IILM INSTITUTE FOR HIGHER

EDUCATION, GURGAON
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

3. CURRENT SNAPSHOT

4. FAR REACHING APPLICATIONS

5. INTERNET MENACE

6. FUTURE VISION

7. REFERENCES
 INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS INTERNET?
The Internet, in simplest terms, is the large group of millions of computers around
the world that are all connected to one another. These computers are connected
by phone lines, fiber optic lines, coaxial cable, satellites, and wireless
connections.The various applications of the Internet are :-
• The largest network of networks in the world.
• Uses TCP/IP protocols and packet switching .
• Runs on any communications substrate.
• The World-Wide Web (the web or WWW)
• Electronic Mail (E-Mail)
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• Internet Relay chat (IRC)
• USENET (a news service)

The World Wide Web:-

The www is the reason the Internet has become as popular as it has. This is the
part of the Internet that the majority of users see — the websites and the pages
that make them up. The web is the most widely used service of the Internet,
accessed through a web browser like Internet Explorer or Netscape Navigator.
These pieces of software are gradually integrating other parts of the Internet into
them (most notably email and ftp), so that eventually we will have one interface
to the entire array of services the Internet offers.

The web is an immense collection of web pages, linked together with hypertext
links. Thousands of new pages of information are added to the heaving web
every hour. Each page is placed on a server, a computer continually connected
to the rest of the web. The information is then available to anyone else with
access to the Internet. Web pages can have a mixture of text, graphics and
multimedia. Nowadays, there's information on practically anything you could be
interested in available somewhere on the web. You can use a search engine to
find what you want.

E-mail:-

Electronic Mail works in much the same way as traditional mail (now charmingly
labelled 'snail-mail') does. Anyone is allowed to sign up for an email address and
then people can send you messages, or attach files from their computer and
send them too. The main benefit of email is the close to instantaneous delivery
of messages that occurs. You can send an email to the other side to the world
and it will arrive in less than a minute. You can also sign up to weekly newsletters
and have information you want delivered right to your computer.
File Transfer Protocol:-
While web pages are transferred between computers using the http protocol,
other types of files are sent using FTP. People can share files, like music and
videos, among each other and the rest of the world by uploading them to a server
and allowing others to download them to their own computers.

Internet Relay Chat:-

IRC is a service that allows you to connect to your chosen channel and talk in
real-time to people with the same interests as you. You can download » mIRC
and start chatting right away.

USENET:-
USENET (Unix User Network) is a system of bulletin boards where you and
anyone else can post messages and people will read and reply to them. As with
IRC, you will find boards set up for all sorts of groups of people. The search
engine Google has set up a web-interface for these discussion boards.

STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
• STAGE1 Three terminals and an ARPA
• STAGE2 Packet Switching
• STAGE3 Networks that led to the Internet
o 3.1 ARPANET
o 3.2 X.25 and public access
o 3.3 UUCP
• STAGE4 Merging the networks and creating the Internet
o 4.1 TCP/IP
o 4.2 ARPANET to Several Federal Wide Area Networks: MILNET,
NSI, and NSFNet
o 4.3 The transition toward an Internet
• STAGE5 TCP/IP becomes worldwide
o 5.1 CERN, the European internet, the link to the Pacific and beyond
o 5.2 A digital divide
 5.2.1 Africa
 5.2.2 Asia and Oceania
 5.2.3 Latin America
• STAGE6 Opening the network to commerce
o 6.1 The IETF and a standard for standards
o 6.2 NIC, InterNIC, IANA and ICANN
• STAGE7 Use and culture
o 7.1 Email and Usenet—The growth of the text forum
o 7.2 A world library—from gopher to the WWW
o 7.3 Finding what you need—The search engine
 o 7.4 The dot-com bubble
o 7.5 Worldwide Online Population Forecast

1. Three terminals and an ARPA:-

Advanced Research Projects Agency was renamed to Defense Advanced
Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in 1972. A fundamental pioneer in the call
for a global network, J.C.R. Licklider, articulated the idea in his January 1960
paper, Man-Computer Symbiosis.

