Test Exploration

Exploring I-DEAS Test
Version 9
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Publication information PUBLICATION DATE November 2001

Contents
List of Files Required for Workshops, iii
Function Processing and Graphing, 1
Time History Processing, 25
Model Preparation, the Visualizer, and

Post Processing, 45
Signal Processing: Standard Measurements, 97
Signal Processing: Transient Measurements, 129
Signal Processing: Acoustic Intensity, 167
Modal Analysis, 231
Correlation, 263
Structural Modification, 285
Histograms and Fatigue Analysis, 305
Index, 347
i
ii
List of Files Required for
Workshops
Below is a list of files you need to work through the workshops in this manual.
Workshop Universal Files
Function Processing fram_frf.unv

and Graphing
Time History Processing bigtime.unv
Model Preparation air_nodes.unv

and Post Processing air_geom2.unv
air_pstt.unv
Signal Processing: air_geom.unv

Standard Measurements air_2ref.unv
iii
Workshop Universal Files
Signal Processing: fixed_sample.unv

Transient Measurements
Signal Processing: acoustic_cal.unv

Acoustic Intensity acoustic_geo.unv
acoustic_phase.unv
acoustic_results.unv
acoustic_time.unv
Modal Analysis air_geot.unv

air_func.unv
Correlation air_fe.unv
air_test.unv
air_test_func.unv
air_test_shapes.unv
Structural Modification sys1mass.unv
Histograms handmade.unv
and Fatigue Analysis strain.unv
These files are distributed with the product. Before beginning any of the
workshops, check to make certain that the required files are accessible from your
local directory.
The files for the I-DEAS Test workshops are located in the following directory:
$SDRC_INSTL/examples/tda
To set up the SDRC_INSTL environmental variable for UNIX, execute the

command:
. sdrc_oadev
iv
Function Processing
and Graphing
Functions are basic to all operations you perform in I-DEAS Test. Function
operations are available from within all tasks. This workshop takes you through
several of the most commonly used function icons.
Graphing operations are also commonly used within I-DEAS Test and are also
available from all tasks.
Data management is an integral part of the product. Most of the steps in this
workshop include some type of data management operation.
1
In this workshop, you’ll
♦ enter I-DEAS and select the Signal Processing task
♦ read in a universal file
♦ graph a single function
♦ use the XY Gallery
♦ change grid options
♦ use the fine tracking capability
♦ graph multiple functions
♦ use the filter form
♦ scale a function
♦ create a random function
♦ edit the function
2
Key steps Look for these key steps during this workshop.
enter the
Signal graph a
Processing read in a Single
task in
universal file Function
I-DEAS Test
use the
XY Gallery
change
use the Grid Options
Fine Tracking
capability
graph use the

Multiple Filter form
Functions
scale a function
create a random function

edit the function
Function 3
To begin the workshop, enter the I-DEAS
Test software and set up your project and
model file.
1 Workshops
2 Function
3 Test
4 Signal Processing
5 OK
3
4
Hint...
You can also use the Time History, Modal,
or Correlation tasks to perform this
workshop.
4
Read in a universal file named fram_frf.
File 1
Import
1 Functions (dataset 58)

OK
2 fram_frf
OK
3 frame
OK
OK (create a new ADF)
In more detail...
Read in a function universal file and
enter the name of the destination
ADF.
The universal file named fram_frf

will be read in and stored in the new
ADF named frame. 3
Hints...
For more information on universal files, search
on Importing and Exporting files in the online
Help Library (Test: Basic Capabilities User’s
Guide).
The file folder icon on the File Name Input

form will bring up a list of files for you to
choose from. You can type in the name of the
file or you can use the file folder icon.
Function 5
Graph a record using the Function Selection form.
1 1_(1Y–,1Y+)_1
OK
In more detail...
The Function Selection form is displayed
when you select the Graph icon. Select the
first record. When you pick OK (after
making your selection), record 1 is
graphed.
Hints...
The records are displayed on the Function
Selection form in the following format:
record number, reference coordinate,

response coordinate, version number.
You can select as many records as you want

graphed. To select a record that is not
displayed on the Function Selection form,
use the scroll bar on the right of the form to
see more records.
6
Use the XY Gallery to graph the function in
predefined formats.
X Y
Close the subpanel.
In more detail...
Select the XY Gallery icon from the XY Graph
icon stack.
Select the Log Y Modulus icon from the

gallery. You will see that the phase part of the
previous graph is omitted with this new graph
type. Then select the Log X Axis icon. The
different types of graphs are displayed as you
select the icon from the gallery.
Select X,Y Axis Reset and close the Gallery.
Hint...
Whatever is shown in yellow on the gallery icons is
the item being changed. For example, the X axis is
shown in yellow on the Log X Axis icon.
Function 7
Access the online documentation.
Find out what it means to change the grid

options. Use the Help menu to open the article
that describes the Grid Options icon.
Help
On Context
Close the Help window.
In more detail...
Use the question mark cursor to get help on all
icons, fields in forms, and cascading menus.
I-DEAS also provides quick help at the bottom

of the graphics window. This gives you short
explanations of the icons and pull-down menus.
Move the arrow cursor around to get quick help
on various icons and menus.
8
Change the grid options using the Grid Options
form.
1
1 (Narrow)
Apply
Cancel
In more detail...
Change the grid dimensions from wide to
narrow.
Apply the changes. Notice that the change is

applied to the displayed graph without
exiting the form.
Function 9
Use the dynamic cursor to tag your data.
xy
1
XXX
1 130
Options
Tag on Right
2 276
In more detail...
When you select the Tag icon, the dynamic
cursor is automatically displayed on the
screen. You can use it to select data or grid
points.
Move the mouse until the dynamic cursor is

at approximately 130 and then click the left 2
mouse button to make your selection. The

exact location of the cursor is displayed on
the top and to the right of the graph. This
readout changes dynamically as you move
the cursor.
Change the Options to Tag on Right. When

you select (approximately) 276, the tag is
displayed to the right of the graph.
Hint...
The mouse button with the arrows ( )
indicates that you should move the mouse sideways
to find the recommended location.
10
Use the Fine Tracking capability to tag your data with
more precision.
Options 1
X Only
3
Options
Tag On Data
Fine Tracking
(Use the slider bar

until you get to 2
approximately 285) 2
Dismiss
(Done)
In more detail...
Still in the dynamic cursor mode, click on the right
mouse button and select Options. Select X Only for
the next tag. Select Options a second time and select
Tag On Data.
If you want to be precise in your selection, click the

right mouse button and select Fine Tracking from the
menu displayed. Use the slider bar or the arrow keys
to move the cursor to the desired position.
Hint...
For more information on Fine Tracking, search on
Dynamic Cursor in the online Help Library (Test:
Basic Capabilities User’s Guide). When you are in
the Dynamic Cursor article, scroll down to the
discussion on Fine Tracking.
Function 11
Change the grid dimensions back to Wide.
1 (Wide)
OK 1
Hint...
Using the left mouse button, click on the button next
to Grid Layout... on the top of the form. You will see
a pull-down menu of the rest of the Grid Options
forms.
Experiment with the different forms and watch the

graphs change dynamically as you change the grid
options.
12
Graph multiple records using the Function Selection
form.
2
Press Control key...
3
1
2
OK
In more detail...
Hold the Control key and select the first,
third, and fifth records from the Function
Selection form.
Function 13
Using the stacked format, regraph the same three
records.
1 Last Selected
OK
In more detail... 1
Pick Last Selected on the Function Selection

form. This will select records 1, 3, and 5,
since they were the last records you selected.
14
Toggle the Function Query Off and regraph the
records in an XYZ format.
(click on the
icon to
toggle it off)
Z
Y
In more detail...
Toggle the Function Query Off. Now you can graph
the same records without bringing up the Function
Selection form. This is a useful toggle if you intend to
perform several operations on the same records. It
saves you the step of selecting records.
Select the Graph XYZ icon and graph the preselected

records (1, 3 and 5) in a 3D format.
Hints...
You can hold down F3 and move the mouse to rotate
the graph to get a better view.
F5 resets the view.
The Fine Tracking capability makes it easy to tag a

3D graph. The dynamic cursor tracks on the XZ plane
rather than following the data. This improves the
visual presentation. Try it.
Function 15
Place all data with 15Y+ as the reference into arrays.
8 1
Filter 7
1
2 (z_tst Reference coordinate)
3 (select = as the operation)
4 15Y+
6
5 Modify
OK
6 All
7 Arrays
(all)
8 (arrays)
In more detail...
Use the Filter form to present only the records with a
reference of 15Y+. Select z_tst Reference
Coordinate, set the operation to =, and enter 15Y+ as
the value. This will display all values at coordinate 15
in the Y+ direction. 2
Copy the 27 records with 15Y+ reference into arrays.

