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NATIONAL TECHNICAL
INFORMATION SERVICE
u.s.o_et_r of CO_E_C_
$pEINGFIELD, VA. 22161

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MAY 1982

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I_/_A
National Aeronautics and
SI3ace Administration

MAY 1982
HEW EDITION OF STS USER HANDBOOK

The enclosed1982 editionof the STS User Handbook

_-_o- in _s -._*.i_ty,!h_ Jup,:1977 .-,d._.en.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 --- Management and procedures

THE USER INTERFACE ............................ 1-1

STANDARD SYSTEMS ............................ 1-3
STS UTILIZATION ................................ 1-6
FLIGHT ASSIGNMENT ............................ 1-7
USER CHARGES .................................. 1-8
Basic charges .................................. 1-8
Shared-flight charges ........................... 1-10
Small self-contained payloads ................... 1-11
TERMS AND CONDITIONS ........................ 1-12

2 -- Flight systems

SHUTTLE SYSTEM ............................... 2-1

Performance capability ......................... 2-2
Induced environments ........................... 2-7
Payload accommodations ....................... 2-11
SAFETY AND INTERFACE VERIFICATION .......... 2-23
Paygoad safety requirements .................... 2-23
Payload interface verification
requirements ................................. 2-23
SPACELAB ....................................... 2-25
Basic configurations ............................ 2-27
Module segments ............................... 2-30
Common payload support equipment ............. 2-32
Pallet structure ................................. 2-33
Instrument pointing system ...................... 2-34
Payload resources summary ..................... 2-34
Mission scenarios .............................. 2-37
UPPER STAGES .................................. 2-40
Payload assist module .......................... 2-41
Inertial upper stage ............................. 2-43
LONG DURATION EXPOSURE FACILITY ............ 2-44
MULTIMISSION MODULAR SPACECRAFT .......... 2-49
MMS systems and capabilities ................... 2-49
Flight support system ........................... 2-52

,.°
III
3 --- Launch and landing site operations

AN OVERVIEW ................................... 3-1

KSC OPERATIONS ............................... 3-3
Payload transportation .......................... 3-3
Payload processing ............................ 3-3
Spacelab ground flow ........................... 3-5
Upper stages ground flow ....................... 3-6
Poetflight handling ................ : ............. 3-10
KSC FACILITIES AND SERVICES .................. 3-11
Buildings and test areas ........................ 3-11
Cargo support equipment ....................... 3-14
Services ....................................... 3-18
KSC MANAGEMENT .............................. 3-19
Interfaces ...................................... 3-19
Responsibilities ................................ 3-20
SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS ....................... 3-21
VANDENBERG LAUNCH SITE
OPERATIONS ................................ 3-22

4 --- Flight operations

FLIGHT PLANNING ............................... 4-1

Flight design ................................... 4-2
Crew activity planning .......................... 4-2
Operations planning ............................ 4-4
Training preparation ............................ 4-4
COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK .................... 4-5
Tracking and Data Relay
Satellite System .............................. 4-6
Space Flight Tracking and Data Network ......... 4-8
Nascom ........................................ 4-8
Payload control ................................ 4-8
Telemetry and data systems .................... 4-9
MISSION CONTROL CENTER ...................... 4-1 1
PAYLOAD OPERATIONS CONTROL CENTER ....... 4-13
Attached payloads .............................. 4-14
Free-flying automated payloads ................. 4-16
Planetary payloads ............................. 4-18
TRAINING AND SIMULATIONS ..................... 4-20
Crew duties .................................... 4-20
STS crew training .............................. 4-21
Payload specialist training ...................... 4-23
Ground team ................................... 4-26
Appendixes

A References .................................. A-1

B STS 100 Form ............................... B-1
C Glossary of terms ............................ C-1
D Acronyms .................................... D-1
INTRODUCTION

The SpaceTransportationSystemwill provide

easieraccessto spacefora widerrangeof users
thaneverbefore.Thishandbook
isthe beginning of a
concentrated effort by NASA to explain and provide
routine space operations.
As you need additional information in selected
areas, you will find references to applicable docu-
ments and organizations to support your inquiries. In
the United States, initial contacts for planning ancl
questions of a general nature should be addressed to
the Space Transportation System (STS) Utilization
Office, Mail Code OT, National Aeronautics and
Space Administration, Washington, D.C. 20546;
telephone (202) 755-2350, Federal telecommunica-
tions system 755-2350. Users outside the United
States should address initial inquiries to the Office of
External Relations, International Affairs Division, Mail
Cocle LI-15, National Aeronautics and Space Admin-
istration, Washington, D.C. 20546.
THE USER INTERFACE

Users of space in the Space Transportation and industrial firms are encouraged to respond to the

System (STS) operations era will come from many specific solicitations published in NASA announce-
sources. Within the United States, the NASA Centers merits of opportunities. Current common contractual
will sponsor programs using the Space Transporta- arrangements with organizations and principal in-
tion System. Other civilian governmental agencies vestlgators will apply (rather than user charges),
and the Department of Defense will conduct continu- The prospective user's first act (see fig. 1-1)
ing space programs. Intematlonal partlclpation will should be to call the STS Utilization Office at NASA
come both from individual experimenters and from Headquarters to obtain assistance. This office will
organizations such as the European Space Agency provide advice on how to proceed to the next step.
and other various foreign government agencies. Experimenters will work with a key organization that
Commercial activities of a domestic and international interfaces with the STS organization; therefore, the
nature will be prevalent. individuals can devote their total energies to their
The commercial utilization of space is being en- own experiments. Major commercial, defense, ancl
couraged and commercial firms are also expected to other similar users will interface directly with STS
become user representatives for single investiga- operations. European Space Agency (ESA) member
tors. states should first contact that organiza[ion (Euro-
The NASA use of the STS to conduct investiga- pean Space Agency, 8-10, Rue Mario Nikis, 75738
tions in space will be programed by NASA Headquar- Paris Cedex 15, France) regarding ESA-fun0ed ex-
ters. General program projections will be published, periments. See appendix A for information aOout the
followed by proposal solicitations for investigations ESA Spacelab Payload Accommodation Handbook.
on future flights. Universities, nonprofit organizations,

1--1
 STEP 1
STEP 5

[
CALL NASA HEADQUARTERS
SUBMIT STS 100 FORM (OR HAVE YOUR PART
STSUTILIZATIDN OFFICE
INCORPORATED INTO THE KEY
(_2) 7SS-2_4
ORGANIZATION SUBMITTAL) AND SUBMIT
FTS _5-2344 EARNEST MONEY AS REQUIRED

STEP 2 STEP 6

PROCEED WITH INFORMAL DISCUSSIONS PARTICIPATE IN OR BE

WITH STS UTILIZATION OFFICE AND REPRESENTED IN THE
KEY ORGANIZATIONS. SUCH AS: CARGO INTEGRATION REVIEW
TO OBTAIN FIRM FLIGHT
NASA HEADQUARTERS OFFICES ASSIGNMENT
NASA CENTERS
EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY
• CARGO INTEGRATION REVIEW
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
WITH THIS REVIEW, THE FLIGHT
COMMERCIAL CENTERS
INTERNATIONAL CENTERS MANIFEST, COST PER FLIGHT,
AND BILLING SCHEDULE ARE
ESTABLISHED, INCLUDING A
TELEPHONE CONVER- TASK SCHEDULE THROUGH
SATIONS AND SMALL COMPL ETION
MEETINGS WITH THE
STS UTILIZATION PER-
SONNEL WILL SUP-
PORT THE USER'S
PREPARATIONS FOR
SERIOUS DIALOGUE

STS 100 FORM |STS FLIGHT

/ ASSIGNMENT
STEP3

UPDATE I I BASELINE
WRITE FOR OTHER USERS GUIOES, ETC. (SEE
STS USER HANDBOOK, APPENDIX A, OR STS • REQUEST FIRM OUTPUT
USER INFORMATION SERVICES (BLUE FLYER)) FLIGHT DATE
REQUIREMENTS
CHARACTE RISTICS
STEP4 CONFIGURATION
• PRELIMINARY
FLIGHT MANIFEST
PREPARE FOR SERIOUS OIALOGUE,
WORKING WITH STS UTILIZATION OFFICE,
KEY ORGANIZATIONS. OR BOTH

STEP7

I FOLLOW
FLIGHT
STANDARD
(SEE JSC-14363,
INTEGRATION
PROCESS THROUGH

ACTIVITIES
SHUTTLE/PAYLOAO
PLAN)

Figure 1 -1 .D Basic procedures for prospective users of the $TS.

1_2 °
STANDARD SYSTEMS

The key to opening this new era of routine space The Spacelab is an international project being un-
operations--both on the ground and in orbit---is the dertaken by the European Space Agency. its hard-
Space Shuttle system (figs. 1-2 to 1-4). The Orbiter ware components are a pressurized module (with a
vehicle can accommodate many standard or unique shirt-sleeve working environment) and open equip-
payloads in its large cargo bey; it will also deliver ment pallets (exposed to the space vacuum). For any
into orbit other elements of the Space Transportation one flight, the Specelab hardware can be arranged as
System. a module only, a module with pallet, or r)allets only.
Two kinds of upper stages will be used to deliver The single-pallet mode (without a module) will also
satellites beyond the Orbiter's Earth orbit. Satellites share flights with other payloads.
headed for geoaynchronous, elliptic, and higher cir- Free-flying standard spacecraft now include the
cular orbits or destined for deed space can use the Multimiseion Modular Spacecraft and the Long Dura-
large, solid inertial upper stage (IUS). Satellites of tion Exposure Facility. These satellites, designed to
the Delta or Altas-Centaur weight and volume class be reused, will be able to support a wide variety of
can use the payload assist module (PAM) to effect a operational or research instruments. See appendix A
smooth transition from existing expendable launch for reference documents.
ve_icies.

Figure 1 -2._ ST$ elements.

1--3
SPACE SHUTTLE SYSTEM
OVERALL LENGTH 184.2 FT (56.1 m)
HEIGHT 76.6 FT (23.3 m)
SYSTEM WEIGHT
- DUE EAST 4 490 800 LB (2037 M9)
- 104 ° 4 449 000 LB (2018 Mg)
PAYLOAD WEIGHT
- DUE EAST 65 000 LB (29 483 kg)
- 104 ° 32 000 LB 114 515 kg)

EXTERNAL TANK
DIAMETER 27.8 FT (8.5 ml
LENGTH 154.4 FT (47.1 m)
WEIGHT
- LAUNCH 1 649 600 LB (748 242 kg)
- INERT 71 000 LB (32 205 kg)

SOLID ROCKET BOOSTER

DIAMETER 12.2 FT {3.7 m)
HEIGHT 149.1 FT (45.4 m)
WEIGHT (EACH)
- LAUNCH 1 292 600 LB (586 310 kg)
- INERT 183 800 LB (83 370 kg)
THRUST (EACH)
- LAUNCH 2 700 000 LB (12 010 140 N)
SEPARATION MOTORS
(EACH SRB)
- 4 AFT 4 FORWARD
- THRUST (EACH) 22 000 LB (97 860 N)

ORBITER
LENGTH 122.2 FT (37.2 m)
WINGSPAN 78.1 FT (23.8 m)
TAXI HEIGHT _57 FT (~17 m)
PAYLOAD BAY 15 FT DIAM BY 60 FT LONG
(4.6 m BY 18.3 rn)
CROSS RANGE 1100 N. MI. (2037 kin)
MAIN ENGINES (3)
- VACUUM THRUST EACH 470 000 LB (2090.7 kN)
OMS ENGINES (2|
- VACUUM THRUST EACH 6000 LB (26.7 kN)
RCS
- 38 ENGINES
VACUUM THRUST EACH 870 LB (3869.9 N)
- 6 VERNIER ENGINES
VACUUM THRUST EACH 25 LB (111_ N)
WEIGHT
- INERT 162 000 LB (73 482 kg)
- LANDING
WITH PAYLOAD ~211 000 LB (95 707 kg)
WITHOUT PAYLOAD ~179 000 LB (81 193 k9)

Figure 1-3.-- Space Shuttle system.

1--4
 CRADLE_

DELTA CLASS
PAYLOAD ASSIST
MODULE

M°LT,,,,,=,o,,,
_ f: ll/I
MODULAR rill ;]_ _? _'_

SUPPORT SYSTEM_

EXPERIMENTS _ _ ,:

._ _L"J" --- S_ACELAB

_- SPACELAB MOOULE

Figure 1-4._ Shuttle satellite conflgurationlk

1--5
STS UTILIZATION

In the user's planning for STS operations, the key on the combination of payloads. The user will be
words are "standard" and "optional." Standard plans assigned a flight that fits his defined purpose.
and equipment (using standardized interfaces, both The routine flight phases are prelaunch, launch,
human and hardware), a few basic types of Itights, on-orbit, deorbit, entry and landing, and poatlanding.
and a stock set of flight phases are the foundation of Specific flight phases that are adaptable to payload
the Space Transportation System. needs on each flight are various orbital maneuvers,
The user can select among several options in rendezvous, deployment, retrieval, and on-orbit
equipment, thereby tailoring a flight to his own needs. servicing.
The experiment hardware (together with its unique Standard orbit inclinations are offered to users for
support equipment) interfaces with a total hardware flights originating from the NASA John F. Kennedy
and procedural system. On orbit, many operational Space Center (KSC) and from Vandenberg Air Force
adaptations of standard procedures and techniques Base (VAFB). These inclinations and the correspond-
are possible. ing weight capabilities are listed below.
The payload carriers (Spacelab and upper
Launch Inclination, Altitude, Weight
stages) plus the Orbiter form the basic inventory of
site Oeg n. mi. (kin) capabillty,
STS hardware. Each has its own set of eataPlished
Ib (kg)
interfaces to accommodate experiments.
A variety of support equipment is available to KSC 28.5 160 (296) 65 000 (29 484)
I:ayloads as needed. Users are encouraged and KSC 57 160 (296) 58 000 (25 401 )
helped to design payloads that are compatible with VAFB TBD TBD TBD
this in-stock equipment. This hardware is more fully
explained in part 2. Provisions also exist for a com- Because of the standardized concepts, users are
mercial user to lease or purchase equipment. now able to plan and concentrate on the design and
The standardized flight types (or purposes) are effectiveness of their own payloads, assured that
payload deployment, on-orbit servicing of satellites, those payloads will be compatible with the chosen
payload retrieval, and on-orbit operations with an at- element of the Space Transportation System.
tached payload. At times, more than one flight pur-
pose may be combined in a single flight, depending

1-6
FLIGHT ASSIGNMENT

The basic steps in finalizing a firm flight assign- user becomes part of a standard planning and imple-
ment are summarized in figure 1-5. The necessary mentation process. This gives the user insight into
form (STS 100) is included in appendix B. how his needs will be met, who his operating inter-
The NASA Headquarters STS Utilization Office in faces will be along the way, and what inputs from him
Washington, D.C., after being contacted by an in- will be necessary during the implementation
terested potential user, will assist user preparations l:)roceas.
for serious dialogue with one of its staff, with other In many cases, small users will be assisted or
NASA Headquarters personnel, or with personnel represented by management or engineering
from a NASA field installation. organizations (commercial, government, etc.) in
With the completion of the first formal review, the dialogue with the STS operations personnel.

I HEADQUARTERS L

,,, L_ i REQUIREMENTS
Ih ,,,,,o,,,L
o... I L 1 FIRM PAYLOAD I Ira DATA
'P"' II Ih
CONFIGURATION J II I_ I P'ANNEO,AYLOAOI
I i I_ 1 I CONFIGURATION
I I--1
I' WEIGHT ANO)c4.c.¢.'II I_.1 ,I I CONSTRAINTSREoUIRSMENTS,I
Ii I WEmHTANOc.¢. I I--"1
I O0..RA.NTE
II ' I .... ' I CDNSTRA.NTE
II

PLIGHT ASSIGNMENT
-- :
!_. ASSIGNMENT
,,,G,T
I MANIFEST I
I
l II I
|
r '
WORKING GROUP _,

CARGO 1
I I PLANNING I I
/ I OATA I STE /
Iq ,LIGHT,I,',_.J
L_NPIG_RAT'ONJ
L,
.--4 GROG_'TEO_"
/ / _ I I
I I ON-L,NE / / WE,G,T..0. I /
,--I GROU.O
,_o,,,I I PERPORMAN_E
I ]
I I O,F-UNE I ' 1 _U_. ' L-_
I .AS_R I I W,N,_ II
I _'0EOULa I ' I UNUSEO' I
I CAJ'AalLI_ I

¢4. - CENTER OF GRAVITY

STS PiP - PAYLOAD INTEGRATION
FLIGHT 1 PLAN

ASSIGNMENT
BASELINE
JSC-13000-X
SHUTTLE OPERATIONAL
MISSIONS WEIGHT OPERATIONS
AND PERFORMANCE PLANNING
($TS-6 AND SUSl SUMMARY

JSC° 16089-X K-STSM-09.8

Figure 1 -5.-- Flight assignment process.

1--7
USER CHARGES

A pricing policy has been establlshed that defines

Basic charges
the user charges for STS services. A key part of this
policy i8 establishing a fixed price (to be adjusted for The price for dedicated use of an entire Orbiter
inflation) during the early years of STS operations. (excluding Spacelab, IUS, etc.) depends on the class
NASA offers this fixed price in current-year dollars of users. The price ranges are shown in table 1-1.
for the first 3 years of STS operation. After that, The price charged non-U.S. Govemrnent users
prices will be adjusted annually. (domestic or foreign) is designed to recover s fair
Additionally, the policy results in a price that per- share of the total operations costs and of the U.S.
mits economical transition from existing expendable Government's investment in fleet, facilities, and
launch vehicles to the STS. Finally, the STS pricing equipment. The pricing structure Is consistent with
policy will reimburse NASA the cost to operate the current U.S. policy on launch services to foreign
STS. countries and international organizations. The price
User charges for s specific flight will be negoti- charged to civilian agencies of the U.S. Government
ated within a fixed-price schedule for all NASA-pro- and participating foreign government users is
vided flight hardware and services. The price will be designed to recover a fair share of total operations
based on the projected cost of both flight operations costs.
and use of hardware. (The price schedule will be ad- The price charged the Department of Defense
justed st the time payments are made to account for (DOD) class takes into consideration an exchange of
inflation; the Bureau of Labor Statistics index for costs between NASA and the DOD for each providing
compensation per hour, total private, will be the accommodations to the other at their respective
escalator used to escalate the price to the year of launch sites.
payment.) Users with an exceptional new use of space or a
Additional information on STS prices and services first-time application of great value to the public are
is included in the Space Transportation System placed in a separate classification. The price
Reimbursement Guide (JSC-11802). charged these users for a dedicated, standard Shut-

Table 1-1 .-- Prices for STS launch services

User ctsss Price, million dollars

Dedicated-flight Launch abort Dedicated-flight Total dedicated- Shared-flight

operations charge, premium, use fee, flight price, price, h
1975 dollars 1975 dollars real-yeer dollars 1981 dollars • 1981 dollars*

U.S. civil gove_t 18 30.3 673 per ft

or
621 per Ibm
Non-U.S. Government 18 0.27 4.298 35.0 778 per ft
or
• Foreign government 718 per Ibm
* Foreign commercial
, Domestic commercial

q,Jsing Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data through January 31, 1980. Escalation factor 1.683 for midpoint of calendar
year 1980.
_l"housand dollars.

1--8
tieflightwillbethecostofconducting oneadditional design future payloads for on-orbit storage rather
flightduringtheoverallSTS program. The STS Ex- than expect to be able to successfully obtain s short-
ceptional Program selection process will determine term callup option.
which payloads qualify for this classification. In all in- NASA will make no charges after the flight except
stances, the NASA Administrator will be the selection those negotiated in the contract as extra services.
official with final authority on the selection and price. Some price and schedule options are available to
Certain prospective users must pay NASA users for a fee.
$100 000 earnest money before contract negotia-
tions for a flight begin. This nonrefundable eameat 1. Fixed-price options for flights in a given year
money will be applied to the user's first payment. beyond the 3-year fixed-price period may be made
The basic billing schedule for most users begins available by NASA. These fixed-price options, when

33 months before the planned launch date. Users who offered, will be negotiated separately with the user.
contract for Shuttle services on shorter notice (1)
will pay a higher total cost and (2) will pay on an ac- 2. Users can contract for a guaranteed launch date
celerated schedule. This accelerated payment within a specified 90-day period by paying an addi-
scheOule will De used for short-notice contracts tional fee of $100 000, payable at the lime the
unless some offsetting advantages accrue to the U.S. $100 000 earnest money is paid. This $200 000 will
Government in an accelerated launch schedule. (In be applied to the user's first payment.
that instance, the Government may waive some or all
requirements.) The schedule for both normal and ac- Users can postpone a flight one time at no addi-
celerated payments is shown in table 1-2. tional cost if the notification is made more than 1 year

A request for Shuttle services made less than 1 before the scheduled flight date, Subsequent

year before a flight is handled on a space-avail=hie postponements or poa_onements occurring less

basis or as a short-term callup option. The short-term than 1 year before the planned launch will cost 5 per-
callup option will be made available at the discretion cent of the flight price plus an occupancy fee (ex-
of the NASA Administrator and is dependent upon the plained in the next section). Any time a user cancels
ability of the flight schedule to support such an op- a flight, the cost is 10 percent of the flight price plus
tion. Users are therefore encouraged to include an occupancy fee. The occupancy fee affects only
future payloads in their early flight requests and/or users of shared flights (described in the next sec-

Table 1-2.-- Payment schedule

Payment due, percent

Contract Total
initiation Months before launch I:ercent

33 27 21 15 9 3

Nominal scheOule (more 10 10 17 17 23 23 100

than 33 months before
launch date)

Accelerated schedule
(months before launch
date)

27 to 32 21 17 17 23 23 101
21 to 26 40 17 23 23 103
15 to 20 61 23 23 107
9to 14 9O 23 113
3to 8 122 1 22

1--9
tion). If postponement causesa payloadto be 2. The payload length (including 6 inches (15 cen-
launched in a year when a higher price has been es- timeters) for dynamic clearance) is divided by the
tablished, the new price will apply. length of the cargo bay, 60 feet (18.29 meters), to
Optional services available to users at a negotia- find the length load factor.
ble additional charge include payload revisit, use of
Spacelab or other special equipment, use of flight 3. The load factor (length or weight, whichever
kits to extend the basic Shuttle capability, use of up- is greater) is divided by 0.75 to determine the cost
factor.
per stages, extravehicular activity by the flightcrew,
unique payload/Orbiter integration and testing,
4. The calculated cost factor is multiplied by the
payload mission planning (other than for launch, price of a dedicated Shuttle flight (for the user's
deployment, and reentry phases), additional days of
class) to determine the price for that paYl0ad.
STS support, payload data processing, payload
specialist training, and unique user services at the
For comparison, the fractions of a dedicated-flight
launch site.
price for payloads that currently are flying on
See the Space Transportation System Reimburse-
expendable launch vehicles are as follows: Delta
ment Guide for details.
class payloads, one-fourth; Atlas-Centaur class
payloads, one-half: and Titan class payloads, full
flight price.
Users of shared flights who cancel or postpone s
Shared-flight charges.
flight will be required to compensate a fair share of
For a payload that will not require an entire flight the risk to NASA if they are unable to find other suita-
capability and that can share the cargo bay with ble payloads to complete the cargo. The user pays
others, the cost to the user will be a fraction of the any additional cost caused by schedule changes re-
dedicated-flight price, calculated as follows (see ta- quested by the user. However, the user will not be
ble 1-3). penalized if NASA can recover those costs by
manifesting other payloads on the same flight.
1. The payload weight is divided by the Shuttle Shared-flight users who require a short-term callup
payload weight capability at the desired inclination (or an accelerated launch schedule of less than 1
to find the weight load factor. The figures shown are year) must pay a toad factor recovery fee, which de-
for the standard 160-nautical-mile (296-kilometer) pends on how long before launch the option is exer-
orbit, with launch from KSC. cised and on the availability of other payloads for the

Table 1-3.--Shared-flight price example

User/conditions Required hardware Launch wetght, Shared-flight 10rice,million dollars,

Ibm 1981 dollars*

Non-U.S. Government user

Communications satellite Satellite with

apogee motor 2700

2.5" inclination omit UDDer stage 4700 9700 Ibm x 718 Der Ibm - 6.96

Weight critical Cradle 2300

97o-- j

=Using BLS data through January 31,1980. Escalation factor 1.683 for midpoint of calendar year 1980,

1--10
flight.Auserpaying this fee will still be flying for less Small self-contained payloads
than a dedicated flight would cost. Similarly, the oc-
cupancy fee for delayed or canceled flights depends Shuttle services may be provided to a user for
on the time remaining before launch and on the small (200 pounds (91 kilograms) or less and 5 cubic
availability of substitute payloads. In the event that feet (0.14 cubic meter) or less) scientific research
substitute payloads cannot be found, the occupancy and development payloads that are flown on a space-
fees can be substantial. Therefore, users should available basis in s NASA-supplied container. The
make every effort to plan payload programs so that a price ranges are as follows.
launch need not be postponed or canceled less than
a year before launch.
Shared-flight users who have paid fees in excess Maximum Maximum Cost,
of the first payment due will receive credit on later weight, volume, dollars
payments. Ib (kg) ft 3 (m3)
A 20-percent discount will be given to shared-
200 (91) 5 (0.14) 10000
flight users who agree to fly on a space-available
100 (45) 2.5 (.07! 5 000
(stanoby) basis. NA3A will provide taunch services
60 (27) 2.5 (.07) 3 000
within a 13renegotisted period of 1 year and the user
will be notified 60 days before launch.
User charges do not apply to investigations con-
ducted under contracts awarded in response to
NASA solicitations for experiments or, when ap-
propriate, awards 10ased on unsolicited proposals.
Potential users who wish to be placed on the mailing
list for announcements of opportunities for submitting
proposals for experiments or investigations in space
should contact the Space Transportation Systems
Utilization Office, Mail Code OT-6, National Aero-
nautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C.
20546.

1-11
TERMS AND CONDITIONS

Use of the Space Transportation System involves caused to a payload through no fault of the U.S.
certain terms and conditions imposed on both the Government or its contractors. The U.S. Government,
user and NASA. Some of the more important ones are therefore, will assume no risk for damage or Io88 of
summarized here, the user's payload; the users will assume that risk or
obtain insurance protecting themselves against such
I. Reflight guarantee. For non-U.S. Government risk.
users, a reflight guarantee is included in the flight
3. Patent and data rights. NASA will not acquire
price. Other users can buy reflight insurance. The
rights to a non-U.S. Government user's inventions,
following services are provided under this
patents, or proprietary data that are privately funded
guarantee.
or that arise from activities for which a user has prop-
a. The launch and deployment of a free-flying erly reimbursed NASA. However, in certain in-
payload into a Shuttle-compatible mission orbit if the stances, NASA may obtain assurances that the user
first attempt is unsuccessful through no fault of the will make available the results to the public on terms
user, if the payload returns safely to Earth or a sec- and conditions reasonable under the circumstances.
ond payload is provided by the user. The user will be required to furnish NASA sufficient
information to verify peaceful purooses and to ensure
b. The launch of an attached payload into its
Shuttle safety and compliance with the law and the
mission orbit if the first attempt is unsuccessful
Government's obligations.
through no fault of the user, if the payload is still in
launch condition or a second payload is provided by 4. Launch schedule. For users of a dedicated
the user. flight, 3 years before the desired launch data NASA
will identify a launch time within a 3-month period.
c. The launch of a Shuttle into a payload mis-
One year before the flight, firm payload delivery and
sion orbit for the purpose of retrieving a payload if
launch dates wtll be negotiated with NASA. For
the first retrieval attempt is unsuccessful (this
shared-flight users, 3 years before the flight the
guarantee applies only if the payload is in a safe
desired launch date will be identified within a 90-day
retrievable condition).
period. One year before the flight, a payload delivery
This reflight guarantee will not be apDlicab(e to date and a desired launch date will be coordinated
payloads or upper stages required to place payloads among the shared-flight users and negotiated with
into orbits other than the Shuttle mission orbit. NASA.

