DC motor direction

control using L293d

This is another tutorial for microcontroller
interfacing series. This is all about how to
interface/control a simple DC motor using
microcontrollers. Controlling a DC motor is nothing
but controlling the direction and speed of a motor.
It is very necessary to go through motor controlling
concept, if you are designing an autonomous robot.

How DC Motor works ???

Lets start with how actually DC motor runs. Direction
control of a DC motor is very simple, just reverse
the polarity, means every DC motor has two terminals
out. When we apply DC voltage with proper current to
a motor, it rotates in a particular direction but
when we reverse the connection of voltage between two
terminals, motor rotates in another direction.

Controlling using Micro

Controllers !!!
I think you are now familiar how to change the
direction of DC motor. Now let us consider how to
control motor using Microcontroller provided:
1. Microcontroller provides us only digital logic (1
or a 0).
2. We cant provide polarity from microcontroller.
3. We cant connect motors to Controller as mostly
motors runs on volatage higher that +5V, and
motors demands high current (depends).
Now the solution to above limitations is use of a “H
Bridge”.

It is a circuit which allows motor rotation in both

directions. From four terminals of H bridge you can
control a DC motor.
Using L293d Dual half H Bridge …
We can make our own H bridge using transistors but it
will be better if we use a ready made IC named as
L293d, its a dual half H brige IC.

we can drive a maximum of two DC motor and One

stepper motor using one L293d.
Decision Table will look like

IN1 IN2 Motor1

0 1 Rotates in one direction
1 0 Rotates in other direction

Similar is true for another motor connected to Out3

and Out4 of L293d and can be controled through IN3
and IN4. This is all about controlling direction of
DC motor using L293d and ATmega16.

To control the speed of DC motor one can use a Pulse

Width Modulated signal on Enable1 and Enable2 pins of
L293d, this will result in controlled power input on
motor, so speed is controlled.
/****************************************************
*****************
Example program for DC motor control using L293d H
bridge IC
This program simply make both of 2 Dc motors to
rotate some time in one direction and sometime in
other.
*****************************************************
****************/

#include<avr/io.h>

#include<util/delay.h>

int main(void)
{
DDRD=0x00; // PORTD declared as input port
PORTD=0xFF; // PORTD Pull Ups enabled initialized
DDRC=0XFF; // PORTC declared as output port
PORTC=0x00; // PORTC initialized
while(1)
{
if(!(PIND&0x01)) // PIN D0 is used as input
{
_delay_ms(50); // Debounce time
while(!(PIND&0x01));
PORTC=0b00000010; // motor rotates in one particular
direction
}

else if(!(PIND&0x02)) // PIN D1 is used as another

input
{
_delay_ms(50); // debounce time
while(!(PIND&0x02));
PORTC=0b00000001; // motor rotates in another
direction
}

else
{
PORTC=0x00; // Stop motor
} // else end here
} // While(1) ends here
} // main() ends here

Note- Do not connect toy car small DC motor directly

to L293d as they consume lot of current and has small
internel resistance.

devesh@electroons.com
Best viewed at Firefox 1024x768 resolution