4
5
Then select the Arrays toggle switch to display the 3
function arrays.
Hints...
Another way to filter the same data is to enter *(15Y+* in the
Name field on the top left of the Filter form.
Make sure that you turn the Filter toggle off if you want to
select from the entire range of records.
16
Scale the function in array 1.
1
OK
Scale by Real
OK
1/10 (scalar value)
OK (append to arrays)
(click on the
icon to toggle
it on)
In more detail...
Select the Scale by Real command from the list of
single math operations. Scale the function in array
1 by 1/10. Enter 1/10 in the prompt region of the
screen.
The results are appended to the list of arrays in

the Function Selection form.
Turn the Function Query back on.
Hint...
You can enter 1/10 or any arithmetic expression and the software will
interpret it correctly.
Function 17
Graph the function that was last written to the ADF.
x= 50.614
Last Written
1 2
OK
1 50 (minimum)
2 300 (maximum)
In more detail...
When you select the Window command, the
dynamic cursor is displayed on the graph.
Move the mouse until the dynamic cursor is
over 50 and then click the left mouse button to
select 50 as the X minimum. Move the cursor
again and select 300 as the X maximum.
The windowed data is graphed.
Turn the window off.
18
Change the Complex Option to Default on the Grid
Options form to prepare for time history graphs.
1 (default)
1
OK
Function 19
Create a random number function.
Random Number
OK
1 Random Function
2 Abscissa... 1
3 0 (minimum)
4 .01 (increment)
OK
In more detail...
To display the Abscissa form, select the button next to
Identifiers... on the top of the Identifiers Attributes
3
form. Select Abscissa from the pull-down list of
attribute forms.
4
After creating a random function, the new function is

automatically written to an array.
20
Graph the random function that was last written to an
array and list the statistics.
Last Written
OK
Standard Stats
OK
Last Written
OK
(all)
Mean
In more detail...
When you request statistics on a function,
the statistics are listed to the list region of the
screen.
Function 21
Edit the random function that you just created.
time= 3.990
y = –0.789
Replace Range Half Cosine
OK
1 2
Last Written
OK
1 4.000 (beginning)
2 5.000 (ending)
3 (overwrite array)
OK
In more detail...
When you are prompted to select a range of
data, the dynamic cursor is displayed on the
graph. Move the mouse until the dynamic
3
cursor is over 4.0 and then click the left mouse
button to select 4.0 as the beginning of the range
of data to graph. Pick 5.0 as the end of the
range.
The results overwrite the data in array 29.
Hint...
To select precisely at 4.000 and 5.000, you can use
the secondary menu (right mouse button) and select
Key In. You can then enter the time values in the
prompt region of the screen.
22
Graph the results of the previous edit.
Last Written
OK
Function 23
Exit the I-DEAS software.
File
Exit
(save changes
No to model file)
In more detail...
You have just completed the function
and graphing workshop. You can exit
the I-DEAS software or go on to
the time history workshop or to any
of the other workshops.
It isn’t necessary to save this

workshop since it is just practice.
24
Time History
Processing
The Time History task lets you create, edit, manage, and qualify time history data.
Generally, a time history function can be described as any function which has an
abscissa data type of time.
Time history data is stored as records in a time history ADF. Each record in the ADF
represents a different time history.
25
In this workshop, you’ll:
♦ select the time history task
♦ graph time history records
♦ set up for interactive editing
♦ step through the records
♦ tag data
♦ search through data
♦ smooth data
♦ turn synchronization on and off
26
select the
Time History
task
read in a
universal file
graph time
history records
set up for
interactive editing
step
through
records tag data
1 4
search
through
data
smooth
turn data
Synchronization
on and off
Time History 27
Open a new model file if you are continuing from
another workshop.
File
Open
(save changes before

No switching model files)
TimHis 1
1
OK
OK
In more detail...
Saving changes isn’t necessary since this is
only a practice session.
28
Switch to the Time History task for this workshop.
Time History
Hint...
The icons specific to the Time History task are on the
top section of the icon panel. Although the function
icons are available in this task, you will be working
with time history data and using the top of the icon
panel.
Notice that the operations are similar to the ones you

performed in the previous workshop: graph, tag, edit.
However, you will now be working on time history
ADFs (.ati) rather than function ADFs (.afu).
Time History 29
Read in a universal file named bigtime.
File
Import
1 Time Histories (dataset 58)

2
OK
2 (select the file folder)

3 bigtime.unv
OK
OK
4 bigtime
OK
3
OK (to create new ADF)
In more detail...
Read in a time history universal file and enter the
name of the destination ADF.
The universal file named bigtime will be read in and 4

stored in the new ADF named bigtime.
Hint...
Anytime a folder icon is displayed on a form, it can
provide you with a list of available choices. When
prompting for a universal file, the folder icon will
present a list of available universal files. When
prompting for an ADF, the folder icon will present a
list of available ADFs, etc.
30
Graph record 1 using the time history Graph icon.
1
Y
t
1 1_(,16X+)_0
OK
Graph all four records to prepare for interactive

editing. Use the Graph All Startup icon.
All (on the time history

selection form)
OK
(All)
Time History 31
Zoom in on a narrower range of data:
between 100 and 110. Use the Graph
Range icon.
1 (100)
2 (110)
1 2
(Done)
Set switches and display features that

control how the data is displayed. First,
turn the Scan Prompt Switch on.
(toggle ON)
Set the frame size to 256 elements.
256 (number of elements)
32
Set the lobe size to 64 elements.
64 (number of elements)
Turn the charted frame bar on using the

menus. Then turn the menus off. 1
Options
Preferences...
1
3
2 (toggle the menus on)

3 All
OK
OK
Interactive Editing
Options
Text sws
Charted Frame Bar
On
Options
Menus On/Off
(toggle the menus off)
Time History 33
Graph all four records again to use the new settings.
All (on the time history

selection form)
OK
(All)
100 (percent data to scan)
Graph a frame of data, starting at the beginning of the

record.
Beginning
34
Step to the next frame of data.
In more detail...
Step forward one frame and then step forward four
more frames using the icons shown above.
Notice that the icon you select remains on top of the

icon stack. If you want to step forward four more
frames, click on the icon.
Hint...
Some of the icons in the stacks are “sticky” like the
one described above. Others, which are not used as
often, will not move to the top when selected.
Time History 35
Tag the time history data.
xy 1
XXX
In more detail...
Be sure to select the Tag XY icon from the task
section of the icon panel (top). (The Tag XY icon that
you used in the previous workshop is in the
application section of the icon panel (middle) and is
used for function data that is graphed using the
function or time history graph icons.) Interactive
editing requires a separate tagging operation.
Pick above the highest peak (approximately 7.5

seconds) in record 1. Click on the left mouse button
to make the selection. The tag will snap to the peak.
Click on the middle mouse button to complete the

tagging.
36
Set up search criteria and search through the data.
Beginning
In more detail...
Set the criteria for the search. Select Minimum to
search for the minimum peak.
Then start the search. The software finds the

minimum peak and centers it on the screen.
The record number, response coordinate, element,