2. Damage to payload. The price does not include

a contingency or premium for damage that may be

1--12
SHUTTLE SYSTEM

Shuttle system hardware and capabilities of im- free-flying satellite) should refer to the section for
portance to the user are summarized in this section. that carrier. In those instances, the experiment will
Induced environments and payload accommodations be integrated with the payload carrier and will not
such as attachments, the rer,'-"e manipulator system, have a primary interface with the Space Shuttle
electrical power availability, fluid and gas utilities, Orbiter.
environmental control, communications links, data Possible design and accommodations updates
handling and displays, guidance and navigation will be made available to users as soon as is practi-
systems, flight kits, and extravehicular activity (EVA) cal. See appendix A, Shuttle Orbiter/Cargo Standard
provisions are explained. Interfaces (ICD-2-19001). Any resulting i_ayload
Users who expect to fly their experiments on a modifications are the responsibility of the user.
payload carrier (Spacelab, a propulsion stage, or a

2-1
Performance capability figures concerning circular orbits for both delivery-
only missions and missions in which delivery and on-
Launch limits orbit rendezvous are needed for retrieving or servic-
Operational flights will be launched from KSC in ing a payload; altitudes and weights for elliptic or-
Florida beginning in late 1982 (fig. 2-1). Orbital in- bits; and orbital maneuvering systems. As many as
clinations of 28.5" to 57" can be obtained for circular three orbital maneuvering system (OMS) kits can be
and elliptic orbits. installed in the cargo bay for increased operational
Volume XIV of the Sloace Shuttle System Payload flexibility.
Accommodations (JSC-07700) contains individual

AZIMUTH,
N 31
I DEG 35

---->..

,o /\
o

ALLOWABLE
LAU.C.
I •. / AZIMUTH
s

_z 2S,5 J gO

<
_1 INCLINAT_
DEG_
27 120

26

83 82 81 80 79 78 77
LONGITUDE, DEG W

Figure 2-1 .m Launch azimuth and inclination limits from KSC in Florida. The inset globe illustrates the extent of coverage
possible when launches are made from KSC.

2-2
High-inclination orbits from Vandenberg needed can be accomplished. Elliptic orbits at a
Launch Site maximum inclination of 104" provide delivery only.
Operational flights will also be launched from Van- Propellant loading with delta-V reserves are the
denberg Launch Site (VLS) at Vandenberg Air Force same as for circular delivery-only flights.

Bass (VAFB) in California beginning in 1984. Higher The Shuttle cargo weight cal_ability decreases

orbital inclinations (56" to 104") (fig. 2-2) than from rapidly as the inclinations become greater. Sun-syn-
KSC can be obtained for circular and elliptic orbits. chronous orbital inclinations, for example, will re-
For circular orbits, both delivery-only flights and quire one or more OMS kits, del=ending on the
those in which delivery and on-orbit rendezvous are desired orbital altitude and cargo weight.

40- f J J Jf f f J f J J J Jr ffJ
f

ALLOWABLE LAUNCH AZIMUTH//

J

EXTERNAL
PROBLEM TANK DISPOSAL
INCLINATIONS

142 N. MI.
(263 krn)

.,J

AZIMUTH, 140
DEG
201
_,_ 158
SOLID ROCKET
BOOSTER IMPACT

30
125 120 115

LONGITUDE, DEG W

Figure 2-2.-- Launch azimuth and Inclination limits from VLS in California.

2-3
 Free-drift Orbiter mode 10"4
Estimates of the on-orbit acceleration levels,
velocity increment makeup, and altitude decrease
resulting from atmospheric drag on the Orbiter in a 10-5
free-drift mocle of operation are shown in figure 2-3.
The drawings on the right show which axis of the
spacecraft is perpendicular to the orbit plane (POP)
10-5
in the three attitude orientations. The ballistic num-

bers (BN's) are based on a 200 000-pound (90 700-

lUb
kilogram) Orbiter having a drag coefficient of 2.0. tZ NADIR

Typical experiment observation times for two 10 .7

I--
possible free-drif_ modes are shown in figure 2-4 for <( X(POP} ±Z NADIR

a set of sample assumptions and cases at an orbital ud

altitude of 250 nautical miles (465 kilometers). The

t..1
lO-8 X(POP) -'Y NADIR
results assume a sensor clear field of view of 90" U

cone (45" hatf cone) ano a sensor interference limit

of 1 4" above the Earth line.
10"g

10"10

10"11i
100 200 300 400 500 600
170 ALTITUDE, N. MI.
L ] I I I I
2OO 4O0 600 800 1000 1200
300-
160i ALTITUDE, km

CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA

690 FT 2 (84.1 m 2) 2290 FT 2 (212.7 m 2)

Y(POP) +-Z NADIR X(POP) -+Z NADIR

BNI45 BN 48

+Z NADIR

X(POP} ±Z NADIR

_+Y NADIR

CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA
90 3960 FT 2 (SE7 m 2)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 X(POPI .*Y NADIR
DECREASE IN ALTITUDE AFTER 1 DAY, N. MI. BN2S
l l I I I 1 1 1 I J
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
DECREASE IN ALTITUDE AFTER 1 DAY, km

Figure 2-3,_ Effectl of atmoephedo drag on the Orbiter,

2--4
 +Z

+X _y

-X
-Z

Maximum gimbal rates, Maximum

dWsec observation
Flight mode time,
Pitc_ or yaw Roll rain

Y-POP, X-nadir _._ 0.064 0.045 < 13.6

Gravity _diant
stabilized
Z-POP, X-nadir _ 0.045 0.064 > 50.7 a

Quasi-inertial
(_|ected inertia¢
Yp_ _ ÷o_.-0034 0.034 50.7 a

attitude/attitude, , _,-_;_ , a
rate) Z-POP _ 0.034 +0.048, --0.034 > 50,7

aLimited by Earth interference

Figure 2-4._ ObservatlGn parameters for selected free-drift modes.

2-5
On-orbit pointing and stabilization is summarized in figure 2-5. The duration of con-
The Orbiter is capable of attaining and maintaining tinuous pointing within a specified accuracy is pri-
any specified inertial, celestial, or focal (vertical) marily dependent on the IMU platform drift. With aug-
Earth reference attitude. For payload pointing by use mented pointing systems and procedures, however,
of the vernier thrusters, the Orbiter flight control the pointing duration may be restricted by opera-
system provides a stability (deadband) of __.0,1 tional constraints such as thermal or communication
(:leg/axis and a stability rate (maximum limit cycle considerations. Typical Orbiter reaction control
rate) of =0.01 deg/sec/axis. When using the primary system (RCS) maximum acceleration levels during
thrusters, the Orbiter provides a stability of =_.0.1 maneuvering and limit cycle pointing control are
deg/axis and a stability rate of =0.2 deg/sec/axis. shown in table 2-1. These figures are for single-cxis
The Orbiter capability to point a vector defined in (one-degree-of-freedom) maneuvers, based on an
its inertial measurement unit (IMU) navigation base Orbiter with 32 000 pounds (14 515 kilograms) of
axes (using the Orbiter IMU for attitude information) cargo.

Table 2-1 .gTypical Orbiter RCS maximum acceleration levels

RCS system Translational acceleration, ff/sec 2 (m/sec z) Rotational acceleration, deg/sec:

Longitudinal Lateral Vertical

÷X -X =Y +Z -Z -,-Roll +Pitch --Pitch =Yaw

Primary thruster 0.6 0.5 0.7 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.5 0.8
(.18) (.15) (.21 ) (.40) (.34)

Vernier thruster .007 0 .008 .04 .03 02 .02

(.0021) (.0024)

REFERENCE HALF-CONE POINTING OURATION

ANGLE ACC U R _C Y 6ETWEEN IMU
POINTING DEGRADATION ALINEMENTS,
ACCURACY RATE HR
t3 SIGMA), t3StGMA),
0EG a DEG/HRtAXIS

INERTIAL AND
LOCAL VERTICAL 0,106 1.0

AUGMENTED
INERTIAL x.44 0 NA

EARTH-SURFACE
FIXED TARGET =JS .10S ,5

IhM|CHANICAL _lO THERMAL TOLERANCES MAY 0EGRAGE POIN'nNG

ACCURACY AS MUCH AS _.

Figure 2-5.-- Total (half.cone angle) pointing accuracy using the Orbiter IMU.

2--6
Induced environments loads are the principal sources of structural vibra-
tion. Actual vibration input to payloads will depend
Payload environments will vary for specific mis- on the transmission characteristics of the mid-
sions and will also depend on the spacecraft in- fuselage payload support structure and interactions
volved (type of free-flying system or Spaceiab con- with each payioad's weight, stiffness, and center of

figuration, for example). Therefore, data in this sec- gravity.

tion are general in nature. The figures represent Vibration resulting from acoustic spectra is
recommended design qualification test levels. generated in the cargo bay by the engine exhaust
and by aerodynamic noise during atmospheric flight.
Vibration caused by noise These predicted maximums are illustrated in figure
The Orbiter is subjected to random vibration on its 2-6. The data presented are based on an empty
exterior surfaces by acoustic noise (generated by cargo bay and may be modified by the addition of
the engine exhaust) and by aerodynamic noise payloads, depending on their characteristics. Aero-
(generated by airflow) during powered ascent dynamic noise during entry is sagnificantly less than
through the atmosphere. These fluctuating pressure during ascent.

I
140

1 e.0

_ECIFICATION

z _12o
O
ul uJ
O:
O
z_
<

w' 110
_>
,<
I-

,- 100
I I J
2O 100 1000 10 000

FREQUENCY, Hz

Figure 2-6.m Analytical prediction of maximum Orbiter cargo bay acoustic spectra.

2--7
Thermal control The Orbiter is designed for attitude hold

During ground operations, the thermal environ- capabilities. During the 3-hour thermal-conditioning
ment of the cargo bay is carefully controlled by purg- periods, the vehicle rolls at approximately 2 to 5
ing. Air-conditioning and purge requirements are revolutions per hour (barbecue mode) about the X-

defined by analysis for each taunch. axis with the orientation o! the X-axis perpendicular
During the ascent trajectory, the Orbiter construc- to the Earth-Sun line within __.20", or it can be
tion and insulation limit the Orbiter-induced heat oriented at preferred thermal attitudes. On-orbit ther-

loads on the payload. mal conditioning lasting as long as 12 hours (before

In space, with the cargo bay doors open, heating the deorbit maneuver) is allocated for missions on

of payload components is based on the thermal, ther- which the thermal protection system temperatures

moPhysicat, and geometric characteristics of each exceed the design limits associated with a single-

component. Additional factors influencing the inci- orbit mission.

dent thermal environment are launch date and hour, Cargo temperatures for a typical flight, with
vehicle orientation, and orbital altitude. For prelimi- emphasis on the entry phase, are shown in figure 2-7.

nary calculations, the optical prooerties of the cargo

bay liner, the Orbiter radiators, and the insulated for-
ward and art bulkhead surfaces are as follows, where
c_ is absorption and ( is emissivity.

Cargo bay liner c_/e _ 0.4

Radiator surface (x/_ =- 0.10/0,76
Forward and aft bulkheads _/e _ 0.4

4o0
'I ; i
u_ I I I
.,t o I I I
I
u_ I I
21111
PAYLOAD WITHOUT I
t,- PROTECTIVE
,< AIRIGN2 PURGE SHR?UD _1 I AIR PURGE GAS
3so -.=, AS TEMPERATURE I £¢:;';_.'."_I_ TEMPERATURE RANGE
eL RANGE
I
W CAPABILITY
i" l-- +-2° CONTROL
O
O
¢ ¢ 100 I I
< < I
o 3O0 u _ I
lu ILl I
O
<[ I ESTIMATED | I --'"
¢
uJ 4S "/I!111_ RESPO.EOF I 45,.//////////j
TYFICAL
FAYLOAOI *
w

( I
<
I W,T.SHROUD
--1 I
I I
O' I
250 I T - 600 SEC I I ORBITER
ASCENT/ORBIT ION-ORBIT 1 ENTRY POSTLANOING/ I PROCESSING
PRELAUNCH I
INSERTION ROLLOUT FACILITY
I
I FLIGHT PHASE

Figure 2-7.-- Cargo bay thermal environment during the phases of a typir41 flill¢

2-8
Payload limit load factors and crew provisions in the Orbiter crew compartment
and for large equipment items, pressure vessels, and
The payload structure and substructure must be
payload attachments shall be designed to load fac-
designed with the appropriate margin of safety to
tors equal to or greater than + 20.0 to -3,3 along the
function during all expected loading conditions, both
X-axis, =3.3 along the Y-axis, and +10,0 to --4.4
in flight and during ground handling. The limit load
along the Z-axis.
factors at the payload center of gravity are shown in
Payload equipment inside the Orbiter crew com-
tabte 2-2. The recommended margin of safety to ap-
partment shall be designed to preclude hazards to
ply to these limit load factors is 1.4.
flight personnel after the application of emergency
Cargo load factor/angular acceleration is defined
landing loads. In addition, the attachment structures
as the total externally applied force/moment on the
(including fittings and fasteners) of the payloads
cargo or cargo component divided by the corre-
must be designed for emergency landing loads to
sponding total or component weight/moment of iner-
prevent failures that could result in injury to person-
tie. It carries the sign of the externally applied
nel or prevent egress from the emergency-landed
force/moment in accordance with the Orbiter coordi-
vehicle.
nate system.
The emergency landing design accelerations are
The Orbiter vehicle is designed for safe crew
considered ultimate; therefore, a 1.0 margin of safety
egress following emergency landing or water ditch-
should be applied.
ing. Hence, the mounting structures for equipment

Table 2-2.--Limit load factors a

Condition Load factor =

X-axis Y-axis Z-axis

Lift-off -0.2 =1.4 2.5

-3.2 =1 4 -2.5

Ascent -1.1 =,40 .25

-3.2 = .40 -,59

Entry 1.01 "-.85 2.5

-1.5 "=--.85 - 1.0

Landing 18 --1.5 4,2

-2.0 =1.5 -1.0

aF'or 65 000 Ib (29485 kg) up and 32000 Ib (14 515 kg)

down.
=)Six points on the cargo that are cantilevered or have
substantial internal flexibility may experience nigher
loads than those reflected by this table,

2--9
Landingshock Contamination control

Landing
shockisanother factorthatmustbecon- Contamination control systems as well as various
sideredin payload structure design. Rectangular techniques to eliminate or minimize contamination
pulses of the following peak accelerations will be are provided by the Orbiter design and standard
experienced. flight plans. The sensitivity of most payloads to con-
tamination is recognized and each mission can be
Acceleration, Duration, Applications tailored to meet specific requirements. Before lift-off
g-peak mseo oar 100 flights and after landing, the cargo bay is purged and condi-
tioned as specified in the description of thermal con-
0.23 170 22
trois. At launch and during early ascent, the cargo
.28 280 37
bey vents are closed to prevent exhaust products
.35 330 32
and debris from entering the bay. During final ascent
.43 360 20
and through orbit insertion, the cargo bay is
.56 350 9
depressurized and the payload is generally not sub-
.72 320 4
jected to contaminants. On orbit there are three ma-
1.50 260 1
jor sources of contamination: RCS vernier firings,
125 dumping of potable water, and release of particulates
and outgaasing.
During deorbit and descent, the cargo bay vents
Consideration should be given to analyzing the are closed to minimize ingestion of contaminants
landing shock environment in tieu of testing, because created by the Orbiter systems. During the final
the g-levels are relatively low in comparison to the phase of reentry, the vents must be opened to
basic design shock. Testing must be performed only repressurize the Orbiter. To help prevent contamina-
on those items not covered in a static structural tion during this phase, the vents are located where
stress analysis. the possibility of ingestion is minimal.

2-10
Payload accommodations • Payload attachments
• Remote manipulator handling system
The Orbiter systems are designed to support a
variety of payloads and payload functions (fig. 2-8). • Electrical power, fluids, and gas utilities

The payload and mission stations on the flight deck • Wire hamesses
provide space for payload-provided command and • Control panels
control equipment for 13ayload operations required • Small self-contained payloads (SSCP's)
by the user. Remote-control techniques can be man-
• Environmental control
aged from the ground when desirable. When used,
• Communications, data handling, and displays
the Spacelab provides additional command and data
management capability plus an additional pres- • Guidance and navigation
surized work area for the payload specialists. The • Flight kits
following supporting subsystems are provided for • EVA capability when required
payloads.

OMS/S't'ORABLE PROPULSIVE
PAYLOAD OXIDIZER PANEL REMOTE MANIPULATOR SYSTEM

m OMS/STORAeLE PROPULSIVE
PAYLOAD FUEL PANEL

RETENTION

PAYLOAD
DUMP
CRYOGENIC PAYLOAD PAYLOAD PRELAUNCH
PROVISIONS
FUEL PANELS SERVICE PANEL

AFT FLIGHT
DECK WINDOWS
AFT

CRYOGENIC PAYLOAD
OXIDIZER PANELS

LONGITUDINAL WIRE TRAYS PAYLOAD IN)WER PANEL AIR REVITALIZATION

CARRYING SIGNAL AND UTILITIES
POWER INTERFACE CABLES
(PORT AND $TARBOARDI

FORWARD BULKHEAD AIRLOCK HATCH

Figure 2-8.-- Principal Orbiter interfaces with payloads.

2-11
 Payload accommodations are described in detail
Small self-contained payload/getaway
in Space Shuttle System Payload Accommodations special
(JSC-O7700,Vol. XIV, and ICD-2-19001 ).
On each Space Shuttle flight, there will be one or
The Orbiter systems can accommodate a number
more primary payloads in the Shuttle's payload bay.
of payloads on each flight, depending on the size,
However, such payloads will not always occupy the
weight, and service requirements of each. In shared
total space available or acid up to the maximum
flights, a standard allocation of services is offered to
allowable weight. A program, the small self-con-
each user. The basis of allocation is the load factor.
tained payload or "getaway special" (SSCP/GAS)
Power, wiring, control panels, uplink, downlink, soft-
(fig. 2-9), has been established to fly small experi-
ware, and other services are allocated in four equal
ments "that will take advantage of the extra
sections. One or more standard sections are
space/weight opportunities as they arise. This con-
assigned each user as a function of his load factor, if
stitutes an unusual opportunity for individuals, com-
the load factor is one-eighth or greater. In Spacelab
mercial firms, and educational institutions that would
flights, the majority of Orbiter services are routed to
like to conduct experiments in space at a moderate
the Spacelab and alooortioned to experiments by the
cost.
Spacelab mission manager.
Small self-contained payloads shall be used only
to conduct experiments of a scientific research and
development nature. The payload must be a Package
that has

• Mounting lugs or surfaces to attach to the ex-

periment mounting plate NASA will furnish

• A form that will fit into the NASA-provided

cylindrical container

• A weight not to exceed 200 pounds (91

kilograms)

• A volume not more than 5 cubic feet (0.1 4 cubic

meter)

The minimum volume will be 1.5 cubic feet (0.04

cubic meter) with a maximum weight of 60 pounds
(27 kilograms).

2-12
 CYLINDRICAL
PRESSURE
ENCLOSURE

INSULATED
COVER

MOUNTING
PLATE

EXPERIMENTS AND
RACK TO _JE
SUPPLIED BY
INVESTIGATOR

NO
INTERFACE
EQUIPMENT
PLATE
1
I

INSULATED COVER

Figure 2-9.-- "Getaway sl)eciai" small self-contained payloads container concept.

2-13
Envelope available to payload The payload clearance envelope in the Orbiter
Payload accommodations are provided in two cargo bay measures 15 by 60 feet (4.6 by 18.3
general areas of the Orbiter: the cargo bay and the aft meters). This volume is the maximum allowable
flight deck in the cabin (figs. 2-10 to 2-13). The payload dynamic envelope, including payload
dimensions and envelope of the bay are illustrated, deflections. In addition, a nominal 3-inch (7.6 cen-
together with the structural and payload coordinate timeter) clearance between the payload envelope
systems, The Orbiter stations are included for and the Orbiter structure is provided to prevent Or-
reference. biter deflection interference between the Orbiter end
The cargo bay is enclosed by doors that open to the payload envelope.
expose the entire length and full width of the cargo The payload space on the aft flight deck is in-
bay. The usable envelope is limited by items of sup- tended primarily for control panels and storage.
porting subsystems in the cargo bay that are charged
to the payload volume.

Xo

CENTER LINE

F CARGOBAY

xo 576 j Zo400

x o 582 (SOFT
(IIL3 m)

xo 235

/ Zo=O

x0 - 0

J
J
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
1

Figure 2-10.-- Orbiter coordinate system and cargo bey envelope. The dynamic clearance allowed
between the vehicle and the payload at each end to ohio illustrated,

2--14
 Yo 90 Yo ° 0 Yo-90

MAXIMUM
PAYLOAD

" ----'I-----

__11- - Z o 490

/ I \ ',\ zp
Xo_ ) i "/'
(229 cm) I \I Yo 0 _. I .i" _11_ /
L,," t

...... Z o 400

Yp
( - Z o 310
ORBITER
STATIC
CLEARANCE

Figure 2-12.-- Payload coorcltnates showing reletio.snip

Figure 2-1 1 .-- View of payload envetol_ looking aft. to Orbiter station on each axis.

ON-ORBIT STATION
• PANEL AREA: 3.7 FT 2 10.34 m 2)
PAYLOAD STATION
19 BY 14 IN. (48 BY 36 cm)
• PANEL AREA: 8.3 FT 2 (0.77 m 2)

• VOLUME: 13.8 FT 3 (0.39 m 3)

• VOLUME: 2.4 FT 3 (0.07 m 3) --_
19 BY 21 BY 20 IN.
• PANEL AREA: 2.3 FT 2 (0.21 m 2)
(48 BY 53 BY 51 cm)

CLOSED-CIRCUIT
- VOLUME: 1.5 FT 3 (0.04 m 31 \
TELEVISION
"_ MISSION _ "1
\ STATION _ '//,h_l I

I I
STOWAGE AREA

VIEW LOOKING AFT

ADDITIONAL VOLUME OF 1.3 FT 3 (0.04 m 3)

AVAILABLE FOR PAYLOAD AVIONICS BOXES

PANEL AREA: 2.8 FT 2 (0.26 m 2)
VOLUME: 4.6 FT 3 |0.13 m 3) TOTAL VOLUME: 23.6 FT 3 (0.67 m 3)

19 BY 21 BY 20 IN. {48 8Y 53 BY51 cm) TOTAL PANEL SURFACE AREA: 17.1 FT 2 (1.59 m 2)

Figure 2-1 3.-- Area available for payload equipment or controls In the Orbiter aft flight deck.

2-15
Cargo bay liner and shrouds the payload. It also transfers payload telemetry,
The cargo bay has been designed to minimize uplink data commands, and voice signals to and from
contamination of critical surfaces. Use of nonmetallic the space networks. The provisions in the Orbiter for
materials has been limited to those with low outgas- communications, tracking, and data management are
sing characteristics. Those areas that cannot be flexible enough to accommodate most payloads.
readily cleaned can be isolated from sensitive Links through the Orbiter are outlined in table 2-3.
payload surfaces by the installation of a cargo bay Communications capabilities, including those that
liner. Payloads that require additional protection from bypass the Orbiter, are described in more detail in
contamination can be covered by a shroud. It is con- part 4.
sidered part of the payload and is contained within The data processing and software subsystem of
the payload envelope of the cargo bay. the Orbiter furnishes the onboard digital computation
necessary to support payload management and han-
dling. Functions in the computer are controlled by the
Communications, tracking, and data
mission specialist or a payload specialist through
management
main memory loads from the tape memory. The sta-
The voice, television, and data-handling tions in the Orbiter aft flight deck for payload man-
capabilities of the Orbiter support onboard control of agement and handling are equipped with data dis-
the payload or, when desirable, remote control from plays, cathode-ray tubes (CRT's), and keyboards for
the ground. The Orbiter communications and tracking onboard monitoring and control of payload opera-
subsystem provides links between the Orbiter and tions.

Table 2-3._rbiter avionics services to payloads

Function Direct or through Hardllne Radloh'equency link

Tracking and Data
Relay Satellite

Payload Ground Orbiter Attached Orbiter Detached

to ground to payload to attached Deyload to to detached I)ayload to
via Orbiter via Orbiter payload Orbiter payload Orbiter

Scientific data

Engineering data X

Voice X X

Television X

Command X X

Guidance,
navigation,
and control X

Caution and
warning X

Master timing

Rendezvous X

2--16
Deploymentandretrieval Other functions of the RMS provided on orbit in-

The deployment and retrieval of payloads will be clude the following.

accomplished by use of the genersl-purpose remote
manipulator system (RMS). The RMS is operated in 1. Inspection--Free-flying payloads or payloads
both automatic and manual modes from the aft port in the cargo bay can be inspected using the cameras
on the RMS.
window location of the Orbiter crew compartment by
a payload specialist or a mission specialist using 2. Mapping_The RMS, using automatic trajecto-
dedicated RMS controls and closed-t, ircuit televi-
ries, can move payloads for sensing and mapping of
sion. The system has three major operational ele- the Orbiter environment.
ments: controls and displays, the manipulator arm,
and the payload interface. 3. Construction--The RMS can support space
The RMS controls and displays provide the pri- construction from the Orbiter.

mary interface between the operator and the RMS.

4. Payload servicing_sing the end effectors, the
The manipulator arm (fig. 2-t4) is a 50-foot (15-
RMS may perform remote payload servicing includ-
meter) long device attached at its shoulder to the
ing module interchange.
port Iongeron of the Orbiter cargo bay. its shoulder,
elbow, and wrist joints are connected by carbon- 5. Spacelab support--The RMS can manipulate
composite arm booms and provide six degrees of equipment on Spacelab pallets and can deploy and
freedom at the arm tip. Joint motion is provided by a retrieve Spacelab payloads.
motor module driving a high-precision high-
6. EVA support--With a special-purpose end
reduction gear box. A second arm can be installed
effsctor, the RMS can translate EVA crewmen and
and controlled separately for payloads that require
can carry equipment for activitiessuch as servicing
handling with two manipulators. Manipulators cannot and construction.
be operated simultaneously. However, the capability
exists to hold or lock one arm while operating the 7. Solar power--The RMS may deploy and
other. The interface of the RMS to the payload is the maneuver solar-array systems to increase power and
end effector mounted at the end of the RMS. Mounted mission life of the Orbiter.
on the payload is a grapple fixture that mates with the
end effector.

2-17
 _ PAYLOAD OPTION KIT

/
/

BASELINE

WRIST PITCH.
YAW. AND ROLL

JOINTS

ELBOW PITCH JOINT

MANIPULATOR RETENTION LATCH (3 PLACES)

LATCH JETTISON SUBSYSTEM (3 PLACES)

SHOULDER PITCH JOINT

SHOULDER YAW JOINT

MANIPULATOR JETTISON SUBSYSTEM

LJLATOR POSITIONING MECHANISM

Figure 2-14.-- Manipulator arm assembly.

