DEGREE ENGINEERING COLLEGE

CHANDIPADAR, BERHAMPUR
A Technical report
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the Degree of Bachelor
of Technology Under Biju Patanaik University
Of Technology
TECHNICAL SEMINAR ON
“BORDER SECURITY USING WINS”

Submitted by
Name: Monali Panda
Regd No:0701220214
Branch:E&TC
Group:02
Seminar Guided By
Er. Tripati Subudhi
SANJAY MEMORIAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by A.I.C.T.E. New Delhi & Affiliated to B.P.U.T. Rour
kela)
Chandipadar, Bhatakumarada, Berhampur, Orissa
BONDAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the student MONALI
PANDA of Electronics & Telecommunication engineering have under gone the live s
eminar on “BORDER SECURITY USING WINS”and has prepared this seminar report by virtue
of her diligence, adherence and advice.
She has successfully completed every aspect of this seminar with a
lot of sincerity. Her sincerity and devotion during the seminar was very much a
ppreciating.
We wish her all success for bright future.
Er .Tripati Subudhi Er.P.K.
Nayak
(SEMINAR GUIDE) (HOD, E&TC)

(PRINCIPAL) (SEAL)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Before making a foray into the details of the seminar topic on “BORDER SECURITY U
SING WINS”I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude and heartf
ul obligation to all of them who have helped me in completing this seminar.
I have the greatest pleasure to offer our profound respect and sin
cere thanks to Er. P.K NAYAK (H.O.D of E&TC Engineering for his support in achie
ving in the objective of our seminar.
I also owe our friends and My Seminar Guide Er.Tripati subudhi fo
r their support and encouragement during this seminar.

Submitted by
NAME: MONALI PANDA
REGD NO: 0701220214
BRANCH: E &TC
GROUP:2
SEM:8Th
 DeCLARATION
I would like to declare that I am fully responsible for the technical seminar
slide and hardcopy too for the completion and requirement. I have done it by my
self to the best of my knowledge under the guidance of Er.Tripati Subudhi.If I h
ave done some mistake, requested you to excuse me I am the student under your gu
idance.
ABSTRACT
Wireless Integrated Network Sensors (WINS) now provide a new monitoring and cont
rol capability for monitoring the borders of the country. Using this concept we
can easily identify a stranger or some terrorists entering the border. The borde
r area is divided into number of nodes. Each node is in contact with each other
and with the main node. The noise produced by the foot-steps of the stranger are
collected using the sensor. This sensed signal is then converted into power spe
ctral density and the compared with reference value of our convenience. Accordin
gly the compared value is processed using a microprocessor, which sends appropri
ate signals to the main node. Thus the stranger is identified at the main node.

CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. WINS SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
3. WINS NODE ARCHITECTURE
4. WINS MICRO SENSORS
5. ROUTING BETWEEN NODES
6. SHORTEST DISTANCE ALGORITHM
7. WINS DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
8. PSD COMPARISION
9. WINS MICROPOWER EMBEDDED RADIO
10.ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
11. CONCLUSION
12.REFERENCES

