UNESCO-NIGERIA TECHNICAL &

VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
REVITALISATION PROJECT-PHASE II

NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND DRAWING

COURSE CODE: BLD110 & QUS213

YEAR I- SE MESTER I

THEORY/PRACTICAL

Version 1: December 2008

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 TABLE OF CONTENT
Week 1 Introduction - - - - - - 1

Week 2 Materials, Tools and Equipment used in Drawing - 5

Week 3 Conventional Indications and Representations - 15

Week 4 Drawing Coding, Layout and Reproduction - - 18

Week 5 Types of Drawing - - - - - - 21

Week 6 Architectural Working Drawing - - - - 25

Week 7 Anthropometrics application to Building Design - 30

Week 8 Perspective Drawing - - - - - - 33

Week 9 Perspective Elements - - - - - 37

Week 10 One Point Perspective Drawing Procedure - - 38

Week 11 Two Points Perspective Drawing Procedure - - 40

Week 12 Tracing of Drawing - - - - - - 42

Week 13 Free-hand Drawing (Arts) - - - - - 43

Week 14 Colour Application - - - - - - 46

Week 15 Computer Aided Drawing - - - - - 47

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 BASIC PRINCIPLE OF ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND DRAWING

WEEK 1.

INTRODUCTION THEORETICAL CONTENT

The course in an introduction to the study of the fundamentals of architecture as it

relates to the design and drawing of buildings. Hence a brief definition of the following terms

is very important. These term are: Architecture, Design, Drawing and Building.

Architecture:- Architecture is the process and the final creation of man made environment in

ways that is functional, economical to build and emotionally appealing to the user and the

independent viewer.

Architectural Design:- Is the continuous integration of ideas in other to come out with the

most acceptable solution. It is not a copy work of others hence it must be original.

Drawing:- Drawing is the graphic representation of idea, thought or design.

Building:- Is any structure that is used for human habitation.

1.0 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS

(1) Efficiency (2) Appearance
Design fundamental includes efficiency and appearance.

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1.1.1 Efficiency
Efficiency involves combing all practical aspect necessary to produce a building that is
functional and skillfully produce,

1.1.2 Appearance
While appearance is the aesthetic or external appearance of the building. The component of
appearance of building includes [ 1 ] form and shape [ 2] ratio, proportion and scale,[ 3 ]
balance [ 4 ] aesthetics and [ 5 ] unity or harmony.
Figure 1: (1) Form and Shape is the external appearance of the building. (a)
(2) Ratio is the comparism of the parts. (b) ab = 2
bc 5
2 5
Proportion is the relationship of the building element and the whole building. (c)

h
b
Scale is the dialogue between human and the building. (d)

Scaled No scale

(3) Balance is the placement of object for strength and stability. (e)
(4) Aesthetics is the features that are incorporated in the design of the building to make
its appearance beautiful and acceptable.

1.2 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN ELEMENTS

Architectural design elements are (1) Lines (2) Form (3) Colour (4) Tones and (5) Texture on
building
1.2.1 Line: Line is path of point in space to form objects of different shapes. It is the
starting point of all compositional work and with the abstract relationship line, colour,
form and space a pure beauty is attained.
Figure 2:
Straight S Curve Circle Square Triangle Cylinder

1.2.2 Form: Form is a three dimensional shape or shapes. Figure 3.

1.2.3 Tone: Tone is the contrast between light, dark, halftone in building L – Light, S –
Shade, H shadow.
L S
Figure 4. H

1.2.4 Texture: Texture is the contrast on the surface of a building. Figure 5.

1.2.5 Colour: Is the one that creates mood which gives a building its final finish. Figure 6.

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1.3 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING REQUIREMENTS
Requirements for good Architectural drawing includes (1) Artistic ability (2) Study habit (3)
Neatness (4) Fastness (5) Accuracy and (6) Good understanding of parallel drawing.

EXERCISES
1. Look at your class Room and comment on the use of scale and proportion with
reference to (a) Ratio of the width to height (b) The proportion of the openings to the
whole building (c) Study the chair and table used in Nursery school with that of your class
room and write on their use of scale.