2-18
Structural interfaces
Numerous attachment points along the sides and
bottom of the cargo bay provide structural interfaces
in a multitude of combinations to accommodate
payloads. Thirteen primary attachment points along
the sides accept X- and Z-axis loads. Twelve posi-
tions along the keel take lateral loads, Vernier tOGa-
tions are provided on each bridge fitting.
The fittings are designed to be adjusted to
specific payload weight, volume, and center-of-grav-
ity distributions in the bay. The fittings to attach
payloads to the bridge fittings are standardized to
minimize payload changeout operations.
Electrical interfaces
Electrical power is provided to the ioayioad from
three fuel cells that use cryogenically stored hy-
drogen and oxygen reactants. The electrical power
requirements of a payload during a flight will vary.
During the 10-minute launch-to-orbit and the 30-
minute deorbit-to-landing phases (when most of the
experiment hardware is on standby or turned off),
1000 watts average to 1500 watts peak are available
from the Orbiter. In orbit, as much as 7000 watts
average to 12 000 watts peak can be provided to the
cargo.
Figure 2-1 5.i Shuttle power extenlion package.
For the usual 7-day flight, a minimum of 50
kilowatt-hours (180 megajoules) of electrical energy
is available to payloads. If more energy is needed,
flight kits can be added as required by the flight plan.
Each kit contains enough consumaioles to provide
840 kilowatt-hours (3024 megajoules). These are
charged to the payload mass and volume,
Each of three fuel cell powerplants provides 2
kilowatts minimum and 7 kilowatts continuous, with a
12-kilowatt peak of 15 minutes duration every 3
hours. For additional details about electrical power.
refer to JSC-07700. Volume XIV.
Power extension package
The power extension oackaoe (PEP_ (fiq. 2-1 51 is
Being designed to provide increases power and
duration capability for future Orbiter missions. The
PEP consists of a deployed solar array and lhe power
regulation, control, and interface eclu_pment to allow
the augmentation of the cryogen-fed Orbiter fuel cell
power system.
The array deployment assembly (ADA) is
deployed from the Orbiter by the RMS. The solar-
array wings are then extended and oriented toward
the Sun. The power generated by the array is carried
by the RMS power cables into the cargo bay and pro-
2-19
cessed and distributed by the power regulation con- Extravehicular activity
trol assembly (PRCA) to the Orbiter load buses. Use
The capability for EVA is available on every Space
of the PEP reduces fuel cell cryogen consumption
Shuttle flight. Payload EVA falls into three catego-
and thus increases mission duration capability, After
ries: EVA planned before launch in order to complete
the mission is completed, the array is retracted and
a mission objective; EVA unscheduled but decided
the ADA is stored in the Orbiter for return to Earth.
on during a flight in order to achieve payload opera-
tion success or to advance overall mission ac-
Environmental control
complishments; or EVA involving contingency
Cooling services are provided to payloads by the measures necessary to move payload items out of
Orbiter. Prelaunch and postlanding thermal control is the way of the cargo bay doors.
provided by ground support systems, in orbit, the pri- The equipment and consumables required for
mary Orbiter heat rejection is accomplished by unscheduled and contingency EVA's are included on
radiators on the cargo bay doors. A water flash every Orbiter flight. Planned payload EVA is a user
evaporator is used to supplement the radiator cool- option.
ing. During ascent and descent, when the cargo bay Planned EVA can provide sensible, reliable, and
doors are closecl and the radiators are ineffective, cost-effective servicing operations for payloads. It
cooling is provided by the water boilers. The payload gives the user the options of orbital equipment main-
heat exchanger is designed so either water or Freon tenance, repair, or replacement without the need to
21 can be selected as a cooling fluid, according to return the payload to Earth or, in the worst case, to
the needs of the payload. The payload side of the abandon it in space. Therefore, the EVA capability
heat exchanger has two coolant passages; either or can help maximize scientific return,
both can be used. Coolant is provided to the payload All EVA operations will be developed using the
at 40" to 45" F (278 to 280 K). Fluid circulation capabilities, requirements, definitions, and specifica-
through the payload side of the heat exchanger must tions set forth in Shuttle EVA Description and Design
be supplied as part of the payload. Criteria (JSC-10615).
Air-cooling capability exists for payload equip- Standard tools, tethers, restraints, and portable
ment mounted in the aft flight deck. work stations for EVA are part of the Orbiter baseline
support equipment inventory. The user is en-
Optional flight kits couraged to make use of standard EVA support hard-
Flight kits that provide special or extended ser- ware whenever possible to minimize crew training,
vices for payloads can be added when required. operational requirements, and cost. Any payload-

They are designed to be quickly installed and easily unique tools or equipment must be tumished by the
user.
removed. The major flight kits are as follows.
Crewmembers using extravehicular mobility units
• Oxygen and hydrogen for fuel cell usage to
(space suits and life support systems) can perform
generate electrical energy the following typical tasks (fig. 2-16}.
• Life support for extended missions

• Added propellant tanks for special on-orbit • Inspection, photography, and possible manual
maneuvers override of vehicle and payload systems, mecha-
• Airlocks and transfer tunnels nisms, and components

• Additional radiator panels for increased heat re- • Installation, removal, or transfer of film
jectton cassettes, material samples, protective covers, in-
strumentation, and launch or entry tiedowna
• Additional storage tanks

These flight kits are considered part of the • Operation of equipment, including tools,
cameras, and cleaning devices
payload and, as such, are charged to the payload
weight and volume allocation, The most significant • Cleaning of optical surfaces
payload weight increase results &ore the additional
energy kits. The extra tanks may result in a signifi- • Connection, disconnection, and storage of fluid
cant volume penalty as well. and electrical umbtlicals

2-20
 • Repair,
replacement,
calibration,
andinspection Additional EVA capability is provided by the
of modularequipment andinstrumentation
of the manned maneuvering unit, a propulsive backpack
spacecraft
orpayloads device (using a low-thrust, dry, cold gaseous
nitrogen propellant) that enables a crewmember to
• Deployment, retraction, and repositioning of an-
reach areas beyond the cargo bay. The unit has a
tennas, booms, and solar panels
six-degree-of-freedom control authority, automatic
• Attachment and release of crew and equipment attitude-hold capability, and electrical outlets for
restraints such ancillary equipment as power tools, a portable
light, cameras, and instrument monitoring devices.
• Perfonmmce of experiments Because the unit need not be secured to the Orbiter,

• Cargo transfer the crewmember can use it to "fly" unencumbered to

berthed or free-flying spacecraft work areas, to
These EVA applications make it possible to transport cargo of moderate size such as might be
demechanize operational tasks and thereby reduce required for spacecraft servicing on orbit, and to
design complexity (automation), simplify testing and retrieve small, free-flying payloads that may be sen-
quality assurance programs, lower manufacturing sitive to Orbiter thruster perturOation an(] contam,na-
costs, and improve the probability of success. Given tion (the unit's own propellant causes minimal
adequate restraints, adequate working volume, and disturbances with no adverse contamination).
compatible man/machine interfaces, EVA crewmem- The manned maneuvering unit is normally carried
bers can accon_lish almost any task designed for only on those missions having requirements for i[.
manned operation on the ground.

FiSlUre 2-16.-- Crewmembers performing extraveittcuiar activity in •ul)lBort of • payload.

2--21
 The following general constraints should be con- * EVA is an acceptable mode of operation in low-
sidered in early planning if a payload is expected to Earth-orbit radiation zones if flight planning con-
require EVA. These limitations are general in nature straints inhibit planning around them.
and, in certain circumstances, variations may be
possible.
Payload carrier aircraft
• EVA operations are normally performed by two Although it is not considered an STS element, the
EVA-trained crewmembers; however, one-men EVA Super Guppy aircraft (fig. 2-17) is primarily intended
is also possible. for the transport of STS payloads that either are too
large for shipment by conventional means or require
• Planned EVA periods should not exceed one 6-
special handling. Examples are outsized cargo such
hour duration per day (excluding the time required for
as large Space Shuttle test articles, components of
preparation and post-EVA activities); this does not
Space Shuttle systems, flightcrew training modules,
preclude multiple shorter EVA's.
and Space Shuttle payloads and equipment that re-
• EVA may be conducted during both light and quire a very large aircraft for transport.
clark periods. The Super Guppy is powered by four turboprop
engines and can accommodate a maximum payload
* EVA will not be constrained to ground com-
of 40000 pounds (18000 kiJograme), including
munications periods.
cargo pallets and adapters. The specifications/
• An EVA egress path into the cargo bay, 4 feet performance of the Super Guppy are as follows:
(1.2 meters) minimum length, must be available adja-
cent to the airlock outside hatch; payloads that in- Maximum takeoff weight 175 000 Ib (79 400 kg)
fringe into this area must be capable of being jet- Maximum landing weight 162 000 Ib (73 500 kg)
tisoned to allow for contingency EVA operations. Empty weight 110 091 Ib (49 936 kg)
Maximum zero fuel weight 152 000 Ib (68 950 kg)
• The size of the airiock, tunnel sdLoter, and as-
Empty operating weight 111 221 Ib (50 449 kg)
sociated hatches limits the external dimensions of
Total fuel capacity 6580 Ib (2985 kg)
I_ackages that can be transferred to or from payloads
Cruise speed 285 mph (459 kin/h)
to 18 by 18 by 50 inches (45.7 by 45.7 by 127 cen-
Block hour speed 243 mph (391 kin/h)
timeters).
Range 560 mi (900 kin) with
• Payloads requiring EVA operations must have 40 000-1b (18 000-kg)

access corridors and work areas large enough to cargo and 45-minute fuel
reserve
allow the EVA crawmember to perform the required
tasks safely and with adequate mobility. A translation
path requiring the EVA crewmember to use mobility
aids must be at least 43 inches (109 centimeters) in
diameter; additional volume is required when abrupt
changes in the direction of travel are required. Tasks
requiring extensive body and arm manipulation re-
quire 8 working envelope 48 inches (122 cen-
timeters) in diameter,

• EVA support equipment, loose payload compo-

nents, and umDilicall must be firmly secured or
tethered at all times during EVA operations to pre-
vent loss, damage, or entanglement.

• Payload consonants susceptible to inadvertent

physical damage or contamination by an EVA
crewmember should be protected or located away
from EVA work stations and translation paths. Figure 2-11'.-- Super Guppy.

2-22
SAFETY AND INTERFACE VERIFICATION

All payloads using the Space Transportation must provide verification of safe status while still at a
System will be subject to a uniform set of basic safe distance.
safety and interface verification requirements. The The payload design must preclude propagation of
verification system is designed so that the user will failures from the payload to the outside environment.
not need to duplicate or repeat verifications already In addition, safety-critical redundant subsystems
made. must be arranged to minimize the possibility of the
failure of one affecting the other.
Previous manned space flight standards for flam-
mability, offgassing, and odor of materials have been
Payload safety requirements reduced somewhat for payloads carried outside the
Orbiter cabin (either in other pressurized areas or in
The NASA STS safety requirements are defined in
the open cargo bay). The Orbiter cabin provides
Safety Policy and Requirements for Payloads Using
smoke detection, fire suppression, and atmospheric
the Space Transportation System (NHB 1700.7A).
scrubbing, which mitigate the hazards from flam-
These requirements are applicable to all payloads.
mability and offgaaaing.
The Payload Safety Guidelines Handbook
The maior goal is to design the payload for
(JSC-11123) has been developed to assist the user
minimum hazard by including damage control, con-
in selecting design options to eliminate hazards. tainment, and isolation of potential hazards. Hazards
The intent of the safety policy is to minimize active
that cannot be eliminated by design must be reduced
involvement of the STS, both at the design level and
as much as possible and made controllable through
during actual flight, without compromising safety.
the use of safety devices as part of the system, sub-
The method of implementing payload safety is
system, or equipment.
defined in Implementation Procedures for STS
Payloads Safety Requirements (JSC-13830).
The STS safety policy requires that the basic
payload design ensure the elimination or control of Payload interface
any hazard to the Orbiter, crew, or other payloads. verification requirements
The payload supplier is responsible for ensuring
the safety of any hardware proposed for use in the Testing and interface verification of flight hard-
STS. ware and flight software is greatly simplified by the
Safe payload operation with a minimum depend- reuse of proven systems (Spacelab, Long Duration
ence on the Orbiter and its crew is an STS goal. The Exposure Facility, or Multimission Modular
payload supplier must identify all potentially hazard- Spacecraft) or by the flight of identical expendable
ous operating sequences. Hazardous situations that items (inertial UDDer stage and payload assist
require a rapid response should, if possible, be cor- module). The users will not need to reheat the
rected by automatic systems that are part of the verification process that the standard flight systems
payload. must undergo as part of their development. This will
The STS provides a limited capability for display significantly reduce the time and cost of interface
and subsequent command of payload parameters. verification for the user.
Therefore, use of this capability should be limited to The payload accommodation interfaces for the
safety conditions that cannot or logically should not Space Shuttle system have been defined in Space
be handled by design or operational provisions. The Shuttle System Payload Accommodations (JSC-
status of sating systems and the indication of 07700, Vol. XIV). Interface verification requirements
anomalous conditions occurring within a payload are defined in Payload Interface Verification Require-
that do not meet these criteria should be handled in ments (JSC-14046). The latter document requires
the same manner as general payload telemetry and that each interface with the STS have a method and
command and control; i.e., by ground control or location of the interface verification identified before
through the Orbiter payload station. the payload is installed in the Orbiter.
The basic safety approach applied to attached Users of the standard payload carriers will assess
payloads should also be used for those that are to be their payloads to determine whether new or unique
deployed and retrieved. Payloads to be retrieved configurations require verification before flight. This

2-23
 assessment
and necessary verification will be ac- These ssfety-criUcal interface verification methods
comoliahed in conjunction with the STS operations shall be subject to appropriate management control
organization. with the Space Transportation System.
Few or no additional verification requirements are Equipment suitable for interface verlfloatlon test-
anticipated for payloads that are refiown; however, ing is available at the launch site. The cargo integra-
some assessment of the payload should be made to tion test equipment (CITE) at KSC is capable of
ensure that configuration changes to the payload or simultaneous payload interface testing for mixed
cargo do not create a new interface that would re- cargoes and cargo-to-Orbiter testing.
quire preflight verification. At the completion of the interface verifioatlon
The term "payload" describes any item provided process but before the payload Is installed In the Or*
by the user having a direct physical or functional in- biter, a certificate of compliance confirming interlace
terface with the Space Shuttle system. coml0atibility shall be prepared by the using payload
A payload interface verification summary shall be organization and submitted to the Shuttle system
submitted to JSC for review and concurrence of the organization. The certificate of compliance docu-
verification methods for safety-critical interfaces. mentation shall include all interface verification re-
Wh.=n necessary, :ha verification methods for the Cluirement waivers, noncompliances, and deferrals;
safety-critical interfaces will be negotiated with the this documentation will become a pe_ent part of
responsible payload organization to achieve an ac- the Payload data package.
ceptable verification that will ensure a safe system.

2-24
SPACELAB

Spacelab is a versatile, general-purpose orbiting The Spacelab consists of module and pallet sec-
laboratory for manned and automated activities in tions used in various configurations to suit the needs
near-Earth orbit. The primary program objective is to of a particular mission (figs. 2-18 and 2-19). The
provide the scientific community with easy, econom- pressurized module, accessible from the Orbiter
ical access to space. Involvement of ground-based cabin through a transfer tunnel, provides a shirt-
scientific personnel in direct planning and flight sup- sleeve working environment. The module consists of
port is an integral part of this program. one or two cylindrical segments, each 1 3.3 feet (4.1
The Spacelab, built in Europe with EuroPean funds meters) in diameter and 8.6 feet (2.6 meters) long,
to joint U.S. and European requirements, is carried by and two end cones. The forward end cone is trun-
the Space Shuttle and remains attached to the Or- cated at the diameter required to interface with the
biter during all phases of the mission. The overall crew transfer tunnel. Soacelab subsystem equioment
physical characteristics of most importance to users and experiment equipment are located in the core
of the Spacelab are summarized here.' All accom- segment, leaving about 60 percent of the volume
modations are described in more detail in the available for experiments; all the experiment seg-
Spacelab Payload Accommodation Handbook (ESA ment is available for experiments.
SLF/2104). Faliets accommodate exper=mem equ_oment for
direct exposure to space. Each standard pallet seg-
ment is 9.8 feet (3 meters) tong. Two or three seg-
'Soacelab has, in general, been fabricated and currently
is in the checkout and test stage of the l}rogrem odor to ments can be connected to form a stogie oallet tram,
delivery to NASA. As a result, the system characteristics de- supported by one set of retention fitt:._s. If no
scribed in this section may change somewhat as testing module is used, a cyiindncal 'igloo, ' mounted on the
progresses. end of the forward pallet, provides a controlled, pres-

VENT AND

RELIEF 7 SHELl.

,.oco..,% v,...O.T

,.,:,xOO.,,,o,U
AFT ND CONE

Figure 2-18._ Overall configuration of the Sl:aCelab module showing both the core and experiment segments.

2-25
 surized environment for Spacelab subsystems nor- the requirements of is particular mission.
mally carried in the core segment. The Spacelab When the module is used, primary control of
module and the igloo both contain experiment scientific equipment will be from the module itself. A
capabilities that include computers, input/output Payload Operations Control Center (POCC) on the
(1/O) units, and remote acquisition units (RAU's). ground will function in a support and advisory
in addition to the basic hardware inventory, the capacity to onboard activity. In s pallet-only con-
Spacelsb program provides a selection of mission- figuration, equipment is operated remotely from the
dependent equipment that can be flown according to Or0iter aft flight deck and/or from the I:_)CC.

SILL iNNER SKIN f_UPdDWi)CH PANEL

..----/-_ ,,,o,o,,_--_ I \ \\ _i,\\\ \_\ _ Lo,,,,o,

'

Figure 2-19.-- 8paceleb pallet segment and Igloo.

2-26
Basic configurations
Eight basic flight configurations (fig, 2-20) have
been designed to meet most user needs. The
Spacelab hardware, however, allows other flight european space agency
configurations by combining appropriate hardware
elements. These flight configurations must be within
the center-of-gravity (c.g.) and operational enve-
lopes.

1. tong module. The long module consists of

core and experiment segments. This configuration,
without a pallet, provides the largest pressurized
volume for Spacelab payloads with 784 cubic feet
(22 cubic meters) available for payload equipment.

2. Long module/one pallet. In this configuration,

184.1 square feet (17.1 square meters) of surface
mounting area is available on the pallet. The pallet
length is 9.8, feet (3 meters). (in exceptional in-
stances, payloads can overhang at both ends of a
pallet.) The inside dimensions of the module are
given in the description of the long module.

3. Long module/two pallets. This configuration

increases the space-exposed mounting area by con-
necting two pallets in a train. The two pallets provide
368.1 square feet (34.2 square meters) of mounting
area and a pallet length of 19.3 feet (5.9 meters).

4. Short module/two pallets. This pallet con-

figuration is the same as the one described pre-
viously except that a short modute has replaced the
long one. This configuration also provides a pallet
length of 19.3 feet (5.9 meters).

5. Short module/three pallets. This configuration

offers the largest pallet area if both a module and a
pallet are required for a single mission. The usable
pallet length is 29.1 feet (8.9 meters) with a mounting
surface of 552.2 square feet (51.3 square meters).
The volume available to payload equipment inside
the short module is 268.4 cubic feet (7.8 cubic
meters).

6. Pallets only, independently suspended. This

configuration consists of three independently sus-
pended pallet segments spread along the length of
the cargo bay. The total pallet length is 28.3 feet (8.6
meters). The total surface mounting area is 552.2
square feet (51.3 square meters).

Figure 2-20.-- Basio SllaP.,elab fll_t ccmflguratlon_

2--27
 7. Two pallets plus two pallets. This configure- The mass available to Spacelab and its payloads
tion, consisting of two independently suspended is limited by the maximum Orbiter landing mass
pallet trains, is well suited for a number of astronomy (although for s wide range of orbits, the Orbiter load-
missions. It provides a maximum mounting area for carrying capability is considerably greater at launch
payloads of 736.2 square feet (68.4 square meters). than at landing).
The length available to payloads is 36.5 feet (11.7 Each of the possible configurations will have a
meters). different total mass. The control masses listed in ta-
ble 2-4 represent the maximum mission-dependent
8. Five pallets. This configuration provides the
equipment that can be flown in each configuration.
longest possible experiment platform for Spacelab
The total mass available for both payloads and mis-
payloads requiring exposure to the apace environ-
sion-dependent equipment is listed for each con-
ment. The surface mounting area is 920.3 square feet
figuration. However, the actual mass Cal)ability is
(85.5 square maters) and the usable length is 48.8
further limited by structural limitations of various
feet (14.9 meters). The configuration consists of in-
components. Additional localized constraints exist,
dependently suspended pallet trains separated by a
such as the mass-supporting capabilities of racks
dynamic clearance gap.
and hardpointa.

Payload mess
Center of gravity
A wide range of payload mass capabilities exists.
The Orbiter imposes center-of-gravity constraints
The maximum sPaCe available depends on configura- on the Soacelab. To establish the overall center of
tions, mission-dependent SDacefab equipment, and
gravity of a combined Spacelab and its payload, the
other factors. The actual mass available to payloads
masses and centers of gravity for individual hardware
for any given configuration of Spacelab and Orbiter
and consumable items must be combined according
hardware will be limited by the launch/landing mis-
to the requirements of a particular mission.
sign capabilities of the Shuffle and the specific load-
carrying capabilities of Spaceiab.

2-28
 Table 2-4.--Mass allocation to Spacelab and payloads

Configuration Total misaionoindel3endeflt Mau of 100 percent Mass available to payload

Spacaiab male Ib (kg) Spacelab and mission-dependent

mi_ion-degendqmt equipment, Ib (kg)

equipment, Ib (kg)

14 921 (6768) 3120 (1415) 13 702 (6215)

17 434 (79O8) 3549 (161 O) 13 660 (6196)

18 602 (8438) 3660 (1660) 12 258 (5560)

16 486 (7478) 2238 (1015) 14 363 (6515)

17 654 (8008) 2348 (1065) 13 261 (6015)

10 029 (4549) 1268 (575) 20 688 (9375)

10 657 (4834) 1345 (610) 20 084 (911 O)

11 980 (5434) 1455 (660) 18 320 (8310)

i

2--29
Module segments All equipment is described in more detail in the
Spacalab Payload Accommodation Handbook.
Modules for all flight configurations contain a
The module interior is sized and shaped to allow
basic internal arrangement of subsystem equipment;
optimum task performance by crewmembers in a
the main difference is the volume available for ex-
weightless environment (fig. 2-21). The module can
periment equipment installation. Although subsystem
accommodate as many as three payload specialists.
equipment is located in the core segment, about 60
For shift overlap, as many as four can De accommo-
percent of the volume is available for experiments.
dated for 1 hour. The cabin air temperature is main-
The following list is representative of the basic
tained between 64" and 81" F (291 and 300 K).
Spacelab experiment equipment.
Foot restraints, handholds, and mobility aids are
provided throughout the Spacelab so that crewmem-
• Experiment racks
bars can perform all tasks safely, efficiently, and in
• Experiment computer the most favorable body position. The basic foot
restraint system is identical in the Orbiter and the
• Scientific airlock Spacelab.

• Cola plates A workbench in the core segment (fig. 2-22) is in-

tended to support general work activities rather than
• RAU's those associated with a unique experiment. One

• Data display unit electrical outlet (28 V dc, 100 watts) is available to
support experiment equipment.
• High-ratedata recorder The transfer tunnel connecting the SDacelab

• High*rate multiplexer module and the Orbiter enables crew and equipment
transfer in a shirt-sleeve environment. The tunnel has

OVERHEAD UTILITY
SUPPORT AND
STORAGE

AIR

IL_ 2-21 .m Primary crew working area (looking forward) and eximpies of the many possible working positions.

2-30
8minimum
ofabout3.3feet(I meter)cleardiameter, (the Orbiter personnel airiock in the Spacelab tunnel
sufficient for a box with dimensions of 1.84 by 1.84 adapter or the docking module, depending on the
by 4.17 feet (0.56 by 0.56 by 1.27 meters) and a mission configuration), up the end cone of the
crewmember (including one equipped for EVA). The module, over the module, down the aft cone, and
tunnel can also be used for ground access to the along the pallet. The size of the airlock and as8oci-
Specelnh while it is still horizontal. ated hatches limits the external dimensions of a
For EVA, Spxcelab provisions allow a crewmem- package that can be transferred to payloads.
bet in a pressure suit to move through the EVA hatch

NT
RACKS

CONTROL
CENTER

AFT

Figure 2-22.-- Spaceiab core segment cutaway view (starboard).

2--31
 Common payload support ment mounting and checking (both on orbit and on the
equipment ground). The inner hatch can be completely
detached for payload installation and access. All
The common payload support equipment (mis- controls are manual.
sion-dependent items) includes a top airlock and an Experiment data handling and control can be per-
optical window/viewport assembly. Each can be formed either by the command and data management
flown as needed. A flanged cutout of 51.18 inches subsystem (by use of an experiment remote acquisi-
(1 30 centimeters) internal diameter is left in the top tion unit mounted on the airlock platform) or by hard-
of each cylindrical segment of the module for in- wired lines through the airlock shell to the payload
stallation of the airlock or optical window/viewport. equipment in the module.
Both openings are sealed with coverplates if not
needed. Optical window and viewport

The optical window consists of a single rectangu-

Airlock for experiments
lar pane of BK-7 glass measuring 16.1 4 by 21.65 in-
The scientific airlock enables experiments to be ches (41 by 55 centimeters) and having a thickness
exposed to a space environment. Experiments are of 1.61 inches (4.1 centimeters). It is enclosed in a
mounted on a sliding platform parallel to the airlock molded seal and supported by a flexible spring
axis. This platform can be extended into space. system in an aluminum frame. An automatic heating
where it is protected by a removable thermal shield. system controls window temperatures to minimize
Experiments can be observed through an inner hatch thermal gradients across the glass and to prevent
window 5.9 inches (15 centimeters) in diameter that condensation. This power use is charged to payload
provides a 1 20" viewing angle. The platform can also and mission-depandent equipment.
be pulled back into the SPacelab module for experi-

2-32
Pallet structure In a pallet-only configuration, the Spacelab sub-
system equipment located in the module is installed
The standard U-shaped pallet segments (fig. in an igloo. The following list is representative of the
2-23) are of aeronautic-type construction covered igloo subsystem equipment.
with aluminum panels. These I_anels can be used for
mounting lightweight payload equipment. A series of • Three computers
hardgoints attached to the main structure of a pallet
segment allows mounting of heavy payload items. • Two input/output units

The pallet provides the following basic services: • A mass memory

• Subsystem and experiment electric power • Two subsystem RAU's

buses
• An emergency power box
• Experiment power distribution boxes
• An experiment and a subsystem inverter (each
• Subsystem and experiment data buses 400 hertz)

• Subsystem RAU's and as many as four RAU's for • A power control box
experiments
• A subsystem power distribution box
• Thermal insulation blankets
• A remote amplifier and advisory box
• Cold plates and thermal capacitors
• A multiplexer
• Plumbing (standard)
• A subsystem interconnecting station

On the ground, access to the igloo interior is made

through a removable bulkhead.

Figure 2-23.m Representative experiment mounted on •

peileL

2-33
 Instrument pointing system Payload resources summary
An instrument pointing system (IPS) is available Tables 2-5 to 2-7 summarize the princ.ipal
and can provide precision pointing for payloads that resources available to payloads using the Spacelab.
require greater pointing accuracy and stability than All accommodations are described in more detail in
is provided by the Orbiter. The IPS can accommodate the Spscelab Payload Accommodation Handbook.
a wide range of payload instruments of different sizes Calculating power available to a payload is more
and weights from 440 to 4410 pounds (200 to 2000 complex than estimating mass or volume because it
kilograms). depends on several other factors. Power for experi-
ment use depends on the power consumption of the

Table 2-5.--Electrical Dower and energy resources for payloads

Configuration Maximum continuous power Additional Total energy

available to peak power available
payload, available to to payload,
kW payload, kWh (MJ)
kW

Max. Min, Essential 15 min/3h 3h/3h Mix. Min.

power (equalized)
portion

3.4 2.1 0.06 4.3 0.36 289 (1040) 86 (31o)

3.0 1.7 .06 4.3 .36 226 (814) 24 (86)

3.0 1.7 .06 4.3 .36 226 (814) 24 (86)

3.0 2,1 .06 4.3 .36 226 (814) 88 (310)

3.0 2.1 .06 4.3 .36 226 (814) 86 (31 O)

4,8 4.4 ",28 4.3 .36 507 (1825) 414 (1490)

4.8 4.4 ".28 4.3 .36 507 (1825) 414 (1490)

4.8 4.4 %28 4.3 ,36 507 (1825) 414 (1490)

I

2-34
basicSpacelab subsystemsandis alsoafunction of The commend end data management subsystem is
theuseofmission-dependent equipment. A maximum largely independent of the Orbiter. It provides data
amount of power is available to the experiments if no acquisition command, formatting, display, and
discretionary subsystem or mission-dependent recording. Communication with ground stations is
equipment is used, and a minimum amount of power is through the Orbiter's communication system. The
available if all the discretionary subsystem mission- communications network and data-hendling pro-
dependent equipment has been selected. cedures for all STS payloads are described in part 4.

Table 2-6.---Heat rejection capabilities and module atmosphere aspects

Parameter Configuration

Module Pallet

Atmosphere (Igloo)
Nominal total pressure, bar (N/m =) ................... 1,013 ± 0.13 (101 300 ± 13000) '1.096 (109 600)
Nominal partial oxygen pressure, bar (N/m 2) ........... 0.220 = 0.017 (22 000 = 1700) =0.035(3500)
Nominal partial carl)on dioxicle pressure, bar (N/m 2) .... 0.OO67 (670)
Caioin air temperature, °F (K) ......................... 64 to 81 (291 to 300) c95 (308)
Minimum humidity (clewooint), "F (K) .................. 43 (279)
Maximum relative I_umidity, percent ................... 7O
Maximum allowable internal wall temperature, "F (K) .... 113 (318)
A*r velocity in rtaloitaOlearea, tt/sec (misec) ........... 0.33 to 0.68 (0.1 to 0.2)

Total heat transPOrt caloability, _'kW ..................... 8.5 8.5

Prelaunch/postlanding power, ° kW
With ground support equipment connected
Orbiter powered down ............................. 1.5 1.5
Orbiter powered up ............................... 1.5 1.5
Ascent/descent ...................................... 1.5 1.5

Peak heat rejection capability d

For payload power peeks during oper=,tional
phase, kW ........................................ 12.4 12.4
Minimum interval between peaks, rain ................. 165 165

aMaximum gaseous nitrogen differential pressure.

=Minimum gaseous nitrogen differential pres=Jre.
CMaximum internal temperature.
dAveileble to payload and Spacelalo subsystems.