FIRURE OF CONTENT
1. The wireless integrated network sensor (WINS) architecture.
2. WINS nodes (shown as disks)
3. Thermal Infrared Detector
4. Nodal distance and Traffic
5. Subnet with line capacities
6. Routing Matrix
7. WINS micropower spectrum analyzer architecture.
8. Comparator plot
1. INTRODUCTION
Wireless Integrated Network Sensors (WINS) combine sensing, signa
l processing, decision capability, and wireless networking capability in a compa
ct, low power system. Compact geometry and low cost allows WINS to be embedded a
nd distributed at a small fraction of the cost of conventional wireline sensor a
nd actuator systems. On a local, wide-area scale, battlefield situational awaren
ess will provide personnel health monitoring and enhance security and efficiency
. Also, on a metropolitan scale, new traffic, security, emergency, and disaster
recovery services will be enabled by WINS. On a local, enterprise scale, WINS wi
ll create a manufacturing information service for cost and quality control. The
opportunities for WINS depend on the development of scalable, low cost, sensor n
etwork architecture. This requires that sensor information be conveyed to the us
er at low bit rate with low power transceivers. Continuous sensor signal process
ing must be provided to enable constant monitoring of events in an environment.
Distributed signal processing and decision making enable events to be identified
at the remote sensor. Thus, information in the form of decisions is conveyed in
short message packets. Future applications of distributed embedded processors a
nd sensors will require massive numbers of devices. In this paper we have concen
trated in the most important application, Border Security.
2. WINS SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
Conventional wireless networks are supported by complex protocols that are devel
oped for voice and data transmission for handhelds and mobile terminals. These n
etworks are also developed to support communication over long range (up to 1km o
r more) with link bit rate over 100kbps. In contrast to conventional wireless ne
tworks, the WINS network must support large numbers of sensors in a local area w
ith short range and low average bit rate communication (less than 1kbps). The ne
twork design must consider the requirement to service dense sensor distributions
with an emphasis on recovering environment information. Multihop communication
yields large power and scalability advantages for WINS networks. Multihop commun
ication, therefore, provides an immediate advance in capability for the WINS nar
row Bandwidth devices. However, WINS Multihop Communication networks permit larg
e power reduction and the implementation of dense node distribution. The multiho
p communication has been shown in the figure 2. The figure 1 represents the gene
ral structure of the wireless integrated network sensors (WINS) arrangement.

Continuous operation low duty cycle

Figure 1. The wireless integrated network sensor (WINS) architecture.
3. WINS NODE ARCHITECTURE
The WINS node architecture (Figure 1) is developed to enable continuous sensing,
event detection, and event identification at low power. Since the event detecti
on process must occur continuously, the sensor, data converter, data buffer, and
spectrum analyzer must all operate at micro power levels. In the event that an
event is detected, the spectrum analyzer output may trigger the microcontroller.
The microcontroller may then issue commands for additional signal processing op
erations for identification of the event signal. Protocols for node operation th
en determine whether a remote user or neighboring WINS node should be alerted. T
he WINS node then supplies an attribute of the identified event, for example, th
e address of the event in an event look-up-table stored in all network nodes. To
tal average system supply currents must be less than 30 A. Low power, reliable, an
d efficient network operation is obtained with intelligent sensor nodes that inc
lude sensor signal processing, control, and a wireless network interface. Distri
buted network sensor devices must continuously monitor multiple sensor systems,
process sensor signals, and adapt to changing environments and user requirements
, while completing decisions on measured signals.
Figure 2. WINS nodes (shown as disks)
For the particular applications of military security, the WINS sensor systems mu
st operate at low power, sampling at low frequency and with environmental backgr
ound limited sensitivity. The micro power interface circuits must sample at dc o
r low frequency where “1/f” noise in these CMOS interfaces is large. The micropower
signal processing system must be implemented at low power and with limited word
length. In particular, WINS applications are generally tolerant to latency. The
WINS node event recognition may be delayed by 10 – 100 msec, or longer.
4. WINS MICRO SENSORS
Source signals (seismic, infrared, acoustic and others) all decay in amplitude r
apidly with radial distance from the source. To maximize detection range, sensor
sensitivity must be optimized. In addition, due to the fundamental limits of ba
ckground noise, a maximum detection range exists for any sensor. Thus, it is cri
tical to obtain the greatest sensitivity and to develop compact sensors that may
be widely distributed. Clearly, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technolog
y provides an ideal path for implementation of these highly distributed systems.
The sensor-substrate “Sensorstrate” is then a platform for support of interface, si
gnal processing, and communication circuits. Examples of WINS Micro Seismometer
and infrared detector devices are shown in Figure 3. The detector shown is the t
hermal detector. It just captures the harmonic signals produced by the foot-step
s of the stranger entering the border. These signals are then converted into the
ir PSD values and are then compared with the reference values set by the user.
Figure 3. Thermal Infrared Detector