"A network of such [computers], connected to one another by wide-band

communication lines" which provided "the functions of present-day libraries
together with anticipated advances in information storage and retrieval and
[other] symbiotic functions:—J.C.R. Licklider

In October 1962, Licklider was appointed head of the United States Department
of Defense's DARPA information processing office, and formed an informal group
within DARPA to further computer research. As part of the information processing
office's role, three network terminals had been installed: one for System
Development Corporation in Santa Monica, one for Project Genie at the
University of California, Berkeley and one for the Multics project SHOPPING at
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Licklider's need for inter-
networking would be made evident by the problems this caused.

2. Packet Switching:-

At the tip of the inter-networking problem lay the issue of connecting separate
physical networks to form one logical network, with much wasted capacity inside
the assorted separate network. During the 1960s, Donald Davies (NPL), Paul
Baran (RAND Corporation), and Leonard Kleinrock (MIT) developed and
implemented packet switching. The notion that the Internet was developed to
survive a nuclear attack has its roots in the early theories developed by RAND,
but is an urban legend, not supported by any Internet Engineering Task Force or
other document. Early networks used for the command and control of nuclear
forces were message switched, not packet-switched, although current strategic
military networks are, indeed, packet-switching and connectionless. Baran's
research had approached packet switching from studies of decentralisation to
avoid combat damage compromising the entire network.

3. Networks that led to the Internet:-

• ARPANET:-
ARPANET became the technical core of what would become the Internet, and
a primary tool in developing the technologies used. ARPANET development
was centered around the Request for Comments (RFC) process, still used
today for proposing and distributing Internet Protocols and Systems. RFC 1,
entitled "Host Software", was written by Steve Crocker from the University of
 California, Los Angeles, and published on April 7, 1969. These early years
were documented in the 1972 film Computer Networks: The Heralds of
Resource Sharing.
• X.25 and public access:-
Following on from ARPA's research, packet switching network standards were
developed by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) in the form of
X.25 and related standards. In 1974, X.25 formed the basis for the SERCnet
network between British academic and research sites, which later became
JANET. The initial ITU Standard on X.25 was approved in March 1976. This
standard was based on the concept of virtual circuits.
Unlike ARPAnet, X.25 was also commonly available for business use. Telenet
offered its Telemail electronic mail service, but this was oriented to enterprise use
rather than the general email of ARPANET.
• UUCP:-
In 1979, two students at Duke University, Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis, came up
with the idea of using simple Bourne shell scripts to transfer news and messages
on a serial line with nearby University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Following
public release of the software, the mesh of UUCP hosts forwarding on the
Usenet news rapidly expanded. UUCPnet, as it would later be named, also
created gateways and links between FidoNet and dial-up BBS hosts. UUCP
networks spread quickly due to the lower costs involved, and ability to use
existing leased lines, X.25 links or even ARPANET connections. By 1981 the
number of UUCP hosts had grown to 550, nearly doubling to 940 in 1984.
4. Merging the networks and creating the
Internet:-
• TCP/IP:-
With the role of the network reduced to the bare minimum, it became possible to
join almost any networks together, no matter what their characteristics were,
thereby solving Kahn's initial problem. DARPA agreed to fund development of
prototype software, and after several years of work, the first somewhat crude
demonstration of a gateway between the Packet Radio network in the SF Bay
area and the ARPANET was conducted. By November 1977 a three network
demonstration was conducted including the ARPANET, the Packet Radio
Network and the Atlantic Packet Satellite network—all sponsored by DARPA.
Stemming from the first specifications of TCP in 1974, TCP/IP emerged in mid-
late 1978 in nearly final form. By 1981, the associated standards were published
as RFCs 791, 792 and 793 and adopted for use. DARPA sponsored or
encouraged the development of TCP/IP implementations for many operating
systems and then scheduled a migration of all hosts on all of its packet networks
to TCP/IP. On 1 January 1983, TCP/IP protocols became the only approved
protocol on the ARPANET, replacing the earlier NCP protocol.
Map of the TCP/IP test network in January 1982
• ARPANET to Several Federal Wide Area Networks: MILNET,
NSI, and NSFNet:-