2-35
 Table 2-7.mCommand and data-handling resources

Payload data acauisition

Housekeeping and low-rate scientific data (to computer via RAU's)

Number of RAU's in basic system ............................................................ 8
Maximum number of RAU's (extension capability) .............................................. 22
Number of flexible inputs (analog or digital) per RAU .......................................... 128
Analog: resolution of analog/digital conversion, bits ......................................... 8
Discrete: number of inputs addressable as group ............................................ 16
Number of serial pulse-code-modulation inputs per RAU ....................................... 4
Clock rate, Mbps ......................................................................... 1
Maximum number of words transferred per sample ........................................... 32
Word lengths, bits ........................................................................ 17
Maximum basic sampling rate, Hz ............................................................ IO0
Data rate of transfer RAU/comDuter (including overhead), Mbps ................................ 1
Wide-band scientific data
Numoer or expenmem channels of me n_gn.rate mult=plexer (HRM) .............................. 16
Minimum data rate of HRM input channels, kbps ............................................... 64
Maximum data rate of HRM input channels, Mbps .............................................. 16
Number of closed-circuit television video input channels or analog ............................. 14

Data transmission to ground

Nominal data rate for housekeeping and low-rate scientific data fl'om
subsystem and experiment computer, kbps ................................................... 64
Maximum data rate for wide-band scientific data (via TDRSS=), Mbpa,
or analog/video + 2 Mbps .................................................................... 50
Maximum data rate of high-rate digital recorder (HRDR) bridging
TDRSS noncovsrage periods, MbOs ........................................................... 32
Storage capability of high-data-rate recorder (HDRR), bits ........................................ 3.6 x 10 _o

Payload command capability

Telecommand rate from ground via Orbiter, kbps ................................................ 2

Number of on/off command outputs per RAU .................................................... 64
Number of serial pulse-code-modulation command channels per RAU ............................. 4
Clock rate, Mbps ............................................................................. 1
Maximum number of words per command ....................................................... 32
Word length (including parity bit), bits .......................................................... 17

Payload data processing and displays

Data processing:
Word length, bits ........................................................................... 16
Speed (Gibson mix), operations/sec ......................................................... 350 000
Floating point arithmetic, bits ................................................................ 32 (24 + 8)
Mass memory, Mbits ........................................................................ 131
Display:
Alphanumerical display screen (tricolor) diagonal, in. (cm) ..................................... 12 (30.5)

=Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System.

2-36
Mission scenarios interests and requirements. The equipment can be
used as part of mixed payloads as well.
In order to orient the user in the uses of Spacelab, The three levels of user involvement in these
several Spscelab conceptual mission studies are specialized missions are defined as follows.
described in the following pages. The mission
studies can be used for planning pumoses, but none 1. The user provides the complete experiment
has been specifically _koproved as a NASA mission. unit, both the facilities and the detectors or samples.
For missions supporting specific disciplines in basic
2. The user provides only the experiment, which
science or technology, NASA will provide
will be accommodated by standardized NASA-pro-
specialized research and development facilities and
vided equipment.
equipment.
These Saacelab missions will concentrate on in- 3. The user l_rovides no actual experiment or
tense short-term fnvestlgatlons and will therefore hardware but receives data generated on a mission
complement those long-term observations programs (such as Earth observations images or tapes).
that use free-flying satellites. Payload operations
studies have been directed at providing the greatest Planned missions will involve space processing,
scientific return from each mission while most effoc- advanced technology, Earth viewing, life sciences,
tively using the resources of the Spacelab, the astronomy, astrophysics, solar physics, and ter-
standardized experiment equipment, the individual restrial physics.
experimenter's equipment, and the expertise of the For all missions, NASA will manage the Spacelab
crew. The payload specialist, trained by the user and operational activities. These include experiment in-
working with ground-based scientists and techni- tegration; payload specialist training; checkout;
cians, is an integral parr of U1e plan. flight operations; refurbishment; and data acquisition,
The modular design of the Spacelab and of the preliminary processing, and distribution.
specialized experiment equipment (fig. 2-24) permits
their repeated use in long-range program planning.
They 13rovide broad flexibility to accommodate the
diverse needs of both large and small users. The
/,,f
available equipment, as well as the number of
j J

planned missions, can be varied in response to user

Figure 2- 24.m Potential 8huttle/SDeceiab r.onflguration.

2-37
Astrophysicspayloads The objective of the AMPS project is to assist in
Theastrophysics payloads (APP) projectinvolves developing a comprehensive understanding of the

a set of instruments that will be used to investigate a region surrounding the Earth. This involves studying

wide r=nga of long-term scientific problems in the Earth's electric and magnetic field system,
astrophysics, including the origin and future of mat- energetic particle and electromagnetic wave in-

ter, the nature of the universe, the life cycle of the teractions, the physical processes associated with
Sun and stars, and the evolution of solar systems. the motion of bodies in rarefied plasmas, and the
chemistry and dynamics of the upper atmosphere.

Solar physics payloads

Advanced technology laboratory.
The Spacolab solar physics payloads (SPP) mis-
sions involve instruments designed to obtain data The advanced technology laboratory (ATL) is a
that will be used to understand the fundamental Spacelab mission with emphasis on technology oh-

physical processes of energy production in the solar jectlves. It represents the space research laboratory
of the 1980's, providing the researcher with vacuum
interior, the transport of this energy through the solar
atmosphere, and its ultimate dissipation through conditions, null gravity, a benign environment, the

radiation, acceleration of plasma, and the solar wind. recovery of experiment equipment, and quick-
The emphasis of the early SPP missions will be on response space research.

solar/terrestrial interactions. The two specific areas The ATL provides a new dimension in the

identified for initial investigation are the solar development of spaceborne systems: the flight test.

wind/Sun interface and high-energy acceleration It is an organized, systematic approach tot continu-
ing and extending research and technology efforts in
processes.
space.
t
Manned physics laboratory
A dedicated Spacetalo wilt be used for the at-
mospheric magnetospheric plasma system (AMPS)
project, which consists of a manned physics
laboratory for conducting a large variety of scientific
experiments and observations.

2-38
Life sciencesexperiments The project is structured for the widest participa-

Theproject for in-orbit life sciences payloads is tion from the public and private sectors and is

being developed by the NASA Office of Space characterized by low-cost approaches, many flight
opportunities, short experiment turnaround times.
Science to use the Spacelab to conduct research in
provisions for qualified investigators to fly with their
the null gravity and altered environments (radiation,
experiments, and maximum use of existing or
acceleration, light, magnetic fields, etc.) of space.
modified off-the-shelf hardware.
The Shuttle/Spacelab presents a unique capability
to perform numerous experiments in all fields of life Additional information about the Specelab Pro-

sciences; i.e., biomedicine, vertebrates, men/system gram in general is available in the United States from
the National Aeronautics and Space Administration,
integration, 'Invertebrates, environment control,
George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, Mail Code
plants, calls, tissues, bacteria, and viruses (fig.
2-25). The broad objectives are to use the space an- NA01, Marshall Space Flight Center, Alabama 35812;

vironment to further knowledge in medicine and telephone (205) 453-4610; FTS 872-4610. In
Europe, Spacelab information is available fTom the
biology for application to terrestrial needs and to an-
European Space Agency, 8-10 Rue Mario Hikis,
sure human wail-being and performance in space.
75738 Paris Cedex 15, France.

LOWER BODY
NEGATIVE PRESSURE
GLOVE
BOX
SPACELA8 CONTROL
CENTER RACK SMALL
VERTEBRATE
CAGES

CAGE

ROTATING
REFRIGERATORS CHAIR
AND FREEZERS

BENCH
BII_CLE
\ ERGOMETER
\ \

Figure 2-28.-- Typir, ai layout for a Spat, slab dedicated to life I_ie_ol, with iloee_ie Io¢,atlons of center elsie and
starboard rl_klk

2-39
UPPER STAGES

The expendable upper stage is a reliable, simple, Two uDper stage systems are currently planned
low-cost vehicle for spacecraft missions with (fig. 2-26). A solid-propellant spin-stabilized stage
altitudes, inclinations, and trajectories beyond the called the payload assist module (PAM) is designed
basic Shuttle capability. The upDer stage systems for Atlas-Centaur and Delta class missions. The
consist of one or more solid-propellant propulsive solid-propellant three-axis-stabilized inertial upper
stages, airborne suDport equil_ment, ground support stage (IUS) is intended for boosting single or multiple
equipment, software, and unique facilities. soacecraft to higher orbits and escal_e trajectories.

Figure 2-26.-- Ulll_r stage systems. (s) Peykmd assist module. (b) Inertial upper stage.

2--40
Payload assist module This approach will simplify the user's transition from
expendable vehicles to the STS, with the additional
The PAM, being planned by NASA, relies on an ini-
advantage of multiple spacecraft launches or shared
tially imparted delta-velocity and spin momentum for
launches with other payloads. The result will be a
trajectory and stability control to boost a single
significantly lower cost to the user for each
spacecraft to a predetermined destination or transfer
spacecraft launch.
orbit. The PAM/STS cap_.bility is comparable to that
The PAM is designed to accommodate two pri-
of current expendable launch vehicles.
mary classes of spacecraft: the Delta class, which
The Shuttle Orbiter performs the initial pointing,
accommodates up to a maximum of 2400 pounds
spin up, and release of the PAM, similar to that per-
(1088 kilograms) to be placed into geosynchronous
formed by the first two stages of the Delta three-
transfer orbit, and the Atlas-Centaur class, which ac-
stage launch vehicle. The PAM performs the function
commodates 4000 to a maximum of 4400 pounds
of the Delta third stage for transfer orbit injection.

PAM
SATELLITE

'°V'" CLAMP PAM

SEPARATION

SPIN TABLE

SPIN TABLE
"V" CLAMP SATELLITE SE
I PIVOT POINT
I
PAM ATTACHMENT TRUNNIONS ! REMOTE,

TABLE
TORQUE MOTORS
V TRuALL

ORBITER CARGO BAY LONGERONS

;PIN TABLE
CRADLE ATTACHMENT TRUNNIONS' ERECTING
MECHANISM
CRADLE ASSEMBLY
//
Fi_lure 2-27.-- Ole_irlm of PAM-A structure in cargo bay.

2-41
(18OOtO 2000 kilograms)to be put into geo- deck. Spin capabilities of uD to 1 O0 rgm for the PAM-
synchronous
transferorbit.It is expectedthatfour D and 65 rpm for the PAM-A are available from the
Delta class (PAM-D) or two Atlas-Centaur class airborne support equipment (ASE) spinup mechanism
(PAM-A) stages with spacecraft can be carried on a (fig. 2-28). After the PAM and spacecraft are
single Shuttle flight. One or two PAM's and released, the Orbiter maneuvers to a position to
spacecraft may also share a flight with other allow initiation of s separation maneuver. The PAM
payloads. and Orbiter coast in the parking orbit for approx-
For a nominal geosynchronous mission, the Shut- imately 45 minutes until the appropriate crossing of
tie Orbiter carries the payload into a 160-nautical- the Equator. At this time, the PAM motor fires and in-
mile (296--kilometar) circular orbit inclined st 28.5". jects the PAM and spacecraft into a 160- by 19 323-
After checkout, the PAM and spacecraft are spun up nautical-mile (296- by 35 786-kilometer) geo-
and deployed (fig. 2-27). The spinup procedures are synchronous transfer orbit.
initiated and controlled from the Orbiter aft flight

PAY LOAD ATTACH

FITTING

ASE

_____CRADLE

Figure 2-28._ STS PAM-D system hardware.

2-42
Inertial upper stage is accomplished by means of a spring ejection
system.
The IUS, under development by the Department of The IUS family consists of a basic two-stage vehi-
Defense (DOD), relies _)n a three-axis-stabilized pro- cle with twin- and three-stage configurations for the
pulsive and avionics system for trajectory and high-energy missions (fig. 2-29). The two-stage
staJoility control to place larger class spacecraft or vehicle can accomplish all the projected POD and
multiple spacecraft in Earth orbit, or to place plane- NASA Earth-orbital missions. The twin-stage vehicle
tary spacecraft on escape trajectories. The IUS has consists of two large motors. The three-stage vehi-
the potential for simple and standard operational and cle is formed by adding another large motor as s
functional interfaces with the spacecraft, Orbiter, lower stage to the two-stage vehicle. The twin- and
supporting facilities, and ground equipment for a three-stage vehicles are required for the Earth-
wide range of missions. Spacecraft are cantilevered escape missions. See the document Inertial Upper
from the interface adapter and all services to and Stage User Guide.
from the spacecraft are through the IUS. Deployment

GEOSYNCHRONOUS CIRCULAR

19 323 N. MI. (M 781 kin}

S000 LB (2270 ke)

TO

GEOSYNCHRONOUS
(S.ll m|

16.7_ 1 FT

POD
TWO-STAGE

41 500 LB (16 825 kg)

PLANETARY PERFORMANCE g410 Lll 4642 LB

(4268 kl) 12060 kQj

C3 - 19.3 km2/SEC 2 C 3 " 80 km2,'SEC 2

NASA PLANETARY NASA, PLANETARY

TWIN-STAGE THREE-STAGE

53 8100 L II (24 400 k|J 58 100 LO (211 350 kQj

Figure 2-29.-- I:l'ellminery performanr.e options of the IUS configurations.

2-43
LONG DURATION EXPOSURE FACILITY

The Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF), in Earth orbit, where it remains for 6 months or more
being developed by the NASA Office of Aeronautics until another Shuttle flight retrieves it and retums it to
and Space Technology, is a reusable, unmanned, Earth. In Orbit, the Orbiter remote manipulator system
gravity-gradient-stabilized, free-flying structure. It removes the LDEF from the cargo bay. The
can accommodate many technology, science, and longitudinal axis of the LDEF is alined with the local
applications experiments, both passive and active, Earth vertical (fig. 2-31), other required orientations
that require exposure to space. The LDEF provides are sstabtished, and the angular velocities are
an easy and economical means for conducting these brought within specified limits, The LDEF is then
experiments. released into a circular orbit of approximately 300
The LDEF is a 30-foot (9-meter) long structural nautical miles (556 kilometers) with an inclination to
framework as shown in figure 2-30, with room for 72 the equatorial plane between 28.5"and 57". Gravity-
experiment trays on the periphery and 14 trays on the gradient stabilization is used in combination with a
ends. The LDEF cross section is a 12-sided regular viscous magnetic damper to null transients. Initially,
I_olygon of bolted aluminum I-beam construction with the LDEF undergoes large periodic motions. Within 8
a diameter of 14 feet (4.3 meters). The primary days, the steady-state point is within 2" of local Earth
,_ramework consists of 7 ring frames and 12 vertical and oscillations about the longitudinal axis
Iongerons fabricated from aluminum extrusions. are within 5". The maximum acceleration level at
Trays containing experiments are mounted in the release is 1 x 10-3g and the maximum steady-state
bays formed by the ring frames and Iongerons. Each acceleration is 1 x lO-ag. The orbital period ranges
trsF is aporoximately 50 inches (127 centimeters) from 92.8 to 95.6 minutes. During the planned ex-
long and 38 inches (97 centimeters) wide. Trays are Posure, the altitude decays about 20 nautical miles
3, 6, or 12 inches (8, 15, or 30 centimeters) deep. (37 kilometers).
Trays are provided by NASA and individual experi- For passive experiments, data measurements will
ments are bolted to the trays. Standard experiments be made in the laboratory before and after exposure
are sized to fill a full tray or one-sixth, one-third, or to space conditions. Power, data storage, and other
two-thirds of a tray. The total mass allowable in a data-gathering systems may be necessary for active
single tray is 175 pounds (79 kilograms). Experiment experiments. These must be provided by the experi-
sizes are not necessarily limited to the dimensions of menter as an integral part of the experiment assem-
the trays; heavier or larger experiments and different bly. Each experimenter will work cooperatively with
mounting locations or arrangements will be con- the LDEF Project Office at the NASA Langley
sidered on an individual basis. However, no experi- Research Center in establishing that the experiment
ment can protrude beyond the Diana defining the 1 2- is safe and will not adversely affect other experi-
sided polygon of the LDEF. ments on the LDEF.
Though not considered an STS element, the LDEF The "natural" orbital environment (acceleration,
is available to users from NASA and is delivered by ambient atmosphere, particle flux, magnetic field, and
the STS. The Space Shuttle Orbiter places the LDEF

2-44
 REMOTE MANIPULATOR SUBSYSTEM

GRAPPLE FIX_

EXPERIMENT
TRAY

X--AXIS
LDEF RETENTION
AND GROUND

Figure 2-30.0 Structural characteristics of LDEF and experiment trays.

2-45
solar radiation) combines with the predicted thermal In addition, an experiment environment can be
environment shown in table 2-8 to establish the con- modified by such design parameters as shielding,
dltions under which an experiment must operate The pressure-sealed containers, or special thermal coat-
temperatures shown could vary as much as =27" F ings. (The data in table 2-8 are for experiments using
(_ 15 K) as a result of variations in design and coat- typical surface coatings.) Any such modification will
ings or accuracy of the mathematical model. The be the responsibility of the experimenter; however,
overall environment will vary, depending on the exact the LDEF Project Office will I_rovide consultation on
orbit and the location of the experiment on the LDEF. applicable techniques and design approaches. After

YAW AXIS

ROLL AXIS

,7
VELOCITY

PITCH AXIS

Figure 2-31 .-- Orientation of LDEF in free fllghL

2-46
anexperiment is selectedfortheLDEF,theLDEF An experimenter may participate in launch site
ProjectOfficewill definethe specificconditions operations and verify flight readiness of the experi-
available
andworkcloselywitheachexperimenter in ment, if required. The experimenter will also have an
choosingthe best possible location for the experi- opportunity to view the experiment on its return from
ment. orbit, before it is removed from the LDEF at KSC.
The LDEF Project Office has the overall respon- Because the LDEF can fly a wide variety of mis-
sibility for experiment integration (fig. 2-32). Experi- sions, the exposures available for experiments can-
mentera will assemble their own flight experiments not be fully presented in a brief summary. Data given
and, when using Poll trays, may also mount them in the here are intended to serve only as a guide to the
trays. Experiments will be sent to Langley Research prospective experimenter. More detailed data are
Center, where partial-tray experiments will be provided in the Long Duration Exposure Facility
mounted and all trays will undergo flight acceptance (LDEF) Guide for Experiment Accommodations, pre-
testing. The LDEF Project Office also will provide for pared by the LDEF Project Office. Additional informa-
the correct placement of trays on the LDEF to obtain tion is available from the LDEF Experiments Manager,
the desired exposure, field of view, etc., and will en- Mail Stop 258, National Aeronautics and Si0ace Ad-
sure the mutual compatibility of all experiments. The ministration, Langley Research Center. Hampton,
trays will be sent to the KSC launch site, where they Virginia 23665; telephone (804) 827-3704, FTS
will be bolted onto the LDEF. 928-3704.

Table 2-8.--Predicted LDEF thermal environment ranges

[57" inclination orbit]

Location Minimum Maximum Typical

temperature, temperature, temperature
"F (K) "F (K) differential
per orbit.
"F (K)

On LDEF structure

Internal average -22 (243) 95 (308) o

Earth end -13 (248) 104 (313) 9 (5)

(alurnir_Im surface)
Space end - 13 (248) 113 (318) 45 (25)

TyPical experiment

Internal surfaces, -31 (238) 122 (323) 5 (3)

= - 0.3. E - 0.3 =
External surfaces -40 (233) 167 (348)
Internal surfaces, -58 (223) 149 (338) 18 (10)
_" -- 0.25,_ --0.17
Thin external surfaces -175 (158) 302 (423) 364 (202)
Internal surfaces, -53 (226) 86 (3O3) 11 (6)
= - 0.3, _ - 0.8
External surfaces -103 (198) 86 (303)

*= -- absorptivity, = -- emissivity.

2--47
 INTER FACE FLOW

STS OPERATIONS

LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER

LDEF PROJECT OFFICE

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS

REPRESENTING

• LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER

a OTHER NASA CENTERS AND

GOVERNMENT AGENCI ES
CALENDAR YEAR
a UNIVERSITIES
• INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
a INDUSTRY
SCHEDULED ACTIVITY _ TBD

Responsibility Phase

Init_l Mission and Ogerttion= Final fight STS flight Po$fflight

program experiment integrated pllnning, opera-
planning planning planning, T-16 weeks tions
and aT-2 years to T=O
aDprovel to T-16
weeks

langley Research Primary Primary Primwy SuDOort Support Primary Primary

Cenmr to POCC

STS operetion$ Provide Provide Provide PrirnKy Primarv None None

User STS user suoporting
Hand- reflrences documentation
book

lit - time from launch.

Figure 2-32.-- An exentl_e of • i_lncll:al investigator's Involvement in ongoing LDEF Ol)eratlons. The primary Interface is
shown, along with • flight schedule end the NASA centers' responsibiliUes.

2-48
MULTIMISSION MODULAR SPACECRAFT

The Multimisaion Modular Spacecraft (MMS), provides deployment, retrieval, and on-orbit servic-
developed as a standard modular spacecraft, can be ing capability. In addition, the FSS is versatile
used in low Earth and geosynchronous orbits for a enough to support other types of spacecraft.
wide range of remote-sensing missions (fig. 2-33). The program management responsibility for
Although not classified as an STS element, it is fully development of the MMS and the FSS is within the
compatible with the launch environments and other NASA Office of Space Sciences. More detailed infor-
requirements of the Space Shuttle as well as with a mation on MMS capabilities and missions, as well as
variety of expendable launch vehicles (particularly on the FSS, is contained in the Multimission Modular
the Delta 3910 and 3920 series). Spacecraft and Flight Support System User Guides
The reusable MMS offers several significant ad- prepared by the Goddard Space Flight Center, which
vantages, Within its standard range of capabilities, it is responsible for technical management of the MMS
can be adapted to many varied payload require- project. Copies of the guides and of other information
ments, eliminating the need for costly and time-con- are available from the MMS Project Office, Mail Code
suming design and development activities. 408, National Aeronautics and Space Administration,
The Multimisaion Modular Spacecraft with its Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland
payload can either be returned from space or ser- 20771 ; telel:)hone (301) 344-591 3, FTS 344-5,_13.
viced on orbit by the Space Shuttle. This represents
a major cost-saving potential. In instances where on-
orbit repair or refurbishment is not desired, the MMS MMS systems and capabilities
can be retrieved by the Space Shuttle, returned to
Earth for refurbishment or upgrading, and relaunched. The basic MMS consists of two major structural
The first MMS with a solar maximum mission assemblies and three major subsystem modules. The
(SMM) payload was successfully launched from the module support structure interfaces with the transi-
Eastern Test Range (ERR) on February 14, 1980. tion adapter and is the central core structure of the
SMM retrieval and servicing demonstration is ten- MMS. It carries all structural loads imposed by, and
tatively planned to occur some 3 years from launch. all structural and functlonal interfaces with, the
For STS launches, the flight support system (FSS) modules. In addition, when the MMS is launched on

that carries the MMS in the Orbiter cargo bay also expendable vetlicles, the module support structure
carries all launch loads.
Either a circular or a triangular transition adapter.
providing a standard payload interface to the MMS,
provides the interface to the Space Shuttle Orbiter
(through appropriate Supporting hardware). The
module support structure grapple provides the cap-
ture point interface to the Shuttle remote manipulator
system for retrieval and on-orl_it servicing of the
spacecraft and instrument payload.
The three major subsystem modules, each having
a standard range of performance capabilities, pro-
vide communications and data handling, power, and
attitude control services (table 2-9). Optional pro-
pulsion modules are available and a variety of mis-
sion-specific subsystem elements can be added to
tailor the capabilities o; ,;e MMS to the user's re-
quirements. Examples include tape recorders.
general processing system equipment, additional
memory in the command and data-handling module,
or additional batteries in the power module. Addi-
tional requirements such as low- and high-gain an-
Figure 2.33.m Typical Multlmlsalon Modular SDacecraft tenna systems and solar arrays, also considered mis-
mission configurations. sion-specific, must be supplied by the user.

2-49
 Table 2-9.--MMS capabilities

General capabilities

Payload weight ..................................... For Shuttle launches, in excese of 10 000 Ib (4536 kg)
limited by payload configuration
Orbital capability .................................... Low-Earth, 270 to 864 n. mi. (500 to 1600 kin), at any
inclination, and geosynchronous
Life expectancy/redundarmy ......................... Minimum life expectancy, 2 yr. The MMS is designed to have no
single-point failure that will prevent re=upply or retrieval by
Shuttle.

Subsystem performance capabilities

Communications and data handling subsystem

Transponder ....................................... S-band. STDNa/TDRSS, transponder out_ut power at antenna
port 0.8, 2.0, 4.0 W, prelaunch selectable
Command rates .................................... 2 kbps, baseline; 125 to 1 kilos, selectable
Telemetry rates .................................... 1,2, 4, 8, 16, 32, or 64 kbos
Telemetry formats .................................. 2 selectable prior to launch, plus in-orbit programmable
capability; all formats contain 692 data woKLs maximum
Onboard computer ................................. 18 bits per word, 32 O00 words o! memory, baseline;
expandable to 84 000 words; 4.4-/.¢s add time

Payload accommodation
Maximum remote interfeoe units (RILl) _ RIU
expanders for experiments ........................ 27 units plus 3 expanders per RIU
Commend capability I_er RIU ........................ Eight 16-bit serial magnitude, 62 discrete relay drivers
Telemetry caDabtUty per RIU or RIU
expanaer ........................................ 64 inputs; all usable for analog/discrete bilevel; 16 usable
for serial digital, 8 bits each

Attitude control subsystem

Type .............................................. 3-axis, zero momentum
Attitude reference (without payload sensor) .......... Stellar (inertial)
Pointing accuracy (one sigma)
Without payload sensor ........................... < 0.01"
With payload sensor (ideal) ....................... <0.00001" (direct analog signal processing)
< 0.0001" (signal processing via computer)
Pointing stability (one sigma)
Average rate ...................................... < 0,000001 deg/s
Jittar
Without payload sensor ........................... < 0.0006" (20 min)
With payload sensor (ideal) ....................... < 0.000001" (direct snalog signal processing)
<0.00001" (signal procesling via computer)
Slewrate .......................................... DeOendent on spacecraft inertia

'Space Flight Tracking and Data Network.

2-50
 Table 2-9.--Concluded

Subsystem performance capabilities - Concluded

Power subsystem
Regulation of load bus .............................. + 28 = 7 V dc
Bus noise and ripple ................................ < 1.5 V peak-to-_oeak (1 to 20 MHz)
Load bus source impedance ........................ < 0.1 ohm (dc to I kHz)
< 0.15 ohm (1 kHz to 20 kHz)
< 0.30 ohm (20 kHz to 100 kHz)
Typical load switching transients .................... < =5 V to steady state
Fault mode transients ............................... Down to 0 V or up to 40 V for 500 ms
Batteries .......................................... Two 20-Ah batteries, baseline; up to three 50-Ah batteries,
maximum

Power capabilities ................................. 1200 W average; 3000 W peak (allowable for 10 rain,
once par orDit. Say or night)
850 W available to user without propulsion module
800 W available to user with propulsion module
Module temperature range .......................... Electronics: 0 to 40" C (273 to 313 K)
Batteries: 0 to 25" C (273 to 298 K)

Propulsion subsystem
Propellant ......................................... Hydrazine (MIL-P-26536C. Amendment 1)
Propellant load
PM-I............................................ 187 Ib (75.8 kg)
PM-IA ........................................... 510 Ib (231.4 k9)
Pressurent ........................................ Gaseous nitrogen
Thrusters .......................................... 12 at 0.2 lbf (0.9 N); 4 at 5 Ibf (22.24 N)
System operating mode ............................. 3 to 1 blowdown
Design operating pressure .......................... 300 psie (2068 kN/m 2)
Design burst pressure .............................. 1200 osle (8274 kN/m 2)
Thermal control .................................... Active and passive
Operating temperature range ........................ 10" to 60" C (283 to 333 K)

2-51
Flight support system If the mission requires erection out of the cargo
bay at a predetermined position relative to the Or-
Both for transport to orbit and for on-orbit servic- biter, the payload positioning platform is added to the
ing and retrieval, the MMS is structurally and func- retention cradle. For deployment, the MMS i$ erected
tionally supported in the Orbiter cargo bay by the by the platform to s vertical position. It is grappled by
FSS (fig. 2-34). This system consists of two major the RMS, released from the positioning platform,
subsystems: the retention cradles and the payload deployed by the RMS, and released. For retrieval,
positioning platform with support avionics, Each of these operations are reversed. After the Shuttle es-
the two major elements can be operated indepen- tablishes rendezvous and stationkeeping with a free-
dently or used collectively as a unified system, de- flying MMS, the RMS grapples the spacecraft and
pending on the specific mission requirements. berths it onto the erected positioning platform. If the
During Shuttle launch and landing, the MMS is car- MMS is to be returned to Earth, it is lowered into the
ried in the retention cradle, which provides mechani- retention cradle.
cal interfaces to the MMS transition adapter (through For a servicing mission, the payload positioning
which launch and landing loads are transmitted). The platform, module servicing tool, end some form of
retention cradle and the RMS may be the cnly ele- module storage rack are required. Replacement
ments necessary for a launch or retrieval mission. modules are carried in the module storage rack. After

Figure 2-34.-- Structural assemblies of the bask: fllgttt aUplx)rt system, mounted in the Orbiter cargo bay with imier
maximum mission shown as s typical payload.