time, and ordinate for the minimum peak are listed
to the list region.
Time History 37
Smooth the data with the Half-Cosine icon.
1 2
1 (beginning)
2 (end)
Undo
In more detail...
Select the Half-Cosine icon to smooth the data.
Since you are just learning the editing features,

make sure you undo the operation to keep the
original data. Remember that you are working
directly on the ADF.
38
Turn synchronization on and perform an edit on all
four channels at the same time.
1 2
1 (beginning)
2 (end)
Undo
In more detail...
Notice that the smoothing is performed on all four
channels when the synchronization is turned on.
Hint...
Note that the Synchronization On and
Synchronization Off icons are not toggles. You must
select the icon you want to use.
Time History 39
Graph a charted frame and list the contents.
Charted Frame
18 (charted frame number)
2
xy
1
2
In more detail...
Graph frame number 18. Select any two points
on the charted frame. Information about the data
points you select will be listed to the list region
of the screen.
40
Step to the next frame and tag the data.
1 1
xy
XXX
In more detail...
Notice that the synchronization is still on
and the data is tagged at the same location
in all four records.
Time History 41
Turn the synchronization off and tag the data.
xy
XXX
2
3
1 (locate time value)
2
In more detail...
Notice that once you turn the
synchronization off, the tagging is only
applicable to the record you select.
42
Graph record 1 using the time history Graph icon to
get out of the interactive editing mode.
Y
t
1 1_(,16X+)_0
OK
Time History 43
File
Exit
(save changes
No to model file)
In more detail...
You have just completed the time
history workshop. You can exit the
I-DEAS software or go on to the
Model Preparation and Post
Processing workshop or to any of the
other workshops.

44
Model Preparation, the Visualizer,
and Post Processing
This workshop contains three sections: Model Preparation, the Visualizer, and Post
Processing.
In section I, the Model Preparation task provides you with the tools for modeling a
test structure. You can use the Model Preparation task to create and manage
coordinate systems, nodes, elements, and trace lines.
This workshop also shows you two ways to post process your model: through the
Visualizer or through the Post Processing task.
In section II, the I-DEAS Visualizer is a tool which allows you to review results.
Some of the advantages of using the Visualizer are that you can generate displays
very quickly, view multiple results simultaneously, and easily print the display. The
Visualizer is available through the Post Processing, Modal, and Correlation tasks.
In section III, you can use the Post Processing task to generate displays of deformed
geometry, arrow plots, and contour plots based on finite element analysis or modal
analysis results. You can, for example, use experimental mode shape data to animate
the model of a test structure.
45
Section I: Model Preparation
In this section, you’ll:
♦ switch to the Model Preparation task
♦ create nodes
♦ create 3- and 4-noded elements
♦ create a trace line
46
Key steps Look for these key steps during this section of the workshop.
select the
Model
Preparation
task
create nodes
create elements
create a trace line
Model Preparation 47
another workshop.
File
Open

1 ModPrep 1
OK
OK
In more detail...
48
Switch to the Model Preparation task for this
workshop.
Model Preparation
Create nodes by entering the coordinates.
This step shows you how to create geometry if you

have measured the test locations on a structure.
If you would like to skip this step, you can read the
data in from a universal file which is shown after this
step in the workshop (on page 53).
1 airplane
OK
OK
OK
–305 394 0 <return> (node location)

–305 330 0
–203 415 0
Hint...
Zero is the default for all axes locations. If the value you
need to enter is zero, you can just leave the value blank.
For example if you need to enter:
0 457 0
you can enter
, 457 (return)
Enter a comma to indicate that you are accepting the

default for the x axis.
50
Continue entering node locations.
–203 322 0 <return> (node location)

–102 436 0
–102 313 0
0 457 0
0 305 0
102 436 0
102 313 0
203 415 0
203 322 0
305 394 0
305 330 0
–152 89 0
–152 63 0
–76 108 0
–76 57 0
0 127 0
0 51 0
76 108 0
76 57 0
152 89 0
152 63 0
0 0 0
0 171 0
0 216 0
0 260 0
0 381 0
0 508 0
Hint...
If your geometry doesn’t look like the display on this
page, you can either edit the node locations as needed, or
you can delete all of the nodes and read in the data from a
universal file.
Deleting nodes is shown on the next page. Reading in the

universal file is shown on page 53.
Delete all of the nodes if they do not look like the
display on the right. Then read in the universal file on
the next page to continue with this workshop.
If your display looks like the display on the right,

skip this page and the next page.
All
(Done)
(ok to delete)
52
Create nodes by reading in a universal file that was
previously created.
File
Import
Test Universal File
OK
air_nodes (filename)
OK
In more detail...
Read in a Test universal file named air_nodes.
The nodes will be read in and displayed on the

screen.
If you can’t see the nodes, or if they are displayed as

dots rather than asterisks, perform the step on the
next page.
Change the visual display of the nodes (if they are not
asterisks).
<Ctrl >+ M (turn menus on)
Display Options
Node
Asterisk
<Ctrl >+ M (turn menus off)
In more detail...
Press Control plus the “M” key to display the menus.
Once the menus are on, select Display Options and

then Node. Select Asterisk as the display type.
Press Control plus the “M” key again to turn the

menus off.
54
Turn off the workplane border.
1 (toggle Display Border off)
OK
Create three-noded elements (thin shell linear
triangle).
OK
2 N7 (click)
3 N5 (shift & click)
5 N9 (click)
2
3 5
4
In more detail...
Select the three-noded element as the type of
element you want to create.
As you move the mouse close to the nodes, their

label numbers appear. Use these labels to choose
the correct node.
Using the left mouse button, click on the first

node to begin creating a three-noded element.
For the next two nodes, hold the shift key down
and click the left mouse button.
56
Create four-noded elements (thin shell linear
quadrilateral).
1 2 3 4 5 6
OK
Closest Nodes
1 7 8 9 10
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
In more detail...
Select the four-noded element as the type of element
you want to create.
Using the right mouse button, select Closest Nodes

from the pop-up menu. Then click in the center of
each set of four nodes as shown on the right.
Hint...
If you make a mistake creating elements, use the
pop-up menu to select Backup and try again.
Create trace lines connecting the nodes of the
fuselage.
OK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
10
9
In more detail... 6
5
Select the Trace Line icon and beginning at the
bottom, select each node on the fuselage. As you 4
click on each node, a trace line will be drawn. 3
58
Change the eye direction.
1 –1,1,1,120 (x,y,z angle)
OK
Read in a universal file to check your work.
If your display looks like the one on the right, skip

this step. If it doesn’t, delete your data and read in the
following universal file to complete this workshop.
(hold down left mouse

button and create
window around geometry)
(ok to delete trace lines)

(ok to delete elements)
(ok to delete nodes)
File
Import
Test Universal File
OK
air_geom2 (filename)
OK
In more detail...
Delete all trace lines, elements, and nodes using the
Delete icon and the rubber banding capability to
window the geometry.
Read in the air_geom2 universal file. Compare your

geometry to the universal file.
60
Section II: Visualizer
♦ switch to the Post Processing task
♦ read in mode shapes
♦ start the Visualizer
♦ display contours and deformed geometry
♦ display and animate a single mode shape
♦ display and animate two mode shapes
switch to the
Post
Processing start the
task Visualizer
read in
mode shapes
display
contours and
deformed geometry
animate a
single display
animate
two displays
62
Using the same model file, switch over to the Post
Processing task.
Post Processing
Read in mode shapes.
File
Import
1 Shapes (dataset 55)
OK
2 air_pstt
OK
3 air_results
OK
2
OK (ok to create new ADF)
In more detail...
Read in the shape universal file named
air_pstt.
Enter air_results as the destination shape