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WEEK 2.

2.0 DRAWING MATERIALS

There are difference types of materials required for drawing practice. Some of these are (1)

Pencils (2) Erasers (3) Papers (4) Tapes (5) Ink etc. Figure 7a – c

2.1 Pencil: Pencil can be lead in wood or clutch with varying degree of hardness and

softness from 9 H TO 6B. 7a

2.1.2 Erasers: Can be vinyle, rubber, electric or ink. Figure 7(b)

A1
A2 A0
2.1.3 Papers: [tracing, detail e. t.c] of different sizes A4 to A0 Figure 7(c) A3
A4
A4
[210x292], A3 [292 x420], A2 [420 x594], A1 [594 x841],
A0 [841 x 1189].
2.1.4 Tapes: for fastening sheets on board. Masking tape

2.1.5 Ink: The ink in use is waterproof or non water proof and is of different colors.

2.2 DRAWING TOOLS

The tools commonly use for building drawing are (1) T-square (2) Set squares (3) Pen (4)
Scale (5) Compass (6) Dividers (7) Protectors (8) Templates (9) Board e.t.c. Figure 8:

(1) (2) (3) (4)

T-square Set-square Pen Divider

(5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

Compass Protractor Template Scale Board

2.3 DRAWING EQUIPMENT

Equipment use for drawing includes, (a) Drafting machine (b) Computers e.t.c. Figure 9.

(a) (b)

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2.4 MAINTENANCE
It is the work undertaken in order to keep every facility in its normal working condition.
Maintenance of drawing materials tools and equipment is to be given serious attention for
their longevity. Drawing items has to be tidy, clean, dusted, washed, serviced, covered, to
avoid heat, dust and dirt from affecting the items.
*Practical Practice:- Demonstrate the application of the drawing materials to draw, erase,
identify paper sizes, apply tools in setting up drawing, use of drafting machine and computer
for drawing and the maintenance procedure for the drawing material tools and equipments.
EXERCISES
1. State the functions of the various drawing materials, tools and equipment and state
their maintenance procedure.

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WEEK 3
3.0 CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION IN ARCHITECTURAL
DRAWING
covers the (1) Use of Lines (2) Openings (3) Materials (4) Fittings and Furniture.
Different conventional methods and representations used on architectural drawings for lines,
openings, materials, fittings, fixtures furniture. Lines have different meanings and can be
pictorial or symbolic.

3.1 Lines:- There are various types of lines used on drawing for construction and setting
out. Some lines are made tight, broken, strong to represent finish, hidden, object lines
etc. Figure 9(a)

Hidden Line Finish Line Break Line Centre Line Dimension Cutting

Plane Object Line Section Line

3.2 Openings Representations:- This is a drawing representation for doors and

windows either wood or metal made. However, there is no hard and fast rules because

variation exists in usage. Figure 9(B)

Revolving Swing Folding Collapsible Sliding Casement

3.3 Materials Representation:- This is a conventional line indication of materials in

general uses.

Concrete Cement Screed Earth Brick Stone

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3.4 Fittings Representations:- This is used to represent sanitary fittings in plane or
elevations. Figure 9(c)
Diving Shower WHB WC Fridge Cooker

oo oo
4 o 9

3.5 Furniture Representations:- This is a conventional indications of domestic furniture

drawings. Figure 9(d)
Diving Cussion Bed

Practical Practice on how to draw the lines, openings, materials fittings, equipment, furniture
use in drawing in the class.
EXERCISES
1. Identify the uses and draw the various types of lines openings, materials fittings and
furniture in your Houses.

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WEEK 4
4.0 DRAWING CODING LAYOUT AND REPRODUCTION
4.1 Coding Drawing Figure 10:- Coding of drawing is a simple numbering system that
helps o sort out drawing. The coordinated building communication (CBC) uses coding of
letters and number internationally for easy reference. Coding of drawing is a simple
numbering system that helps to sort out drawing. The coordinated building communication
(CBC) uses coding of letters and numbers internationally for easy reference.
A = Assembling drawing

CBC 24 = element code (stairs)

2 = sheet number.