2-52
the MMS is captured and berthed, the primary servic- of three trunnions (mounted on the MMS transition
ing mode is by manual EVA with an astronaut on a adapter), each locked in place by a remotely oper-
rnanned remote work station using the module ser- ated collet-style latch mechanism. These latches
vicing tool. The backup mode is to use the module and their supporting structure can be located for-
servicing tool attached to the RMS in s remotely ward and aft or up and down the side wall structure of
operated automated approach. After the servicing the retention cradle. The ability to place these
operation is completed and systems are checked latches almost anywhere in the retention cradle is a
out, the MMS is again deployed using the RMS. key feature in providing payload accommodation
The baseline envelope requirement for the reten- versatility.
tion cradle i8 the support of one MMS; however, with This pegboard ¢oproach is also applied to the
development of a swing-away latch beam, two MMS's payload positioning platform. Depending on the
can be accommodated in an over-and-under orienta- specific mission, the 1olatform can be hinged from
tion. Other spacecraft configurations or s comple- three positions in the cradle in order to achieve the
ment of mixed spacecraft can be accommodated by desired swing trajectory and erection position. In ad-
the development of interface hardware that satisfies dition to positional versatility, the Payload position-
the unique spacecraft requirements on one sicle and ing platform can be modified to accommocJate
adapts to standardized support system fittings on the various payload adapters ranging from standoff posts
other side. and conventional conical structures to spin tables
The spacecraft is structurally attached with a set and spring separation systems.

2-53
AN OVERVIEW

User payloads receive final checkout, cargo in- will be assigned early in the planning program and
tegration, interface verification, and launch prepara- will be the primary interface with the user.
tion at the launch site. Standard facilities and ser- Payloads scheduled for standard carriers such as
vices are available and are allocated on the basis of the Long Duration Exposure Facility will be integra-
user requirements. Special facilities or services re- ted into the carrier and its ground operations by the
quired for a specific payload must be provided or organization responsible for that carrier.
funded by the user. A brief explanation of the overall STS ground flow
This section is intended to provide the user with a at the outset will help users understand how their
general understanding of the scope of operations at own payloads fit into the pattern (fig. 3-1). Opera-
the launch site. Facilities and ground flow at the Ken- tions involving payloads and standard STS elements
nedy Space Center as well as those unique to the are described more fully under separate headings.
Vandenberg Launch Site (VLS) are described. The Shuttle ground operations at KSC begin when
The user's responsibilities in support of launch the Orbiter lands. Some payload time-critical items
site operations are defined through the standard in- that can be removed through the Orbiter cabin may
terfaces and documentation sequences summarized be removed at this time; for all other payloads, serv-
here. The basic 0ocument is the KSC Launch Site ices such as purging and grouncl power are initiated.
Accommodations Handbook for STS Payloads (K- The Orbiter is then towed to the Orbiter Process-
STSM-14.1 ). A launch site support manager (LSSM) ing Facility (OPF), where payloads are removed.

INCOMING SPACELAB _ _ HORIZONTAL CARGO

PALLETS W _'_ ,_, INTEGRATION
_ (OPERATIONS AND CHECKOUT
INCOMING PAYLOADS AND _ _ __
UPPER STAGES - _------'._7,_

J _ _ SPACELAB AND HORIZONTAL

/ _ CARGO MATE TO ORBITER (OPF)

AUTOMATED PAYLOADS PROCESSING "_'-_1--- "'_

(HANGARS AO, AM, AE, AND S, - _.
DELTA SPIN TEST FACILITY.
EXPLOSIVE SAFE AREA 60)
SOLID MOTOR ASSEMBLY BUILDING

I_ PREPARATION
FOR LAUNCH
(VAB
VERTICAL ANO
ORBITER:MATE
TO
CARGO
LAUNCH PAD}

VERTICAL CARGO INTEGRATION

(VERTICAL PROCESSING FACILITY)

Figure 3-1 .-- Typical payload ground flow at the launch site.

3--1
Maintenance
and checkout of the Orbiter for its next tank and solid rocket boosters. The Shuttle vehicle is
flight are done st the OPF, while certain subsystems then transferred to the launch Dad on the mobile
may be removed and serviced elsewhere. launcher platform.
Meanwhile, new or refurbished payloads are as- Those payloads that require vertical installation in
sembled and tested elsewhere st the launch site. the Orbiter alter it has been rotated to a vertical posi-
Payloads that are installed horizontally are brought tion are brought to the launch Dad (in the payload
to the OPF (in an environmentally controlled payload canister) ready for installation and are put into the
canister) and put into the Orbiter. The Spacelab, Orbiter by use of the rotating service structure
already integrated with its experiments, is instsiled in (RSS). For example, an uDDer stage/sDscecraft
the OPF. cargo is mounted in the Orbiter at this time.
The Orbiter is towed to the Vehicle Assembly After all necessary procedures and verifications
Building (VAB) (fig. 3-2), where it is hoisted and ro- are comDleted---_nvolving both the Shuttle and the
tated to a vertical position for mating to the external cargo--the countdown for launch begins.

Flgul_ 3-2.-- Shuttk) tending facility at K$C; the Veht©ie Amm_Dly Building is shown at the to1) right.

3--2
KSC OPERATIONS

Payload transportation a Shuttle interface verification test, using the cargo

integration test equipment, before the mating of
Payloads can be transported to the launch site by cargo and Orbiter. This test is critical to the overall
any means acceptable to the user. The launch site is operation because Shuttle on-line operations
capable of receiving payloads shipped overland or assume compatibility between the cargo and the
by air or water. One method of overland shipment that Shuttle system.
has been acceptable to spacecraft programs is by a Customized STS/payload time lines, negotiated
commercial air-ride van provided with environmental through the LSSM, will be part of the launch site sup-
control. Also, KSC operates the Payload Environ- port plan for a particular payload.
mental Transportation System (PETS) on behalf of
NASA and STS users. PETS has the capability to pro- Mating of payload with ST$
vide environmental protection for payloads during Those operations required to prepare the Orbiter
KSC highway transportation and can be adapted to for payload installation are performed in parallel with
support various payload containers. Orbiter systems checkout whenever possible. These
payload-related operations include installation of
any payload accommodations modification kits

Payload processing assigned for the flight. Then payloads/STS opera-

tions can begin.
Before mating with STS Payload operations involving the Shuttle begin
Processing of a payload at the launch site can with the actual payload installation, either at the OPF

usually be divided into two distinct phases: those ac- or at the launch pad (using the RSS).
tivities performed before the payload is mated with Payloads installed horizontally are transported to
an STS element and those activities involving one or the OPF in the payload canister, which is environ-
more of the STS elements (Shuttle vehicle, Spacelab, mentally controlled. They are hoisted into the cargo

upper stage). bay and secured. Interfaces are connected and

The typical operations that must be performed to verified. Then an Orbiter integrated test is conducted
ready a payload for launch on a Shuttle vehicle will to complete the verification of interfaces between

vary according to the complexity of the payload, the the payload and Orbiter. This test includes validation
technical disciplines involved, and the level of test- of payload data through Orbiter data systems, if ap-
ing already done before the payload arrives at the plicable.
launch site. Prior to moving the Orbiter to the VAB (fig. 3-3),
Because of the turnaround time constraint for pre- Orbiter power and purge capability is removed. The
paring Si0ace Shuttle OrPiters for launch, integration purge will not be available for approximately 35
of payloads with the Orbiter will be limited to man- hours. Power will not be available for the payload

datory tasks. A payload element should be delivered from the Orbiter during a 42-hour period after leaving
to the launch site in as near flight-ready condition as the OPF until power is connected on the mobile
is practical. Typical prelaunch operations include launcher platform. There will also be a period of 21

receiving, assembling, checking out, propellant hours from ordnance connection through transfers to

servicing, and preparing for integration with other the pad when Orbiter power will be off.
payload elements. Preparation and testing will not At the VAB, the Orbiter is hoisted to a vertical

follow a fixed plan for all payloads. position, transferred to an integration cell, and
The launch site activity plans must be established lowered and mated to the extemat tank and solid
before arriv-' of a specific payload at the site to rocket boosters. After the Orbiter aft umbilicals have
assure satisfactory completion of all flight-readiness been connected, a Shuttle interface test is con-
preparations, including integration into a total cargo. ducted to verify vehicle/facility interface com-
The schedule will identify all major tests, all hazard- patibility and readiness.
ous (systems) operations, interface verification, and No payload activities will be performed in the
all operations that require launch site services. VAB. Electrical power will not be available for
Individual payloads will be integrated into a single payloads from the Orbiter during tow to the VAB, Or-
cargo before mating and checkout with the Orbiter. biter erection in the VAB, and transfer to the launch
The integration testing of the total cargo will include pad.

3-3
 Theintegrated
Shuttle
vehicleistransferred tothe dling mechanism (PGHM). Environmental control is
launch
padonthemobilelauncher p|atform. The vehi- maintained during the installation, and the Orbiter-to-
cle and platform are mated to the pad and the inter- payload interfaces are verified.
faces are verified. A launch-readiness test verifies the integrity of
Payloads that require vertical installations are the pad/Shuttle/payload system interfaces for
moved to the launch pad in the payload canister and launch. Hypergolic, fuel ceil cryogenic, and
installed in the RSS prior to Orbiter arrival. After Or- pneumatic systems are serviced, and countdown
biter arrival at the launch pad, the RSS is rotated into preparations are performed. Final countdown begins,
position next to the Orbiter and the payloads are in- the Shuttle cryogenic propellants are loaded, and the
stalled in the Orbiter bay by the payload ground han- flightcrew boards.

Figure 3-3.-- Vehicle AsSemOly BullcUnl with adJar,4mt Orbiter Processing Facility.

3--4
 by making maximum use of Spacelab flight systems
Spacelab ground flow
and ground-support equipment. Instrumentation
The major user responsibility in the ground proc- system ca)abilities and sensors required to support
essing flow of Spscelab is ensuring that the payload ground test equipment must, if practical, be included
elements function properly. in the flight experiment to minimize requirements for
The Spacelab ground operations concept is mis- ground-support equipment. Ground-support equip-
sion independent and is applicable to all payloads. ment provided by the experimenter will be operated
Experiment activities that occur before the experi- by the experimenter's personnel and will be
ment end-item is mated to the Spacelab support scheduled and observed by the STS Spacelab proc-
systems or simulators are not affected by these essing team.
processing operations. Access to the _pacelab exterior after it is in-
NASA must perform the hands-on portion of the in- stalled in the Orbiter is through the cargo bay until
tegration (and de-integration) at KSC for missions the cargo bay doors are closed (fig. 3-4). While the
using NASA-provided Spacelab hardware, unless .Orbiter is still horizontal, limited internal access to
special expertise is required. In that event, the user the Spacetab pressurized module is available
can assist the NASA test ;.earn. through [he OrOiter cabin. At ti_e padiRSS where ;.he
Unique ground-support equipment and test and Orbiter is in a vertical position, contingency access
servicing equipment must be provided by the user. to both the interior and exterior is through the Orbiter
This type of equipment should be held to a minimum cargo bay.

Figure 3-4.-- Spaceklb being installed in the Orbiter In the Orbiter Processing Facility.

3--5
Upper stages ground flow A PAM-A will be moved into the high bay following
cleaning in the airlock. The environmental cover will
Initial preparation of the upper stages is ac- be removed, and the PAM-A will be rotated in its
complished separately fTom their payloads (fig. 3-5). ground handling frame, inspected, and hoisted into
The uDDer stages consist of the inertial uDDer stage the VPHD. An IUS will be moved into the high bay
and the payload assist module. following cleaning in the airlock. The container lid
and the inner cover will be removed, and the IUS will
Inertial upper stage then be hoisted into the VPHD. The Atlas class (PAM-
Buildup of the IUS takes piece in the Solid Motor A) payloads and tP,e IUS payloads will be moved into

Assembly Building (SMAB) located at the Cape the high bay following cleaning in the airlock. Their
Canaveral Air Force Station. Receiving, assembling, transportation covers/containers will be removed,
and testing operations are conducted in the SMAB. and the payloads will be hoisted into the VPHD for
The IUS reaction control system is sent to the Ex- mating with their respective upper stages. Access
plosive Safe Area 60A Propellant Laboratory for squil_nent, filler Dlatss, elevating platforms, and STS
loading and pressurizing and is returned to the SMAB user-provided ground-support equipment will be in-
for installation. Upon completion of IUS buildup and stalled to facilitate access, inspection, and testing of
testing (with reaction control tanks installed), the IUS the cargo elements.
is moved to the Vertical Processing Facility (VPF) for Prior to tests involving the entire cargo, payloads
mating with its payload and other cargo integration and upper stages may conduct stand-atone health
operations. and status tests using portable test equipment or via
remote ground stations. Also, before connection to
Payload assist module the cargo integration test equipment (CITE), Dower
circuit tests will be conducted and a visual inabec-
Payload assist modules are of two sizes: a PAM-A
tion will be made on all interface connectors. Follow-
designed for Atlas-Centaur class payloads and a
ing interlace connector mating, a series of interface
PAM-D designed for Delta class payloads. The com-
verification tests will be conducted using the CITE,
ponents for these stages, including their mounting
which simulates the Orbiter interfaces. These tests
cradles, are assembled in the Delta Spin Test
will include the following:
Facility. Payloads requiring a PAM-D are mated to the
PAM-D at the Delta Spin Test Facility, and the com-
• Power tum-on, health and status checks
bination is then transported to the VPF for integration
with other cargo elements. Payloads requiring a • Power control from a remote ground station
PAM-A are transported to the VPF independently and or from a simulated Orbiter power control
mated to the PAM-A before integration with other panel
cargo elements.
• Standard switch panel functional tests

Cargo integration at VPF • Tilt table and latch release tests

Upon arrival of payloads and uDDer stages at the
• Con_uter/sequence control interface tests
VPF, their transporters, environmental covers or con-
tainers, and hoisting equipment will undergo cleaning • Communications/data interface testa
operations in the airlock.
• Spacecraft command and monitor checks
Processing of UDDer stages and payloads within
the VPF will vary depending on the type of upper • Mission simulation test
stage involved. A Delta class spacecraft mated with
• End-to-end tests if required
its PAM-D will be moved into the high bay where the
environmental cover will be removed. The PAM- • Ordnance systems test
D/payload combination will be visually inspected
and then hoisted into the vertical payload handling
device (VPHD).

3-6
 INCOMING

T
CARGO TRANSPORTATION PAM-D
VIA PAYLOAD CANISTER/ PAYLOADS
TRANSPORTER

IUS AND PAM-A

PAYLOADS

•
PAYLOAD PROCESSING FACILITIES
(HANGAR AO, AM, AE, AND S)

LAUNCH PAD INSTALLATION VIA

ROTATING SERVICE STRUCTURE INCOMING PAYLOADS

Figure 3-5.m Typical ground ol_ratlons involving ui_:er stages, from arrival at KSC through launch.

3--7
 Following completion of testing using the CITE. canister/RSS interface permits both the canister and
cargo closeout activities will be accomplished. RSS doors to be opened while maintaining the en-
These activities are as follows: vironment in the RSS and the canister. The PGHM lo-
cated inside the RSS then moves toward the open
• Disconnection of ground support equipment canister to remove the entire cargo. The cargo is
and CITE raised from the canister support points, removed
from the canister, and translated into the RSS by
• Removal of test batteries
moving the PGHM along its ovemesd rail support to
• Preparations tot transportation the rear of the RSS. Here the payloads receive final
preparation for installation into the Orbiter. Mean-
• Visual inspections
while, the payload canister has been removed,
• Access test removal lowered onto the transporter, and moved out of the
launch pad area.
• Removal of flight kits, including payload Afler arrival of the Orbiter at the launch pad, the
station consoles, and transportation to the RSS is rotated to interface with the Orbiter (fig. 3-6).
OPF for installation into the Orbiter The inflatable seals are again activated, and both the
RSS and the Orbiter payload bay doors are opened.
In preparation for the movement of the cargo to the The PGHM is moved toward the Orbiter to insert the
RSS, the payload canister and transporter will be entire cargo into the cargo bay. The vertical and
moved into the airlock for cleaning and then into the horizontal adjustment features of the PGHM are used
high bay. The VPF elevating platforms will be moved to aline the cargo trunnions to the Orbiter payload at-
to the top of the workstand, the canister and tachment points on the Iongeron bridges. The cargo
transporter will be positioned in front of the VPHD, is then lowered and fastened into place. The PGHM
and the entire cargo will be transferred into the and payload-unique access equipment are placed
canister, Those payloads requiring specific services into position as required.
(instrumentation, fluids, gases, and electrical power) The cargo is mechanically and electrically con-
will be connected to the canister-supporting sub- nected to the Orbiter and all interfaces are verified.
systems. The canister subsystems will be verified, Cargo-to-Orbiter interfaces, previously checked off-
and any unique access gear will be removed. The line with the CITE, are again verified. The scheduled
VPHD will then be retracted and the canister moved
Orbiter and/or cargo integrated tests are completed
clear of the workatand. The canister doors will be
and access equipment is removed. The PGHM plat-
closed, and the environmental control subsystem will forms are retracted and the PGHM's are moved away
be activated. The canister is then moved through the from the Orbiter. The Orbiter cargo bay doors are
airlock and out to the Launch pad. closed, the RSS is rotated back to its park position,
and the countdown process is begun.
Upper-stage launch pad operations
Operations at the launch pad involve positioning,
hoisting, and meting of the payload canister to the
RSS. After mating, an inflatable seal at the

3-8
 ELEVATOR---._ _ _CANISTER

EMERGENCY
EGRESS
STAI RS
._ -

4
USELAGE
v _ ...... ACCESS
MONORAI L
HOIST

\
Figure 3-6.m Rotating service structure in the position for payload transfer into the Orbiter. No Sl)m:e Shuttle is on the
launch pad so aU etruGtures can be seen. The inset shows • cutaway canister in the RSS.

3-9
 In the event of an Orbiter landing at the secondary
Postflight .andling
site or at a contingency site, the launch site will be
Postflight payload ground operations begin after responsible for coordinating the dispatch of
touchdown and rollout of the Orbiter on the runway. resources required for payload removal operations.
Cargo bay purge is initiated, and the flightcrew The secondary site will have basic support equip-
leaves and is replaced with a ground crew. Only ment available for the Orbiter and for payload
payload items that have been stowed in the Orbiter removal. A contingency landing site will not have any
cabin middeck can be removed at this time. The Or- special payload equipment availal0te; only equipment
biter is towed to the OPF where Orbiter and cargo for crew survival and Orbiter towing is planned to be
sating operations are accomplished. After sating and immediately available.
deservicing, the cargo bey doors are opened and air- After payloads are removed, in either instance,
borne flight equipment or returned payloads are they must be prepared for transport by the user to
removed. Removed payloads ere normally returned either the launch site or a site selected by the users
to either the Operations and Checkout (O&C) Build- for normal postlanding or turnaround activities.
ing or the VPF for de-integration and return to STS If payload removat is not required at a secondary
users. contingency site, the ;_ayload will remain inside the
_n the OPF, maintenance and checkout of the Or- Orbiter for return to the taunch site.
biter begins to prepare it for prelaunch operations.

3-10
KSC FACILITIES AND SERVICES

Buildings and test areas Various specialized facilities are intended pri-
marily for processing of payloads before they are
The payload assembly and test areas, launch mated to the STS. Others are primarily for processing
complexes, and other specialized facilities will be STS elements (Orbiter, Spacelab, uC)per stages) or
used for payloads during preleunch preparations (fig. for payload integration and simulated Orbiter inter-
3-7). The user can obtain detailed information about face verification. Both categories are summarized in
the facilities required from the launch site support tables 3-1 to 3-3.
manager, The LSSM will ensure that appropriate
facilities are assigned to meet individual needs.

ORRIllR

_UNCH 1t
COM_.EX 38

COMPLEX 40

BANANA RIVER

HANGAR

P
CENTAtJR I.AUNCH
COMPLEX

j)
SAEF - SPACECRAFT A,SSI[MBLY ANO
ENCJM_ULATiON FACILITY

Figure 3.7.-- Kencmcly Space Center,

3--11
 Table 3-1 .--STS processing facilities

Facility Location Primary uses Other uses

O&C Building KSC industrial Area Spacelab refurbishment Special-purpose laboratories

Spacelab processing Office space
Horizontal cargo integration
Sgacelab payload integration

VPF KSC Industrial Area Vertical cargo integration

OPF Launch Comolex Orbiter refurbishment

39 area Payload installation and
interface verification

VAB Launch Complex Shuttle assembly Office space

39 area

Launch pad Launch Complex Shuttle launch

39 area Payload installation and
interface verification

Table 3-2.--Payload processing facilities

Facility Location Primary uses Other uses

Hangar S Cape Canaveral S_acecreft oroceesing Ground station area

Air Force Station Office =koace

Hangar AE Cat0e Canaveral Spacecraft processing Ground station area

Air Force Station Office space

Hangar AM Cape Canaveral Spacecraft processing Ground station area

Air Force Station Office space

Hangar AO Cape Canaveral Spacecraft processing Ground station area

Air Force Station Office space

Hangar L Cape Canaveral Off-line processing of non- Synchronous ground

Air Force Station human life sciences experi- controls
ments Vivarium

Explosive Safe Cape Canaveral Spacecraft hazardous Ordnance operations

Area 60A Air Force Station systems processing
Propellant
Laboratory IUS RCS

Spececraft Ordnance operations Propellant pressurization

AseemOly Building Payload fueling operations
Encapsulation activity

Delta Spin Test Cape Canaveral Spacecraft hazardous Spin balancing

Facility Air Force Station systems processing

3--12
 Table 3-3.-- Facility environments ==

Location Teml3erature, Humidity, Clean room,

• F (K) I_ercent class"

Hangar S
Clean rooms 72±3(295±1.7) 45 ¢5 10OOOO
Systems test area 76 ¢ 3 (297.6 ¢ 1.7) 50=5

Hangar AO
High bay 75 ¢ 2(297 ± 1.1) 45 ¢5 1OOOOO

Hangar AE
Clean room 72 ± 3 (295 ± 1.7) 45±5 10 00O

Hangar AM
High bay 75 : 3 (297 ± 1.7) 45±5 Clean work areas

Hangar L 75 __. 3 (297 = 1.7) 50±5 1 O0 000

ExDIoaive Safe Area 6OA

SPacecraft AssemDly Building 73 to 95 ± 3 50±5 1OOOO0
(296 to 308 ± 1.7)

Prol_ellant laboratory 73±3(296± 1.7) 50__.5 1 O0 000

Instrument laboratory 76 ¢ 3 (297.6 ± 1.7) 50¢5

Delta Spin Test Facility 75 -*- 5 (297 -,- 2.8) 50¢5 Clean work areas

O&C Building 75 ± 2(297 = 1.1) 60 percent max. t 00 000

VPF
Airlock and high bay 75_3(297 ± 1.7) 45 ¢5 Clean work areas

SAEF-2
Airlock, high and low bay 75±3(297±1.7) 45 ±5 1OOOOO

VAB Not controlleO Not controlled Not controlled

OPF high bay 75±3(297 ± 1.7) 50 (max.) 10O Ode (inlet)

Launch pad Not controlled Not controlled Not controlled

Rotating service structure 70 = 5 (294 = 2.8) 30 to 50 5000 (inlet)

' SAIl figures regresent design specifications; in some facilities, actual conditions could vaw because
of ambient conditions and the nature of the oloeratlons being conducted.
°Federal Standard 209B, ADri124, 1974, Clean Room and Work Station Requirements for Controlled
Environments.

3--13
Cargo support equipment devices, and rings. It is adjustable to accommodate
varying lengths and shifting centers of gravity of
A variety of equipment is used at the launch site to payloads up to the maximum for an Orbiter payload.
handle Orbiter cargoes. This equipment is used to The strongbsck will interface with the payload so
handle and transport entire Orbiter cargoes during that it will not interfere with engagement and load
on-line STS processing; i.e.. between the O&C Build- transference to attachment/retention points. It will
ing and the OPF or between the VPF and the RSS. not induce any bending or twisting loads on any
Unique payload ground-support equipment must be payload element.
provided by the user and should be identified, con-
trolled, and funded by the user. Facility interfaces to Payload canister
payload-unique equipment should be planned with The canister (fig. 3-10) is equal in size and con-
the LSSM.
figuration to the Orbiter cargo bay, including similar
doors on the top. Service panels, tledowns, and lift
Payload-handling equipment points are also part of the canister to allow rotation
Those items in the basic hardware inventory for of the container. Specisl platforms for personnel ac-
payload handling that will be needed by most users cess to the open canister can also be used. This
include payload-handling fixtures (strongbacks), equipment consists of a bridge-type structure that
payload canisters, and canister transporters. spans the canister and has walkwsys along each
sicle of it. The bridge can be raised or lowered; at
Strongbeck maximum elevation, it clears the payload envelope.
The strongback (figs. 3-8 and 3-9) is a rigid lrame
device consisting of beams, cables, attachment hook

HYORASET

ATTACH
MECHANISMS

COUNTERWEIGHT MECHANISM

Figure 3-8.m Horizontal hllndllng fixture (strongback) for payloads.

3-14
 Figure 3-9.-- Strongback in use for horizontal Installation of Spaceteb.

,--PERSONNEL
ACCESS

ANISTER

_C C_ NIS rERJ

NOTE: ACCESS DOOR

ACCESS TO PERSONNEL DOORS
PERSONNEL J
WILL BE 8Y KSC-PROVlDED
PORTABLE GSE TRANSPORTER

Figure 3-10.-- Payload caniltef shown mounted on its transport.

3--15
 Canister transporter tally processed cargoes. Vertical I)rocessing is done
The transporter is capable of moving a fully on the CITE in the VPF.
loaded canister. Its suspension system helps to Included in this equipment are structural assembly
minimize shock and vibration. stands, mechanical clearance and fit gages, electri-
cal wiring, thermal-conditioning items, electronic
Cargo integration test equipment test sets, anti rediofrequency transmission equii)-
The cargo integration test equipment (figs. 3-11 ment adapters. The CITE satisfies the STS require-
and 3-12) has the capability to verify interfaces off- ment to perform final assembly and integrated testing
line, including payload-to-payload and cargo-to- of cargo before it is mated to the Shuttle. It may also
Orbiter mechanical and functional interfaces. The be used to satisfy the payload interface verification
CITE in the gAG Building can accommodate horizon- requirements.

Xo 1307 - FLUID/GAS
ELECTRICAL PAYLOAD
INTERFACE PANELS
PANEl

PAY LOAD PANE LS

PORT AND STARROARD

PAYLOAD SUPPORT FITTINGS

! TRAY

JMIIILICAL
PANEL

FORWARD
BULKHEAD

[XaSTS)

PAY LOAD SPECIALIST

STATION (PPSI
CONSOLE STRUCTURE
ENVIRONMENTAL
CONTROL SYSTEM
(ECSI SPIGOTS

CONTOUR RIB
ORBITER
SIMULATIONS

PAYLOAD POWER PANEL

MISSION SPECIALIST
Sl

ON-ORBIT CONSOLE

Figure 3-1 1.-- Layout of r,argo integration test equipment for horizontal cargo.

3-16
 MISSION
STATION

FIXED RAIL

LONGERON

CABLE TRAY

XORmTER STATION _
o 1307 RULKHEAO
PLATFORM

Figure 3-12.-- Layout of cargo Int_lrition test equipment for vertical cargo.

3--17
Services Complete technical services are available to
satisfy reasonable requirements of users. However,
In addition to the equipment, both technical and these are not intended to supplement work that
administrative support services are available to fit should have been performed in the user's home plant.
the needs of users. Administrative support includes If support services other than those that are standard
office space, communications and transportation must be reactivated for a user, negotiated cost and
facilities, equipment, and tools. Technical support for schedules must be considered.
payload processing includes clean rooms, test
equipment, propellants, ordnance testing and
storage, chemical analysis, shops, and Isboratoriea.

3-18
KSC MANAGEMENT

Interfaces KSC, the cargo operations payload engineer will

become the user's host. He will become acquainted
Standard payload interfaces and services re- with the user's organization and will work with that
quired at the launch site will be made available to all organization in defining launch site operations. Initial
users, but the users will retain primary responsibility emphasis will be on long-lead items, conditions that
for performance and off-llne processing of their might affect payload design, and resolution of prob-
payloads (fig. 3-13). To fulfill this host concept, the lems that pose potential difficulties. Any new
launch site staff must schedule and integrate facil- capabilities required must be evaluated for cost and
ittes, support equipment, services, and personnel. schedule effects. Even if payload processing re-
Planning launch site support for payloads will quirements are incomplete, they should be submitted
begin with the initial contact between the user and at the earliest possible date to allow ample time for
the designated LSSM. The LSSM will be assigned evaluation, planning, and integration into the STS
early in the program to lead the planning effort. When processing.
the planning is complete and the hardware arrives at

/t/_'UNCH SITE SUPPORT MANAGER_

_, AND SUPPORT TEAM j_

I
I
PAYLOAD LAUNCH SITE [ LAUNCH SITE
I PAYLOAD REQUIREMENTS
DOCUMENTS SUPPORT PLAN
FLOW PLAN
TYPICAL FLOWS FACILITIES FLOW PLAN
FACILITY CAPABILITY SUPPORT SERVICES FACILITY USE
SUPPORT CONSIDERATIONS SUPPORT EQUIPMENT USE
SUPPORT EQUIPMENT CAPABILITY SAFETY ASSESSMENT
SUPPORT SERVICES

USER

Figure 3-13.-- User's involvement In planning launch site ol=erations with the LSaM for • si_ctfic: payload prior to hard-
ware arrival at KSC.

