max
N max = (compression)
h
- Strss in the diagonal members: from scheme A2
H H1
−
D= 2 2 (compression)
sin α

3. DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS OF THE BRACING (BRACING

CHORD AND DIAGONALS)

- Choice of the cross-section shape : square hollow section (rx = ry ) ;

- Material quality : Steel grade OL 37 ;

- Cross-section sizing: propose a section and verify it; repeat this operation until the
verifications for buckling and slenderness are satisfied.

Example: Bracing chord:

(Fig. 40)

N
Check for buckling: 0.95 × R ≤ ≤R
ϕ min × A

ϕ min = min (ϕ x , ϕ y )

lbx
λx = → A → ϕx
rx
⇒ min (ϕ x , ϕ y )
l by
λy = → A →ϕy
ry

l bx = l by = distance between two joints (between two purlins)

Check for slenderness: λ max = max (λ x , λ y ) ≤ λ a = 250.

 Example: Diagonal members:
(Fig. 41)

N
Check for buckling: 0.95 × R ≤ ≤R
ϕ min × A

ϕ min = min (ϕ x , ϕ y )

0.50 × l d
λx = → A →ϕx
rx
⇒ min (ϕ x , ϕ y )
0.70 × l d
λy = → A →ϕy
ry

Check for slenderness: λ max = max (λ x , λ y ) ≤ λ a = 250.

Structural Steel Data :

Steel grade Plate thickness Tensile, Compression Shear Stress (Rf) Yield Stress
[mm] Stress (R), [N/mm2] [N/mm2] [N/mm2]
OL 52 t ≤ 16 315 360
t > 16 300 350
OL 44 t ≤ 16 260 290
t > 16 250 280
OL 37 t ≤ 16 220 240
t > 16 210 230

Modulus of Elasticity : Ε = 210000 N/mm2

Shear Modulus : G = 81000 N/mm2
Poisson’s Ratio : μ = 0.3