Professional Documents
Culture Documents
25
14 Paving With Concrete Blocks
7
CARPENTRY
16 Perfect Doors
18 LEADING INFO
21
SUCCESS
19 Business is Swinging
Finding finance
22 Finance for the People
CEILINGS
23 Ceilings for Single-pitch Roofs
building suppies
38
25 Order Supplies in 5 Steps
26 Polycarbonate Roof Sheeting
waterproofing
27 Damp is Big Trouble for Builders
site clearing
29 Hiring the Right Machines for Site Clearing
Acknowledgements
In order to bring you the most up-to-date infor-
mation from around the globe, we make use of
Internet websites that are current and provide
information that is relevant to local builders.
Information from the following sites has been
included in this issue: WikiHow – www.wikihow.
com, Stock.Xchange – www.sxc.hu
Copyright
All rights reserved. No editorial matter published in “Skills On Site” may be reproduced in any form or language without written permission
of the publishers. While every effort is made to ensure accurate reproduction, the editor, authors, publishers and their employees or agents
shall not be responsible or in any way liable for any errors, omissions or inaccuracies in the publication - whether arising from negligence or
otherwise or for any consequences arising therefrom. The inclusion or exclusion of any product does not mean that the publisher or editorial
board advocates or rejects its use either generally or in any particular field or fields.
Celebrating
Milestones
E
stablished in 1892, with a factory in Pretoria,
the company supplied cement to build many
of the country’s landmarks. Through chang-
ing times and landscapes, the company
has maintained
its leadership position
within the building indus-
try and although brands
and packaging have
changed, the formula
to provide builders with
the best quality cement
for every occasion never
has.
This year, the company
celebrates its 100th an-
niversary on the Johannes-
burg Stock Exchange (JSE).
We look back at the milestones 1908 - The
reached along the way. PPC can First Portland
truly celebrate the role it has played Cement Compa-
in building our nation. ny changes its name
to the Pretoria Portland
Loftus Versfeld stadium Cement Company Limited and
12 decades of milestones
declares its first dividend. The com-
1888 - Edouard Lippert gets permission from Paul
pany has not failed to pay a dividend since.
Kruger, President of the Transvaal Republic, and the
Volksraad to set up a local cement factory on the 1910 - Eighteen years after its inception, PPC is listed
outskirts of Pretoria, which was to become PPC. on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange.
1890 - President Paul Kruger formally opened the 1916 - PPC’s new Slurry factory in the North West
cement factory outside Pretoria named Hercules, Province produces its first cement.
which still exists today. 1921 - PPC establishes the Cape Portland Cement
1892 - The Eerste Cement Fabrieken Beperkt is regis- Company and builds a factory at De Hoek.
tered as the company to operate the factory. 1927 - PPC floats the Eastern Province Cement Com-
1902 - The Eerste Cement Fabrieken changes its name pany and builds a cement factory on the outskirts of
to The First Portland Cement Company. Port Elizabeth.
Unisa building Parliament Building Koeberg Power Station Union Buildings Van Staden’s Bridge Loftus Versfeld
1910 2010
CELEBRATING A CENTURY
ON THE JSE
Cleaning
Paving
Before
Hand-over
There is no such thing as maintenance-free paving. David Wertheim Aymes, CEO of the Bosun Group, says
that a well-planned cleaning and maintenance programme is the only way to ensure that the overall appear-
ance of your paving will be enhanced.
W
hen paving is installed while construction is soiled, scrub the area with a general purpose, pH
is still taking place around it, contractors neutral/slightly alkaline, non-abrasive cleaner, using
should use the following techniques to a hard bristled brush or broom together with some
ensure the paving looks good when elbow grease.
the handover takes place.
David provides the following tips and tricks to keep Weeds
paving in tip-top shape: “It is a common misconception that weeds grow
though the paving,” says David. “This does occur in
rare cases; however, weeds almost always grow from
seeds and bird droppings that land in the jointing
sand and are left undisturbed to germinate.” Regular
hosing and sweeping of the paved area will prevent
weeds from taking root. Alternatively, treat the pav-
ing with a general-purpose organic weed killer two
or three times a year.