3-19
Responsibilities After hardware arrival at KSC, the launch site
organization (cargo operations) will be responsible
During planning, the user, using the KSC Launch for providing assistance to the user for planning in-
Site Accommodations Handbook, has the respon- tegration and checkout of the payload elements with
sibility to: the STS, planning and scheduling facility use and
payload flow, ensuring that sit payload requirements
• Establish specific processing flow are met, and conducting the launch operations. Users
requirements must provide sufficient documentation to define all
requirements for their payloads at the launch site.
• Identity facility services required
For complex payloads (particularly those requir-
• Identity payload-supplied support equipment ing major construction of facilities st the launch site),
required for use st the launch/|anding site planning should begin several years before the
payload is scheduled to arrive at the launch site.
• identity activation/deactivation requirements
Most payloads, however, will require significantly
associated with unique support equipment shorter lead times.

• Ensure reliaPiiity and Quality assurance during The user will retain prime responsibility for off-line
the off-line processing in support of payload operations involving only his hardware. Once in-
readiness tegration with other payloads or STS hardware
begins, the launch site organization will assume
• Prepare procedures for accomplishing overall responsibility but will require detailed inputs
processing before STS mating and data review from the user. Users wiU retain per-

• Input to and review integrated procedures for formance responsibility for their payload and will re-
on-line testing with the STS main involved through the entire on-llne flow as well,

• Perform safety assessment and safety reviews

• Identity test support requirements for payload

involvement in integrated operations

• Provide certification of payload readiness

• Identify allpostflight requirements

• identity proprietary information, it appropriate,

or security designations according to
applicable regulations

• Identify and budget for payload costs to be

incurred at the launch site

3-20
SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS

The safety program at the launch site is intended 4. Cryogenics: Loading, unloading, flow, hookup
to protect personnel and the public from hazards, to or disconnect, movement of loaded storage units, or
prevent damage to property, to avoid accidental repair of a system containing cryogenics.
work interruptions, and to provide data with Which to
5. Hoisting: Any operation involving lifting, load-
evaluate risks and Iou factors. The launch site
ing, or transporting a large or heavy item.
safety program is part of the overall STS safety pro-
gram. 6. Radiation: Any operation involving an ionizing
At KSC, the director of safety, reliability, quality radiation source or radiographic equipment or pro-
assurance, and protective services is responsible ducing more then a specified level of radiofrequency
for safety planning. Safety raqulraments at KSC in- radiation. Authorization at KSC for exposure to ioniz-
clude Department of Defense requirements. Those ing radiation is controlled centrally through the
NASA operations in Air Force areas will be con- Radiation Safety Program. Rules are consistent with
ducted, in accordance with local Air Force safety NASA, Energy Research and Development Adminis-
regulations and within the framework of KSC safety tration, and State of Florida regulations.
standards. Safety surveillance will be coordinated
7. Toxiclcombustible/corrosive materials: Risks
with Air Force representatives.
invblved in the use of toxic, combustible, or cor-
The user is responsible for applying the provi-
sions of the safety program by: rosive liquids, gases, or solids, such as mercury,
acids, or solvents.

* Maintaining surveillance in assigned areas to 8. Pressure: Operations involving the pressuriza-

detect and correct unsafe practices and tion of systems or components in which the first pres-
conditions surization of a vessel exceeds 25 percent of design
burst; in which any pressurization of a vessel con-
• Coordinating with the safety operations office
taining hazardous fluids exceeds 25 percent of
on all matters pertaining to accident
prevention design burst; in which any pressurization of s vessel
exceeds 50 percent of design burst; or in which any
• Submitting the required safety data pressurization of tubing, fittings, and other compo-
nents exceeds 25 I=ercent of design burst.
• Ensuring that employees have and use safety
clothing and equipment during hazardous 9. Electrical: Any operation involving risk
operations because of the nature of the equipment involved.

• Conducting safety reviews 10. Other: Any operation not previously specified
that could endanger personnel or hardware (as ex-
A hazardous operation is one that could result in amples, use of other high-energy sources or work at
damage to property or injury to personnel because it heights).
involves one or more of the following.
The safety operations office at KSC will review
1. Working area and environment: Any environ- hazardous operating procedures. A variance from
ment that deviates from normal atmosphere (in pres- normal safety operations may be issued under cer-
sure, chemical composition, or temperature, for ex- tain circumstances.
ample, and including confinement within a closed
spacecraft) or work in proximity to pressure vessels.

2. Explosive ordnance: Handling, transportation,

installation, removal, closeout, or checkout of ord-
nance devices or an ordnance system.

3. Propellants: Loading, unloading, flow, hookup

or disconnect, movement of loaded storage units, or
opening contaminated systems involving solid, li-
quid, hypergolic, or cryogenic propellants.

3-21
VANDENBERG LAUNCH SITE OPERATIONS

At Vsndenberg Air Force Base, the Department of and the changeout room traverses some 775 feet
Defense will be responsible for the general-pu_ose (235 maters) between the preparation room and the
Shuttle equipment and facilities necessary to per- launch mount. At VLS, the payload may be delivered
form the ground, launch, and lending activities for all to the NASA Payload Preparation Facility (PPF) or the
Space Shuttle operations. NASA KSC will be respon- preparation room for pre-integration tests and
sible for launch site support for all NASA end civilian checkout. Cargo integration and verification are then
payloads before they are mated with the Orbiter, performed in the preparation room by the POD (with
while the U.S. Air Force at VAFB will be responsible NASA participation when NASA-sponsored payloads
for DOD payloads as well as for overall Shuttle are involved). The flight-ready cargo is then trans-
facilities. The VAFB STS facilities are geographically ferred into the changeout room, translated to the Or-
separated into the North Base area and the South biter, end mated for launch.
Base area (fig. 3-14). After the Orbiter lands, sating and deservicing are
Payloads will be installed either at the Orbiter done in the Sating and Deservicing Facility (SDF).
Maintenance and Checkout Facility (OMCF) (in a Returned payloads are removed at the Orbiter Main-
manner identical to that at the OPF) or at the launch tenance and Checkout Facility. Shuttle operations at
pad through the payload preparation room (PPR) or VLS are more fulty described in the Vandenberg STS
the payload changeout room (PCR) (figs. 3-15 and Project Plan, Mission Operations Plan, Volume 1,
3-16). The letter is POD baseline. Vertical installa- Ground Operations (SAMSO-LV-OO20-1) and the
tions will differ slightly from those at KSC in that the NASA/VLS STS Payload/Cargoes Ground Opera-
preparation room is located on the launch complex tions Plan (K-CM-09.1).

3-22
 PURISIMA POINT

NASA
HAZARDOUS
PROCESSING
FACILITY
(HPF)

OCEAN
BEACH

NASA l
FACI LITIES I

CITY OF
LOMPOC, I

CALIFORNIA

POINT
ARGUELLO

Figure 3-14.-- VmNenb(N'g Air Force Base.

3--23
 • CREW EGRESS JJ1-_ _ _ • MIS .....
• GROUND SERVICES /_) • REENTRY AND ..lCk_lWnl • ASCENT TO
• TOW ORBITER //P'_ "_>'* APPROACH ORBIT
TOSOF J .._._J
A,RST. J /
/ / _ _ _. • REMOVE PAYLOAD

/ / ___ :>uP FROM ORBITER

._/ ' _
• SAFE OR
• TOW ORBITER " _ " /4 \ • TRANSPORT
TOO.CF / /" \ ORBITER
. OFFLOAO..LOAD // \TOPAO
• MOVE TO PPF OR PPR / /
• OFFLOAD SPACELAB / / "_
• MOVETOOMCF / / • INSTALLHORIZONTAL
\
• RECEIVING INSPECTION / / CARGO IN ORBITER
• SYSTEM CHECKOUT / / • iNTERFACE VERIFICATION
• EXPERIMENT CHECKOUT / /
,l • FINAL ASSEMBLY / / • HORIZONTAL PAYLOADS I

,OOM. ,;

• ONLO,D,.O __ ._,___i.-_ ,if,-_ _"

TRANSPORT TO KSC • VERTICAL U;'_"_J___)'__ 3 "'" _'- ">
OR USER FACILITY _ PAYLOADS _ll_l_i_L t g r_diI_l_
ToP. ;!'tlJ,,bi_'_
"_ "_'___,'" "" • MATE ORBITER
TO EXTERNAL TANK
• SAFE PAYLOAD • INSTALL
• LAUNCH-READINESS TEST
• PREPARE FOR ORDNANCE • INTEGRATE • INSTALL VERTICAL CARGO
TRANSPORT • PROPELLANT
IN ORBITER
SERVICING CARGO
• INTERFACE VERIFICATION
• ACCESS REMOVAL
• COUNTDOWN AND LAUNCH
PREFLIGHT FLOW AND
FLIGHT

POSTFLIGHT FLOW

Figure 3-18.-- Typical payload flow it VL$.

3--24
 1 PAYLOAD PREPARATION ROOM (PPR) 4 MOBILE SERVICE TOWER
- PAYLOADS TO PPR
5 LAUNCH PAD
2 PAYLOAD CHANGEOUT ROOM
6 LAUNCH CONTROL CENTER
3 ACCESS TOWER
-- SOLID ROCKET BOOSTER FROM SR8 REFURBISHMENT
AND SUBASSEMBLY FACILITY
- EXTERNAL TANK FROM ET PROCESSING AND STORAGE
-- ORBITER FROM ORBITER MAINTENANCE AND
CHECKOUT FACILITY
- FLIGHTCREW FROM FLIGHTCREW ACCOMMODATIONS

Figure 3-16._ Launch pad integrated Ol_rations at VLS.

3-25
FLIGHT PLANNING

Flight planning involves the user st the point when Flight planning includes these four interdependent
payloads mission-planning activities are integrated elements:
with the STS operations planning. The STS opera-
tlons organization is responsible for all STS planning 1. Flight design--detailed trajectory, attitude,
except payload-specific planning, which is done by and pointing planning (among other parameters),
the user. which becomes part of the basic flight profile
The payload requirements are provided by the
2. Crew activity planningmthe analysis and
user in the Payload Integration Plan (PIP) and in the
development of required activities to be performed in
Flight Planning Annex to the PIP. These documents
flight, resulting in a set of crew activity procedures
are essential for integrating the payload mission
and time lines for each flight
planning and STS flight planning activities (fig. 4-1).
The requirements are fundamental to the payload 3. Operations planning---performing those tasks
flight assignment, the STS flight profile design, and that must be done to ensure that vehicle systems and
subsequent crew activity planning. ground-based flight control operations support flight
The time needed for the planning cycle is related objectives
to flight complexity as well as to flight experience.
4, Training preparation--those activities required
The basic objective for STS operations is to achieve
to ensure that the proper resources are available to
a short (16 weeks) detailed planning cycle for simple
train the flightcrew and flight operations support per-
or rel0est-type flights. The first few,times a new type
sonnel to perform their assigned tasks
of flight is planned, a longer planning cycle is re-
quired for developing standardized phases (which
can then be used in planning later similar flights).
Planning of standard flight types and flight phases
has been underway for several years. Longer plan-
ning cycles of individual flights are also needed for
those complex flights involving analysis and
multidiscipline coordination.
Real-time revision of plans (such as consumables
management, updates to procedures, or changes in
crew activities) during a flight is a natural continua-
tion of the preflight planning process.

Figure 4-1 .-- Payload planning documents.

4--1
Flight design to support any necessary consumables loading
parameters and crew activity plans.
The flight design activity encompasses trajectory,
consumables, attitude and pointing, navigation, and
deployment/retrieval planning. To minimize the re-
quirement for unique and detailed planning and
analysis, standardized flights will be used ifthey ere
Crew activity planning
consistent with the specified payload objectives.
A time line plus the necessary procedures and
Also, consumables "envelopes" are utilized to avoid
crew reterence deta to accomplish a given flight are
detailed analyses during early stages of flight plan-
generated from crew activity planning.
ning. The standard planning approach involves sets
During the early planning phase, crew activity
of orbital destinations (inclination, orbital altitude),
planners support the analysis of mission com-
flight phases (launch, on-orbit time line, deploy-
patibility and flight feasibility in relation to crew ac-
ment/retrieval sequences), maneuver sequences
tivities. The crew activity aspect of early planning
(rendezvous, orbital adjustments, deorbtt), and crew
will result in definition of the flight duration end crew
activity blocks. Analysis of electrical, communica-
size and identification of any new technique or pro-
tions, and environmental needs at this stage will lead
cedure requirements.
to such decisions as whether to include various flight
Beginning with support to the CIR about 18
kits on the flight.
months before the flight, a preliminary integrated
Based on the documented payload mission re-
summary crew activity plan is prepared to support an
quirements for a given flight, the flight profile design
assessment of cargo feasibility. Preliminary PIP
will be initiated. The end result of the flight design
Flight Planning Annex information is the basis for
phase is a detailed trajectory and flight profile that
early ST$ planning.
includes such information as maneuver sequences,
Crew activity planners will also support payload
vehicle attitude and pointing, consumables time
crew activity planning. The users are responsible for
tines, communications coverage, and lighting data.
performing the experiment planning, scheduling, and
The flight data system (FDS) was developed for
trade-offs necessary to accomplish the payload
the high flight rate environment to allow a systematic
flight requirements. The STS operations center is
approach to flight design. This approach requires responsible for performing the STS planning and STS
standardization and timely submittal of user inputs,
activity scheduling necessary to support payload
and these are achieved by a controlled user/STS in- activities and to maintain crew and vehicle safety.
teraction through the PIP/annex develobment About 1 year before launch, the payload/STS
process. flight data requirements are baselined. This activity
Modular software and star_lerd flight phases will
serves as a checkpoint to determine which length
be used to assemble the flight trajectory from launch
planning cycle is warranted and it establishes the
to landing. After evaluation and alterations of the following:
flight trajectory have been made, a flight profile will
be produced. The conceptual flight profile will be • STS procedures end reference date
beselined at the time of the cargo integration review
(CIR) and will become the basis for all detailed plan- • STS/payload interface procedures and
ning activities. For complex flights, the CIR will be reference data
scheduled approximately 18 months before flight.
• Payload procedures and reference data
For routine flights, the CIR will be scheduled closer
to flight and standard flight design products will be • Time lines and crew activity plans
utilized.
Occasionally, a change in flight requirements, If new STS procedures are identified in the re-
cargo manifest, or launch schedule may require quirements for STS/psyload interface procedures,
modification of the flight profile. the longer planning cycle is warranted, and develop-
During the period beginning about 16 weeks ment of these procedures will begin and will continue
before the launch, detailed flight design data are until approximately 16 weeks before launch when the
generated to develop an operational flight profile and Preliminary Flight Data File is published.

4-2
 Thesummary STStimeline,whichcontainsthe completed. At approximately 8 weeks, the final STS
crewactivities
fortheSTSflightphases (launch, ren- Flight Data File will be produced by the STS plan-
dezvous, entry,etc.),crewwork/restcycles,and ners. This is the material actually carried onboard
crewpersonal and system-maintenance periods, Is and includes the crew activity plans, procedures,
developed. The summary STS time line, in combine- reference material, and test data needed by the crew
tion with the flight profile, serves as a baseline for ex- for flight execution.
periment planning and scheduling. During this same time frame, the STS operations
The payload time line will be developed by planners will produce the final issues of the command
payload crew activity planners, leading to a summary plan, flight rules, and network and logistics support
payload time line that is consistent with STS con- plan. This will allow the crew and the STS flight con-
straints and schedules and with the scientific ac- troi team (assigned about 8 weeks before launch) to
tivities necessary to accomplish the payload flight begin their flight-specific training and will serve as a
requirements. Some modifications to the STS ac- basis for their preparations.
tivities may be needed to accommodate the payload The majority of STS procedures are standardized;
flight requirements within the planning resources changes required from flight to flight will be primarily
limits, while maintaining STS vehicle and crew safety a result of vehicle configuration changes. The
limits. STS/payload interface procedures, however, are
The STS crew activity planners will combine the candidates for standardization only for rel3eat
payload activities (which have been planned and payloads. The scheduling of STS payload support
scheduled by the payload crew activity planners) activities depends on the payload activities them-
with the STS activities to create a single integrated selves. For this reason, standardization in these
summary crew activity plan. Those STS activities re- areas is very difficult (without sacrificing flexibility in
quired to support the payload activities will atso be payload scheduling or accepting less than optimum
scheduled. As a part of this integration process, a results).
vehicle attitude time line will be developed. The
STS/payload integrated summary crew activity plan
(CAP) becomes the baseline from which all detailed
STS and payload crew activity planning and pro-
cedures development is accomplished. The user is
responsible for the development of all payload
detailed crew activity planning and payload pro-
cedures development. The STS operations center is
responsible for all detailed STS crew activity plan-
ning, all STS procedure development, and all STS
payload procedures integration.
During this time frame, an update to the flight
profile is produced, if required, and detailed systems
analyses are conducted. This is necessary because
of the interrelationships among flight design, opera-
tions planning, and crew activity planning.
These products are used to develop'the payload
planning details. The payload details consist of any
required payload time-line details that go beyond the
basic activity definitions in the summary crew ac-
tivity plan, or any payload data required for the ex-
ecution of these activities. If modifications to the in-
tegrated summary crew activity plan are required,
they will be coordinated with the STS crew activity
planners.
About 8 weeks before launch (6 weeks in the short
planning cycle), the Payload Flight Data File will be

4--3
Operations planning Training preparation
Operations planning includes that planning per- The training preparation task for a specific flight
formed to ensure compliance with mission objec- begins with the determination of training require-
lives. The results of the analyses performed during ments. If new facilities are needed, they must be
the early planning and flight design phases are the identified far enough in advance to allow funding and
primary inputs to the operations planning phase. design worK.
During this final phase, the documentation to be Once the training requirements hove been iden-
used during flight operations is evaluated and up- tiffed, standardized training pierre will be modified to
dated no later than 12 weeks before launch if the fit the .flight requirements, the training facilities will
flight requirements demand modifications. The be scheduled, the simulation scripts written, and the
following documents are involved. actual training performed to support both flightcrew
and flight controller tlmk8.
• Flight rules All STS-ralated training, both for onboard and
ground personnel, i8 the responsibility of the NASA
• Console handbook
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center (JSC). All payload-
• Command plan related training is the responsibility of the user.
Close coordination is required to achieve a compati-
• Communications end data plan
ble and balanced training plan.
• Systems schematics Additional information about schedules, require-
ments, and _koeciffc facilities i8 included in the 8ec-
• Mission Control Center (MCC)/network tion entitled "Training and Simulations."
support plan

• Logistics support plan

• Countdown test checkout procedures

• Systems command procedures handbook

• Flight data file

• Orbiter systems operating procedures

• Payload systems operating procedures

Detailed systems and consumables analyses and

budgets for the flight, using the reference trajectory
as a basis, are also done in this final planning phase.

4-4
COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK

The network used by the Space Transportation (TDRSS), which consists of two geosynchronous
System provides real-time communication links be- satellites and one ground station, and the Ground
tween the user on the ground and his payload.-- Space Flight Tracking and Data Network (GSTDN).
whether it i8 attached or detached--durlng most of The NASA communications network (Nascom), which
the time on orbit. The communication links provide may be augmented by an interface with a domestic
the capability for downUnk telemetry data, uplink satellite (Oomsat), links the tracking stations with the
command data, two-way voice, downllnk television, ground control centers. In addition, the Deep Space
and uplink text and gr_ics (fig. 4-2). Network (DSN) is used to support all interglanetary
The STS communications network is a combina- flights.
tion of the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System

TDRSS
)MSAT I OOMSAT GROUND
TRANSMITTER STATION
I,RI :EIVER I
COMMAND AND CONTROL

OF FREE-FLYING SYSTEMS COMMAND

AND CONTROL

TELEVISION OF PLANETARY

ORBITER DATA PAYLOADS

ORBITER DATA

PAYLOAD COMMAND AIR-TO-GROUND VOICE

AIR.TO-GROUNd VOICE PAYLOAD COMMAND
TELEVISION THROUGH ORBITER
VOICE COOflOINATION
VOICE COORDINATION
PAYLOAd COMMAND THROUGH ORBITER/IUS, AIR-TO-GROUNd VOIC
GIFC " GOOOARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER ORBITER DATA, VOICE COORDINATION
JPL - JET PROiqJLSION LAIORATORY

Flgwre 4.2.o Space Shuttle r..ommmnir,atlmm Ilnklk

4--5
 4-5). The system will include one spare satellite in
Tracking and Data Relay orbit. Tim two satellites provide orbital communica-
Satellite System tions coverage of low-_rth-orbiting spacecraft.
Real-time geometric coverage of approximately 85
The TDR_ provides the principal coverage for all percent will be provided for most users. For orbital
STS flights. It is used to support Orbiter attached altitudes greater man 650 nautical miles (1200
payloads as well as free-flying systems and pro- kilometere), 100 percent geometric coverage _ be
pulsive ul)per stages in low and medium _h orbit. provided. Geometric coverage decreues above
The nearly continuous monitoring capebili_ helps 1620 nautical miles (3000 kilometers).
reduce me probahili_ of experiment failure, r_uces User spacecraft at low altitudes and inclinations
me need _r onboard data storage, and allows Inflight will pass mrough me zone of no coverage during ev-
modification of experiments. e_ o_it _ merefore receive the least coverage.
Tl_e system consists of two geostatlona_ relay Those at high altitudes and high inclinations will pass
satellites 130" apart in longitude and a ground ter- mrough me no.overage zone only periodically; for
minal at VV1_ite Sands, New Mexico (figs. 4-3, 44, and exile, a spacecraft at 540 nautical miles (1000

9O

so- -"_ 1 i j
4O

3O - w.,T _ - I I
2O - "" I , ¢
oN

--0

_S 10

2O
II i
I '
3O I
!
4O _ ( .,.r o, .xc...o., I
5O I!
_ (_ " .T r_o...,. (1o80
k.,)---_ |I
80 -

80
•
90 I I I I I I I I I I I I J I I I I I I I I I llllllllllil

180 180 140 120 100 80 80 441) 20 20 40 80 80 180 12O 14O 180 180

W "._- ----_E
LONmTUOE, OEG
4-3.-- Ames where tire Od)lter it out of oommunleatJon on _ TDRSS netwodc.

4--6
kilometers) will be in the zone only once per day or Orbiter attitudes. For example, an Orbiter "heads-
less. The limited-coverage ares is generally be- down" position for Earth resources viewing could
tween 60" and 90" east longitude (central Asia, India, restrict coverage to as low as 30 percent of the time,
and the Indian Ocean). depending on orbital inclination and Orbiter attitude
Communications coverage by the TORSS may be position.
further constrained as a result of antenna patterns 0etails of TDRSS capabilities are provided in the
during those payload operations that require specific TORSS User Guide (GSFC STON 101.2).

41 W _

Figure 4-4.-- Two-satellite TORe5 showing ares of no

coverage.

0: W--

I I _ 1 I
100
leo 200 250 300 350 400
ALTITUIDIE, N, MI.

300 4_0 SO0 600 ";'CO

ALTITUDE. km

Figure 4.5.m Percent of TDRaS communir.ation at

various inclinations and altitudes.

4--7
Space Flight Tracking and • Payload control
Data Network
All commands to payloads through the Orbiter will
pass through or be initiated st the MCC. As much as 2
Communication with and tracking of Orbiter and
kbps of command data (various types, formats, and
other spacecraft will be accomplished by a network
bit rates) can be transmitted to payloads through the
of worldwide ground-based tracking stations (STDN)
Orbiter. The intent of the Shuttle command system
until the TDRSS becomes operational (calendar year
(onboard and ground system) is to provide maximum
1983). The ground-based tracking network will then
transparency to payload commands while retaining
be closed.
adequate control for crew safety. Some specialized
preflight planning with the user is necessary to
achieve this goal. The following command system
Nascom features and operations concepts are used.
An STS/psyload command plan will be developed
The NASA communications network, managed by and jointly agreed upon by JSC and the user, with
the GodCard Space Flight Canter (GSFC), forms the particular attention given to the countdown, launch,
ground links between the tracking stations, the MCC, insertion, and payload-activation sequences. To en-
and the Payload Operations Control Center (POCC). sure Orbiter safety and to allow for interruption of
The baseline telecommunications system that is normal, preplanned POCC commend sequences dur-
being implemented by Nsscom will consist of all" ing Orbiter contingencies, the MCC will maintain the
digital data communication services leased from capability to enable or disable POCC command out-
common carriers end three Nascom terminal systems put.
interfacing with these leased services. The Nascom A list of payload commands that constitute a
terminals will be located st the TDRSS ground ter- hazard to the Orbiter (while the payload is attached
minal, in the MCC st JSC, and st GSFC. Users' ground to or near the Orbiter) will be identified jointly by JSC
communication normally will access TDRSS/STDN and the user during preflight planning. The user may
through the GSFC or JSC terminal points. This add to the list any commands considered hazardous
baseline system will be augmented by more to the payload itself. This joint command list will be
specialized communication facilities for delivery of entered into the MCC command software (safari).
high data rate science and imagery data to users. A definite handover time for detached payload
operations will be established jointly by JSC and the
user before the flight. The plan will define the point
after which POCC commands will cease to pass
through the MCC and will be initiated and routed in-
dependently of STS commands. In establishing the
proper handover time, the primary consideration is to
maintain Orbiter and crew safety after the handover
of command responsibility.

4--8
Telemetry and data systems Somewhat less capability exists for detached
payloads telemetry through the Orbiter (fig. 4-6). Up

When attached payloads are flown, up to 64 kbps to 16 kbp8 of payload data can be transmitted to the

of data can be transmitted (interleaved with the STS Orbiter, displayed to the crew, and transmitted (in-

operations telemetry) to the ground (table 4-1). terleaved with the STS operations telemetry) to the

Selected portions of these data can also be dis- ground. These data (and voice, if available) will also
be recorded onboard whenever the proper data for-
played onboard to the craw. The payload data and
voice transmission will automatically be recorded on mat and voice channels are selected. Up to 4 Mbps

the operations recorder whenever the proper data (or 4.5 megahertz) can be transmitted from the
format and voice channels are selected. In addition, payload through the Orbiter to the ground through the

up to 50 Mbps of data (in real time) can be transmit- "bent pipe" path. However, the crew would not have

ted to the ground through the TDRSS. access to the data.

<__ TDRS___ t_
_EVA DETACHED PAYLOAD _'q

1_ 4:_-% • TRANSMIT COMMANDS S-BAND /

TELEMETRY, "_1_ • RECEIVE TELEMETRY • PSK FORWARD LINK (32 or 72 kbps) /
VOICE _11 k • RADAR TRACKING • PSK RETURN LINK (96or 192kbl_J /
_W t Ku-BAND /
/ • PM UPLINK (72kbl:s+ 144kbps) /
_% / • PM DOWNLINK (<2 Mbps + <50 Mbps /
"• _ l/ + 192 kbps) /
_ _J_ • FM DOWNLINK (¢;2 Mbps÷ <4.5 MHz

+ 192 kbps) /I_-

;SAND PM: | I
• UPLINK
(35o,75kb.) t .... v
• DOWNLINK (96m' 192 kbpsl z _ ,..,..-. .... ,_ .,.n r
S-BAND FM DOWNLINK: J_llmp,,s "_ EXTRACT ON _
TIME-SHARED, WIDE-BAND PAYLOAD DATA _ _
(ANALOG OR DIGITAL TO 4.0 MHz OR 5.0 Mbps), _ _k

TILEVISION. DUMP RECORDED DATA

PSK PHASE SHIFT KEYING _
PM " PHASE MODULATION GSTDN GROUND TDRSS GROUND
FM " FREQUENCY MODULATION STATION STATION

Figure 4-6.-- Telemetry and data syotaml for detached payloads.

