Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Metamaterials for
Microwave Engineering
Applications
Department of Electrical Engineering
UCLA
Outline
• Left-Handed Metamaterial Introduction
Resonant approach
Transmission line approach
• Composite Right/Left-Handed Metamaterial
• Metamaterial-Based Microwave Devices
Dominant leaky-wave antenna
Small, resonant backward wave antennas
Dual-band hybrid coupler
Negative refractive index flat lens
• Future Trends
• Summary
What is a Left-Handed Metamaterial?
μ (Permeability)
re
conventional
fle
plasma
ed
ct e
c t (RH)
fra
d
wire structure
air air re
nt
ε < 0, μ > 0 ε > 0, μ > 0
ide
n = + εμ
inc
No transmission
ε
(Permittivity)
LHMs
ferrites
ε < 0, μ < 0 split rings structure
air air
ε > 0, μ < 0
n = − εμ No transmission
1967: Veselago speculates about the possibility of LHMs and discusses their properties.
What is a Left-Handed Metamaterial?
Veselago’s Conclusions
ε>0, μ>0 →
k
→
→ ε<0, μ<0
k
S
• Perfect LH transmission line not resonant dependent - low-loss and broad-band performance.
• However, perfect LH transmission line is not possible due to unavoidable parasitic right-
handed (RH) effects occurring with physical realization.
Transmission Line Approach
PRH TL LR PLH TL CL
β β
Composite Right/Left-Handed Metamaterial
ω = −βc ω ω = + βc 0 0
CL LR
CR LL
CRLH
RH
β = s(ω ) ω 2C R LR +
1
−
⎛ LR C R ⎞
⎜ + ⎟,
ω 2C L LL ⎜⎝ LL C L ⎟⎠
β
• Low frequencies: supports
⎧ − 1 if ω < min(ω se , ω sh ) ⎫ backward wave
s (ω ) = ⎨ ⎬,
⎩ + 1 if ω > max( ω , ω )
sh ⎭
• High frequencies: supports forward
se
where wave
1 1
ωse = and ω sh = • Two cases
C L LR C R LL Unbalanced: ωse≠ ωsh
Balanced: ωse= ωsh0
CRLH Metamaterial
1 2 3 N
Homogeneity Condition
• Long wavelength regime
CRLH TL
• p < λg/4
0 L = N*p
CRLH Metamaterial – Physical Realization
CL LR capacitors
metal pads
(provides RH effects)
CR LL inductor
via to gnd
period
Similarities Similarities
• periodic structures • periodic structures
• can be more than one-dimensional • based on low-pass/high-pass structures
Differences Differences
• PBGs have to be periodic; lattice period • Filters generally designed to meet magnitude
determines scattering specifications; LHMs designed to meet both
• PBG operated at frequencies where lattice magnitude and phase.
period is multiple of λg/2; LHMs operated at • Node-to-node phase shifts of 180° required
frequencies where period < λg/4. for filters.
• LHMs can be one-, two-, or three-
dimensional and are used as bulk “mediums.”
Dominant-Mode Leaky Wave Antenna
Leaky-Wave Antenna Theory
Principle
Design Specifications
fo = 2.4 GHz
ZB = 50 Ω
unit-cell
P in
frequency beam scanning
Backfire – to – Endfire
Design Flow
Unit-cell parameter – Design Guidelines
1. Choose center frequency, fo, which 5. Set the number of fingers, N, to 8 or 10.
represents broadside radiation. (fo=2.4 Then determine required wc and S=2wc/3.
GHz) N=10 chosen.
w
2. Calculate width required to obtain Zo, set w wc ≈ ≈ 0.3 mm
to this value. (w~5.0 mm) ⎛ 5N 2 ⎞
⎜ − ⎟
⎝ 3 3⎠
3. Set stub width, ws, to 20% of w. (ws=1.0
mm) S = 0.2 mm
4. Set stub length (lsi=ls- w) to w; the electrical 6. Calculate length of interdigital finger.
length of the stub has to be less than π/2.
λg co
lc ≈ ≈ ≈ 10.5 mm
8 8 fo ε r
* Guidelines have been test on Rogers Duroid 5870 (er=2.33) and 5880 (er=2.2) for various substrate
heights; for high permittivity substrate, the number of fingers should be reduced.