After the ARPANET had been up and running for several years, ARPA looked
for another agency to hand off the network to; ARPA's primary mission was
funding cutting-edge research and development, not running a
communications utility. Eventually, in July 1975, the network had been turned
over to the Defense Communications Agency, also part of the Department of
Defense.
In 1983, the U.S. military portion of the ARPANET was broken off as a
separate network, the MILNET. MILNET subsequently became the
unclassified but military-only NIPRNET, in parallel with the SECRET-level
SIPRNET and JWICS for TOP SECRET and above. NIPRNET does have
controlled security gateways to the public Internet.
In 1984 NSF developed CSNET exclusively based on TCP/IP. CSNET
connected with ARPANET using TCP/IP, and ran TCP/IP over X.25, but it also
supported departments without sophisticated network connections, using
automated dial-up mail exchange. This grew into the NSFNet backbone,
established in 1986, and intended to connect and provide access to a number
of supercomputing centers established by the NSF.

• The transition toward an Internet:-

The term "Internet" was adopted in the first RFC published on the TCP
protocol (RFC 675: Internet Transmission Control Protocol, December 1974).
It was around the time when ARPANET was interlinked with NSFNet, that the
term Internet came into more general use,[11] with "an internet" meaning any
network using TCP/IP. "The Internet" came to mean a global and large
network using TCP/IP. Previously "internet" and "internetwork" had been used
interchangeably, and "internet protocol" had been used to refer to other
networking systems such as Xerox Network Services.

5. TCP/IP becomes worldwide:-

The first ARPANET connection outside the US was established to NORSAR
in Norway in 1973, just ahead of the connection to Great Britain. These links
were all converted to TCP/IP in 1982, at the same time as the rest of the
Arpanet.
• CERN, the European internet, the link to the Pacific and
beyond:-
Between 1984 and 1988 CERN began installation and operation of TCP/IP to
interconnect its major internal computer systems, workstations, PC's and an
accelerator control system. CERN continued to operate a limited self-
developed system CERNET internally and several incompatible (typically
proprietary) network protocols externally. There was considerable resistance
in Europe towards more widespread use of TCP/IP and the CERN TCP/IP
intranets remained isolated from the rest of the Internet until 1989.
In 1988 Daniel Karrenberg, from CWI in Amsterdam, visited Ben Segal,
CERN's TCP/IP Coordinator, looking for advice about the transition of the
European side of the UUCP Usenet network (much of which ran over X.25
links) over to TCP/IP. In 1987, Ben Segal had met with Len Bosack from the
then still small company Cisco about purchasing some TCP/IP routers for
CERN, and was able to give Karrenberg advice and forward him on to Cisco
for the appropriate hardware. This expanded the European portion of the
Internet across the existing UUCP networks, and in 1989 CERN opened its
first external TCP/IP connections.[13] This coincided with the creation of
Réseaux IP Européens (RIPE), initially a group of IP network administrators
who met regularly to carry out co-ordination work together. Later, in 1992,
RIPE was formally registered as a cooperative in Amsterdam.