4--9
 After crew- or ground-commanded checkout of a operations chml (which is separate from the Or-
detached payload has been completed and after the biter operations channel). However, if the com-
Orbiter has maneuvered to a safe distance, the mand/telemetry interlace 18 low bit rate to and from
payload control function no longer involves the Or- the Orbiter, the POCC will share the same channel
biter. The POCC will then assume complete control with the MCC. The MCC will continuously monitor
of the detached free-flying payload and com- usage of the air-to-ground science operations chan-
mand/telemetry data will no longer be routed through nel and will enable or inhibit POCC voice capability
the Orbiter or the MCC. as required for crew safety and in-flight operations.
If a flight involves art upper stage/payload com- The crew controls voice recording, but the MCC,
bination, the MCC will retain control through separa- with crew coordination, controls recorder dumps
tion of the uDDer stage and its payload at a desired (playback8 to the radtofrequency system for
orbital position. However, a payload may have its downlink of recorded information).
own raOio_equency telemetry interface with a net- The source of video can be the cockpit television
work simultaneously with the uDDer stage telemetry camera, one of the four cameras associated with the
downllnk. carqo bay and manipulators, or a camera on an at-
Voice and video links are also provided. The MCC tached payload. Coordination of video use between
will control all air-to-ground voice channels. The the MCC and the POCC will require integrated flight
POCC will normally communicate with the crew for planning.
payload operations on the air-to-ground science

Table 4-1 .-- Payload/Orbiter telemetry data

Payload interlaces Data link Can be Can be Canbe Can be

recorded dlaalayed received received
or_oard Onbolrd by GSTDN by TDRS8

Detacl'led Up to 16 kbDa Yea Yea Yea Ya8

Bent pipe No No No Yea

Attached Up to 64 kl_s Yea Yea Yea Yell

UD to 50 MbOs No No No YeN=
LIp to 1.024 IVlbDs No No Yaa Yea
Up to 5 MbD8 No No No Yes
4.2-MHz television No Yea Yes Yes

4--10
MISSION CONTROL CENTER

During all on-orbit periods when a payload hml an For flights involving attached payloads, the MCC
operational interface with the Space Transportation provides these standard items: support systems
System, flight operations support will be provided monitoring, contingency support, and systems sup-
jointly by the MCC and the POCC responsible for that port for unattended operations; Spacelsb software
payload. The MCC will provide total support for other SUppOrt for standard Sgacelab services; interface
phases of the Orbiter flight---preleunch, ascent, re- systems support; and other items related to com-
entry, and landing. bined POCC and MCC teaks. The MCC also provides
For all flights, the MCC provides systems monitor- • ground team to develop preflight documentation re-
ing and contingency support for all STS elements, quired for a given flight, including the STS flight rules
provides two-way communications Interface with the and constraints, troubleshooting plans and pro-
crew and onboard systems, performs flight data col* cedure8, and commend plans. The ground support
lectton to s central site, and provides s preflight and role is flexible and able to operate with standardized
in-flight operational interface with the POCC to coor- Specelsb configurations and documentation sets.
dinate flight operations. Deployment and retrieval missions fall into two
Specific b/pea of osyloeds require some varia- broad categories of MCC support: those requiring lit-
tions in the interface support provided by the MCC. tle or no checkout or special training of flightcrews
The MCC operation has sufficient flexibility to ac- and operations support personnel and those that in-
commodate all types of missions with varying volve significant crew activities and systems inter-
degrees of user participation and STS services to faces between the Orbiter and the payload. For the
payloads. The operations concepts are intended to limited-interface category, MCC support will fotlow a
provide economical and convenient services in standardized plan that requires consideration only of
response to user needs. trajectory and deployment end conditions. Variations
The three bssic flight types involve art=chad in ground systems may relate only to commend and
payloads, deployment and retrieval in Earth orbit, and telemetry format modifications and trajectory
use of upper stages to deliver payloads. monitoring.

4--11
 TheMCCinterfacewill be more extensive for (approximately 2 years to 16 weeks before launch)
those flights that require significant crew and function, with management responsibility for the
systems interfaces. Real-time telemetry and voice detsiied development, planning, scheduling, and
and command system capabilities will be provided status of all STS flights. The POMT will provide
through STS operations interfaces. Payload systems assistance to the user in preparing requirements
expertise will be provided by the user. Payload documentation for facilities, software, command,
telemetry processing at the MCC will include only telemetry, flight requirements, and POCC interfaces.
those payload data received in the operational data Documentation of these requirements will reside in
stream that are required to accornDlisl_ STS interface the PIP and their annexes.
responsibilities. The multipurpose support function includes the
For payloads involving the use of standard pro- bulk of STS flight planning, procedures development,
pulsive upper stages (requiring trajectory placement and systems expertise and manpower. The multlpur-
that cannot be achieved by the Orbiter), the MCC will pose support teams provide direct support for
be responsible for the systems monitoring, con- preflight planning and training activities and, during
tingency support, and operational control of the up- the flight, provide systems and trajectory statusing
per stage. Telemetry clara from the upper stage will support to the flight control room on a routine and
be processed at the MCC to support flight control, periodic basis.
both while the upper stage is in the cargo bay and The flight control team is the only flight-dedicated
while it is operating deployed from the Orbiter. element in the operations concept: members of this
Payload data transmitted through the Orbiter or inde- team are on duty 24 hours a day for the duration of
pendently of the STS communication systems will each STS flight. They provide direct real-time flight
also be made available at the MCC if those data are support to the crew through flight monitoring and
required to support flight operations. a_sistance during launch and entry, and by following
The STS operations organization within the MCC the flight activities during the orbital phase. The real-
consists of three major elements or functions: a plan- time planning and execution of payload operations
ning operations management team (POMT), multipur- actlvitles, whtch do not affect or change the inte-
pose support groups, and smell flight control teams grated STS/payloed operations, will be primarily the
(fig. 4-7). responsibility of the POCC.
The POMT serves primarily to perform a preflight

I PLANNING OPERATIONS
MANAGEMENT TEAM
MULTIPURPOSE SUPPORT
• ACTIVITY INTEGRATION
• DETAILED FLIGHT DESIGN • READINESS ASSESSMENT
• TRAINING • RESPONSE CENTER
• FLIGHT DATA SET
• CONTINGENCY SUPPORT
STATUSING
FLIGHT CONTROL TEAM
• SITUATED IN MCC
MULTIPURPOSE • REAL-TIME FLIGHT
SUPPORT ROOMS .---b,- FOLLOWING
OR IN-LINE • CO-LOCATED IN A
ORGANIZATION DEDICATED FLIGHT
CONTROL ROOM

Figure 4-7.-- The three mawr elements of the 8T8 ollerations.

4--12
PAYLOAD OPERATIONS CONTROL CENTER

Operating in conjunction with the JSC Mission Normally, only one POCC will be involved with a
Control Center are Payload Operations Control Cen- single flight. Attached payloads, including all
ters from which the STS users or experimenters can Spacelab manned modules and/or pallets, are con-
monitor and control their payloads (fig. 4-8). trolled h'om the POCC at JSC. Free-flying systems
The relationship between the MCC and each that are deployed, retrieved, or serviced in Earth or-
POCC is essentially the same. Each POCC has the bit by the Orbiter are monitored by a POCC at the
computation and dl_lay capability necessary to Goddard Space Flight Center. Payloads with distant
provide data for operational control of payloads as destinations, such as those exploring other planets,
well as the cal)et)ilitie8 for payload communications are controlled from the POCC at the Jet Propulsion
end command. Laboratory (JPL).

ODOARD SPACE
_t _ _ _ I_ FLIGHT CENTER
_- I -- _ _ (EARTH-ORS,T_NG
A _) I _ "_ / AUTOMATED
" _ _ _ J PAYLOADS)

(PLANETARY PAYLOADS)
JOHNSON SPACE CENTER
(ATTACHED PAYLOADS)

Figure 4-8.-- Lor.,atlon of Payload Ol=eratkms CoeVal Centers.

4--13
Attached payloads Generally, the same data that are available to the
STS controllers within the MCC are also available to
Flight operations activities for support of attached the user in the POCC. The POCC also provides simi-
payloads are conducted from the POCC at JSC. This lar capability to the MCC for command uplink and
POCC provides the facilities and accommodations voice communications both with the onboard crew
necessary to monitor and control the payloads and with flight controllers in the MCC. Table 4-2 pro-
operations. vides a summary of the standard capabilities in the
The user can select the level of support needed in JSC POCC for data monitoring, command and con-
the POCC for payload support. The three basic trol, accommodations, and services.
modes are as follows. Interfaces between the POCC and the MCC are
simplified somewhat by the fact that both are located
1. Host--in this mode, the POCC provides host in the same building (building 30 Mission Control
facilities with a standard complement of capability for Center cornDlex) at JSC. Payload operations for at-
data monitoring, payload commanding, and voice tached payloads require close coordination between
communications with the crew and the MCC. The the POCC and the MCC throughout the duration of a
user provides all the payload operations personnel flight because no hsnoolf is made, as it is to the other
necessary to support real-time crew activity plan- two POCC's when their spacecraft get out of range of
ning, crew procedures changes, command and con- the Orbiter.
trol planning systems monitoring, science process- The responsibility for managing and staffing the
ing, and analysis. JSC will men one console position JSC POCC lies with the user; thus, the organizational
in the POCC to provide command interface manage- structure is flexible and may vary somewhat from
ment support to the payload experiments. flight to flight. However, the user is expected to
designate an individual within the POCC who has
2. Limited--in this mode, the user provides part of
overall responsibility for all payload operations deci-
the payload support and NASA provides payload
sions. See the document Payload Operations Control
support in selected areas.
Center for Attached Payloads (JSC-11804).
3. Full service--In this mode, NASA provides all
the required payload support to conduct the user's
payload operations. However, as in the other modes,
the user will be responsible for all science manage-
ment decision support.

4-14
 Table 4-2._ JSC POCC capabilities

Facility TerminalS, desks, chairs, tables, recorders, telephones, headsets for voice monitoring, conference
areas

Voice Voice loops (both internal and external to JSC) for coordinating STS/payloed flight planning
communications activities
Two-way voice communications with crew during flight
Voice tapes of crew conversations

Command Commands can be initiated from an assigned console position in the F_CC
data Command histories can be retrieved from reel-time processors and displayed on the console
(uplink) Command histories may be obtained from off-line processors <printouts or tapes)

Telemetry Real-time monitoring of the STS systems data (same capability as STS controllers)
data Real-time processing and display of payload command and control data
(downlink) Limited real-time processing and display of I=ayload operations data contained in independent
science downlinka
Limited near-real-tlme processing anti dlsplay of payload operations data contained in independent
science downlinks

Communications Real-time or playback data can be routed over user circuits to a user remote facility
terminals Optional data processing is available to package data to user soeciflcationa for tr_ission to a user
facility

PaUl Standard unit conversion, limit sensing, and simple arithmetic computations
proceuing Analysis program support (the amount of support will be negotiated on a case-by-case basis)

Trajectory All ongoing trajectory and Orbiter attitude information will be made available to users as required
{same capability as STS controllers)
Orbit phase processing of trajectory will be performed as negotiated to support payload operations

Output Digital television equipment dis_olaya

devices Strip-chart recorders
Tabular reports
Raw data tapes

Video Can monitor in real time all STS-compatible video downlink

downlink

4--15
 Free-flying automated payloads The GSFC payload operations are functionally
organized into three main areas: the project opera-
Goddard Space Flight Center is equipped to con- tions control canter, which is the focal point for
duct operations of NASA Earth-orbiting fi'ee-ftying payload operations and control; the support comput-
spacecraft. Eight to ten individual GSFC POCC's ex- ing functions, which include computations of orbit,
ist, each of which has the capability to support flight attitude, flight maneuvers, and spacecraft control;
operations of several spacecraft. Normally, an in- and the sensory data processing, which provides
dividual dedicated POCC will support a series of preprocesaed time-ordered data and processed im-
spacecraft or spacecraft in similar scientific dis- age data to experimenters and organizational users.
ciplines. A Multisatellite Operations Control Center, These functions and their retationships are illustrated
which provides support for those spacecraft that do in figure 4-9 and described in the document Payload
not require a dedicated POCC, can support 5 to 10 Operations Control Center for Earth-Orbiting Auto-
spacecraft, depending on the extent of operational mated Payloads (GSFC).
requirements.

COMMAND. ANDTRACKING, ;"_"-'- _ _ ,_ MCC -- 1

DATA ACQUISITION _ L..- |

NETWORK 1'

,sToN) I
NASCOM

GSFC PAYLOAD
i m m
OPERATIONS

I SENSORY ORBIT
PROCESSING
COMMAND I PROCESSING
TELEMETRY COMPUTATI ONS
I DATA
PROCESSING
PAYLOAD OPERATIONS PLIGHT
AND CONTROL
MANEUVERING
(SPACECRAFT PROJECT FUNCTION)
P_PUTATIONS
EXPERIMENT I MISSION PLANNING SUPPORT
I EXPERIMENTER ANALYSIS AND ANALYSIS ATTITUDE COMPUTING

I SHUTTLE
AND CONTROL
(EXPERIMENTER FUNCTION)
(SPACECRAFT
FUNCTION)
PROJECT SUPPORT

COMMAND
L AND POCC PAYLOAD OPERATIONS
m ,,,lb.
CONTROL CENTER MANAGEMENT
INTERFACE
SYSTEM
FACILITY

_ INTERFACES BETWEENPOCC/MCCWHENSTS INVOLVED IN PAYLOAD OPERATIONS

Figure 4.9.m G8FC payload ol_retiomk

4--16
 A non-real-time
computing capabil!tyexistsfor veetigators either work within or have interfaces to
missionanalyses,
designof payload flightpath, and the POCC. They are responsible for operation and
in-orbit flight data analysis and navigation computa- evaluation of their own experiments. If required, data
tions. The capability exists to simulate spacecraft can be transmitted to an experimenter's home
characteristics, operational constraints, and en- facilities, at the experimenter's expense. For detailed
vironmental parameters and to generate data for information aloout remote POCC interface, refer to the
checkout of the end-to-end data system spacecraft document Remote POCC Capabilities (JSC-14433,
responses to command activities. The simulation Vol. II).
capai)ility is normally mission-unlque. Each POCC at GSFC will provide standard inter-
The standard POCC capabilities are quite similar faces to the STS for times when operations are con-
to those described I:)reviously for the JSC POCC. ducted with the spacecraft attached to the Orbiter or
The size and computational support will very, de- in its slohere of influence. Sloacecraft command and
I=ending on individual mission requirements. telemetry interfaces are the exclusive resoonsibility
The GSFC POCC normally provides the control of the POCC.
facilities, comloutational ca_)ability, and software The Shuttle POCC Interface Facility !SP!F1 !s the
necessary to interface with the STDN, to process the central point of contact for the GSFC POCC/STS in-
free-flying spacecraft telemetry data, to generate the terface. Support provided by the SPIF minimizes the
necessary data outputs and disc)lays to support the differences between POCC activities required to
spacecraft evaluation and operations, and to gener- SUlOl=ort an Orbiter-sulol_orted si0acecraft and a free-
ate the necessary commands for spacecraft opera- flying spacecraft. The SPIF, as a standard service,
tion. The required operations personnel are also pro- 10rocesses and distributes STS-unique data (Orbiter
vided by GSFC. ancillary, JSC status, Orbiter attitude and ephemeris)
The user normally provides the spacecraft opera- to the POCC. Support from a POCC at GSFC is ar-
tions team, which works from a mission operations ranged through the Office of Space Tracking and
room. The individual experimenters and principal in- Data Systems at NASA Headquarters.

4--17
 Planetary payloads configuration test or s launch/on-orbit phase) is
receiving data from the STS.
The POCC at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (also The two basic categories of computers and asso-
called the Mission Control and Computing Center) is ciated equipment are for real-time and non-real-time
equipped to support planetary or lunar mission processing. For real-time processing, a de-
operations as well as some Earth-satellite opera- centralized approach, using dedicated computer
tions managed by JPL. More than one mission can be configurations, is followed.
supported simultaneously. The JPL POCC includes When the mission requires it, image processing to
two buildings, the Space Flight Operations Facility generate pictures and the processing of image data
and part of the System Development Laboratory. The to obtain optical navigation parameters are per-
amount of actual area needed changes with the mis- formed in dedicated computer configurations. These
sion requirements. configurations may or may not be connected to the
An auxiliary powerhouse, computers, software, real-time data communication network. Neither func-
terminal and display equipment, communication tion is required in the STS/POCC interface.
equipment, operating personnel, and other The non-real-time computing is shared by all mis-
miscellaneous items are part of the JPL POCC and sions in a large, centralized computer configuration,
are described in the document Payload Operations where all flight data analysis ancl navigation com-
Control Center for Planetary Payloads (JPL). putation, mission sequencing necessary for mission
The functional systems include those for imaging, control, and generation and validation of the final
telemetry, operations and control, simulation, com- data records are performed. Some of the data record
mand, tracking, and data recording. file preparation is performed on minicomputers.
Figure 4-10 shows the top-level data processing Simulations of the spacecraft and of other external
hardware configuration. In this illustration, two mis- clata interfaces of the end-to-end data system are
sions are being supported simultaneously. Mission 1 obtained through a computer-based simulation
is receiving its data from the Deep Space Network, system dedicated to a mission. Backup configura-
while mission 2 (which could be either in a launch tions are also provided.

4--18
 REAL-TIME ,MAGII I OPTICAL
NAVIGATION
COMMAND PROCESSING
IMAGE
CUMI_JTER COMPUTER I I
WIDE-BAND DATA LINK FROCESSING
(MISSION 2) CONFIGURATION
I_ I
FROM OSN COMPUTER
OR TORSS GROUND (AS NEEDED)
STATION

REAL-TIME
FILM RECORDER,
TELEMETRY
COMPUTER DEVELOPERS,
(AS NEEDEDI I i PRINTERS.
CONFIGURATION
(MISSION 21 COPIERS

I DATA RECORDS
_ I COMMUNICATIONS

HIGH-SPEED DATA
I - !
COMPUTE
PROCESSING

t
R

FLIGHT ANALYSIS,
LINK FR(:M DSN FOCC DATA RECOR06
Off JSC OPERATIONS COMPUTER MISSION SEQUENCE,
CONTROL CONFIGURATION TRACKING AND
COMPUTER (MISSIONS 1 AND 2) NAVIGATION

I NON-REAL-TIME
COMPUTER

!
CONFIGURATION
(MISSIONS 1 AND 2l
REAL-TIME
REAL.TIME
TRACKING
TELEMETRY
DATA LOGGING
COMPUTER
CONFIGURATION
(MISSION 1)

REAL-TIME
SIMULATION
COMMAND
COMPUTER
COMPUTER
CONFIGURATION
(MISSION 1)

'1
Figure 4-10.-- Configuration of ¢Oml_ters for handling multlDle missions.

4--19
TRAINING AND SIMULATIONS

The STS operations provide all users with flight- duct of all phases of Orbiter flight. He or she has such
qualified commanders, pilots, and mission authority and responsibilities as are delegated to him
specialists. In addition, the concept of noncareer or her by the commander (for example, during two-
crewmembers permits visiting payload operators to shift orbital operations). The commander or the pilot
fly as payload specialists. These payload specialists will be available to perform specific payload opera-
who augment the basic crew are selected by the user tions if appropriate at the discretion of the user.
in accordance with appropriate NASA management The mission specialist is responsible for the coor-
instructions. These payload specialists, if provided dination of overall payload/STS interaction and, dur-
by the user, are required to undergo the minimum ing the payload operations phase, will direct the
STS training to function efficiently as members of a allocation of the STS and crew resources to the ac-
flightcrew. complishment of the combined payload objectives.
In general, the STS crewmembers (commander, The mission specialist is responsible to the user or
pilot, and mission specialists) are responsible for users, when carrying out assigned scientific objec-
operation and management of all STS systems, in- tives, and will operate in compliance with mission
cluding payload support systems that are attached rules and POCC directives. When so designated by
either to the Orbiter or to standard payload carriers. the user or users, the mission specialist will have the
The payload specialist is responsible for payload authority to resolve conflicts between payloads and
operations, management, and the attainment of to approve deviations from the flight plan that may
payload objectives, arise from payload equipment failures or other fac-
tors.
The mission specialist may also operate experi-
Crew duties ments consistent with responsibilities assigned
before the flight and in agreement with the user. The
The following description of crew duties i8 sum- mission specialist has prime responsibility for ex-
marized from Space Shuttle System Payload Accom- periments to which no payload specialist is
modations (JSC-07700, Vol. XlV). assigned, or will assist the payload specialist when
A commander and a pilot are always required to appropriate, or both. During launch and recovery, the
operate and manage the Orbiter. The makeup of the mission specialist is responsible for monitoring and
remaining crew depends on the mission require- controlling the payload to ensure payload integrity
ments, complexity, and duration. Detailed respon- and vehicle safety. He or she will also assist the
sibilities of the mission and payload specialists are commander and pilot during these phases as
tailored to meet the requirements of each individual required.
flight. The payload specialist is responsible for the
The commander has the ultimate responsibility for operation and management of the experiments or
the safety of embarked personnel and has authority other payload elements that are assigned to him or
throughout the flight to deviate from the flight plan, her and for the achievement of their objectives. The
procedures, and personnel assignments as neces- payload specialist is responsive to the authority of
sary to preserve crew safety or vehicle integrity. The the mission specialist and operates in compliance
commander is also responsible for the overall execu- with mission rules and POCC directives. He or she
tion of the flight plan in compliance with NASA policy, will be an expert in experiment design and operation,
mission rules, and MCC directives. and onboard decisions about detailed experiment
During the payload operations phase of the flight, operations will be made by the payload specialist.
the commander will, within the described limitations When desired by users, a payload specialist may be
connected with crew safety and vehicle integrity, designated to resolve conflicts between those users'
direct the allocation of the STS resources to the ac- payloads and to approve deviations from the flight
complishment of the combined payload objectives, plan that may arise from payload equipment failures
including consumables allocation, systems opera- or other factors related to these payloads.
tion, and flight plan modifications. The payload specialist may be cross-trained as
The pilot is second in command of the flight. The necessary to assist the mission specialist or other
pilot assists the commander as required in the con- payload specialists in experiment operation but may

4--20
not be required to manage experiments outside his or tion, the user should consider the choice of training
her area of expertise. In some instances, the payload facilities.
specialist may be responsible for all experiments on- Training facilities may be in the form of mockups,
board. The specialist may operate those Orbiter and functional trainers, mathematical models compatible
Spacelab payload support systems that are required with various computer complexes, or complete
for efficient experiment operation, such as an instru- payload (experiment) simulators. They may be
ment pointing system, command and data-manage- designed to emphasize the payload's philosophy,
ment system, and scientific airlocks. The payload operations, malfunctions, objectives, or require-
specialist will be responsible for knowing how to ments. They can be located either at JSC or at a site
operate certain Orbiter systems, such as hatches chosen by the user.
and food and hygiene systems, and for proficiency in Several training facilities at JSC are capable of
those normal and emergency procedures that are re- providing an interface to payloads or experiments
quired for safe and efficient crew operations. and therefore can be used to provide flightcrew train-
The responsibility for the on-orbit management of ing in payload operations. Classrooms equipped for
Orbiter systems and attached payload suooort audiovisual presentations are available to the user at
systems, as well as for extravehicular activity and JSC.
gaytoad manipulation with the remote manipulator The Orbiter one-g trainer is a full-scale represen-
system, rests with the basic crew because extensive tation of the flight deck, middeck, and midbody.
training is required for safe and efficient operation of Payload interface attachment points ace provided in
these systems. Assignment of these functions within the cargo bay. It will be used for fllghtcrew training in
the basic crew will very to meet the requirements of habitability, extravehicular activity, ingress, egress,
each flight. In general, the commander and pilot will television, waste management, stowage, and routine
manage Orbiter systems and standard payload sup- housekeeping and maintenance.
port systems, such as Spscelab and IUS systems; the The Orbiter neutral buoyancy trainer, designed to
mission specialist and/or payload specialists will be used in a water immersion facility, is a full-scale
manage payload support systems that are mission representation of the crew cabin middeck, airlock,
dependent and have an extensive interface with the and cargo bay doors. It also has attachment points in
payload, such as instrument pointing systems. the cargo bay. This facility provides a simulated
zero-g environment for training in EVA procedures.
The Shuttle mission simulator (SMS) (fig. 4-1 1)
provides full-fidelity forward and aft crew stations.
STS crew training
The SMS is computer controlled with systems mathe-
The STS crewmembers are available on orbit for matical models, consistent with the flight dynamics,
user-defined functions approximately 8-1/2 hours driving the crew station displays. It will be used to
per crewmember per shift. In certain cases, it will be provide training on combined systems and flight team
to the user's advantage to utilize an STS crewmem- operations. It includes the capability to simulate
ber for the management or operation of the payload payload support systems with mathematical models,
(experiment). Use of the mission specialist as the RMS dynamic operations using computer-generated
prime onboard payload manager/operator and use of imagery, and Spacelab support systems by interfac-
the commander or pilot as payload operator will re- ing with the Spacelab simulator. The SMS can be in-
quire special training. The extent of crew participa- terfaced with the MCC for conducting crew/ground
tion in payload functions is limited by the amount of integrated simulations.
preflight training time _,,'_ilable. The RMS task trainer consists of an aft crew sta-
Special payload or experiment training is highly tion mockup, a cargo bay mockup, and a
dependent on how a specific user desires to involve mechanically operated arm. It will provide an en-
the STS crewmember with the payload or experi- vironment for training on payload grappling (in the
ment; therefore, it is best provided by the user in- cargo bay), berthing, visual operations, cargo bay
stead of the STS operations. The explicit involve- camera operations, and manipulator software opera-
ment will be defined during the payload-to-STS tions. The user will provide helium-inflatable models
integration process. However, before this integra- to simulate the payload geometrically.

4--21
 The Spacelab simulator (SLS) consists of a core systems and for some limited flight-dependent train-
and experiment segment interior with computer ing. The $LS will also be used as a one-g trainer for
modeling of the Soacelab systems. It will be used for crew accommodations, habitaDtlity, stowage, and
crew and ground team training on flight-independent safety methods.

Flguro 4-11 .-- Motion base crew station of tho Shuttle mission simulator.

4--22
Payload specialist training any crewmen to function effectively during flight. This
training consists primarily of workbook, classroom,
The training requirement for a payload specialist Orbiter-2g, and Specelab/single-system-treiner
scheduled for a flight with Spacelab pellets requires (SST) lessons.
189 hours; for a flight with a $pecelab module, 203 Flight-dependent training can be divided into two
hours of training are required. These numbers are types: payload discipline training and training
each reduced by 21 hours if no instrument pointing necessary to support STS/peylosd integrated
system training is required. operations. The second is characterized by integra-
Tables 4-3 to 4-7 and figure 4-1 2 illustrate the ted simulations involving the entire fltghtcrew and
typical training schedule and types of training for • ground-based flight operations support teams.
payload specialist. The 12-month schedule is typi- These simulations--in one or more of the JSC train-
cal; however, for some payloads, the user may want ing facilities--will involve the appropriate POCC as
the candidate to be screened longer before the flight. necessary and will practice accomplishment of
In the tables, no attempt has been made to break various payload objectives to ensure a certain
down the number of hours for each task; the totals for measure of mission success.
each trainer are representative and intended to pro- Payload discipline training consists of the in-
vide only a general idea of the training required. An X dividual experiment training and includes use of user
indicates that some time is required in the facility and research facilities, experiment prototype or develop-
a C indicates coordinated training with at least one ment hardware, and possibly experiment flight hard-
STS crewmember present. ware. There may be certain limitations to using flight
The remaining time can be allocated to and development hardware for training exercises.
STS/payloed flight plan integration and reviews, However, in general, the amount and type of payload
flight/mission rules development and reviews, flight training for the crew is the responsibility of the user,
techniques meetings, and flight requirements imple- who should provide wt_atever training is considered
mentation reviews. necessary. This training may start as early as 2 or
Flight-independent training for the payload more years before a flight.
specialist involves those crew tasks necessary for

MONTHS 8EFDRE LAUNCH

12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

CANDIDATES NAMED

EARLIEST RECOMMENDED PATE

TO START STS TRAINING

PAYLOAD DISCIPLINE TRAINING

FLIGHT-INDEPENDENT PART TIME

TRAINING

OESIGNATION OF PRIME
PAYLOAD SPECIALIST
NEARLY FULL
STS FLIGHT-DEPENDENT TIME
TRAINING &

Figure 4-12.-- Typical training schedule for a payload II_lelleL

4--23
 Table 4-3.-- Crew systems training

Type of training Facility Total

Classroom or Orbiter Water

workbook one-g Immersion
trainer Facility

Habitability
Closed-circuit television
Photograghy
Ingrau/egre_ C
Medical
Survival C
Emergency (on orbit) X

Hours (al0prox=mate) 30 3O 3 63

Table 4-4.g Orbiter systems training

Tyae of training Facility Total

C|altsroom or SST
workbook

Shuttle/Spacelab vehicle orientation X

Caution aria warning X
Communication/inetrumentation X
Environmental control and life auDDort X
Electrical Dower distribution and X
control
Data Drocauing X

Audio/lighting X
Television o¢_erations X
i

Hours (apDroximate) 24 1 25

4--24
 Table 4-5.--Spacelab systems training

Facility Total
Type of training

CIL1181"oom or SST SLS

workboolt

Pallet Module Pallet Module Pallet Module Pellet Module

Commr_ncl and data X X X X

management
Audio X X
Environmental control X X
Electrical power distribution X X
Instrument pointing X X X X

(if required)
Scientific airlock/viewport X

Systems overview X X
Caution and warning X X X X

Hoursa(al_roximate) 21-30 28-37 7-19 8-20 0 6 28-49 42-63

"High number in range of hours includes instrument pointing system; low number does not.