ADF. This creates a parameter table (not 3
used in Post Processing) and the
corresponding shape records.
64
Start the Visualizer. Create a display of test results.
OK
In more detail...
The Visualizer displays results from the
selected shape ADF on the FE model
immediately above Test Results on the
form.
By default, a contour plot of the first

mode is displayed.
The Visualizer is also available from the

Correlation and Modal tasks.
The Visualizer is not supported with the

X3D I-DEAS graphics driver (the icon
cannot be selected). Restart I-DEAS
using PEX or OGL drivers, or skip to
section III.
Turn on display of deformed and undeformed
geometry.
In more detail...
This shows the first rigid mode.
Note that a contour display is not

available for trace lines. If using a trace
line-only model, this step is necessary to
see the mode.
66
Turn off display of the contours.
In more detail...
Remove the contour display so you can
concentrate on the deformed geometry
display.
This step is not required, but it can speed

up animation.
Set up an animation with 20 frames per cycle.
1 20
OK
In more detail...
The more frames you select, the smoother
the animation; however, display 1
performance can be affected. Experiment
on your display.
68
Animate the first mode.
In more detail...
The next section is not necessary unless
you need to overlay two geometries or
animate two modes on the same
geometry.
Animate other modes.
(Repeat the steps above to see additional modes.)
Close (subpanel)
In more detail...
Use the arrow icon on the main
Visualizer panel to select different modes.
Keep the Animation subpanel open so
you can animate the different modes.
70
Create another display of the plane, but make the
color red.
2 red
OK
OK
In more detail...
The first display is white and the second 2
display is red.
A display consists of an FE model and a

selected set of results. If another model
were present, such as an FE model for
Correlation, you would select the solution
set under the FE model (instead of Test
Results) to get the analysis modes.
Turn off display of the contours. Turn on the
deformed geometry display.
In more detail...
Remove the contour display so you can
concentrate on the deformed geometry
display.
Notice that actions such as choosing

deformed/contour options and the next
mode are performed on the active
display; in this case, the second display.
72
Cycle through static displays of the modes.
In more detail...
Note that only the second (red) display
updates, since it is the selected display.
Set up an animation of both displays. Animate the
display.
1 (Control + click to pick both displays)
OK
Close
74
Flip the phase of the first display.
1 (Flip Phase 180 degrees)
Dismiss 1
Close
In more detail...
The Flip Phase 180 degrees option is
useful for correlation.
Display the modes.
In more detail...
Note that only the second (red) display
updates.
76
Change the current display to Display 1. Cycle
through the modes.
In more detail...
Display 1 is updated, as it is now the
selected display.
Exit the Visualizer. The remainder of this workshop
shows how to view results in Post Processing. Do this
portion of the workshop if you need to use arrow
plots or if your hardware does not support the
Visualizer.
Close
78
Section III: Post Processing
♦ display a deformation plot
♦ display a contour plot
♦ display an arrow plot
♦ display mode shapes
♦ animate mode shapes
display
deformed geometry
display
contour plots
display
arrow plots
display
mode
shapes
animate
mode
shapes
80
In the Post Processing task, define the results you
want to display using the Results Selection form.
OK
2
In more detail...
Select the third mode shape for a deformation
display.
The deformed geometry is displayed as dashed

lines. The undeformed geometry is displayed
as solid lines.
Select a portion of the structure for the deformation
display.
(Done)
In more detail...
Use the Line icon to display the
undeformed geometry again.
Using the Dynamic Navigator, select

the fuselage as the geometry to display.
As the Dynamic Navigator gets near, it
will display T1 (trace line 1).
82
Set up for a contour display.
1
2
3
OK
3
In more detail...
Use the Line icon to display the 1
undeformed geometry again.
Use the Results Selection form to change

the display from deformed to contour. 2
Display the contour geometry.
Hint...
Only elements are contoured. The fuselage contains
no elements, only trace lines.
84
Display the contour and deformed geometry together.
1
2
2
OK
In more detail...
Add deformed display to the Results
Selection form. Then display both the
contour and the deformed geometry
together.
Hint...
Depending on your display device, the
contour may not appear for the entire front
wing. Use the F keys and the mouse so that
you can see it. Before going on with this
workshop, press F5 to reset the viewing
angle.
Change the display type to arrows and graph the
results.
1 (turn arrows on)

(turn deformed
2 geometry off)
OK
2
In more detail...
Set the display type to Arrow and turn off
the deformed geometry.
86
Preselect the geometry for the next several
operations.
(create window
around the
airplane)
Redisplay the deformed geometry with a few
modifications.
1 (results display toggle off)

2 (deformed toggle on) 2 3
3 (deformed button)
4 (element borders on)
5 (solid on)
4
6 (undeformed model off)
OK 5
OK
In more detail...
Turn the Results Display off and the
Deformed Model on.
Select the Deformed Model... form and

change the borders to solid. Turn the
Undeformed Model off.
Display the geometry.
88
Set up for multiple results. From there, you can look
at all the mode shapes one at a time.
1 Multiple Results Selection...
2 (clear)
3 (clear)
4 (select all)
5 1
OK
OK
In more detail...
Select Multiple Results Selection.
Clear the Display and Deformation fields. Select all

of the modes and load them in the deformation table. 4
2 3
Display the first three mode shapes.
Hint...
Notice that once you select the Next icon, it remains
on top of the icon stack.
90
Display the next three mode shapes.
Animate mode shape 6.
End
In more detail...
Animation continues until you tell it to stop. Use the
right mouse button to get a secondary menu. Select
End from that menu to stop the animation.
The secondary menu also lets you adjust the

animation speed and step through the animation
frames.
92
Display mode shapes 7, 8, and 9.
Display mode shape 10 and animate it.
End
Deselect All
In more detail...
When you are finished animating, pull up the
secondary menu and deselect all. This will take you
out of the preselect mode so you’ll be ready for your
next workshop.
94
File
Exit
(save changes
No to model file)
In more detail...
You have just completed the model
preparation and post processing
workshop. You can exit the
I-DEAS software or go on to the
standard measurements workshop or
to any of the other workshops.

96
Signal Processing: Standard
Measurements
This workshop is designed to show you some of the capabilities of the Signal
Processing task. You do not have to be hooked up to a front end to complete the
workshop. You will use a special feature of the software which simulates a front end.
97
In this workshop, you’ll...
♦ select the Signal Processing task
♦ read in a universal file and change the view
♦ select the standard measurements application
♦ create a transducer table
♦ configure the channels
♦ create a channel table
♦ set overall options
♦ preview data
♦ acquire data
♦ graph results
♦ save to ADF
♦ move transducers
98
select the change the view

Signal Processing select the
task application
create a transducer table
configure channels
create a channel table
set overall options preview & acquire data
graph results
move
transducers save to ADF
ADF
Standard Measurements 99
another workshop.
File
Open

no switching model files)
1 Measurements 1
OK
OK
In more detail...
100
Switch to the Signal Processing task for this
workshop.
Signal Processing
Hint...
The application icon (first column, first row) is the
only Signal Processing icon available at this point.
You will see that the remaining icons will become
available based on the signal processing application
you select.

Read in a universal file named air_geom.
File
Import 1
2
1 Test Universal File
OK
2 air_geom
OK
In more detail...
Read in a Test universal file named air_geom.
The geometry will be read in and displayed on the

screen.
102
Turn the work plane off using the menus.
Options
Preferences... 1
1 2

3 All 3
OK
OK
Display Options
Display Filter...
4 (toggle the workplane off)

OK
In more detail...
Using Preferences, turn all menus on.
Once the menus are on, select Display Options and

then Display Filter.... Turn the Work Plane off.

Change the menus back to Short.
/ (in prompt area)

1
Options
Preferences...
1
2
2 Short
OK
OK
In more detail...
Enter a slash (/) to return to the main menu.
Using Preferences again, turn the menus back to

short.
104
Change the eye direction and add another viewport.
1 –1,1,1,120 (x,y,z angle)
OK
In more detail...
Create a second viewport by selecting the
Two Viewports icon.
Hint...
Later you’ll display the geometry in one viewport and
the measured data in the second.

Read in a universal file named air_2ref.
File
Import
OK
2 air_2ref
OK
3 air_2ref
OK
2
In more detail...
Read in a time history universal file named
air_2ref.
Enter air_2ref as the name of the destination

ADF. 3
106
Select the Standard Measurements application and a
front end simulator to take measurements.
Simulator (pick any Simulator)

OK (default input module)
OK (default signal source)
OK (air_2ref)
In more detail...
Select the Standard Measurements icon.
Select the simulator as the front end for this example.