5. ROUTING BETWEEN NODES

The sensed signals are then routed to the major node. Thi
s routing is done based on the shortest distance. That is the distance between t
he nodes is not considered, but the traffic between the nodes is considered. Thi
s has been depicted in the figure 4. In the figure, the distances between the no
des and the traffic between the nodes has been clearly shown. For example, if w
e want to route the signal from the node 2 to node 4, the shortest distance rout
e will be from node 2 via node 3 to node 4. But the traffic through this path is
higher than the path node 2 to node 4. Whereas this path is longer in distance.
Figure 4. Nodal distance and Traffic
6. SHORTEST DISTANCE ALGORITHM
In this process we find mean packet delay, if the capacity
and average flow are known. From the mean delays on all the lines, we calculate
a flow-weighted average to get mean packet delay for the whole subnet. The weigh
ts on the arcs in the figure 5 give capacities in each direction measured in kbp
s.

Figure 5. Subnet with line capacities Figure 6.s Routing

Matrix

In fig 6 the routes and the number of packets/sec sent from source to desti
nation are shown. For example, the E-B traffic gives 2 packets/sec to the EF lin
e and also 2 packets/sec to the FB line. The mean delay in each line is calculat
ed using the formula
Ti =1/(µc-λ)
Ti = Time de ay in sec
C = Capacity of the path in Bps
µ = Mean packet size in bits
λ = Mean f ow in packets/sec.
¬¬
The mean de ay time for the entire subnet is derived from weighted
sum of a the ines. There are different f ows to get new average de ay. But we
find the path, which has the sma est mean de ay-using program. Then we ca cu a
te the Waiting factor for each path. The path, which has ow waiting factor, is
the shortest path. The waiting factor is ca cu ated using
W = λi / λ
λi = Mean packet f ow in path
λ = Mean packet f ow in subnet
The tabu ar co umn isted be ow gives waiting factor for each path.

Figure 5. WINS Comparator response

7. WINS DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

If a stranger enters the border, his foot-steps wi generate harmonic signa s.
It can be detected as a characteristic feature in a signa power spectrum. Thus,
a spectrum ana yzer must be imp emented in the WINS digita signa processing s
ystem. The spectrum ana yzer reso ves the WINS input data into a ow-reso ution
power spectrum. Power spectra density (PSD) in each frequency “bins” is computed wi
th adjustab e band ocation and width. Bandwidth and position for each power spe
ctrum bin is matched to the specific detection prob em. The WINS spectrum ana yz
er must operate at W power eve . So the comp ete WINS system, containing contro
er and wire ess network interface components, achieves ow power operation by m
aintaining on y the micropower components in continuous operation. The WINS spec
trum ana yzer system, shown in Figure 7, contains a set of para e fi ters.

Figure 7. WINS micropower spectrum ana yzer architecture.