A (24) 2
4.2 Drawing Layout Figure 11(a) & (b) :- Layout of drawings involves the proper
arrangement of the title block and margins either horizontally or vertically. Folding of
drawing ensures title block is on the face.

Horizontal Vertical

(a) (b)

4.3 Drawing Reproduction:- Drawing reproduction involves the reproduction of

drawing needed exactly, in large quantity fast and economical.
4.4 Machines:- Machines used for this are (1) Photocopy (2) Plan printing (3) Computer
etc.

4.4.1 Photostat:- Photostat is a photographic process using camera for making copies of
any kind.

4.4.2 Printing Machine:- Printing Machine uses the principles that is based on the
sensitivity of light on some chemical when exposed to vapour for development.

4.5 Maintenance of Drawing Producing Machines:- Maintenance of the above

machines is usually preventive (daily) corrective and predictive by covering sensitive parts
after use to avoid dust, moping to keep them dry, checking for sufficient compound before
operation, greasing, tightening of moving parts.

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* Practical Practice:- Apply the proper method of layout of drawing sheet prior to drawing.
Demonstration of the various methods of reproducing drawings with photocopying machine,
plan printing and computer. Demonstrate the effective way of their maintenance.

EXERCISES
1. (a) Draw a title block Horizontally and Vertically, (b) code the drawing and (c) Sate
the maintenance procedure for drawing producing machines.

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WEEK 5
5.0 TYPES OF ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING
There are four types of Architectural drawing exist as (1) Preliminarily sketch (2)
Presentation (3) Working and (4) Shop drawings. Figure 12a, b & C.
5.1 Preliminary Drawing:- Preliminary drawing are prepared during promotional stage
of building development.
5.2 Presentation Drawing:- Presentation drawing are meant to convey the proposed
building attractively in its natural settings and not normally dimensioned.

(a)
(1) Presentation
5.3 Working Drawing:- Working drawing are usually orthographic in nature. It is the
technical direction in graphic form that is needed by various tradesmen to complete a
building project. Its dimensioned and specifications attached.

(b) 1200
(2) Working drawing

5.4 Shop Drawing:- Shop drawing are technical drawings prepared by the architect or
tradesmen to show how the building and or its components for a specific information
on the items in question.

226mm

(c)
(3) Shop drawing

*Practical Practice:- Identification of the different types of architectural drawings and

noting their difference.

EXERCISES

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Outline the different types of Architectural Drawing you will produce to a prospective client
who incist on knwing every thing before paying you for the work you will do to him.

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Weeks 6
6.0 ARCHITECTURAL WORKING DRAWING
Architectural working drawing as discussed above is divided into seven types namely (1) Site
plan (2) Floor plan (3) Roof plan (4) Section (5) Elevation (6) Details and (7) Schedule.

6.1 Site Plan Figure 13:- Site plan is the drawing that shows the relationship between the
proposed building and its natural or artificial settings. Architects do understand the optimal
building site location by carrying out a site inventory and resource analysis of soil, vegetation
services, climate, topography aesthetics, land use as well as obstructions on the site.
Steps in Drawing Site Plan :- 1. Site sketching by physical site inspection, noting its
regulations orientation, total area property line services etc. 2. Scaling the drawing. 3.
Site designing by proposing the new building new street, contours, services etc.

Building
Building Line
Road Property line

6.2 Floor Plan Figure 14:- Floor plan is the Horizontal section view of a building viewed
from 1.2 – 1.5m above which shows the building components, layout of walls and
arrangement of rooms.
Steps in Drawing Floor Plan:- (1) Scaling and layout on board (2) Drawing walls, doors,
windows etc (3) Drawing details e.g. stair case (4) Dimension the drawing (5) Lettering titles,
notes and symbols (6) Checking the plan.