General cleaning
Regular hosing and sweeping will keep your paving
looking clean. To remove general dirt and debris, you
should hose down your paving and sweep it with a
hard bristled outdoor broom regularly. If the paving
Stain removal and spot treatments what the cause, it needs to be investigated and fixed
Firstly, it is important to eliminate the source of the before replacing or re-bedding the paving units.
staining. Most stains can be removed by scrubbing David says that individual blocks of the damaged
the area with hot soapy water, but if they are par- or stained paving can easily be replaced. Jointing
ticularly stubborn stains, cleaning the area with an material in newly-laid paving may be lost from early
acid-based cleaner may be required. on because the joints have not yet become stabilised
naturally or chemically. “It is therefore important to
inspect areas of new paving regularly in their early
life and top up joints if necessary,” says David. “If the
jointing material is no longer intact, the pavers simply
need to be topped with jointing sand by brushing
or sweeping in dry jointing sand as required.”
Paving maintenance
Paving should be inspected four times a year to check
for any loose, damaged or stained paving and to
ensure that the jointing material is intact. “Should
you discover loose paving, it is important to rectify
the cause of the movement,” says David. No matter
Efflorescence
Efflorescence is a whitish film that becomes visible
on the surface of the pavers.
“It consists mainly of insoluble calcium carbonate
(CaCO2) and should be seen as a passing nuisance,”
says David. “This white haze is a natural phenomenon
that occurs in all concrete products as it is a natural
by-product of all hardened concrete.”
While efflorescence will fade over time, it can also
be reduced and in some instances removed by using
diluted hydrochloric acid. Once again, this should
rather be undertaken by a professional.
Keeping paving well maintained through regular
cleaning and checks for problem areas will prevent
the likelihood of some sections, or even the entire
paved area, from needing to be replaced.
Bosun Bricks, Tel: 0860 267 862, Web: www.bosun.co.za
M
ake a plan Outline the project area. Use string to outline your
A good plan is essential to a successful project. Drive stakes to hold the outline in place and
paving project. Think about where you to make clean corners.
want your path, driveway, or patio, and
then use graph paper to make a drawing of the im-
mediate area. You’ll have to play around with your
design a bit, so be sure to use a pencil and keep your
drawing neat. Your project will need to have adequate
drainage if you want it to be safe and long lasting.
You’ll also want to make sure that it slopes away from
your house and other structures. To ensure adequate
drainage, you should have a good slope.
Even simple paving projects can look good. You
can do a lot more with pavers, though, so consider
Clay soil can move over time and you can add
stability to your project by covering the bottom and
sides of the excavation with a weatherproof fabric
or plastic layer before you add your base.
Spray your base gravel lightly with water to
moisten it. This will make it easier to compact
Excavate the installation area. Spaces which will be
the base correctly.
exposed only to foot traffic generally need 10 – 15cm
of base material, while driveways need as much as Things you’ll need
30cm and roads still more. Figure out how deep your • Paving stones (pavers)
base will need to be (consult the manufacturer or
your building supply store). The sum of the depth of • Base material, coarse gravel, cement etc.
the base, the sand, and the pavers will be how deep • Sand
you need to excavate your project area. Be sure to
• Spirit level
excavate 30cm past the edge of the project to give
you space to install edging concrete. • String, stakes, and a level
Measure the depth of your excavation from the string • Measuring tape
you used to track your slope, not from the surface of • Graph paper and pencil
the ground. Once you’ve finished excavating, use a
• Plate compactor or tamper
plate compactor to compact the base.
• Screed boards
Lay the base. The base material is usually coarse,
crushed stone with sharp irregular edges. Add no • Masonry saw or guillotine-style stone cutter
more than 5cm at a time to the entire excavated • Eye protection
area, and then compact it with a hand compactor
(for very small projects) or a plate compactor (for
larger ones). It is important that the base be well-com-
pacted and thereafter, each layer in turn. Repeat this
process until you have a base of the correct depth.
Now is your last chance to properly adjust the height the sand. Do not slide them along the ground or kick
of the finished project and to ensure you don’t have them into place and disturb the sand. Slide each
any dips or bumps. Slightly increase or decrease the paver straight down the edge of the adjacent paver.
thickness of the base as necessary, taking frequent Don’t worry about gaps: you generally want to leave
measurements from your strings to the base. Laying a gap between pavers. From time to time, check to
the base outside the boundaries of the project will make sure the pavers are level, and use a string to
make your project more stable. check each row for straightness.
