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INTRODUCTION
• Heat Transfer
• Changes in State (Condition)
• Terminology
• Pressure-Temperature Relationship
• Main Components
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HEAT TRANSFER
The transfer of heat can only take place between two objects if
there is a difference in temperature between them.
In all cases, the heat will travel from the warmer object to the
cooler one.
• Convection
• Conduction
• Radiation
CONVECTION
Cooler fluids will tend to sink and push the warmer, lighter
fluids up. This unequal heating of a fluid causes current within
the fluid called CONVECTION currents. See Figure 1.
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CONVECTION
HEAT
SOURCE
WATER AT 21 C0 IRON BAR AT
1000C
CONVECTION
Figure 1 CURRENTS
CONDUCTION RADIATION
WATER TEMPERATURE 1000C
HEAT SOURCE
Figure 2
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CONDUCTION
RADIATION
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HEAT OUT
HEAT IN
EVAPORATOR CONDENSER
Figure 3
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The heat passes from the moving air through the tube wall and
into the refrigerant. See Figure 4.
WARMER FREON
OUT
COLD FREON
IN
Figure 4
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FREON VAPOR
SEA WATER IN
Figure 5
There are several things that affect how well the heat is
transferred between the refrigerant and the seawater in the
condenser and the refrigerant and the air in the evaporator.
1. Temperature Difference
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2. Surface Area
The larger the surface area available for heat transfer is, the
quicker the transfer can take place.
The radiator on your car will also be “finned” for the same
reason
FINS TO INCREASE
SURFACE AREA
Figure 6
3. Flow Rate
The faster the flow, the quicker the heat can be transferred.
For example, by standing in front of a moving fan, you will feel
cooler because there is more cooling effect due to the increased
flow of air across your body.
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4. Thermal Conductivity
The rate of heat transfer depends also on how well the heat can
pass through the material. Copper and Aluminum are good
conductors of heat.
5. Thickness of Material
CHANGES IN STATE
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D
1000C
B
00C
A
Figure 7
HEAT ADDED
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See Figure 7.
At position:
D At this boiling point, more heat added will cause the water
to turn into steam (a change of state). This is LATENT
HEAT.
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In heat transfer systems there are some terms that are used to
describe the fluid at different points in the chart shown below.
SATURATION SUPER-HEATED
TEMPERATURE
SUB-COOLED
Figure 8
HEAT ADDED
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HIGH PRESSURE
TS
LOW PRESSURE
TS
Figure 9
HEAT ADDED
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TS
S E A WAT E R
HEAT TRANSFER T E M P E R AT U R E
COMPONENT
COMPONENT
TO INCREASE
TO DECREASE
PRESSURE
PRESSURE
HEAT TRANSFER
ROOM
T E M P E R AT U R E
TS
Figure 10
HEAT ADDED
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MAIN COMPONENTS
Compressor
Condenser
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TITLE: Refrigeration Basic Principles
SUPERHEATED
REFRIGERANT CONDENSING
TS
S E A WAT E R
HEAT TRANSFER T E M P E R AT U R E
SUB-COOLED COMPRESSOR
ROOM
T E M P E R AT U R E
TS
Figure 11
HEAT ADDED
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Evaporator
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SUB-COOLED
TS
S E A WAT E R
T E M P E R AT U R E
EXPANSION
DEVICE
SUPERHEATED
HEAT TRANSFER
ROOM
T E M P E R AT U R E
TS
REFRIGERANT EVAPORATING
Figure 12
HEAT ADDED
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TITLE: Refrigeration Basic Principles
SEAWATER OUT
E
V C
A O
P N
O D
R E SEAWATER IN
A N
T S
O E
R R
EXPANSION
DEVICE
VERY COLD, LOW WARM, HIGH
PRESSURE LIQUID PRESSURE LIQUID
Figure 13
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SATURATION TABLES
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TITLE:T h e s eR et far bi gl ee sr a t li iosnt Bt ah sei c PPrrei n
s sc u
i pr lee/ sT e m p e r a t u r e relationship for
fluids. Knowing the actual pressure of the refrigerant and
looking at the table for that refrigerant we can find the
corresponding Saturation temperature.
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PRESSURE GAUGE
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TITLE: Refrigeration Basic Principles
120 TEMPERATURE SCALE
100
140
80 150
200
60
50 250
40
160
20 300
0
0
DEGREES
FAHRENHEIT PRESSURE SCALE
Figure 14
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It is very important to remember that this is not a
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thermometer! This gauge reads only the
TITLE: Refrigeration Basic Principles
pressure in the system. To read the actual
temperature of the fluid a thermometer must be
used.
Example:
Seawater temperature = 900F
Pressure gauge reading = 90psi
Saturation temperature (from the gauge) = 850F
In the above example, heat will flow from the seawater (hotter)
to the Freon (colder). From this example, it can be seen that
the discharge pressure is not high enough to liquefy the Freon
in the condenser.
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Example:
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In the above example, heat will flow from the Freon (hotter) to
the Cold-room (colder). From this example, it can be seen that
the suction pressure is not low enough.
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SUMMARY
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TITLE:1 . Roesf rt i gseurbast it oa nn cBeas s icca P
M n r i en xc ii sptl e as s a S O L I D , L I Q U I D o r G A S
depending on their temperature and pressure.
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evaporator and the extra heat of compression.
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TITLE: Refrigeration Basic Principles
CHEMICAL HAZARDS
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and attention.
Refrigerants that come into contact with the skin can cause
irritation. Anyone suffering from any ill effects should obtain
medical assistance.
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