1.2 – 1.5
Plane
Floor Plane

6.3 Roof Plan Figure 15:- Roof plan is the top view of the building showing the overall
arrangement of roof system.
Steps in Drawing Roof Plan: (1) Scaling the drawing (2) Direction of the fall (3) Drawing
the outline (4) Setting roof members to show components. (5) Labeling and dimensioning of
components etc.

Roof Plan

6.4 Section Figure 16:- Section is the theoretical cutting through of the building vertically
and showing the cut members. Details are normally enlarged from the section.

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Steps in Producing Section:- (1) Picking the section line from plan (2) Drawing all members
cut by the plane (3) Labeling the components (4) Giving the dimension of members
Site Plan

Section Plane

6.5 Elevation Figure 17:- Elevation is the drawing that shows how a building look like if
viewed from any of the sides it shows the height and width of the building. It is drawn from
the plan and of the same scale. Elevation can either be exterior or interior bur generally are of
four types depending on the usage. Elevation can be drawn in relation to the frontal view or
the North direction. For Frontal view related elevation, we have the front, rear, left and right
elevations while in the North related view there is the North, South, West and East views
respectively.

Steps in drawing Elevation:- (1) Establish a scale and use the plan (2) Establish reference
Re
lines (3) Draw roof lines (4) Establish door and window heights and width (5) Draw stair
footing height where applicable (6) Check the elevation very well.

Le

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6.6 Details:- Details are the enlarged portion of the section or plan for a much specific
formations.

Steps in producing Detail Drawing:- (1) Choose the scale to be used (2) Select the area
needing the detail by circling (3) Blow the indicated part to the scale required (4) Elaborate
hat other information required.

6.7 Schedules Figure 18 :- Schedules are tabular description of the quantity, symbol,
measurements sketches of Doors and Windows used in the building drawing.

Steps in producing Schedule:- (1) Create the required table based on the required (2)
Identify the doors, window symbols, measurement quantity, location, from the plan.
Sig Sket Meas Qty Loct Degt

1200
Pallour

Gitall
Door

D1 x 5 hope
2100
Bedroom

1200 5 Gitall
Window

W1
x hope
2100

Schedule
*Practical Practice:- Reproduce a give set of working drawing in the following order: Site
plan, Plan, Roof plan, section, Elevations, Details and Schedules.
EXERCISES
You are required to produce a working drawing of a two (2) rooms boys quarters on a plot
measuring 15 x 20m.

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WEEK 7
7.0 APPLICATION OF ANTHROPOMETRICS IN BUILDING
DRAWING
Anthropometrics is the measurements of size and shape of human body for comfort in and
around the building in space and applied to set standard for designs of building components,
units and spaces.

Principles of Anthropometerics Figure 19a-c

Principles of Anthropometric are based on the fact that people by reasons of Age, Sex
physique and disability show wide range of body and dimension reach. Hence average
Human figure is used for Architectural criteria.
Figure 19a-c
525
2160
1720 2100 min
300
1600

1080
◌ْ

00 540 500
(a) 920 to(b)
10 (c)

Anthropometric application

7.1 Building Space Requirement Figure 20a-b

Space requirements entail the space needed by humans to move and utilize the various spaces
in building.
500
Sin x Fcrcult
1800 Control
(a) (b)
Feids 700
x
Xn2
350 Work Space
Space requirement
*Practical practice: Carry out Human body measurements and applying it to the design of
simple building units based on the space requirements obtained.

EXERCISES
(a) Carry out your anthropometrics measurements and apply it to the design of a kitchen .
(b) Sum of your class mates body measurements and obtain an average for the whole
class.

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WEEK 8
8.0 PERSPECTIVE DRAWING
Perspective is the art of drawing solid object in three dimension on a flat two dimensional
surface. So as to give the right impression of the relative height, width, dept, distance etc. It is
a pictorial drawing method of representing building very much as the lense of a common
records an image on film. It is a most helpful tool for the architect or owner to sell the
proposed building.