Dispersion/Bloch Diagram Extraction
Design Specifications
fo = 2.4 GHz
ZB = 50 Ω
Planar EM simulation
⎛ 1 − S11S 22 + S12 S 21 ⎞
βp = cos ⎜⎜
−1
⎟⎟
S-Parameter extraction ⎝ 2 S 21 ⎠
2 jZ o S 21 sin( β p )
ZB =
(1 − S11 )(1 − S 22 ) − S 21S12
Dispersion Diagram Extraction
Setup dispersion equation; this can be obtained directly from the S-parameters.
⎛ 1 − S11S 22 + S12 S 21 ⎞
βp = cos ⎜⎜−1
⎟⎟
⎝ 2 S 21 ⎠
fast-wave region
beta < ko self resonance
of interdigital capacitor
slow-wave region
e
lin
beta > ko
air
Bloch Impedance Diagram
Resulting Bloch Impedance Diagram in Ansoft Designer
Re(ZB)
Im(ZB)
impedance (Ohm)
LH RH
fast-wave region fast-wave region
10-Cell CRLH Leaky-Wave Antenna
Port1 Port2
Return/Insertion Loss
Insertion loss
Return loss
LH RH
fast-wave region fast-wave region
10-Cell CRLH Leaky-Wave Antenna
Far-field Pattern for Several Frequencies
RH p CRLH p
resonance condition
RH p nπ CRLH p
βn =
2p
ω
βp
0 π/2 π
1.0 GHz CRLH n=-1 Antenna [7]
for 4 unit-cells
5
Initial dispersion curve
4 Increase LL
Frequency (GHz)
Increase CL
3 Increase CL & LL
2
0
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
β∗ρ/π n= -1 mode is used
h1 = 3.16 mm
MIM 12.2 mm h2 = 0.254 mm
Capacitance z y
15 mm
x
CPW stub
h2
h1
1/19λ0 x 1/23λ0 x 1/88λ0
ground CWP feed
1.0 GHz CRLH n=-1 Antenna [7]
0
-5
n = -3 top view
Return Loss (dB)
-10 n = -2
-15
-20
n = -1
measurement HFSS
-25
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Frequency (GHz)
E-copol (x-z plane) H-copol (y-z plane) back view
E-xpol (x-z plane) H-xpol (y-z plane)
90 90
-5 -5
-10
135 -15
45 135 -10 45
-20 -15
-25 -20
-30 -25
-35
-30
-40
-45 -35
-50-45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 -40-35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5
180 0 180 0
270 270
CRLH n=0 Antenna (Monopolar) [8]
Experimental Results
6 4.0
3.8
Frequency (GHz)
Peak Gain (dBi)
4
3.6
3.4
2
ω
3.2
ω = − β c0 ω = + β c0 Exp. Peak Gain
Exp. Resonant Frequency
0 3.0
2 4 6
# of unit-cells (N)
n=0 points
As N increases…
CRLH • Gain increases.
RH
• Resonant frequency does not
β change much.
CRLH n=0 Antenna (Monopolar)
z z
0 0
330 30 330 30
0 0
-10 -10
300 60 300 60
-20 -20
-30 -30
z
-40 270 90
x -40 270 90 y
-30 x -30
-20 -20
-10
240 120 y -10
240 120
0 num. 0 num.
210 150 210 150
180 exp. 180 exp.
x Θ, φ
0 0
330 30 330 30
0 0
-10 -10
300 60 300 60
-20 -20
-30 -30
-40 270 90 y -40 270 90
-30 -30
-20 -20
240 120 240 120
-10 -10
0 num. 0 x-z plane
210 150 210 150
180 exp. 180 y-z plane
x-y plane
Cross-Pol
Dual-/Multi-Band Metamaterial
Components
Dual-Band Hybrid Coupler
CRLH / CRLH hybrid [9]
360
1 CRLH 2 Conventional quadrature:
270 restricted to odd harmonics
because only control on slope
CRLH CRLH
180
4 CRLH 3 DC offset
90
Characteristics: f0 f1 f 2CRLH f 2conv = 3 f1
0 f
• dual-band functionality for an
arbitrary pair of frequencies f1, f2 −90
• principle: transition frequency (fo)
−180
provides DC offset additional degree
of freedom with respect to the
−270 conv. RH
phase slope CRLH
• applications in multi-band systems −360
Dual-Band Hybrid Coupler
Branch Line
in Z0 out Experimental Results
0
2
-5
S-parameters (dB)
LH
TLs -10
Z0 Z0
Z0 -15 f2
= 1.89 S11
2 f1 S21
isolated out -20
S31
S41
-25
Band # 1: 0.92 GHz 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
frequency (GHz)
Band # 2: 1.74 GHz
Negative Refractive Index Lenses
Negative Refractive Index Flat Lens [10]
(nLH)sinθLH = (nRH) sinθRH Effective medium HFSS simulation
RHM
source
(15 mm from interface)
LHM
θRH θLH
RH medium LH medium
refractive index nRH > 0 refractive index nLH < 0
LH medium RH medium 2
Two-Dimensional CRLH Realization
Based on Sievenpiper High-Impedance Structure
patch
LR C
L
p
p CR LL via
period of unit cell
ground plane
metal via
radius = 0.12 mm
m m t=4
height = 1.27 mm .8 .8
mm
t=4
h=1.27 mm
z
p=
5.0 m m
mm .0
p =5
Dispersion Characteristics
Design
* Left-handed mode will always occur below the shunt resonance (ωsh). Therefore,
design dimensions such that wsh occurs at higher limit of frequency of interest.