Temporarily edge the paving with bricks or wood You might need to cut some pavers to fit the edges.
planks and secure them with spikes. Concrete the Don’t try to curve your pavers to fit the edging. In-
edges as required. Concrete or brick edges will help stead, lay all the whole pavers you can in each row
hold the shape of your project over the years. and then go back and cut pavers to the correct sizes
to fit the edge. Use a masonry saw or a guillotine-style
splitter to make good, clean cuts.
Do not step on your prepared sand. Stand on the
pavers you have already installed and work your
way out. Don’t get too close to the edge of the pav-
ers you’ve installed, or you might disturb the sand in
front of them.
A driveway where
proper paving
technique and
attention to detail
have been used
Paving With
Concrete Blocks
Anyone with a bakkie, a set of tools and a group of failure if the paving stones are not up to standard.
enthusiastic workers can set up shop as a paving Here again, the best course is to source concrete
contractor. True. Paving is one of those jobs where block pavers (CBP) from a CMA manufacturer. An ap-
there are no qualification requirements. You simply proved contractor will do this automatically providing
pick up the trade as you go along, or so the story the customer asks him to supply the pavers.
goes. “Good workmanship using a poor quality product will
result in unhappiness further down the line, and vice
B
versa, poor quality workmanship with an approved
ut, it is the unfortunate customer who pays concrete paver will produce the same result. Only a
the price when things go wrong, especially combination of high quality CBPs and workmanship
further down the line when the contractor of a high standard will achieve the desired result – a
has gone bankrupt and moved into swim- surface which provides decades of maintenance-
ming pool construction. The unlucky client free use.
must then look for a competent professional to re-lay
the entire installation.
Attention to detail
“As in any professional installation, attention to detail is
Strict specifications crucial to competent paving. For instance, a problem
There is much more to paving than meets the eye which occurs with regularity, especially in domestic
and what may look acceptable or even logical is installations, is untidy edge restraints. These should be
often the opposite of good paving practice. It was kept below the paving surface so that they are not
with this in mind that the Concrete Manufacturers visible, as is so often the case.
Association (CMA) laid down strict standard speci-
fications on what a paved surface should be and “Another misplaced belief is that plastic sheeting
how it should be built. Attention to detail and proper placed under pavers will prevent weed growth. It
preparation of the substrate material are very impor- doesn’t. Seeds are blown into the spaces between
tant; so are choosing the right people and suitable blocks from the top and grow whether there is plastic
paving materials. sheeting or not.
Perfect
Trim the door
Saw or plane up to
the pencil marks,
then sand the edges
until they are smooth.
Keep in mind that
you’re better off trim-
Doors
ming too little rather
than too much. With
shallow wedges un-
derneath the door
and someone else
W
hen hanging a door, it is important
that you get it right so that the door fits
properly. Use the following steps to hang
wooden doors.
Purchase a door
The door should be slightly smaller than the finished
opening to allow a space for closing the door. There
is also room to buy a door that is a little bigger, as
you will be trimming it.
Easy tips
• When using the plane, avoid
chipping off the corners of the door
by working inwards from each edge
towards the centre.
• Only put one screw in each hinge to begin with so
you can test that the door closes easily in the frame. If
you are happy, then screw in the remaining screws.
• Add a door stop if you are concerned about the
door bumping into, and marking, the wall behind it.
There are many different types of doorstops.
Information from www.wikihow.com
These statistics are provided exclusively for Skills on Site readers by Databuild, the leading provider of construc-
tion related information in South Africa. Databuild has been providing information for thirty five years and tracks
projects from planning through to awarded stages. Each month Databuild will provide statistics reflecting trends
in the industry. For more information about Databuild please contact us on (011) 259-4500 or visit us at
www.databuild.co.za
CIDB GRADING CIDB Value in CIDB Value in CIDB Value in CIDB Value in CIDB Value in CIDB Value in
Grade 1 Rmillion Grade 2 Rmillion Grade 3 Rmillion Grade 4 Rmillion Grade 5 Rmillion Grade 6 Rmillion
Eastern Cape 6 2.84 8 9.6 10 26.1 6 35.1 6 38.38
Free State 1 3 2 4.5 4 20.8 4 34.3
Gauteng 10 8.98 4 7.4 8 34.3 6 42.7 2 13.1
KwaZulu Natal 1 0.25 3 2.79 7 8.25 15 42.69 1 0.8 8 70.6
Limpopo 1 3 6 7 21 5 14.7 6 42
Mpumalanga 7 6.15 10 22.59 7 18.3 5 20.8 1 11
North West 1 2.2 2 2.2 5 18.7 1 5 4 18
Northern Cape 1 0.5 2 2.3 3 17.5
Western Cape 2 0.2 24 9.38 31 31.86 17 44.73 10 50.7 6 56.4
Total value per 3 0.45 54 35.84 67 90.2 74 227.82 38 190.6 37 283.78
grading in
R millions
T
hat is how Chris Jiyane, business development
and transformation director of LTA Grinaker
Building’s life has turned out. He is living his
dream. He has achieved almost everything
that he strived for as a young man and as
his ambitions are realised he goes on to develop new
ambitions for himself, his company, builders and the
country.