8. PSD COMPARISION
Each fi ter is assigned a coefficient set for PSD computation.
Fina y, PSD va ues are compared with background reference va ues In the event
that the measured PSD spectrum va ues exceed that of the background reference va
ues, the operation of a microcontro er is triggered. Thus, on y if an event ap
pears, the micro contro er operates. Buffered data is stored during continuous
computation of the PSD spectrum. If an event is detected, the input data time se
ries, inc uding that acquired prior to the event, are avai ab e to the micro con
tro er. The micro contro er sends a HIGH signa , if the difference is high. It
sends a LOW signa , if the difference is ow. For a reference va ue of 25db, th
e comparison of the DFT signa s is shown in the figure 8.
Figure 8. Comparator p ot
9. WINS MICROPOWER EMBEDDED RADIO
WINS systems present nove requirements for ow cost, ow power, short range, an
d ow bit rate RF communication. Simu ation and experimenta verification in the
fie d indicate that the embedded radio network must inc ude spread spectrum sig
na ing, channe coding, and time division mu tip e access (TDMA) network protoco
s. The operating bands for the embedded radio are most convenient y the un icen
sed bands at 902-928 MHz and near 2.4 GHz. These bands provide a compromise betw
een the power cost associated with high frequency operation and the pena ty in a
ntenna gain reduction with decreasing frequency for compact antennas. The protot
ype, operationa , WINS networks are imp emented with a se f-assemb ing, mu tihop
TDMA network protoco .
The WINS embedded radio deve opment is directed to CMOS circuit techno ogy to pe
rmit ow cost fabrication a ong with the additiona WINS components. In addition
, WINS embedded radio design must address the peak current imitation of typica
battery sources, of 1mA. It is critica , therefore, to deve op the methods for
design of micropower CMOS active e ements. For LC osci ator phase noise power,
S , at frequency offset of away from the carrier at frequency with an input noise powe
, Snoise and LC tank qua ity factor, Q, phase noise power is:
Now, phase noise power, Snoise, at the transistor input, is dominated
by “1/f” noise. Input referred therma noise, in addition, increases with decreasing
drain current and power dissipation due to the resu ting decrease in transistor
transconductance. The tunabi ity of micropower CMOS systems has been tested by
imp ementation of severa VCO systems to be discussed be ow. The embedded radio
system requires narrow band operation and must exp oit high Q va ue components.

10.ADVANTAGES
RESPONSE TIME
The most critica e ement in border protection is response time. A radar can det
ect personne before the border is crossed and track intruders for severa mi es
after crossing, thus great y increasing response time. A fence contributes a mo
st nothing to response time.
SITUATIONAL AWARENESS
A radar/camera system provides ear y detection and rea -time tracking, substanti
a y improving response time and safety for responders. A fence mere y s ows dow
n a crosser by a minute or two. COST The cost of insta ing a fence is up to 10
times more than a radar/camera system.
EFFECTIVENESS
Proper radar/camera p acement detects and identifies everyone prior to crossing
the border, a owing agents to prioritize their response. A fence provides itt
e information to assist apprehensions.
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
A fence is an eyesore which interrupts a border crossings, except the i ega
ones. Lega crossings (triba activities) and anima migrations are stopped. A r
adar tower every few mi es can detect i ega crossings, and have minima effect
on the environment.
DEATHS IN THE DESERT
Using techno ogy is much more humane than a fence since ear y detection and resp
onse can save many who now die of heat stroke or dehydration.
WHY USE TECHNOLOGIES?
The radar/camera techno ogy has been used in situations a ong the border for sev
era years, proving its effectiveness. It now needs to be app ied a ong the open
areas of the border, instead of bui ding a fence or wa .
DISADVANTAGES
Potentia y, ess disruptive to trade Cost intensive and greater resource,Disper
sion
Limited information on unauthorized
traffic
11. CONCLUSION
A series of interface, signa processing, and communication syste
ms have been imp emented in micropower CMOS circuits. A micropower spectrum ana
yzer has been deve oped to enab e ow power operation of the entire WINS system.
 Thus WINS require a Microwatt of power. But it is very cheaper when compared to
other security systems such as RADAR under use. It is even used for short dista
nce communication ess than 1 Km. It produces a ess amount of de ay. Hence it i
s reasonab y faster. On a g oba sca e, WINS wi permit monitoring of and, wat
er, and air resources for environmenta monitoring. On a nationa sca e, transpo
rtation systems, and borders wi be monitored for efficiency, safety, and secur
ity.
12.REFERENCES
1.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home and
2. www.search.com/reference/U.S
3. www.amazon.com
4. wiki.answers.com
5. www.essaytown.com/topics/border_security_essays_papers.htm
6. www.dhs.gov/xtrv sec/crossingborders
7. www.abc-c io.com/product.
8. www.ehow.com