A Digital divide:-
While developed countries with technological infrastructures were joining the
Internet, developing countries began to experience a digital divide separating
them from the Internet. On an essentially continental basis, they are building
organizations for Internet resource administration and sharing operational
experience, as more and more transmission facilities go into place.
• Africa:-
Africa is building an Internet infrastructure. AfriNIC, headquartered in
Mauritius, manages IP address allocation for the continent. As do the other
Internet regions, there is an operational forum, the Internet Community of
Operational Networking Specialists.
• Asia and Oceania:-
The Asia Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC), headquartered in
Mauritius, manages IP address allocation for the continent. APNIC sponsors
an operational forum, the Asia-Pacific Regional Internet Conference on
Operational Technologies (APRICOT).
• Latin America:-
As with the other regions, the Latin American and Caribbean Internet
Addresses Registry (LACNIC) manages the IP address space and other
resources for its area. LACNIC, headquartered in Uruguay, operates DNS
root, reverse DNS, and other key services
6. Opening the network to commerce:-
During the late 1980s, the first Internet service provider (ISP) companies were
formed. Companies like PSINet, UUNET, Netcom, and Portal Software were
formed to provide service to the regional research networks and provide
alternate network access, UUCP-based email and Usenet News to the public.
The first dial-up in the West Coast, was Best Internet[1] - now Verio
Communications, opened in 1986. The first dialup ISP in the East was
world.std.com, opened in 1989.
• The IETF and a standard for standards:-
The Internet has developed a significant subculture dedicated to the idea
that the Internet is not owned or controlled by any one person, company,
group, or organization. Nevertheless, some standardization and control is
necessary for the system to function.
The liberal Request for Comments (RFC) publication procedure
engendered confusion about the Internet standardization process, and led
to more formalization of official accepted standards. The IETF started in
January of 1985 as a quarterly meeting of U.S. government funded
researchers. Representatives from non-government vendors were invited
starting with the fourth IETF meeting in October of that year.
In 1992, the Internet Society, a professional membership society, was
formed and the IETF was transferred to operation under it as an
independent international standards body.
• NIC, InterNIC, IANA and ICANN:-
The first central authority to coordinate the operation of the network was
the Network Information Centre (NIC) at Stanford Research Institute (SRI)
in Menlo Park, California. In 1972, management of these issues was given
to the newly created Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). In
addition to his role as the RFC Editor, Jon Postel worked as the manager
of IANA until his death in 1998.
In 1998 both IANA and InterNIC were reorganized under the control of
ICANN, a California non-profit corporation contracted by the US
Department of Commerce to manage a number of Internet-related tasks.
The role of operating the DNS system was privatized and opened up to
competition, while the central management of name allocations would be
awarded on a contract tender basis.
7. Use and culture
• Email and Usenet—The growth of the text forum
E-mail is often called the killer application of the Internet. However, it
actually predates the Internet and was a crucial tool in creating it. E-mail
started in 1965 as a way for multiple users of a time-sharing mainframe
computer to communicate. Although the history is unclear, among the first
systems to have such a facility were SDC's Q32 and MIT's CTSS.
The ARPANET computer network made a large contribution to the
evolution of e-mail. There is one report indicating experimental inter-
system e-mail transfers on it shortly after ARPANET's creation. In 1971
Ray Tomlinson created what was to become the standard Internet e-mail
address format, using the @ sign to separate user names from host
names.
A number of protocols were developed to deliver e-mail among groups of
time-sharing computers over alternative transmission systems, such as
UUCP and IBM's VNET e-mail system. E-mail could be passed this way
between a number of networks, including ARPANET, BITNET and
NSFNet, as well as to hosts connected directly to other sites via UUCP.
The News software developed by Steve Daniel and Tom Truscott in 1979
was used to distribute news and bulletin board-like messages. This quickly
grew into discussion groups, known as newsgroups, on a wide range of
topics. On ARPANET and NSFNet similar discussion groups would form
via mailing lists, discussing both technical issues and more culturally
focused topics (such as science fiction, discussed on the sflovers mailing
list).
• A world library—From gopher to the WWW:-
As the Internet grew through the 1980s and early 1990s, many people
realized the increasing need to be able to find and organize files and
information. Projects such as Gopher, WAIS, and the FTP Archive list
attempted to create ways to organize distributed data. Unfortunately, these
projects fell short in being able to accommodate all the existing data types
and in being able to grow without bottlenecks.
In 1991, Tim Berners-Lee was the first to develop a network-based
implementation of the hypertext concept. This was after Berners-Lee had
repeatedly proposed his idea to the hypertext and Internet communities at
various conferences to no avail—no one would implement it for him.
Working at CERN, Berners-Lee wanted a way to share information about
their research. By releasing his implementation to public use, he ensured
the technology would become widespread. Subsequently, Gopher became
the first commonly-used hypertext interface to the Internet. While Gopher
menu items were examples of hypertext, they were not commonly
perceived in that way. One early popular web browser, modeled after
HyperCard, was ViolaWWW.
Scholars generally agree, however, that the turning point for the World