He has achieved a lot in a fairly short space of time.
His hard work, will to succeed and his determination
has taken him to the top of his career as a serving
board member of one of the country’s biggest con-
struction companies. Yet he remains humble and
holds on to the traditional values he was taught by
his parents and grandmother while growing up as a
dreamer in Soweto.
Budding career
Started with a toilet After graduating from Technikon Witwatersrand as an
Chris traces his first experience of building to the architectural technician his career blossomed with
embarrassment he felt for his grandmother when MLH Architects and many colleagues and mentors
her township house’s outhouse toilet started crack- began shaping his career. Chris prospered at the
ing up and people walking past the house could company and despite initial misgivings of some of the
see inside the toilet. die-hard white business people that a black architect
would not do as good a job, he kept his chin up and
“I could not stand for it and took the little bit of proved them wrong.
money I was earning at the greengrocer and
bought the bricks and cementto rebuild it prop- The call to build rather than just design was still strong
erly. With no experience I rebuilt it brick-for-brick though. Chris eventually took the leap (and his busi-
and done the best job I could. ness skills) and opened his own building contracting
business, CJB Builders. By then democracy had come
I am proud to say that the toilet is still standing to South Africa and after landing some big housing
today – more than thirty years after I built it.” contracts his first dream to build nice houses was soon
fulfilled. The success of the company led to bigger
things and next on his list was to work on contracts
big enough to have overhead cranes on the
site. “At the time that was to me “the real deal”,
the real thing.”
He used his success and, by now, considerable
base of industry contacts to found and establish
Rudimentary
outhouses Rainbow Construction. As the CEO of Rainbow
enraged Chris his dream of undertaking big-scale building
projects became a reality and the norm. After
a long and successful stay at the head of the
company his last move has been his most am-
bitious yet.
New beginnings
“I was approached to take the position at
Grinaker LTA to develop new business and
further the company’s transformation and skills
development goals. The building and construc-
Finance
for the
People
In the family of development finance
institutions, Nurcha can boast impres-
sive social and economic contributions
to poor South Africans. These achieve-
ments have been accomplished through
the use of a small and limited capital
base.
A
t the beginning of the year,
Nurcha released its financial
outputs from its inception to the
end of last year. Let’s look at the
accomplishments so far:
Successfully lending hundreds of millions of
rand to emerging contractors who do not
put any of their own funds into a project,
and who provide no collateral, is Nurcha’s
unique achievement.
The contractors receive a great deal of sup-
port and back up, while keeping control of
their projects and their businesses.
Nurcha, in association with Tusk and Sebra,
manages the support to contractors ensuring
the successful completion of projects.
Nurcha offers bridging finance and a full range
of support services nationally to contractors
and developers involved in the construction
of Subsidy and Affordable Housing, Infra-
structure and Community Facilities.
In financing successful and profitable devel-
opment projects, Nurcha contributes to the
growth of the smaller, mainly black-owned
construction companies. This is empowerment
as it should be: adding value; creating jobs;
helping mainly previously disadvantaged
South Africans to reap the economic benefits
of the political transition.
Ceilings for
Single-pitch
Roofs
In many instances, affordable houses are built with
a single-pitch roof where the walls are raised higher
on one side of the house to provide a natural pitch.
In order to provide insulation against heat and cold,
ceiling manufacturers recommend using the exposed
beams to secure the ceilings.