8.1 Principles of Perspective Drawing

Figure 21a-b
Principles of perspective is based on the optical illusion that (1) all parallel lines tends to
converge (2) all perspective rays are radiating from a single source (3) buildings are to be
drawn as seen not as they are known (4) buildings appear to get smaller as they recede.

(a) (b)

8.2 Types of Perspective Figure 22(a-c)

Types of perspective are of three namely (1) one point, (2) two points and (3) three points.
The difference being in the number of vanishing points they have. One point with all lines
recedes to the only point e.g rail line it is suitable for interior views. Two points with the two
vanishing points but vertical parallel lines do not vanish but horizontal lines do e.g building
viewed at a distance corner. Three points has three vanishing points and no parallel edges
parallel to the picture plane e.g tall building. Generally two points perspective is most often
used and both two and three points perspective are most suitable for exterior views.
vp
up
vp vp
vp vp vp
up vp

One point Two points Three points

(a) (b) (c)

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8.3 Classes of Perspective Figure 23 (abc)
Perspective is classified into three viz: (1) normal (2) birds eye view, and frogs eye view. A
normal perspective is the one mostly used for illustrations because the vanishing point is on
the horizon line. Birds eye view (avail perspective) has the building below the observers eye
in the same way the birds sees the building as it flies. The frogs eye view perspective has the
level below the object as the frog sees the building above.

vp HL vP

vp HL vp vp
vp HL
Normal Birds eye view
(a) (b) Frogs eye view
(c)
8.4 Methods of Perspective Drawing
Methods of perspective drawing are three (1) approximate (2) mechanical and (3) computer.
Approximate perspective is used mostly for preliminary studies and presentations and the
finish drawing will be similar to those drawn mechanically or by computer. It is better to
learn how to use the approximate perspective before attempting the other methods.
Mechanical perspective are of several types but all based on the same principles. Computer
perspective uses computer aided design like AutoCAD, ArchiCAD etc. it is faster, accurate,
ease of recollection.

8.5 Terms or Elements of Perspective Figure 24

Terms (elements) of perspective are many and the best way to learn them is to practice the
way they are constructed. They are (1) picture plane (pp), (2) ground plane (GP), (3) station
point (SP), (4) horizontal line (HL), (5) vanishing point (VP), (6) true height line
(THL), (7) visual rays (VR), (8) vanishing lines (VL), (9) centre of vision (CV), (10)
cone of vision (COV), (11) angle of vision (AV), (12) eye level (EL), (13) object (O).

CV
HL/EL VP
VP O
THL CV

GP
SP

Figure 24

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∗ Practical Practice: Demonstrate the practical application of the principles of
perspective on rail, road for one point perspective and at long building corner for two
point perspectives. Demonstrate the applicable of the classes of perspective with
elevated block, block placed on ground and by standing need a building for the frogs
eye, birds eye and normal perspective.
EXERCISES
(a) Visit a rail way line and a major road and draw how they recedes.
(b) Draw any building from a corner and observe how the walls vanish.
(c) Place two blocks one below your eye level and the other above your eyelevel and
draw them to show the birds and frogs eye view perspective.

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WEEK 9
9.0 PERSPECTIVE ELEMENT
9.1 Picture Plane (PP):- A Transparent Imaginary Plane Of Projection. A Transparent
Vertical Plane Upon Which The Perspective Is Drawn. The Lower Part Of The Plane Interest
The Ground Plane And On The Plan Portion View Of The Layout, It Appears As A Line
Parallel To The Ground Plane And Usually Is Placed Between The Station Point And The
Object.

9.2 Ground Plane (GP):- Is The Horizontal Plane Which Is Represented By A Line On
The Elevation Portion Of The Layout. Gp Is Always Parallel To The Horizontal Line And
Represent By The Intersection Of The Picture Plane And The Ground. This Is The Place That
The View Is Standing In Plane.

9.3 Station Point (SP):- Is the origination of the usual rays as the object is observed
through the picture plane. It will appear as a point in both plan and elevation which will fall
on the horizontal. This determines the view of the object, this determines the favourable
position of the observed.