Port 2
Port 1
e
lin
air right-handed mode
band-gap
left-handed mode
Eigenmode Solver: 2-D Dispersion Diagram
z
x y
Γ
Γ to X: px=0°, py=0°→180°
X X to M: px=0°→180°, py=180°
M M to Γ : px, py: 0°→180°
Use Linked Boundary Conditions (LBCs) in HFSS to apply required phase shifts.
Sievenpiper Unit-Cell Setup
Airbox and PML Setup
1. Create airbox1.
2. Select top face of airbox1 and
assign PML.
3. Create airbox2.
PML hPML=2.50 mm
airbox2
hairbox1=8.00 mm
airbox1
z
physical dimensions
shown in previous slide x y
Unit-Cell Setup: Linked Boundaries
XZ - Planes YZ - Planes
mx my
sx z sy
x y
Slave BC: sx Slave BC: sy
• phase delay: px (180 deg) • phase delay: py (0 deg)
Eigenmode 2-D Dispersion Diagram
Plotted in Microsoft Excel
5
4
frequency (GHz)
0
Γ X M Γ
Dispersion Comparison: 1-D vs 2-D Solve
8
7
Drivenmode
frequency (GHz)
6
Eigenmode (2D)
5
0
0 90 180
Beta*p (deg)
Use drivenmode to quickly characterize/design, eigenmode to verify
Flat Lens – Physical Realization
Entire circuit on Roger RT 6010 substrate with εr = 10.2 and h = 1.27mm
PPWG
40.0 mm (n = +3.2) voltage source
15 mm refocus should
occur at 3.8 GHz
50.0 mm
LHM based on
21x10
mushroom unit-cells
(n = -3.2 @ 3.8 GHz)
40.0 mm
PPWG
(n = +3.2)
125.0 mm
Flat Lens – Phase Matching Condition
4
|βp| = 72 deg, |n|=3.2
3 X
M
0
Γ0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270
βp (deg)
Flat Lens – Simulation Setup
Entire circuit on Roger RT 62.5 mm
6010 substrate with
130.0 mm
εr = 10.2 and h = 1.27mm voltage source C
D PPWG
(n = +3.2) 18.0 mm
A
B LHM based on
21x10 mushroom unit-cell
(n = -3.2 @ 3.8 GHz)
Boundary Conditions
• Radiation boundary applied on Top and Side A, B, and C of air box.
• Finite conductivity (Copper) applied on bottom of airbox, PPWG trace, and mushroom patches.
• Symmetry boundary (perfect-H) applied to Side D to reduce problem size.
Flat Lens – Field Calculator for Phase
To plot the E-field phase, the field calculator has to be used.
• Go to HFSS > Fields > Calculator
• Since the field is quasi-TEM, only the z-component of the E-field is required.
Quantity > E
Scal? > ScalarZ
Vec? > VecZ
Complex > CmplxPhase
Mag
Add, give name PhazeZ
Flat Lens – E-Field Plots (Ground Plane)
field on ground plane @ f=3.75 GHz
Magnitude Phase
Flat Lens – E-Field Plots (Above Structure)
field on top of structure @ f=3.75 GHz
(3.5 mm above top metal)
Magnitude Phase
Flat Lens – Experimental Results
f0 =3.79 GHz
E-field magnitude
Source Source
E-field phase