T
his saves the cost of brandering and bat-
tens for the roof and, once the skill has been
mastered, it is easy to do. Another benefit
is that a window can be added in the high
wall to allow natural sunlight in to both save
the home-owner electricity for heating and provide
light.
Follow these instructions to get the job done right:
that of a load-bearing
structure as well as a
decorative feature. The
Nutec ceiling boards,
plain or textured, are
fixed on top of the
beams or between
them.
General Guidelines
For fixing on top of the
beams, the following
steps should be fol-
lowed:
• The spacing of the
beams must be at
400mm centres or
600mm centres for 4mm
or 6mm Nutec ceiling
boards respectively.
• The spanning capa-
bilities of the board can
be increased by nailing
brandering on the re-
verse side of the board
STEP 1
Installing the board
• Fix boards on top of and
parallel to the beams thus
reducing the number of
visible joints.
• For cross joints use H-
profile jointing strips cut
to size.
STEP 2
Adapting the roof
structure
• Fix counter battens
on top of the ceiling
board directly above
the beams.
Take care not to damage the
ceiling board when nailing
on the battens.
• Fix waterproofing mem-
brane over counter bat-
tens, allowing it to sag
onto the ceiling board
between the counter
battens.
• Fix battens or purlins for
roofing material over wa-
terproofing membrane
through counter battens
into the rafter.
Pre-drilling of pilot holes is
recommended to reduce
the possibility of damaging
the ceiling board.
• A timber quadrant can be
Note: used to finish off the board
In cases where the roof structure edges where they join the
and roof are already in position, beams and the H-profile
it is necessary to install supporting jointing strip cut to size can
timber for the ceiling. Where the be used on cross joints.
spacing of the beams is within
the spanning capabilities of the • Where the beam spacing
ceiling board, it is only necessary exceeds 600mm, a support-
to install a strip of supporting ing grid must be installed.
brandering on both sides of the Everite, Tel: (011) 439 4400, Toll
beams to which the ceiling can free: 0861 333 835, Web: www.
be nailed. everite.co.za
Phases of work
• Site preparation
• Installation of water and electrical • Pre-fabricated roof trusses are fixed to
connections completed walls
• Installation of sewers and construction • Waterproofing is done strategically • Timber rafters are fitted in garage
of inspection pits using waterproof sheeting and • Battens / purlins are laid over PVC
coatings membrane
• Foundation
• Walls are built from floor to roof plate • Roof tiles or corrugated iron sheets
• Brick work for retaining walls
level are installed
• Waterproofing • Special waterproofing products are ap-
• Formwork and profiles are done
plied to roof valleys, chimney area and
• Incorporation of electrical conduits and
• Electrical conduits and water pipes are vertical wall joints
pipes for water supply
built into walls • Brandering and ceilings are installed
• Casting of ground-floor slab
• Doors and window frames are built • Fascia and barge boards are used to
into position finish off roof edges
• Electrical wires for lights are drawn
through the conduits
• Geyser pipe-work is completed
Polycarbonate
Roof Sheeting
Examples of polycarbonate roof sheeting
Polycarbonate roof sheets offer high durability, and
as “the plastic steel”, it is virtually unbreakable, and
boasts high light transmission and weather resistance.
It is ideal for greenhouse coverings and skylight appli-
cations. Professionals favour polycarbonate sheeting
for corrosion-resistant industrial structural roofing and
side cladding, while homeowners favour polycar-
bonate roof sheeting for a multitude of DIY projects.
Polycarbonate sheeting is available in a wide variety
of colours and profiles.
• Greenhouses
• Do-it-yourself projects
• Swimming pools
Damp is Big A s an
pr oble
y
m
bu
,
ild
es
er
pe
w
ci
ta
ill
al
bl
ly
e.
know, damp ca
when building in
O ne of the pr ob
n be a big
soil with
lems that
Trouble for
a high w at er that can
co un te re d is lateral damp
is of ten en through
ed as w at er forcing its way
be de scrib ters of
lls O n Si te ” sp eaks to the mas
walls. “Ski g to find out
Flick Dampr oo fin
damp pr oo fing,
it or cure it.