You can select any simulator that appears in the list.
(The simulator lets you acquire time history data
without a front end by using a time history ADF as
the data source.) Accept the default options for the
input module and signal source.
Enter air_2ref as the time history ADF containing the

data.
The front end is initialized.

Change the system of units.
Options
Units
Foot (pound f)
In more detail...
The next step is to create the transducer table. Since
the transducer calibration is in mv/pound you’ll want
to change the system of units to British Gravitational
units (Foot pound f).
108
Create a transducer table to log the equipment you’ll
be using on this test.
You’ll use two load cells and six accelerometers.
1
1 8204 2 5
2 PCB 3
3 208A02 (DO NOT use the
return key after entering
4 Excitation Force data in these fields.
USE the mouse or the 4
5 53.5 tab key.) 6
6 Doe, John
7
7 1–Jun–94
8
8 1–Jan–95
Apply
In more detail...
The transducer table lets you document and maintain a
database of transducers. Once a transducer table is created,
you can assign transducers to channels within the channel
table and within the virtual channel table.
Enter 8204 as the serial number for the first transducer.

‘SN’ is the prefix that is automatically added to the
number you assign. The serial number for this particular
transducer becomes ‘SN8204’.
Enter PCB for the manufacturer and 208A02 for the model
number.
Select excitation force as the data type. Translation is the

default qualifier. These fields identify the type of data the
transducer will acquire.

Enter the rest of the transducer information.
1 8207
2 53.2
Apply
1 1143
1
3 336A04
2
4 Acceleration
3 5
5 100.1
Apply
4
1 1148
5 100.4
Apply
1 1149
5 100.2
Apply
1 1150
Apply
1 1153
Apply
1 1154
OK
In more detail...
Accelerometer calibration is often done in mv/g. Use the mv/g
key-in field when entering acceleration sensitivity.
Hints...
Be sure to select OK when you finish creating the last transducer. If
you select Apply, you’ll have to use Cancel to dismiss the form, or
you will have an extra transducer. If you do this, turn the menus on
and select Transducer Table and delete the last transducer.
Once you have set up a transducer table for your equipment, you can
save it in a universal file and use it on other projects by importing the
data into that model file.
110
List the transducer table.
All
Options
Units
mm (milli newton)
All
In more detail...
Select the List icon to display all of the
transducers in the transducer table.
Change the system of units back to mm (milli

newtons) and list the transducer table again.
Compare the sensitivity in the listings.

Set up the number of references and responses that
you are going to measure on the simulated front end.
1 2 (references)
2 6 (responses)
OK
In more detail...
Notice that there is 1 reference channel and 13
response channels by default. Change the number of
references to 2 and the number of responses to 6.
112
Create the channel table that connects the channels
with the transducers.
1 2Z
Apply 2
1 14Z
2 ?
3 2–SN8207
OK
Apply
1 2X
2 ?
4 3–SN1143
OK
Apply
3
4
In more detail...
The first channel (1–REC) is connected with the first
transducer by default. Change the coordinate and
apply. Select the right arrow to change to the second
channel.
Repeat this step with the rest of the channels,

connecting channel 2 with transducer SN8207 and
channel 3 with transducer SN1143, etc.

Connect the rest of the channels.
1 2Y
2 ?
4–SN1148
OK
Apply 1
2
1 2Z
2 ?
5–SN1149
OK
Apply
1 14X
2 ?
6–SN1150
OK
Apply
1 14Y
2 ?
7–SN1153
OK
Apply
1 14Z
2 ?
8–SN1154
OK
OK
In more detail...
Notice that when you enter a coordinate, it is
displayed on the geometry to help you verify the
proper placement of the transducer on the structure.
114
List the channel table.
In more detail...
The channel table is listed to the list region of the
screen. Check to make sure you’ve connected the
transducers and channels correctly.
If you’ve made a mistake, select the Channel Table

icon again and update the table.

Set overall options.
1 2 3 4
OK
In more detail...
Select the Overall Setup icon.
A subpanel is displayed. Select the Sampling icon from the

subpanel.
The initial default number of spectral lines is 201 and the

maximum frequency is 800. Neither of these need to be
changed.
The frame size (number of samples per frame) is 512. This

frame size is displayed on several other forms.
Notice that the ratio for tape replay ratio is set to 1.
If you change the maximum frequency, you will receive a

message telling you that the lower clearance for frequency
functions has been adjusted on the Measurements form
based on the minimum frequency and the replay ratio you
selected.
Hint...
The actual settings on this form are front end
dependent and may not match this example exactly.
Some front ends may not support all of the settings
shown in this workshop.
116
Set the Trigger and Autorange forms.
OK
1 50 (percent overhead)
OK
In more detail...
On the Trigger form:
Free Run is the initial default trigger method. Using

the Free Run method, data collection begins when
you select the Acquire icon. 1
When you use the Free Run trigger method, all other
fields become grayed out.
On the Autorange form:
Autorange Before Preview should be turned on and

Autorange Before Acquire should be turned off.
The initial default is to include 100% of each frame.

You do not have to reset it.
Set the percent overhead to 50%.

Set the Windows and Averaging forms.
OK
1 Automatic
OK (warning)
OK
In more detail...
On the Windows form:
1
Hanning Broad is the default window type for the reference

and response channels. This is the window type you want to
use for this example. All other fields become grayed out.
On the Averaging form:
Stable is the default averaging method. Stable averaging is

simple averaging; it accumulates data from each frame and
divides it by the number of frames.
The default number of frames per average is set to 30 with

no overlap.
Set the frame acceptance to Automatic to reject any frames

with front end overloads.
118
Set the Measurement form.
1
1 2 3 4
1 FRF
2 5 (clear lower)
OK
In more detail...
Select FRF as the type of results you want to acquire.
Once you select FRF, the write switch for FRF is turned on.
The rest of the write switches are turned off. These are used
when writing to the ADF.
Set the lower frequency clearance to 5.
The defaults for the upper clearance, normalization, and

amplitude units are ok. You do not have to reset them.

Set the Real Time Displays form.
1 Partial Grid 1
2 Time Min Max
OK
Close the subpanel.
2
In more detail...
The number of channels is automatically set to four.
The signals will be displayed in Volts.
Set Background Grid to Partial Grid.
By default, the Range Indicators switch is on. The defaults

are 90% for the upper limit and 20% for the lower limit.
The Preview Sampling Factor is set to 1.
Be sure that the Acquisition Monitor is turned on so that you

can see the data as it is acquired. Select Time Min Max as
the type of display.
Close the Setup subpanel.
120
Preview the incoming data on the simulated front
end.
Stop
In more detail...
The incoming data is actually taken from
the time history ADF.
Select the Stop button when you are

satisfied with the data.
Hint...
During an actual test, if you need to adjust the voltage
in one of the channels, click on the up or down
arrows to the right of the channels.
Use the Next button on the top of the display to see

the next four channels of incoming data.

Acquire the data and calculate the FRFs and related
functions.
1 2 3 4
In more detail...
After previewing the data, you are ready to begin
acquiring it. Select the Acquire icon.
Since you turned the Acquisition Monitor on, you will

see the level displays showing the minimums and
maximums as you acquire the data.
122
Graph the results.
1 2 3 4
Ref Channel
REC1
REC8
REC6
In more detail...
Select the Graph Results icon.
A subpanel is displayed. Select the Graph FRF &

Coherence icon.
Use the first channel of input for the reference

channel and the eighth channel of data as the
response channel. Then graph the sixth response
channel.
Hint...
Use the F3 key to orient the model as shown here.
The graph is displayed in the left viewport while the

geometry remains in the right. The reference
coordinate is displayed in yellow on the geometry.
The graphed response coordinates are displayed in
white.

