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I. INTRODUCTION
Abstract— Vehicle emissions are the gasses released through
a vehicle's exhaust system. Carbon monoxide, hydro-carbons Human activities generate three broad sources of air
and sulphur-oxide along with nitrogen-oxides and particulates pollution: stationary or point, mobile, and indoor. In
are all harmful vehicle emissions that spew out of the exhaust developing countries especially in the rural area, indoor air
gasses of an internal combustion engine. While catalytic pollution from using open fires for cooking and heating may
converters were designed to reduce these harmful vehicle be a serious problem. Industries, power plants etc. are the
emissions, automobile designers worldwide to explore new cause of stationary air pollution. But in urban areas – both
methods of vehicle propulsion, such as electricity and hydrogen, developing and developed countries, it is predominantly
that produce little or no pollution. mobile or vehicular pollution that contributes to overall air
The automobile industry has been working on improving quality problem. In Delhi, the data shows that of the total
vehicle emissions since the 1950s. This started with the first
3,000 metric tonnes of pollutants belched out every day, close
positive crankcase ventilation system valve, or PCV valve, being
introduced on American-made vehicles. This device was to two-third (66%) is from vehicles. Similarly, the
designed to draw harmful vehicle emissions out of the exhaust contribution of vehicles to urban air pollution is 52% in
system and run it through the combustion system to burn off Bombay and close to one-third in Calcutta. Katz (1994) has
the toxins estimated that in Santiago, Chile, wherever pollution
Rapid, but unplanned urban development and the concentration exceeds ambient standards, mobile sources or
consequent urban sprawl coupled with economic growth have vehicles are the cause. Similarly, in case of Budapest,
aggravated auto dependency in India over the last two decades. Hungary, transport is the dominant source of emissions
This has resulted in congestion and pollution in cities. The except sulphur dioxide (SO2), contributing 57% of Oxides of
central and state Governments have taken many ameliorative Nitrogen (No), 80% of lead (Pb), 81% of carbon monoxide
measures to reduce vehicular emissions. However, evolution of (CO) and 75% of hydrocarbon (HC) emissions (Lehoczki,
scientific methods for accurate emission inventory is crucial. 2000). A number of countries have targeted vehicles and
Therefore, an attempt has been made to estimate the emissions
(running and start) from on-road vehicles in Chennai using IVE
associated sectors (such as, fuel) to curb the menace. Notable
model in this paper. GPS was used to collect driving patterns. successful initiatives are: conversion of public transport from
The estimated emissions from motor vehicles in Chennai in diesel to CNG in Delhi, switching of Vikrams (tuk-tuks) from
2005 were 431, 119, 46, 6 and 4575 tons/days respectively for diesel to electricity in Kathmandu valley, shifting from
CO, VOC, NOx, PM and CO2. It is observed from the results leaded to unleaded gasoline in many countries etc. Still the
that air quality in Chennai has degraded. The estimation pollution problem in urban cities may continue to loom large
revealed that two and three-wheelers emitted about 64 percent due to ever-burgeoning vehicular population, which is
of the total CO emissions and heavy-duty vehicles accounted for outpacing any such measure and road network development.
more than 60 percent and 36 percent of the NOx and PM Following data gives a glimpse of such skewed growth.
emissions respectively. About 19 percent of total emissions were Against 1.9 million vehicular population in 1990 in Delhi, it
that of start emissions. The estimated health damage cost of
rose to nearly 3.6 million in the year 2001 (i.e., an increase
automobile emissions in Chennai is Rs. 6488.16 million
(US$162.20 million). This paper has further examined various of nearly 87%). During the same period, Delhi’s population
mitigation options to reduce vehicular emissions. The Study has has increased by only 43% (from 9.5 million to 13.8 million)
concluded that advanced vehicular technology and and road-length by merely 14% (from 22,000 Km to 25,000
augmentation of public transit would have significant impact on Km) respectively. Situation is similar across a number of
reducing vehicular emissions. cities in India and the developing world. This indicates the
exigency of controlling vehicular pollution.
results, it should hit the right source of pollution. Section 2 appears. In addition, designate one author as the
gives in brief the contribution of different sources to “corresponding author.” This is the author to whom proofs of
vehicular air pollution problem. This is followed by the the paper will be sent. Proofs are sent to the corresponding
economics of vehicular pollution control in Section 3. The author only.
section also explores the instruments that can be applied to
control vehicular pollution. The major difference between C. Figures
developing and developed countries lies in the fact that Format and save your graphic images using a suitable
institutions are in place and information of health impacts are graphics processing program that will allow you to create the
known to the policy makers. For developing countries, the images as PostScript (PS), Encapsulated PostScript (EPS), or
challenge rests on devising suitable policy instruments that Tagged Image File Format (TIFF), sizes them, and adjusts
fully take into account the damage caused by the polluting the resolution settings. If you created your source files in one
source. A discussion of complexity involved in estimating of the following you will be able to submit the graphics
the damage function is given in Section 4. Section 5 gives without converting to a PS, EPS, or TIFF file: Microsoft
under what conditions a particular instrument will be more Word, Microsoft PowerPoint, Microsoft Excel, or Portable
appropriate, especially in the case of mega cities of Document Format (PDF).
developing world followed by India’s experience in
combating vehicular pollution. The concept note concludes
in Section 6. It is to be stated at the outset that the note D. Electronic Image Files (Optional)
covers mainly the environmental consequences of transport Import your source files in one of the following:
and does not investigate the other important external effects Microsoft Word, Microsoft PowerPoint, Microsoft Excel, or
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proportional to the standard size of 1 9/16 inches wide by
> REPLACE THIS LINE WITH YOUR PAPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (DOUBLE-CLICK HERE TO EDIT) < 3
the standards of proof are higher when extraordinary or [9] M. Young, The Techincal Writers Handbook. Mill Valley, CA:
University Science, 1989.
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The second paragraph uses the pronoun of the person (he or she) and not
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within the biography is: title of book (city, state: publisher name, year) similar
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The third paragraph begins with the author’s title and last name (e.g., Dr.
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professional societies other than the IEEE. Finally, list any awards and work
for IEEE committees and publications. If a photograph is provided, the
biography will be indented around it. The photograph is placed at the top left
of the biography. Personal hobbies will be deleted from the biography.