9.4 Horizon Line (HL):- Is the eye level of the viewer. It’s the intersection of the sky
and the ground and therefore only represented on the elevation position of the drawing. It’s
usually paced above the ground line (plane) and the amount dets the height of observation
since its always at the eye level and parallel to the ground line and passes through the picture
plane.

9.5 Vanishing Point (VP):- Is made of the left and right vanishing point for two pt pers
or central for the 1 pt perspective. This is a specific point or pts located on the horizon line
where all parallel lines drawn in the perspective coverage.
9.6 True Height Line (THL):- It is a vertical line of the object touches the picture plane,
the line will appear full length on the finished perspective thus providing a convenient
method for projecting true height.

9.7 Visual Rays (VR):- Are imaginary lines drawn from the station pt to any specific pt
with the designated scope of the plane layout of the object. The pt at which this projected
lines passes through the picture plane will det the location of that pt in perspective.

9.8 Vanishing Lines (VL):- Horizontal lines of the object which coverage on the
vanishing point.

21
*Practical Practice: Practice the demonstration of the application of perspective elements.
EXERCISES
(a) Define and draw all the perspective elements.

22
WEEK 10
10.0 ONE POINT PERSPECTIVE DRAWING PROCEDURE
General procedure for producing a normal mechanical perspective are (1) Scale the drawing
(2) Index all perspective elements using numbers (3) Label all perspective elements using
letters (4) Identify the various lines used and (5) Revisit the drawing process stage by stage to
ensure accuracy.

10.1 One Point Perspective Drawing Procedure

- Steps in producing a one point perspective Figure 25
(1) Draw the plan (P) to scale
(2) Draw the station point(s)
(3) Draw the picture plane (PP)
(4) Draw lines from station point to corners of plan
(5) W the elevation
(6) Determine the eye level height (EL)
(7) Draw centre of vision (CV)
(8) All construction lines should be light
(9) Cross check the procedure to ensure accuracy.

3 CV

7 VP
6 EL/HL
7 VP

10THL
8 GL

5 PP
1P

4 COV

450 450 9 AV
2 SP/0

Figure 25

23
∗ Practical Practice: Produce a simple one point perspective of a room mechanically.

EXERCISES
Construct a one point perspective of your bed room.

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WEEK 11

11. TWO POINTS PERSPECTIVE DRAWING PROCEDURE

Steps in producing a two points perspective figure 26
(1) Draw the plan to scale (P)
(2) Draw station to scale (S)
(3) Draw the centre of vision (CV)
(4) Draw picture plane (PP)
(5) Draw lines from station point(s) to the picture plane parallel to plan for vanishing
points (VP)
(6) From vanishing points (VP) draw horizontal line to determine the eye level (EL)
(7) Draw elevations and the tive height line (THL)
(8) From height line determine ground level based on scale.
(9) Cross check the procedure to ensure accuracy.

3 CV

10THL

7 VP 7·VP
·

8 GL

5 PP
30 60

1P

4 COV

9 AV 450 450
2 SP/0

Figure 26

Above sketches shows a perspective procedure for one and two points perspectives by
labeling and indexing. (1P) Plan, (2St/O) Station Point/observer, (3 CV) Centre of Vision, (4
COV) Cone of Vision, (5PP) Picture Plane, (6 HL//EL) Horizon Line/ Eye Level, (7 VP)
Vanishing Point, (8 GL) Ground Level, (9 AV) Angle of Vision, (10 THL) True Height Line.
25
∗ Practical practice: Produce a two points perspective of a simple block building
mechanically

EXERCISES
Construct a two points perspective of your class room.

26
WEEK 12
12.0 TRACING OF DRAWING
The principal objective of tracing drawing is to produce a finished work through practice in
manipulation of the instruments.

12.1 Steps in Tracing Drawing Figure 27

Good tracing is achieved by (1) accuracy (2) speed (3) legibility and (4) neatness. Procedure
for tracing involves (1) getting instruments around (2) tidying work area (3) preparing the
board (4) selecting the pen (5) testing and correcting instrument (6) layout of sheet (7) correct
holding or positioning of pen (8) timing for ink to dry (9) control of line thickness. Order of
tracing (1) mark all points in pencil directly (2) Draw horizontal, then vertical then incline
lines (3) ink arrow heads notes (4) Draw left to right, up to down etc.