Wide Web began with the introduction of the Mosaic (web browser) in
1993, a graphical browser developed by a team at the National Center for
Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana-
Champaign (NCSA-UIUC), led by Marc Andreessen. Funding for Mosaic
came from the High-Performance Computing and Communications
Initiative, a funding program initiated by then-Senator Al Gore's High
Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991 also known as
the Gore Bill . Indeed, Mosaic's graphical interface soon became more
popular than Gopher, which at the time was primarily text-based, and the
WWW became the preferred interface for accessing the Internet. (Gore's
reference to his role in "creating the Internet", however, was ridiculed in
his Presidential election campaign: see full article Al Gore contributions to
the internet and technology).
Mosaic was eventually superseded in 1994 by Andreessen's Netscape
Navigator, which replaced Mosaic as the world's most popular browser.
Competition from Internet Explorer and a variety of other browsers has
almost completely displaced it. Another important event held on January
11, 1994, was The Superhighway Summit at UCLA's Royce Hall.
• Finding what you need—The search engine:-
Even before the World Wide Web, there were search engines that
attempted to organize the Internet. The first of these was the Archie
search engine from McGill University in 1990, followed in 1991 by WAIS
and Gopher. All three of those systems predated the invention of the
World Wide Web but all continued to index the Web and the rest of the
Internet for several years after the Web appeared. There are still Gopher
servers as of 2006, although there are a great many more web servers.
As the Web grew, search engines and Web directories were created to
track pages on the Web and allow people to find things. The first full-text
Web search engine was WebCrawler in 1994. Before WebCrawler, only
Web page titles were searched. Another early search engine, Lycos, was
created in 1993 as a university project, and was the first to achieve
commercial success. During the late 1990s, both Web directories and
Web search engines were popular—Yahoo! (founded 1995) and Altavista
(founded 1995) were the respective industry leaders.
By August 2001, the directory model had begun to give way to search
engines, tracking the rise of Google (founded 1998), which had developed
new approaches to relevancy ranking. Directory features, while still
commonly available, became after-thoughts to search engines.
• The dot-com bubble
The suddenly low price of reaching millions worldwide, and the possibility
of selling to or hearing from those people at the same moment when they
were reached, promised to overturn established business dogma in
advertising, mail-order sales, customer relationship management, and
many more areas. The web was a new killer app—it could bring together
unrelated buyers and sellers in seamless and low-cost ways. Visionaries
around the world developed new business models, and ran to their
nearest venture capitalist. Of course a proportion of the new
entrepreneurs were truly talented at business administration, sales, and
growth; but the majority were just people with ideas, and didn't manage
the capital influx prudently. Additionally, many dot-com business plans
were predicated on the assumption that by using the Internet, they would
bypass the distribution channels of existing businesses and therefore not
have to compete with them; when the established businesses with strong
existing brands developed their own Internet presence, these hopes were
shattered, and the newcomers were left attempting to break into markets
dominated by larger, more established businesses. Many did not have the
ability to do so.
• Worldwide Online Population Forecast:-
In its "Worldwide Online Population Forecast, 2006 to 2011,"
JupiterResearch anticipates that a 38 percent increase in the number of
people with online access will mean that, by 2011, 22 percent of the
Earth's population will surf the Internet regularly.
JupiterResearch says the worldwide online population will increase at a
compound annual growth rate of 6.6 percent during the next five years, far
outpacing the 1.1 percent compound annual growth rate for the planet's
population as a whole. The report says 1.1 billion people currently enjoy
regular access to the Web.
North America will remain on top in terms of the number of people with
online access. According to JupiterResearch, online penetration rates on
the continent will increase from the current 70 percent of the overall North
American population to 76 percent by 2011. However, Internet adoption
has "matured," and its adoption pace has slowed, in more developed
countries including the United States, Canada, Japan and much of
Western Europe, notes the report.
As the online population of the United States and Canada grows by about
only 3 percent, explosive adoption rates in China and India will take place,
says JupiterResearch. The report says China should reach an online
penetration rate of 17 percent by 2011 and India should hit 7 percent
during the same time frame. This growth is directly related to infrastructure
development and increased consumer purchasing power, notes
JupiterResearch.
By 2011, Asians will make up about 42 percent of the world's population
with regular Internet access, 5 percent more than today, says the study.
Penetration levels similar to North America's are found in Scandinavia and
bigger Western European nations such as England and Germany, but
JupiterResearch says that a number of Central European countries "are
relative Internet laggards.
Penetration levels similar to North America's are found in Scandinavia and
bigger Western European nations such as England and Germany, but
JupiterResearch says that a number of Central European countries "are
relative Internet laggards.
For the study, JupiterResearch defined "online users" as people who
regularly access the Internet by "dedicated Internet access" devices.
Those devices do not include cell phones.
 CURRENT SNAPSHOT
By September 2007 the Internet Reached Two
Important Milestones:-