Look at one response location for both references.
REC8
In more detail...
Select the Graph Multiple FRF icon
from the Results subpanel and graph
record 8.
124
Display the reciprocity.
Channel Access
ID (Coordinates)
1
1 (pick nodes)
Close the subpanel.
In more detail...
Select Reciprocity from the subpanel. The
reference is already set at record 1 (2Z).
Change the channel access method from

input channel number to coordinates. Then
pick node 14. The Dynamic Navigator
will highlight that node and display its
label (N14) when you get close to it with
the cursor.
Close the Results subpanel.
Hint...
You might want to look at some other results displays
using this method of picking off of the geometry.

Save the measured FRFs to a function ADF.
ADF
1 air_2f
OK
In more detail...
Select the Save to ADF icon to write using the
switches set in the Measurement setup form.
Enter air_2f as the name of the ADF you want the

newly acquired data written to.
Hint...
Notice that the coordinate indicators on the geometry
display change to green after the data has been
written to the ADF.
126
Update transducers by moving the transducers to
another location.
1 (pick nodes)
3
2 (new location) 4
(X+_Y+_Z+)
3 (pick nodes)
4 (new location)
(X+_Y+_Z+) 1
2
In more detail...
In an actual test, you would physically move the
transducers to a new location. To communicate this
change to the program, use the Update Channels icon
and select the transducers you’d like to move, select
the new location, and repeat the measurement
operation.

File
Exit
(save changes
No to model file)
In more detail...
You have just completed the standard
measurements workshop. You can
exit the I-DEAS software or go on
to the transient measurements
workshop or to any of the other
workshops.

128
Signal Processing:
Transient Measurements
This workshop is designed to show you some of the capabilities of the Transient Post
Processing application of the Signal Processing task. You will also learn how to use
the Spectra Browser to view order slices of your data.
129
♦ graph the time history data
♦ switch to the Signal Processing task
♦ select the Transient Post Processing application
♦ set overall options
♦ acquire data
♦ use the Spectra Browser
♦ extract engine manifold orders
♦ filter data on the Selection form
♦ change data attributes of a function set
♦ extract the tach signal from the engine
♦ modify the Z axis of the response sets
♦ extract propshaft orders
130
graph time switch to the
select the history data Signal Processing
Time History
task task
set overall options select Transient

Post Processing
acquire data
use Spectra Browser

extract engine manifold orders
change attributes of a set

extract propshaft orders
filter data
Transient Measurements 131

another workshop.
File
Open

1 Trans_Meas 1
OK
OK
In more detail...
132
Switch to the Time History task to begin this
workshop.
Time History
Hint...
Interactive Editing in the Time History task is the
best way to view large time histories.

Read in the universal file named fixed_sample.
File
Import
1
OK
3 fixed_sample.unv
OK
2
OK
4 transient
OK
In more detail...
Read in a time history universal file and enter the
name of the destination ADF.
The universal file named fixed_sample will be read in

and stored in the new time history ADF named
transient.
134
Graph the time history data that you want to use for
the transient measurements.
1 1
1 ID line 1
2 All
OK
In more detail...
Change the header in the second column to
display the ID line 1 associated with each
record.
Select all records. When you select OK,

you’ll be prompted for the time limits and
the percent of data to scan. Click the middle
mouse button to accept the default for the
time limits. Enter 100 as the percent of data
to scan.
Hint...
Changing the header to the ID line helps you
identify the data in the records. For example, the
first record ID line reads 1/rev on the engine. This
means that there is one pulse per revolution of the
engine.

Graph a selected range of the data.
1 2
(Done)
In more detail...
Select the Graph Range icon and pick any
two points on the display. The range you
select is displayed.
You can see clearly that records 1 and 3

are the tach channels.
Hint...
You can edit these channels using the
interactive editing capability. For more
information, search on Interactive Time
History Editing in the Help Library (Test:
Basic Capabilities User’s Guide)
136
Switch to the Signal Processing task.
Signal Processing

Select the Transient Post Processing application.
1 All
OK
(all time limits)
1
In more detail...
Select the Transient Post Processing
application of the Signal Processing task.
Select all four records to post process.
138
1234
1 (on)
2 1800, 2500
1
3 50 2
4 (on)
OK 4
3
In more detail...
Select the Transient Tracking icon from the
Overall Setup subpanel.
Turn on Calculate Average RPM. Enter 1800

to 2500 as the RPM limits. Set the overlap to
50% to get better resolution in the time/RPM
domains. Turn Duplicate RPM on.
Channel 1 is the default tach channel. There

is an engine tach in this channel. The default
of 1 pulse per revolution is correct.
The window type is set to Hanning Broad

which is appropriate for the extraction of
order slices, which you will do later in the
workshop.

Set the Sampling form.
1 801
OK
In more detail...
Select the Sampling icon from the Overall Setup
subpanel.
Select 801 spectral lines from the pull-down menu.
140
Examine the Trigger form.
OK
In more detail...
The trigger will be left on free run, using the 50%
overlap specified earier.
As an example, you can trigger on time or RPM,

instead of using overlap.

Check the Real Time Displays and Measurement
forms.
OK
1 2 3 4
OK
Close the subpanel.
In more detail...
Select the Real Time Displays icon from the Setup
subpanel. Make sure the Acquisition Monitor is
turned on. When you acquire the data, you’ll see the
spectra being acquired.
Select the Measurement icon from the subpanel.

Notice that Spectra to ADF is the only choice when
processing transient data.
Also notice that the amplitude units are set to RMS.

This is the most appropriate setting when measuring
acoustic data.
Hint...
If it’s not important that you see the data as it is
acquired, you can turn the acquisition monitor off.
The acquisition is faster if the monitor is off.
142
Set Channel 3 as a static channel of RPM.
2
1 (scroll to Channel 3)
2 (change sampling type to

RPM from Tach)
OK
In more detail...
The concept of a static channel is introduced here. A
static channel yields one datapoint per frame. In this
case that datapoint is the RPM of the midframe. At
least three pulses should show up in every frame for a
good tach estimation.

Acquire the data.
1 2 3 4
1 transient
OK
In more detail...
Select the Acquire icon. Enter
transient as the name of the
destination function ADF.
It is good practice to use the same

name for the time history and
function ADFs. These files have
different extensions (.ati for time
history and .afu for functions).
Hints...
Notice that the software wrote six records to the database: a
spectra record from each of the 4 channels and 2 RPM vs
Time records. One is the RPM that was calculated from the
engine tach and the other is from the RPM from Tach
channel for the prop/shaft tach.
Notice too that the Graph Results icon remains greyed out,
unlike results from other signal processing applications.
The results in the Transient Post Processing application are
written directly to a function ADF.
144
Graph the RPM vs. Time records.
X 1
Hold Control key...
1 ID line 1
OK
In more detail...
Graph the RPM vs. Time curves.
Note that the first RPM curve is from the

primary tach defined in transient tracking.
The second RPM curve is from the RPM
from Tach channel.

Use the Spectra Browser.
In more detail...
Select the Spectra Browser icon to bring
up the subpanel. Select the Two
Viewports, Unequal icon.
The Spectra Browser subpanel lets you

graph frequency- and order-based
spectra. It’s a good way to look at
particular orders (or slices) of data.
Hints...
You might want to move the Spectra
Browser subpanel away from the regular
icon panel so that it doesn’t fall behind the
regular panel.
For more information, search on Spectra

Browser in the Help Library (Test: Basic
Capabilities User’s Guide).
146
Display a 3D graph of the spectra of the engine
manifold acceleration.
Z
Y
OK
1
In more detail...
Select the spectra of the x acceleration on the
engine (set 4) to graph. The 3D graph is
displayed in the top viewport.
The RPM values of all sets are set based on

the primary tach. Orders will be sliced
relative to this tach. Later on, graphing and
slicing vs. the second tach will be explored.

