EXPERIMENT NO.

2
AIM : Plotting Elementary continuous time signals, Elementary discrete
time signals, Generate rectangular, sinc and triangle function.
APPARATUS/RESOURCE REQUIRED : Matlab Software
THEORY : A continuous -time signal x(t) is a function of an independent
variable t, that is time. A continuous -time signal x(t) is a mathematically
continuous function, and is defined continuously in the time domain.
A discrete-time signal y(n) is a function of an independent variable n, that is an integer. It is
important to note that a discrete-time signal is not defined at instants between two successive
samples. Also it is incorrect to think that y(n) is not defined for non-integer
values of n. y(n) can be obtained from sampling the continuous
signal y(t), then y(n) =y(nT), where T is the sampling period (i.e. the time between successive
samples).

IN LAB EXERCISE:

Basic CT Signals and DT Signals

Q1. Plot the following continuous-time functions over the specified intervals.
Write single
script files for all CT signals with name CTsignals_GroupNo. X.m. Use the plot and
figure command, and be sure to label the time axes.

(a) Unit Impulse function, x1 (t) = δ (t)

CODE:

t=-1:.01:1;
a=0.*(t>0)+0.*(t<0)+1.*(t==0);
plot(t,a);
xlabel('time')

OUTPUT:
 1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
time

(b) Unit Step function, x2(t) = u (t) for t = [-2, 2]

CODE:
t=-2:.01:2;
u=(1.*(t>0)+0.*(t<0))
plot(t,u);
xlabel('time(t)')

OUTPUT:

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
time(t)

(c) Unit Ramp function, x3(t) = r (t) for t = [-2, 5]

CODE:
t=-2:.1:5;
a=-t.*(t>0)+0.*(t<0);
plot(t,a);
xlabel('time(t)')

OUTPUT:

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2

-2.5

-3

-3.5

-4

-4.5

-5
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
time(t)

(d) sinusoidal function, x4(t) = 3*sin(2*pi*f*t), where f = 200 Hz for t = - 1 to 1 secs

CODE:
t=-1:.01:1;
f=200;
y=3*sin(2*pi*f*t);
plot(t,y);
xlabel('time(t)')

OUTPUT:

(e) Exponential function, x5(t) = e-at for t = [-4, 4] for a= 0.5, 1.5. Comment on the
effect
of time scaling.

CODE:
t=-4:.1:4;
a=0.5;
b=exp(-2(a*t));
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(t,b);
xlabel(‘time(t)’)
a1=1.5;
b1=exp(-2(a*t));
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(t,b1);
xlabel(‘time(t)’)

OUTPUT:

60

40

20

0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
time(t)

60

40

20

0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
time(t)

(f) rect(t) for t = [ -2 , 2]

(g) sinc(t) for t = [-1, 10]
CODE:
t=-1:.01:1;
a=1.*(t>0)+0.*(t<0);
plot(t,a);
xlabel('time(t)')

OUTPUT:
POST LAB EXERCISE:
1.Generate the waveform of following signals:
For CT signals, t = is -10 to 10 sec
Take appropriate value of sampling interval.

a. xa(t) = δ(t + 1)

ans:-
t=-10:1:10;
u=1.*(t==-1)+0.*(t<-1)+0.*(t>-1);
plot(t,u);
xlabel('time(t)')

OUTPUT:

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
time(t)

b. xb(t) = δ(t + 1/2) - δ(t -1/2)

CODE:
t=-10:10;
u=(1.*(t==-0.5)+0.*(t<-0.5)+0.*(t>-0.5))-(1.*(t==0.5)+0.*(t<0.5)+0.*(t>0.5));
plot(t,u);
xlabel('time(t)')

OUTPUT:
 1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
time(t)

c. xc(t) = t u(t)

CODE:
t=-10:10;
u=t.*(1.*(t>0)+0.*(t<0));
plot(t,u);
xlabel('time(t)')

OUTPUT:
10

0
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
time(t)

d. xd(t) = u (t+2) – u(t - 5)

CODE:
t=-10:10;
u=(1.*(t>-2)+0.*(t<-2))-(1.*(t>5)+0.*(t<5));
plot(t,u);
xlabel('time(t)')
OUTPUT:

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
time(t)

e. xe(t) = r (t +1) – r (t) + r (t - 2)

CODE:
t=-10:.01:10;
r=(t.*(t>-1))+(0.*(t<-1))-(t.*(t>0))-(0.*(t<0))+(t.*(t>2))+(0.*(t<2));
plot(t,r);
xlabel('time(t)')

OUTPUT:
10

-2
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
time(t)

f. xf(t) = exp(-t) sin(2πt) + exp(-t/2) cos(5 πt)

CODE:

t=-10:.01:10;
y=(exp(-t).*sin(2.*pi.*t))+(exp(-t/2).*cos(5.*pi.*t));
plot(t,y);
xlabel('time(t)')
ylabel('y(t)')

OUTPUT:
4
x 10
2

1.5

0.5
y (t)

-0.5

-1

-1.5
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
time(t)

Q2. For DT signals, n = -5 to 5 samples

a. xa[n] = r[-n]

CODE:
n=-5:1:5;
y=(-n).*(n<0)+0.*(n>0)+(-n).*(n==0);
stem(n,y);
xlabel('time(seconds)');
ylabel('r[-n]');

OUTPUT:
 5

4.5

3.5

3
r[ -n ]

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
time(seconds)

b. xb[n] = exp(n-1)

CODE:
n=-5:1:5;
y=exp(n-1);
stem(n,y);
xlabel('time(seconds)')
ylabel('exp(n-1)');

OUTPUT:

60

50

40
exp(n-1)

30

20

10

0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
time(seconds)

c. xc[n] = [n - 1] δ[n - 2]
CODE:
n=-5:1:5;
y=(n-1).*((1.*(n==2))+(0.*(n<2))+(0.*(n>2)));
stem(n,y);
xlabel('time(seconds)');
ylabel('[n-1]impulse[n-2]');

OUTPUT:
1

0.9

0.8

0.7
[n -1 ]im p u ls e [n -2]

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
time(seconds)

d. xd[n] = u [n + 1] – 2u[ n] + u [n-1]

CODE:
n=-5:1:5;
y=1.*(n>(-1))+0.*(n<(-1))+1.*(n>1)+0.*(n<1)-2.*1.*(n>0)+0.*(n<0);
stem(n,y);
xlabel('time(seconds)');
ylabel('y(t)');

OUTPUT:
 1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2
y(t)

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
time(seconds)

e. xe[n] = r [n + 3] – r [n - 3]

CODE:
n=-5:1:5;
y=n.*(n>-3)+n.*(n==-3)+0.*(n<-3)-(n.*(n>3)+n.*(n==3)+0.*(n<3));
stem(n,y);
xlabel('time(seconds)');
ylabel('y(t)');

OUTPUT:

f. x [n] = an cos(2 πn)

CODE:
n=-5:1:5;
a=2;
y=(a.^n).*cos(2.*pi.*n);
stem(n,y);
xlabel('time(seconds)');
ylabel('y(t)');

OUTPUT:
 35

30

25

20
y(t)

15

10

0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
time(seconds)
LEARNING OUTCOMES:-
a)Stem: stem (n, x (n)); plots the discrete function x(n) vs. n.
Stem: stem (n, Y (n)); plots the data sequence Y as stems the x axis terminated
with circles for the data value. If Y is a matrix then each column is plotted as a
separate series.

b)We learnt how to generate the various signals ex. Ramp,exponential,impulse

etc. and how to plot them using the plot and stem command for continous and
discrete time respectively.