WORLD INTERNET USAGE AND POPULATION STATISTICS

% Usage
Internet Usage
Population Population Population Growth
World Regions Usage, % of
( 2007 Est.) % of World ( Penetratio 2000-
Latest Data World
n) 2007
Africa 933,448,292 14.2 % 43,995,700 4.7 % 3.5 % 874.6 %
Asia 3,712,527,624 56.5 % 459,476,825 12.4 % 36.9 % 302.0 %
Europe 809,624,686 12.3 % 337,878,613 41.7 % 27.2% 221.5 %
Middle East 193,452,727 2.9 % 33,510,500 17.3 % 2.7 % 920.2 %
North America 334,538,018 5.1 % 234,788,864 70.2 % 18.9% 117.2 %
Latin
556,606,627 8.5 % 115,759,709 20.8 % 9.3 % 540.7 %
America/Caribbean
Oceania / Australia 34,468,443 0.5 % 19,039,390 55.2 % 1.5 % 149.9 %
100.0
WORLD TOTAL 6,574,666,417 100.0 % 1,244,449,601 18.9 % 244.7 %
%
NOTES: (1) Internet Usage and World Population Statistics are for September 30, 2007. . (2)
Demographic (Population) numbers are based on data contained in the world-gazetteer
website. (3) Internet usage information comes from data published by Nielsen//NetRatings, by
the International Telecommunications Union, by local NICs, and other other reliable sources.
Copyright © 2007, Miniwatts Marketing Group. All rights reserved worldwide.
FAR REACHING APPLICATIONS

Web 2.0 – the next “internet” revolution ~ it’s happening Now

revolution ~ its happening Now!!

It is a catchphrase used to describe a way of using the Web -what that way
entails is debated, but generally its “networking”. Internet has touched &
given manifold benefits to a common in all areas of his life. He has got a
new tech savvy look which has revolutionized his life completely.

Web 2.0 ~ so what is it ?

Web 1.0 was about connecting computers and making technology more efficient
for computers
Web 2.0 is:
• Is definitely about people
• Its applications that are harnessing the power of collective intelligence of
users
• Its about connecting people, and making technology more efficient for
people.
• It uses social networking, Podcasts, wikis, bloggingetc to disseminate
information.
• It generates huge interest online and must be taken seriouslywhen we are
designing our web strategy

Web 2.0 Methodologies ~ Social Networking

Now Web sites are becoming a place where relationships are formed and
opinions exchanged by consumers.
• Examples in tourism are IgoUgo, My Space, You Tube, Trip Advisor,
Yahoo Trip Planner –these web sites are about creating consumer
generated contentnot just publishing sterile brochure content.
• Social networks allow consumers to “congregate”around subjects and to
operate outside the established contact points so that they can exchange
unfiltered views and experiences good and bad.
• Organisationscan themselves create their own social networking spaceon
their website orwork with established players like My Space,You Tube.