Zoom and rotate the graph to get a better
view of the orders.
F2 +
F3 +
In more detail...
Use the F2 key with the mouse to
zoom the graph and use the F3 key
with the mouse to rotate the graph so
you get a better view of the orders.
Hint...
If you want to reset the graph, use the F5 key.
148
Set up order options and select one order by picking a
peak on the waterfall display.
1 7
1 4 2 3
2
3 1/8
4 5
4 (toggle on)
5 25
6 Overall RMS
7
6
8 (pick a peak)
OK
In more detail...
Pick the screen and select a peak on the graph.
Notice that the peak (or order) you pick is entered
into the field next to Single on the Slice Options
form. For this example, we have selected the 4th 8
order.
Hint...
You can rotate, pan, or zoom while selecting
an order. You can also use the Fine Tracking
capability to select an order with more
precision. For more information, search on
Dynamic Cursor or Fine Tracking in the Help
Library (Test: Basic Capabilities User’s
Guide).

Window the Z axis from approximately 1845 to
approximately 1883.
Z Axis Only
1 (approximately 1845)
2 (approximately1883)
1
In more detail...
Select the Window icon to window the Z axis.
Use the right mouse button to select Z Axis
Only.
150
Change the work viewport and graph an order slice in the
bottom viewport.
1 (select bottom viewport)
Hold Control key...
2 (set 2)
3 (set 4) 2
OK 3
In more detail...
Change the work viewport to the bottom
viewport and select the Graph Slice icon from
the Spectra Browser subpanel.
Select the acceleration and sound pressure sets

(sets 2 and 4) from the Selection form.
The orders are displayed in the bottom

viewport vs. the overall for the right ear
acoustic and engine acceleration data.

Calculate and graph orders 1 through 10.
1 2
2 1, 10, 1
OK
In more detail...
Set the Slice Options form to compute
multiple orders. Select Range and enter
1 through 10 with an increment of 1.
Ten orders are graphed in the bottom
viewport, which you previously set to
the work viewport.
Hints...
You can turn smoothing on to smooth the
order information. Most spectrum analyzers
use a smoothing algorithm.
The phase reference is necessary if

operating deflection shapes are required.
152
Save selected orders to your function ADF.
ADF
OK
OK (transient)
In more detail...
Select the Save to ADF icon from the Spectra
Browser subpanel.
Save the selected slices to the transient

function ADF.
Hint...
Notice that 22 records have been written to the
ADF.

Graph the second and fourth order from the binaural
head.
X
1
1 Function Type
3
2 (Scroll to see order numbers)

4
Hold Control key...
3 (order 2)
4 (order 4) 2
OK
Close the subpanel.
In more detail...
Change the first column header to
Function Type.
Use the scroll bar on the bottom of the

third column if you can’t see the order
numbers.
Close the Spectra Browser subpanel.
154
The step on this page is for explanation only. It
is most useful if you are using multiple tach
signals.
3
1 (scroll to set 2)
1
2 (right ear) 2
3 (copy to arrays)
5 Z RPM Value
6 All
7 Delete
OK (to delete)
8
8
DON’T close the form yet.

5
In more detail...
7
Moving a set to the arrays breaks up a set into
its individual spectra. Select Set 2 (from the
binaural head) from the Function Selection
form. Select the Arrays button to copy the
function set to arrays. Select the Arrays toggle
to see the data in the arrays. Once the set is in
arrays, you can edit the functions individually.
6
Change the second column header to Z RPM
Value. When you acquired the spectra to ADF,
the software computed a tach signal based on
the engine tach. This automatically loads the Z
RPM value. Now you can change the RPM
value to reflect the second tach.

Filter the data to show orders only.
1 Filter 1
2 z_tst Function type
3 =
5 (Scroll to Order Function)
6 Order Function
OK
OK
In more detail...
Select the Filter button from the Function
Selection form. Set the filter so that only
the data with the function type of orders
are displayed.
3 4
In anticipation of slicing orders relative to

the second tach, begin the procedure to
change the qualifiers on the order spectra
to make them easy to identify.
156
Change the second column header to ID line 2.
1 ID line 2
2 All
1
3 Data Attributes...
In more detail...
Change the second column header to ID line 2.
Select all functions and select the Data

Attributes button.
2 3
Hint...
Note that the data was filtered so the All button can
be used.

Use the Identifier Attributes form to change ID line
2 for all sets.
1 Orders from Engine Tach
2 Apply to All
OK (Selection form)
OK
In more detail...
Enter Orders from Engine Tach in Line 2 of the
Identifier Attributes form. Apply this change to all
orders which have been generated thus far.
158
Turn the filter off.
1
1
2 ID line 1
2
OK
In more detail...
Turn the filter off. Notice the ID line 2
column has been updated with the new ID
line for the order function sets. There is no
ID line 2 for the RPM set.
Change the second column header back to

ID line 1.

Modify the Z_RPM values of the sets to extract
orders based on the prop rather than the engine.
1 (scroll to set 2)
Hold Control key...

1
2 (set 2)
2
3 (set 4)
3
OK
4 (scroll to record 318)
5 (record 318)
OK
In more detail...
This command modifies the Z RPM values in
the selected sets.
5
Select the records you want to modify the Z
values of (sets for head and engine manifold).
4
Select the RPM vs Time function from the
prop shaft (record 318).
Based on the selected RPM vs Time function,

the software redefines the Z RPM values in
the selected sets to correspond to the
propshaft tach.
NOTE: Sets may be graphed vs. a general Z

value, time, RPM, and order. If the user
wishes to see graphs vs. the prop RPM,
change the Z axis definition to RPM. Select
the Graph XYZ icon. It is not necessary to
slice the orders. In this instance, the RPM Z
value is automatically used.
160
Change to one viewport and graph the propshaft
orders.
Hold Control key...
1 (set 2)
2 (set 4)
OK
In more detail...
Change to one viewport.
Select the Graph Slice icon from the Spectra

Browser subpanel. Graph the function sets.

Write the orders to the function ADF.
ADF
OK
OK (transient)
Close the subpanel.
In more detail...
Write the orders to the transient function ADF.
162
Change the second ID line to indicate that the
selected records are from the propshaft tach.
1 Last Written
(scroll to see the

2 records selected) 2
3 Data Attributes
4 Orders from Propshaft Tach
5 Apply to All
1 3
OK (Selection form)
OK
In more detail...
Select the records you just wrote to the ADF.
Change the second ID line to Orders from Propshaft

Tach and apply to all selected functions.
5
4

Change the second header to ID line 2.
1 ID line 2
OK 1
In more detail...
Change the second header to ID line 2 to
see the changes you just made to the data
attributes.
164
File
Exit
(save changes
No to model file)
In more detail...
You have just completed the
transient measurements workshop.
You can exit the I-DEAS software
or go on to the acoustic intensity
workshops.


166
Signal Processing:
Acoustic Intensity
This workshop is designed to show you some of the capabilities of the Acoustic
Intensity application of the Signal Processing task. You will also create intensity and
power datasets and display them in the Post Processing task.
167
♦ select the Model Preparation task
♦ import geometry
♦ switch to the Signal Processing task
♦ configure channels
♦ perform microphone calibration
♦ calculate phase compensation
♦ acquire acoustic intensity data
♦ graph results
♦ update microphone locations
♦ switch to the Post Processing task
♦ create and display intensity datasets
168
select the switch to

Model Preparation Signal Processing
import task
task geometry
configure
channels
perform
microphone
calibration
calculate
phase
compensation
acquire acoustic
intensity data graph results
switch to update
display Post Processing microphone locations
analysis task
datasets
Acoustic Intensity 169

another workshop.
File
Open

1 acoustic 1
OK
OK
In more detail...
170
Switch to the Model Preparation task for this
workshop.
Model Preparation
Hint...
This task is used by Test users to create and display
geometry.

Change the system of units.
Options
Units
Meter(newton)
In more detail...
Change the system of units to meters. The
microphones that you will work with later were
calibrated in Pascals.
172
Read in the universal file named acoustic_geo.
File
Import 1
OK
2
3 acoustic_geo.unv
OK
OK 3
In more detail...
Read in a Test universal file named acoustic_geo.unv.
When you read in this universal file, it reads in a

channel table along with the geometry. The geometry
appears on the screen.
Hint...
It is helpful to define the geometry up front in
an acoustic intensity test. The geometry is
helpful in locating each intensity
measurement and provides an automatic
update of each area measured, which is
needed to calculate sound power.