Correct Wrong Wrong

Figure 27

∗ Practical practice: Use drawing pens to trace a simple finish pencil working
drawing.

EXERCISES
Trace the simple plan given to you in pen and ink with points 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8 and 1.2mm.

27
WEEK 13
13. FREEHAND DRAWING (ARTS) FIGURE 28 (a-f)
Artistic drawing is an aspect of mental development, imaginative, creative and aesthetics
through what the eye sees, what the mind imagine and what is translated in a graphic form.
Training in freehand drawing consist of (1) training the eye and (2) training the hand to
express what is seen simultaneously.

A B C etc
Horizontal Vertical 450 circle square
lines lines
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)

13.1 Materials and Tools for Freehand Drawing

Materials and tools for freehand drawing are water colour, sponge, ink, erasers, brush, pen,
spray gum, knife etc.

13.1 Freehand Rendering Figure 29 (a b and c)

Freehand rendering shows the effective of relative sizes, dept, width, light and darkness as
well as the solidity of the building.

building

Light Halftone
Shade

Shadow
Hatching Cross hatching
(a) (b) (c)

Shading is to give a feeling of recession, solidity and dept to buildings. Shade is that surface
of a building in darkness, light is that surface subjected to rays. Halftone (casting edge) is the

28
intersection between light and dark sides. Shadow is the image of the building casting on
ground or other object.
∗ Practical practice: Produce various shapes using freehand sketching. Identify the
various materials and tools used for artistic production. Demonstrate the effect of
shade and shadow casting using a simple box placed outside on a sunny day.

EXERCISE
(a) Use a HB pencil and draw 10 lines each horizontally, vertically, circular, triangle,
square, rectangle and diagonally.
(b) Place a box outside your class on a sunny day and produce the tones.

29
WEEK 14
14.0 APPLICATION OF COLOUR FIGURE 30
Colour is the decomposition of white light into the seven colours spectrum of red, orange,
yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. Some colours are good on buildings while some are
not.
yellow
yellow orange yellow-green – primary colours – red, yellow and blue
green - - - secondary “ – orange, purple and green
orange
red Blue green
White --- Intermediate “ – yellow green, blue
Red Blue green, Blue purple,
Red orange and
yellow orange

Blue purple

Red Purple purple

The colour wheel

Principles of Colour Harmony

Principles of colour harmony consist of two laws (1) colours must be related (2) one colour
must dominate. Colour harmony consist of (1) single colour with neutral (2) Harmony of
adjacent colours (3) harmony of complementary colours.
∗ Practical practice: Demonstrate colour spectrum produced using a prism or water
spray to obtain rainbow. Mix different colours to produce colour harmony.

EXERCISE
Obtain the seven primary colours and mix them up to obtain the secondary and intermediate
colours.

30
WEEK 15
15.0 COMPUTER AIDED DRAWING
- Computer aided drawing is the process of preparing of a building on the screen of a
computer.
- Since using instrument is time consuming susceptible to error, difficulty in
modification and repetition and cumbersome.
- Computer used in drawing has the advantage of producing neat, fast, retrieve, and
make amendments etc easily. The basic hardware components includes the key board,
mouse, monitor, UPS, scanners, printer, plotter etc. Application of the computer to
draw coordinates, layers, simple shapes, edit drawing, save drawing, erase drawing,
copy etc.

∗ Practical practice: Identify the various hardware components, their uses and the
maintenance procedure. Use the computer to do simple building drawing from
creating title block to fully dimensioned drawing and its pointing.

EXERCISE
Draw a simple block layout using a computer.

REFERENCES.

Architectural Draughtmanship by Fresiser Reekie.

Reading Architectural Working Drawing by Edward J. Muuer.

Technical Drawing 7th Edition by Gieseke, Michael Speneer and Dygdon.

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