Web 2.0 Methodologies ~ Blogs (weblog weblog)

Weblogs provide dialogue on varied subjects . provide dialogue on varied

subjects .
• Blogscan combine text images, links etc.
• Blogscan be used by companies to solicit feedback and experiences and
also be used for tracking consumer opinions, and can be formal or
informal
 • Are seen by consumers as a personal communication channel and as an
impartial and informal way of getting factual, unbiased and accurate
information.
• Companies need a “BlogStrategy”~ options are to control, respond or
remain silent

Many public and private sector tourism sites today have blogs-usually editorial
controlled by the site operator –supplier

Web 2.0 Methodologies ~ Podcasting

Is an audio file that can be downloaded from a web Is an audio file that can be
downloaded from a website onto an IPOD/MP3 player and of course a site onto
an IPOD/MP3 player and of course a “mobile phone mobile phone”.
• Used to deliver sound experiences of travel destinations and guidebooks,
music, cultural experiences etc and talks and speeches by well know
personalities
• Used by operators like Lonely Planet and other travel guides, Virgin,
Online Booking engines (Orbitz, Expedia ) and National and local
Newspapers

Web 2.0 Methodologies ~ RSS (Really Web 2.0 Methodologies ~

RSS (Really Simple Syndication)

Is a file format that is used to subscribe to content Is a file format that is used to
subscribe to content
on a regular basis on a regular basis – news, latest offers, news, latest offers,
promotions etc promotions etc
• This allows the consumer to keep track of news, blogs, events and
“deals”without having to remember to check each site manually
• Many airlines, agents, hotels and operators offer this facility mainly
focussed on deals, specials and promotions
• RSS does not compete with email, spam etc, works well with search
engine positioning (inbound links from other web sites)’can syndicate and
pass on content to other consumers
• Expedia, Travelocity, Sheraton etc are good examples of RSS.

Web 2.0 Methodologies ~ Wikis

Wiki is a type of web site that allows consumers is a type of web site that allows
consumers to add, remove and edit the web site content to add, remove and edit
the web site content themselves on line themselves on line
• Wikishave little editorial control so the value of the comments made are
questionable
 • A good general example is wikipediaa popular education /reference web
site
• An example is Trip Advisor Wikithat allows visitors to edit travel guides.

Web 2.0 Methodologies ~ Online Video Web 2.0 Methodologies ~

Online Video

Requires Broadband Connection.

• Video clips can be professionally produced or consumer -amateur
generated.
• Rich media to provide the ability to engage the consumer with factual
video of destinations, accommodation, virtual tours etc.
• Can be image and sound thus providing a “real life experience”
• YouTubeand Travelisticfacilitates consumer and professional tourism
video clips

Web 2.0 Methodologies ~ Tagging

Tagging is a new way of indexing information on web sites. Information can have
multiple tags and is very common in user generated content ( user generated
content (particularly blogging)
• Consumer sorts and finds information of interest on a site it istagged it for
future use and more content added to the tag. Other travellers can also
access others tags on certain sites.
• Allows a consumer to find and tag relevant information clips andtag each
and then later view collective information on a particular destination or
hotel of everyone who has been before.
• Used for saving and sorting consumers own content and browsing other
consumers content
• Another form of tagging is “geotagging”this allows an individual to add
longitude and latitude to content and this allows contentto be shown on a
map.
• This is a new technology and allows computers and some newer mobile
phones to geotaga picture and then upload to a site.
This is really a consumer-focussed tool. Example sites are Flickr.com and
Travelbuddy.com

Web 2.0 Methodologies ~ Mash –Ups and Open API (Application

Programme and Open API (Application Programme Interface)

Mash-ups is combining two different sources of information to create a new

“experience”. Open -API is the technology that is used to form the Mash-up.
Good examples of mash-ups is combining Google Maps with images, sounds,
videos etc. i.e Trip Advisor combines hotel rates on Google Maps and combining
Google Maps with other information i.e tourist hiking trails, dive sites etc

Web 2.0 Methodologies ~ AJAX Web 2.0 Methodologies ~ AJAX

(Asynchronous Java Script and XML)

AJAX is a developing technique to make web pages more responsive to users by

exchanging small amounts of data with the server so that the whole page does
not need to be reloaded.
• Can make web sites more responsive and provide information without
having to refresh the browser each time.
• Fare Aggregators (Kayak, Sidestep, Farecast) use AJAX to create a fast
user experience when sorting through large numbers of flight options
• Google maps uses AJAX to allow users to scroll, pan and zoom without
reloading the map.