Builders
how to pr event
Y
ou can expect to find lateral damp where If there’s a problem with the vertical damp course
the vertical damp-proof course has dete- you might find cases of lateral damp
riorated, is damaged or has been omitted
• Where the ground is a lot higher than the
or incorrectly installed. Some symptoms of
damp-proof course
lateral damp are the appearance of salts
crystallizing on the walls (Efflorescence), flaking or • in showers and baths
blistering paint and cracked plaster. • in split-level constructions
• in basements
• around plastered plinths
• in flower boxes.
Plastered Plinth
The plinth brickwork is the part of the wall between
the ground and the damp-proof course. This brickwork
is usually good quality face brick. Bricks below the
damp-proof course are always wet, but this presents
no structural problem. The problem occurs if the plinth
is plastered. What happens is the moisture is trans-
mitted through the walls to the exterior. The result is
damaged and effloresced plaster.
Flick, Tel: (011) 882 8933, Fax: (011) 882 0320, Email: info@flick-
dampproofing.co.za
To demolish small structures, clean small sites, and load the spoil onto trucks
Front end loader – To clean medium to large sites and to load the spoil onto trucks
1
In what year did PPC establish its Jupiter
factory in Germiston?
___________________________________
___________________________________
_________________________________
2
How was Mablomong School built?
___________________________________ WIN THIS VALUABLE PRIZE!
__________________________________ Estimated retail Price R4 395-00
_________________________________
3
What is the first step to paving
correctly?
___________________________________
___________________________________
_________________________________
4
In site clearing what is a grader used
for?
___________________________________
__________________________________
_________________________________
5
What prevents cable breaks in the Bosch
GBH 3-28 DRE?
___________________________________
___________________________________
_________________________________
C
rown Mines Primary School, Langlaagte and the school was able to turn this into a library,
Technical School and the University of a staff room and a kitchen. We also constructed a
Johannesburg are the main beneficiaries storeroom and laid paving on the school grounds
of Concor’s vision, which is to uplift the and at the entrance “
quality of life among communities where Each year, Concor also sponsors the top learner in
it operates. Grade 7, securing a place at the Langlaagte Technical
“We want to grow a partnership principle when se- School for this person to continue his or her second-
lecting projects,” explains communications manager, ary education. Concor also provides fees, uniform
Sue Upton. “Building relationships with people has a and stationery. “We also get involved in the school’s
big effect on the results as we become personally celebrations,” adds Sue. “We fund the prize-giving,
involved with people and forge bonds of trust and supplying trophies, medals and certificates.”
cooperation. We encourage communication through Cooperation
formal meetings and informal encounters as well as The Langlaagte Technical School has seen the addi-
through regular phone calls.” tion of three new classrooms and the refurbishment
Providing space of three more. “We sub-divided the old mechanical
Crown Mines Primary, which dates back to 1938, is workshop to create a fully equipped computer centre
situated opposite Concor’s head office. After lengthy and two standard classrooms. One storeroom was
converted into a classroom and an old masonry
workshop into a technical drawing room. All the
classrooms were fitted with ceramic tile floors,
suspended ceilings and light fittings.
“What is particularly rewarding about our work
with these schools is the marvellous co-operation
we receive,” Sue points out. “The staff really goes
the extra mile to get the utmost out of their facili-
ties, and work with us in trying to provide the best
possible education for the children. For instance,
the principal at Langlaagte purchased a software
programme which is improving the children’s read-
ing and writing skills by leaps and bounds.”
In addition, Concor awards a bursary to the top
learner to attend the University of Johannesburg
(UJ) to read for a degree in civil engineering. “We
Learners at Crown Mines Primary School sponsor the prize-giving ceremony at Langlaagte
too. At both schools, we provide the official sta-
tionery as well as certificates.”
At UJ, Concor appropriately works with the engi-
neering faculty, funding certain activities such as
educational tours.
Each of the seven divisions within Concor also
nurtures its own specific social investment project.
“Wherever Concor is awarded a contract, the
relevant division will identify a need within the com-
munities where the work is situated and ensure that
on termination of the contract, the division leaves
a lasting legacy. This could be a classroom, a clinic
or a number of individuals with new, practical skills
they can put to use immediately.”
Concor Group, Sue Upton, Tel: (011) 495 2288.
The new Portacamp classroom setup at Crown Mines Primary
a) Subsidy housing;
b) Infrastructure (e.g. roads,
water and
sewerage reticulation,
drainage etc);
c) Community facilities (e.g.
schools, clinics etc);
or you are involved in
d) Affordable housing,