Table 4-6.-- Spacelab phase training

Facility Total
Type of
training
SMS/SLS

Spacelab activation/
on orbit/deactivation

Hours (approximate)

Table 4-7.--Integrated mission simulations

Type of Facility Total

training
SMS

Ascent C
SoacelaD activation/
on orbit/deactivation C
Descent C

Hours (approximate) 44 44

4-25
Ground team natas in the joint crew/POCC/STS ground team in-
tegrated simulations. The STS support team will
The flight operations support team can be divided receive their training through the formal JSC training
into an STS team and a POCC team. These teams and process. The POCC support team will receive "train-
the fllghtcrew must function together to accomplish ing on the STS hardware provided in the JSC POCC
the flight objectives, Each team has unique respon- and will participate in integrated simulations as re-
sibilities that will require coordination with each quired. Further POCC support team training require-
other and with the fllghtcrew. Initial training of each of ments are included in the users' guide for each
these teams is conducted independently and cuImi- POCC.

4-26
APPENDIX A

References
References cording to the parts of the handbook to which they
refer.
The user guides that are listed in this appendix
represent a condensation of many documents and Initial contacts for planning and questions of a
are designed to assist the user and to supplement
general nature should be directed to the Space
the major parts of the Space Transportation System
Transportation System (STS) Utilization Office, Mail
User Handbook. The documents are listed below ac-

THE USER
REVIEWS THE
HANDBOOK. SPACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM USER HANDBOOK

PART 1 PART 2 PART 3 PART 4

IS DIRECTED
MANAGEMENT FLIGHT SYSTEMS LAUNCH AND LANDING FLIGHT OPERATIONS
TO THE PROPER
AND PROCEDURES SITE OPE RATIONS
FOLLOWUP
DOCUMENTATION,

1
STS USER _ "7. SPACE SHUTTLE KSC LAUNCH SiTE TORSS USER GUIDE
AND. BASED ON
THE EXPERIMENT MANAGEMENT
PROCEDURES
! SYSTEM
ACCOMMODATIONS-
PAYLOAD ACCOMMOOATIDNS
HANDBOOK FOR
{GSFC STDN 101.23

DISCIPLINE
AND PLANNING STS PAYLOADS

I
AND FLIGHT ATTACHMENT 1,
SCHEDULES ( K;STSM- 14.1 |
TYPE. SELECTS SHUTTLE ORBITER/ PAYLOAD OPERATIONS
THE PROPER CARGO STANDARD CONTROL CENTER FOR
USER GUIDE INTERFACES ATTACHED PAYLOADS
FROM THE NASA,/VAF BSTS
STS REIMBURSEMENT [IC0.2-19001) (JSC-i 18041
LISTED
GUIDE PAY LOAD/CARGOES
(JSC-07700. VOL. XlV)
REFERENCES IJSC-11802) G ROUND OPE RATIONS "1
PLAN
I PAYLOAD
CONTROL
OPERATIONS
CENTER FOR
I
SHUTTLE EVA (K-CM-0e. 1)
STS FLIGHT OESCRIPTION I EARTH-ORBITING I
ASSIGNMENT AND DESIGN AUTOMATED PAYLOADS I
BASELINE CRITERIA
I I_FC! I
MISSION OPERATIONS
(JSC.13000) (JSC-1061EI
PLAN-VOL. I
GROUND OPERATIONS
PAYLOAD OPERATIONS
ISAMSO-LV.0020-1)
SAFETY POLICY AND PAYLOADINTERFACE CDNTROLCENTERFOR
REQUIREMENTS FOR VERIFICATION PLANETARYPAYLOADS
PAYLOADS USING THE REQUIREMENTS IJPL|
SPACE TRANSPORTATION {_C-14046)
SYSTEM, NHB 1700.7
SUPPLEMENT:
iMPLEMENTATION
SPACELA8 PAYLOAD
PROCEDURES FOR STS
ACCOMMODATION
PAY LOADS SAFETY
HANDBOOK
REQUIREMENTS
(ESA SLP/2104|
(JSC-13830)

INERTIAL UPPER
STAGE
USER GUIDE
(MSFC)

PAY LOAD ASSIST

MODULE
USER GUIDE
(GSFCI

LONG DURATION
EXPOSURE FACILITY
(LDEF)
GUIDE FOR
EXPERIMENT
ACCOMMODATIONS
(LaRC) r 1
I IN WORK I

MULTIMISSION L i
MODULAR SPACECRAFT
AND FLIGHT SUPPORT
SYSTEM USER GUIOES
(GSFC1 I EXISTING

A-1
CodeOT,National
Aeronautics
and Space Adminis- and Space Administration, Washington, D.C. 20546.
tration. Washington, D.C. 20546; telephone (202)
755-2344; Federal telecommunications system Users requiring any of the publications listed below
755-2344. Announcements of space flight oppor- should make their requests on company or govern-
tunities may be requested from the following offices ment letterhead to the organization listed as the
(depending on discipline): Office of Space and Ter- source of each document. Preliminary documents are
restrial Applications, E/OSTA; Office of Aeronautics available as substitutes for the user guides that have
and Space Technology, R/OAST; and Office of not been published.
Space Science, S/OSS, at the National Aeronautics

Title/Source

Space Transportation System User Handbook

*STS User Management Procedures and Planning Schedules

STS Reimbursement Guide (JSC-11802)

STS Flight Assignment Baseline (JSC-13000)

Safety Policy and Requirements for Payloads Using the Space Transportation System (NHB 1700.7)
Supplement: Implementation Procedures for STS Payloads Safety Requirements (JSC-13830)

Space Shuttle System Payload Accommodations (JSC-07700, Vol. XIV)

Attachment 1, Shuttle Orbiter/Cargo Standard Interfaces (ICD 2-19001)

Shuttle EVA Description and Design Criteria (JSC-10615)

Payload Interface Verification Requirements (JSC-14046)

Lyndon B. Johnson SI)aCe Center
Mail Code JM61
National Aeronautics and SI)ace AOministration
Houston, Texas 77058

Spacelab Payload Accommodation Handbook (ESA SLP/2104)

George C. Marshall Space Flight Center
Mail Code NA 01
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Marshall Space Flight Center, Alabama 35812

or European Space Agency

8-10, Rue Marto Nikis
75738 Paris Cedex 15, France

Inertial Upper Stage User Guide

George C. Marshall Space Flight Center
FA51/IUS Project Office
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Marahmll Space Flight Center, Alabama 35812

Payload Assist Module User Guide (A or 0)

Goddard Splice Flight Center
Mall Code 495
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

•Shuttle/Payload Integration Activities Plan (JSC-14363) shell be provided as a NASA/user interface procedure until the
agency-level document becomes available.

A-2
LongDuration
Exposure Facility(LDEF)
GuideforExperiment
Accommodations
Langley
Research
Center
MailStop258
National
Aeronautics
and Space
Administration
Hampton, Virginia 23665

Multlmission Modular Spacecraft and Flight Support System User Guides

Goddard Space Flight Center
Mail Code 406
National Aeronsutlcs and S_ace Administration
Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

KSC Launch Site Accommodations Handbook for STS Payloads (K-STSM-I 4.1 )
NASAIVAFB STS Payloads/Cargoes Ground Operations Plan (K-CM-09.1)
John F. Kennedy Space Center
Mail Code CP-DPO
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Kennedy Space Center, Florida 32899

Mission Operations Plan, Volume I, Ground Operations (SAMSO-LV-O020-1)

Space and Missile Systems Organization
U.S. Air Force Systems Command
Los Angeles Air Force Station
Attn: Code YVO
Box 92960, Worldway Postal Center
Los Angeles, California 90009

TDRSS User Guide (GSFC STDN 101.2)

Goddard Space Flight Center
Mail Code 863.3
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

Payload Operations Control Center for Attached Payloads (JSC-11804)

Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center
Mail Code JM81
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Houston, Texas 77058

Payload Operations Control Canter for Earth-Orbiting Automated Payloads

GoOdard Space Flight Canter
Mail Code 513
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

Payload Operations Control Center for Planetary Payloads

Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Mail Code 180-402
4800 Oak Grove Drive
Pasadena, California 91103

A-3
APPENDIX B

STS 100 Form

 STS 100 FORM (REV C} REQUEST FOR FLIGHT ASSIGNMENT DATE:

TO: FROM:
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
SPACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS UTILIZATION
MAIL CODE: OT
WASHINGTON. D.C. 20546 PRINCIPAL CONTACT:
TELEPHONE:
I
PAYLOAD TITLE: USER CATEGORY: _Other U.S. Government
ESA __ Domeai¢ commercial
Forekln ¢ommerck¢
NASA Foreign Government

FLIGHT TYPE: CARRIER:

ShuKI _ DedicatKI
Other (=t>ec_fY)
Retrieval _ Revisit/service IUS (specify)
Attached Del_cP/sl_e SSUS-A SSUS-D MMS

PAYLOAD OBJECTIVES:

PAYLOAD ORBIT REQUIREMENTS:

SHUTTLE ORBIT REQUIREMENTS:

160NM altitude/28.5 = inclination

160NM altitude/b"7° inclination

NM altitude/ = inclination

CARRIER (OR FINAL) ORBIT REQUIREMENTS (devloysble only):

NM apogee altitude

NM perigee aititude

deg inclination

deg argument of perigee

RNAL ORBIT REQUIREMENTS (deployable onlyl:

PAYLOAD LAUNCH DATE(S) REQUESTED (month and year):

Rrst launch t* heduled, stand.by or short-term ¢atl-uD)

Second launch (scheduled, _and-by or d_rt-term ¢sil-upl

Third launch (_,hedukKI, st=rod-by or short-term ¢ail-ul_l

Fourth launch (=cheduled, and-by or =d_ct-term ¢aU-uD)

May 1981
 PAYLOAD MISSION DURATION REQUIRED:

hours/days

no requirement

UNIQUE PAYLOAD CONSTRAINTS:

PAYLOAD CHARACTERISTICS: _ wgt(Ib/kg) max dia(in/cm) max Igth(in/cm) cg(in/cm)

Launch

Retrieval/landing

Radio frequencies TIM Cmd other

:_: T:-_ETT-_M _AYLGAD _EFERS TG ALL G,_Ea PROVIDED EQUIPMENT

QUESTIONAIRE:

Has earnest money been submitted?

=

Is apportionment/assignment anticipated?

Ust any anticipated optional services you may require.

Does your organization have copies of standard STS documentation?.

REMARKS:

/s/ Title:

B-2
APPENDIX C

Glossary of terms
aft flight deck cargo bay liner
That part of the Orbiter cabin on the upper deck where Protective soft material used to isolate sensitive payloads
payload controls can be located. from the bay structure.

airlock cargo integration review

A comt)artment, capable of being det)ressurized without The part of the STS planning process that results in a cargo
depressurization of the Orbiter cabin, used to transfer manifest, cost per flight, and billing schedule,
crewmembera and equit)ment. A similar compartment in the
Spacelab module is used to ext)ose experiments to space. cargo integration test equipment
Setup at KSC that can provide testing of both payload-to-
announcement of flight opportunity payload and cargo-to-Orbiter interfaces.
The process by which prot)osed investigations are solicited
for a specific st)ace flight. certificate of compliance
Documentation I:ret)ared by the user confirming that a
announcement of flight periods payload has successfully corr©leted interface verification.
The process by which proposed investigations are solicited
for sl0ace flight wdhin a designated time panda but without a commander
specific flight number identification. The flight period may in- The crewmember who has ultimate responsibility for the
clude plans for one or more flights. safety of embarked personnel and has authority throughout
the flight to deviate from the flight plan, procedures, and per-
Atlas-Centaur class sonnel assignments as t_ecessary to preserve crew safety or
Payloads weighing at)proximately 4000 to 4400 pounds vehicle integrity. The commander is also responsible for the
(1800 to 2000 kilograms). overall execution of the flight glen in combliance with NASA
policy, mission rules, and Mission Control Center directives.
azimuth
True launch heading from KSC or VLS measured clockwise common payload support equipment
from O" north. Spacelab-provided mission-det)endent equipment that con-
sists of a top airlock and a viewport/window assembly.
barbecue mode
Orbiter in slow roll for thermal conditioning. core segment
Section of the pressurized Spacelab module that houses

beta angle subsystem equipment and experiments.

Minimum angle between the Earth-Sun line and the plane of
the omit. crew activity planning
The analysis and development of activities to be performed
capture in flight 13y the crew, resulting in a time line of these activities
The event of the remote manipulator system end effector and reference data for each flight.

making contact with and firmly attaching to a payload grat)-

piing fixture. A payload is cat)lured at any time it is firmly at- deadband
tached to the remote manipulator system. That attitude and rate control region in which no Orbiter
reaction control system or vernier correction forces are

cargo being generated.

The total complement of payloads (one or more) on any one
flight. It includes everything contained in the Orbiter cargo Deep Space Network
Communications network managed by the Jet Propulsion
bay glue other equipment, hardware, and'consumables lo-
cated elsewhere in the Orbiter that are user-unique and are Laboratory for command and control of all planetary flights.

not carried as part of the basic Orbiter payload support.

Delta class
Payloads weighing approximately 2000 to 2400 pounds
cargo bay (900 to 11 O0 kilograms).
The unt)ressurized midDart of the Orbiter fuselage behind the
cabin aft bulkhead where most payloads are carried. Its deployment
maximum usid01e payload envelope is 1 5 feet (4.6 meters) in The process of removing a payload from a stowed or
diameter and 60 feet (18.3 meters) long. Hinged doors ex- berthed position in the cargo bay and releasing that payload
tend the full length of the bay. to a position free of the Orbiter.

C-1
EuropeanSpaceAgency flight-dependent training
Aninternational
organization
Icting on behalf of Its member Preparation of 8 mission or payload specialist(i) for a
states (Belgium, Denmark. France, Federal Republic of Ger- specific flight, depending on the mission goals. Part of the
many, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, training involves integrated simulations with the rest of the
and the United Kingdom). The ESA directs a European in- flightcrew and ground teams.
dustrial team responsible for the development and menulac-
ture of SDecelab. flight design
The trajectory, consumables, attitude and pointing, and
experimenter navigation analysis necessary to support the planning of a
A user of the Space Trar_l)ortatlon System, ordinarily in in- flight.
dividual whose experiment is a small part of the total
payload. flight-independent training
Standard preparation of a mission or payload specialist for
experiment racks any flight.
Rimer=hie and reusable assemblies in the Spicelib module
that provide structural mounting and connections to sup- flight kit
oortlng subsystems (Dower, thermal control, data menage- Optional hardware (including consumables) to provide adcli-
ment, etc.) and experiment equipment. tional, special, or extended services to payloads. Kits are
packaged in such i way that they can be installed and
experiment segment removed essdy,
Section of the Oressurized Sascelab module that houses ix-
periments and sensors. flight manifest
The designation of a flight, assignment of the cargo to be
extamal tank flown, and _oecific implementing instructions for STS opera-
Element of the Space Shuttle syitem that contains liquid tions personnel.
progehant for the Orbiter main engines. It is jettisoned before
orbit insertion. flight phases
Preliunch, launch, on orbit, deorbit, entry, landing, and
extravehicular activity postlanding.
Activities by crewmembers conducted outside the
spacecraft pressure hull or within the cargo bay when the
cargo bay doors are Open. flight types
Payload deployment and retrieval, on-orbit servicing of

extravehicular mobility unit satellites, and on-orbit operations with an attached payload,
as suited to the purposes of a mission. A single flight may Jn-
A self*contained (no umbtlicall) life support system and
clude more than one of these puraosas.
anthropomorphic presSure garment for use by crewmembers
during extravehicular activity, it provides thermal and
micrometeoroid protection. free-flying system
Any satellite or payload that is detached from the Orbiter
during operational phases and is capable of independent
flight
operation.
The period from launch to landing of an Orbiter m a single
Shuttle round trip. One flight might deliver more than one
igloo
payload or more than one flight might be required to ac-
A pressurized container for Spacelab pallet subsystems
coral)lash I single mission.
when no module is used.

flight control team

Inclination
That group of MCC personnel on duty to provide reel-time
The maximum angle between the plane of the orbit and the
support for the duration of each STS flight.
equatorial plane.

flight data file

Instrument pointing system
The onboard comblement of crew activity plans, pro-
Spacelab hardware and software for precision pointing and
cedures, reference materiel, and telt data available to the
stability for experiment equipment.
crew for flight execution, Normally, both an STS flight data
file for STS crew activities and a payload flight data file for
payload crew activities wilt be onboard.

C-2
integration mission-dependent equipment
A combination of activities and processes to assemble Soecelab optional equipment that can be added to s flight if
l_ayload and STS corrioonents, subsysterns, and system ele- needed for the mission involved.
ments into • desired configuration and to verity compatibility
among them. mission-independent equipment
Spscelab subsystem and support equipment that is carried
interface on every Spscelab flight.
The mechanical, electrical, ancl operational common bound-
ary Oetweefl two elements of a system. mission kit
Flight kit is the praforrad term.
interface verification
Testing of flight hardware interfaces by an acceptable mission spe©lailet
method that confirms that those interfaces are compatible The crewmember who ia responsible for coordination of
with the affected elements of the Space Transportation overall paylosd/STS interaction and. during the payload
System. operation phase, directs the allocation of the STS and crew
resources to the accomplishment of the combined payload
inertial upper stage objectives. The mission specialist will have prime respon-
Solid propulsive under stage designed to place ,%oacecraft slbility for experiments to which no payload sPecialist is
on high Earth orbits or on escape trajectories for planetary assigned and/or will assist the payload specialist when
missions. aaprooriate.

launch pad mission station

The area at which the stacked Space Shuttle undergoes Location on the Orbiter aft flight deck from which payload
final Drelaunch checkout and countdown and from which it is support operations are performed, usually by the mission
launched. specialist.

launch-readiness verification mixed payloads

The process of ensuring the continuing operational Cargo containing more than one type of payload.
capability of the Space Shuttle system, upper stages, and
Spacelab.
mobile launch platform
The structure on which the elements of the Space Shuttle
launch site support manager
are stacked in the Vehicle Assembly Building and are moved
The individual at KSC who is the single point of contact with
to the launch Dad.
users in arranging payload processing at the launch site.

mobility aid
Long Duration Exposure Facility
Handrails or footraila to help crewmerN)ere move about the
Free-flying reusable satellite designed primarily for small
sl:acecraft
pasmve or self-contained active experiments that require
prolonged expoaura to ¢oece. It is launched in the Orbiter
cargo bey and deployed and retrieved by the remote module
Pressurized manned laboratory suitable for conducting
manipulator system.
science, applications, and technology activities.

manned maneuvering unit

A Drooulsive backpack device for extravehicular activity, it module exchange mechanism
Part of the Multimission Modular SOacecraft flight support
uses a low-thrust, dry. cold nitrogen propellant.
system that is used for servicing.
mission
The performance of a coherent set of investigations or Multlmission Modular Spacecraft
operations in sPace to achieve program goals. A single mis- Free-flying system built in sections so that it can be adapted
to many missions requiring Earth-orbiting remote-sensing
sion might require more than one flight, or more then one mis-
sion might be accomplisl_ed on a single flight. spacecraft. It is launched in the Orbiter cargo bay and
deOloyed and retrieved by the remote rnaniDulator system.
Mission Control Center
Central area at JSC for control and sunnort of all phases of
STS flights.

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multipurpose support group payload
That group of MCC personnel re=koonsible for preflight plan- The total complement of specific instruments, soace equip-
ning, procedures development, systems expertise, and man- merit, support hardware, and consumables carried in the Or-
Dower. During a flight, this group reports systems and trajec- biter {but not included as Dart of the basic Orbiter payload
tor_ status to the flight control room. support) to accomplish a discrete activity in space.

muitluse mission support equipment payload assist module

Hardware available at the launch site for handling payloads, Propulsive upper stage designed to deliver spacecraft of the
or common flight hardware used by various payload dis- Delta end Atlas-Centaur classes to Earth orbits beyond the
ciDlines. capabilities of the Space ,Shuttle.

nadir payload canister

That point on the celestial sphere vertically below the ob- Environmentally controlled transporter for use at the launch
server, or 180" from the zenith. site, It is the same size and configuration as the Orbiter
cargo bay.
off-line integration
Assemo_y of _ayload elemen[s or multiple Day_oaos that payload carrier
does not involve any STS element. One of the major classes of standard payload carriers cer-
tiffed for use with the Space Shuttle to obtain low-cost
on-line integration payload operations. The payload carriers are identified as
Mating of payloads with the Orbiter, Spacelab, or uDDer habitable modules (Spacelab) and attached but uninhabita-
stage. Level I is with the Orbiter: Level II is with the ble modules (pallets, free-flying systems, satellites, and up-
Spacelab, upper stage, etc. per stages).

operations planning payload changeout room

Performing those tasks thel must be done to ensure that An environmentally controlled room at the launch pad for in-
vehicle systems and ground-based flight control operations serting payloads vertically into the Orbiter cargo bay.
support flight objectives.
payload discipline training
orbital flight test Preparation of a mission or payload specialist for handling a
One of the first four scheduled developmental space flights specific experiment. This training is usually the respon-
of the Space Shuttte system. sibility of the user.

orbital maneuvering system Payload Operations Control Center

Orbiter engines that provide the thrust to perform orbit inser- Central area, located at any of three NASA centers, from
tion, circularization, or transfer; rendezvous; and deorbit. which payload oDerstions are monitored and controller:. The
user, in many instances, will have direct command of a
Orbiter payload from this control center.
The manned orbital flight vehicle of the Space Shuttle
system. peyloud preparation room
Facility at the Vandenberg Launch Site for processing and
Orbiter Processing Facility checking payloads,
Building near the Vehicle Assembly Building at KSC with two
bays in which the Orbiter undergoes p_stflight imkoection, payload speGlelist
maintenance, and premate checkout before payload in- The crewmember who is responsible for the operation ancl
stallation. Payloads are also installed horizontally in the Or- management of the experiments or other payload elements
biter in this building. that are assigned to him or her, and for the achievement of
their objectives. The payload specialist will be an expert in
pellet experiment design and operation and may or may not be a
An unpressurized platform, designed for installation in the career astronaut.
Orbiter cargo bay, for mounting instruments and equipment
requiring direct sDaoa exposure. payload station
Location on the Orbiter aft flight deck from which payload-
pallet train specific operations are performed, usually by the payload or
Two or more pallets rigidly connected to form a single unit. mission specialist.

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payloadsupplier Space Shuttle
Owner/operator
ofanySpace
Shuttle
payload. Orbiter, external tank, and two solid rocket boosters.

pilot Space Flight Tracking and Data Network

Thecrewmember
whoissecond
incommand
oftheflightand A number of ground-based stations having direct com-
assists the commander as required in the conduct of all munications with NASA flight vehicles.

phases of Orbiter flight.

Space Transportation System
planning operations management teem An integrated system consisting of the SOace Shuttle (Or-

That group of MCC personnel that performs preflight func- biter, external tank, solid rocket booster, and flight kits), up-
tions and assists the user in requesting facilities, software, per stages, SOecelsb, and any associated flight hardware
command, telemetry, and flight requirements and POCC and software.
interfaces.
stability rate
principal Investigator The maximum angular rate error during steady-stets limit-
Research scientist who is in charge of the conduct of an ex- cycle operation.
periment carried by any STS element.
stowing
program The process of placing a payload in a retained position in
An activity involving manpower, material, funding, and the cargo bey for ascent or return from orbit.
scheduling necessary to achieve desired goals.

tilt/spin table
reaction control subsystem Mechanism installed in the Orbiter cargo bey that deploys
Thrusters on the Orbiter that provide attitude control and the payload assist module with its spacecraft.
three-axis translation during orbit insertion, on-orbit, and
reentry phases of flight. Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System
Two-sstellite communication system providing principal
remote manipulator system coverage from geosynchronous orbit for all STS flights.
Mechanical arm on the cargo bay Iongeron. It is controlled
from the Orbiter aft flight deck to deploy, retrieve, or move trainer
payloads. A training device or facility that primarily provides a physical
representation of flight hardware. It may have limited com-
retrieval puter capabilities.
The process of using the remote maniouletor system and/or
other handling aids to return a captured payload to a stowed upper stage
or berthed position. No payload is considered retrieved until Payload assist module or inertial upper stage. Both are
it is fully stowed for safe return or berthed for repair and designed for launch from the Orbiter cargo bay and have
maintenance tasks. propulsive elements to deliver payloads into orbits and tra-
jectories beyond the capabilities of the Shuttle.
simulator
A heavily computer-dependent training facility that imitates uler
flight hardware responses. An organization or individual re_dirlng the services of the
Space Transportetlon System.
solid rocket boosters
Element of the Space Shuttle that consists of two solid utilization planning
rocket motors to augment ascent thrust at launch. They are The analysis of approved (funded or committed) payload_
separated from the Orbiter soon after tiff-off and recovered with oQeretional resources, leading to a, set of firm flight
for reuse. schedulee with cargo manifests.

Spacelab Vehicle Amlembly Building

A general-OurPose orbiting laboratory for manned and auto- High-bay building near KSC launch pad in which the Shuttle
mated activities in peer-Earth orbit. It includes both module elements are stacked onto the mobile launch platform. It is
and pallet sections, which can be used seoarately or in also used for vertical storage of the external tanks.
several combinations.

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 VAFB NASA Resident Office
NASA operations at Vandenberg Air Force Base.

zenith
That point of the celestial sl)ilere vertically overhead. The
Point 180" fl'om the zenith is celled the nadir,

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APPENDIX D

Acronyms

___
ADA array deployment assembly
AMPS atmospheric magnetospheric plasma system
APP astrophysics payload
ABE airborne support equipment
ATL advanced technology laboratory
BLS Bureau of Labor Statistics
BN baUlstic number
CAP crew activity plan
e.g. center of gravity
CIR cargo integration review
CITE cargo integration test equipment
(:PC compact payload carrier
CRT cathode-ray tube
DO0 Department of Defense
Domsat clomestic satellite
DSN Deep Space Network
ECS environmental control system
ESA European Space Agency
ETR Eastern Test Range
EVA extravehicular activity
FOS flight data system
FM freauency modulation
FS8 flight support system
GAS getaway special
GSE ground support equipment
GSFC NASA Goddard Space Flight Canter
GSTDN Ground Space Flight Tracking and Data Network
HPF Hazardous Processing Facility
HRM high-rate multiplexer
ICD Interface Control Document
IMU inertial measurement unit
l/O input/output
IPS instrument pointing system
IUS inertial upper stage
JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory
JSC NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center
KS(: NASA John F. Kennedy Space Center
LaRC NASA Langley Research Center
LDEF Long Duration Exposure Facility
LSSM launch site support manager
MCC Mission Control Center
MM8 Multlmission Modular Spacecraft
MSS mission specialist station
Nascom NASA communications network
O&C Operation and Checkout Building

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OMCF OrOiter Maintenance and Checkout Facility
OM$ orbital maneuvering system
OPF Orbiter Processing Facility
PAM payload assist module
PAM-A payload assist module for Atlas-Centaur class spacecraft
PAM-O payload assist module for Delta class sDacecralt
PCR payload changeout room
PEP power extension package
PETS Payload Environmental Transportation System
PGHM payload ground handling mechanism
PIP Payload Integration Plan
PM phase modulation
POCC Payload Operations Control Center
POMT planning operations management team
POP perpendicular to orbit plane
Payloao Preparation Facility
PPR payload preparation room
PRCA power regulation control assembly
PSK phase shift keying
PSS payload specialist station
RAU remote acquisition unit
RCS reaction control system
RMS remote manipulator system
RSS rotating service structure
SAEF Spacecraft Assembly and Encapsulation Facility
SAMSO Space and Missile Systems Organization (USAF)
SOF Sating and Deservicing Facility
SLS SpacelaP simulator
SMAB Solid Motor Assembly Building
SMM solar maximum mission
SMS Shuttle mission simulator
SPIF Shuttte POCC Interface Facility
SPP solar _hysics payload
SRS solid rocket booster
SSCP small self-contained payload
SST single system trainer
STDN Space Flight Tracking and Data Network
STS Space Transportation System
TBD to be determined
TDRS Tracking and Data Relay Satellite
TDRSS Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System
VAB Vehicle Assembly Building
VAFB Vandenberg Air Force Base
VLS Vandenberg Launch Site
VPF Vertical Processing Facility
VPHD vertical payload handling device

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