Web 2.0 Web 2.0 is shifting power from the traditional tourism
supplier / intermediary to the customer ?

• Web 2.0 then is a multitude of different ways that companies can engage
with customersto build loyalties, CRM and disseminate information.
• These technologies put much more power in the hand of the
consumerthan Web 1.0 and
• Increasingly move the power of decision from the supplier to the
consumer.

Yes! -but maybe the “power”in tourism has moved from the traditional industry
(Agents, operators etc) to the “new information facilitators”-web site owners
(some of whom are on-line operators and agents) who can manipulate
consumers via the clever use and understanding of Web 2.0 technologies

INTERNET TURNING TO BE A MENACE

Internet Crime/ Cyber Crime is crime committed on the Internet, using the
Internet and by means of the Internet .Such crimes include phishing, credit
card frauds, bank robbery, illegal downloading, industrial espionage, child
pornography, kidnapping children via chat rooms, scams, cyberterrorism,
creation and/or distribution of viruses, spam and so on. All such crimes are
computer related and facilitated crimes.

With the evolution of the Internet, along came another revolution of crime where
the perpetrators commit acts of crime and wrongdoing on the World Wide Web.
Internet crime takes many faces and is committed in diverse fashions. The
number of users and their diversity in their makeup has exposed the Internet to
everyone. Some criminals in the Internet have grown up understanding this
superhighway of information, unlike the older generation of users. This is why
Internet crime has now become a growing problem in the United States. Some
crimes committed on the Internet have been exposed to the world and some
remain a mystery up until they are perpetrated against someone or some
company.

The different types of Internet crime vary in their design and how easily they are
able to be committed. Internet crimes can be separated into two different
categories. There are crimes that are only committed while being on the Internet
and are created exclusively because of the World Wide Web. The typical crimes
in criminal history are now being brought to a whole different level of innovation
and ingenuity. Such new crimes devoted to the Internet are email “phishing”,
hijacking domain names, virus immistion, and cyber vandalism. A couple of these
crimes are activities that have been exposed and introduced into the world.
People have been trying to solve virus problems by installing virus protection
software and other software that can protect their computers. Other crimes such
as email “phishing” are not as known to the public until an individual receives one
of these fraudulent emails. These emails are cover faced by the illusion that the
email is from your bank or another bank. When a person reads the email he/she
is informed of a problem with he/she personal account or another individual
wants to send the person some of their money and deposit it directly into their
account. The email asks for your personal account information and when a
person gives this information away, they are financing the work of a criminal.

FUTURE VISION
One Last Thought One Last Thought – Web 3.0 is coming !!!!
Web 3.0 is referred to as the semantic web.The semantic web is where
machines read web pages as humans do today.
A web where search engines and software agents peruse “the Net” and
find us what we’re looking for. The consumer becomes moreintegral
with the web.
The effect that Web 3.0 will have on our industry is…….???????

There is a relentless move toward broadband connections:-

A MESSAGE :
“The Internet (and World Wide Web) has been created by some very
bright, talented people who either had vision, or were inspired by other
talented people’s visions.Though their ideas were not always popular,
they pressed ahead.Their perseverance and hard work brought us to
where we are today.There is a lot to be learned by studying these
people, their early work and keeping in mind what they had to work
with.
Today, we owe a great deal for the wired world we enjoy, to the hard
work of these people”

REFERENCES
www.walthowe.com
 www.wikipedia.com
www.isoc.org
www.davesite.com
www.computerhistory.org
www.elsop.com
www.fordham.edu
www.livinginternet.com
www.let.leidenuniv.nl
www.anu.edu.au
www.google.co.in
www.emarketer.com
www.internetworldstats.com