Turn off the workplane border.
1 (toggle Display Border off)
OK
In more detail...
The workplane is not necessary since the
geometry is already in place.
The workplane is most useful when you are

building geometry.
174
Change the eye direction.
1 –3,4,–5,0 (x,y,z angle)
OK
In more detail...
Change the eye direction of the model and use
the Zoom All icon to scale the geometry to fit
on the screen.
Hint...
Normally, you would use dynamic viewing to
get an optimal view. Use the View Settings
here to get the view shown in this workshop.
For more information, search on dynamic
viewing in the Help Library (I-DEAS User’s
Guide).

Read in the universal file named acoustic_cal.
File
Import
OK
3 acoustic_cal.unv
OK
2
OK
4 ai_cal
OK
In more detail...
acoustic_cal.unv. Enter ai_cal as the name of the
destination ADF. This will be used to calibrate the
amplitude of the microphones.
176
Switch to the Signal Processing task.
Signal Processing

Select the Acoustic Intensity application and a front
end simulator to take measurements.

(input module)
(signal source)
OK (ai_cal)
In more detail...
Select the Acoustic Intensity icon.
The Acoustic Intensity application allows you to

perform signal processing operations on acoustic data
to determine the magnitude and direction of sound.
Select any simulator as the front end for this example.

Accept the defaults for the input module and the
signal source.
The time history ADF containing the data for this part
of the workshop is named ai_cal.
Hint...
For more information, look up Acoustic Intensity in
the Help Library (Test: Signal Processing User’s
Guide).
178
In more detail...
List the channel table. This table is shown in
the list region of the screen. This was read from
the universal file acoustic_geo.
Note that no transducers are defined. A

calibration will be done to update the
sensitivity in the channel table.

Modify the element label in the Configure Channels
table.
1 56EZ 1
2 Modify
2
In more detail...
The first row (microphone pair) in the Configure
Channels table should already be selected. If it isn’t,
select it. Change 1EZ to 56EZ under Element. Select
the Modify button. This updates the element in the
first microphone pair.
180
Add a second microphone pair.
1 ?
2 3–REC–3
OK
3 ?
1
4 4–REC–4
OK
2
In more detail...
For the second microphone pair, associate channel 3
with microphone 1 and channel 4 with microphone 2.

Add the new microphone pair to the Configure
Channels table.
1 24EZ
2 Add
Dismiss
1
In more detail... 2
Change the element from 56EZ to 24EZ

and add this to the Configure Channels
table. This adds the microphone pair to the
top of the list.
Hint...
If no microphone pair is selected before the add, then
the new microphone pair is added at the bottom of the
list. Otherwise, it is added at the location of the
selected microphone pair.
182
Perform microphone calibration.
1 All
3
2 250 (frequency)
3 124 (level) 4
4 Calibrate
5 Trigger
OK (selection form)
In more detail...
Select all channels to calibrate using the predefined
microphone calibration setup.
Predefined microphone calibration won’t affect the

current setup. The software modifies the scale
factor for the channel table.
Hints...
It is always good practice to calibrate the
microphones before taking acoustic intensity
measurements. This should be done before you
perform phase calibration.
Microphone calibration calibrates channels for

amplitude correction.
For more information on microphone calibration,

search on Calibration in the Help Library (Test:
Signal Processing User’s Guide).

Select the channel table.
1 (single)
OK
In more detail...
Note that the sensitivity field (mv/EU) of each
channel has been updated based on the
calibration.
184
In more detail...
Select the List Channel icon again and notice
that the scale factors have been updated. The
scale factor now shows the total EU/V for each
channel.

Using the Manage Time History icon, clear the
Selection form.
1 ADF Selection
2 Clear
OK
OK
In more detail...
Clear removes the selected file (ai_cal) from
the list of available ADFs. It does not delete the
file.
Hint...
If the column headers on the Time History Selection
form are different than the ones shown here, change
them to ADF Item Name and Abscissa Spacing.
186
Read in the universal file named acoustic_phase.
File
Import
OK
3 acoustic_phase.unv
OK
2
OK
4 ai_phase
OK
In more detail...
Read in the time history universal file named
acoustic_phase.unv. Enter ai_phase as the name of
the destination ADF. This will be used for phase
compensation calibration.

Select the Acoustic Intensity application again using
the new time history file.
Simulator (pick any simulator)
(input module)
(signal source)
OK (ai_phase)
In more detail...
Select the Acoustic Intensity icon. You need to
initialize the front end again because you are using a
new time file. This would not be necessary in an
actual measurement.
188
Select the Overall Setup icon and set the Autorange
form.
1 2 3 4
1 50 (percent overhead)
OK
Close the subpanel.
In more detail...
Set the percent overhead to 50%.
Autorange Before Preview should be turned on and

Autorange Before Acquire should be turned off.
The initial default is to include 100% of each frame.

You do not have to reset it.

Autorange the data before acquiring it.
1 Stop
In more detail...
Autorange automatically adjusts the
channel input range. 1
Select the Time Preview Autorange

icon.
Select Stop when you are satisfied with

the input range.
190
Calculate the phase compensation function for the
first microphone pair.
OK
Yes (ok to accept

after real–time
display)
ai_phase (destination)
OK
In more detail...
Phase calibration measures the phase
compensation function for a probe (microphone
pair). The phase compensation function is used
to minimize phase error measurement.
Pick the first microphone pair from the selection

form. Select Yes to accept the phase
compensation function.
Write the function out to an ADF.

Window the phase compensation data.
Y Axis Only
Key in
–10,10 (in the prompt region)
In more detail...
Window the data from –10 to +10.
Windowing the data provides a better way to
look at this particular data. It does not change
the data in any way.
192
Calculate the phase compensation function for the
second microphone pair.
OK
Yes (ok to accept

after real–time
display)
OK (ai_phase)
In more detail...
Pick the second pair from the selection form.
Select Yes to accept the phase compensation
function.
Write the function out to an ADF.

Look at the Configure Channels table again.
1 Dismiss
In more detail...
Notice the compensation function has been calculated
and automatically placed in the Configure Channels
table.
194
Use the Manage Time History icon to clear ai_phase
from the selection form.
1 ADF Selection
2 Clear
OK
OK
In more detail...
Clear removes the selected file
(ai_phase) from the list of available
ADFs. It does not delete the file from the
operating system.

Read in the universal file named acoustic_time.
File
Import
OK
3 acoustic_time.unv
OK
OK 2
4 ai_time
OK
In more detail...
3
acoustic_time. Enter ai_time as the name of the
destination ADF.
196
Select the Acoustic Intensity application.
(input module)
(signal source)
OK (ai_time)
In more detail...
Select the Acoustic Intensity icon. Use ai_time as the
time history source file. This file will be used for the
actual measurement.

1 2 3 4
1
2
1 2 3 4
3 20
OK
Close the subpanel.
In more detail...
Select the Overall Setup icon.
Select the Measurement icon and turn on the write switches

for intensity and power. Set the Clear Lower to 20 so that
the measurement is within an audible range.
Notice that you can also change the barometric pressure

and the air temperature on this form.
198
Autorange the data before acquiring it.
1 Stop
In more detail...
Select the Time Preview Autorange icon.
1
Select Stop when you are finished

previewing the data.

Acquire the data.
1 2 3 4
In more detail...
After previewing the data, you are
ready to begin acquiring it. Select the
Acquire icon.
200
Graph the intensity results.
1 2 3 4
In more detail...
Select the Graph Results icon.
A subpanel of results is displayed. You can graph:

♦ intensity
♦ intensity and phase
♦ auto spectra
♦ reactive intensity
♦ phase
♦ power
♦ coherence
Hint...
For more information, search on Acoustic Intensity
Results in the Help Library (Test: Signal Processing
User’s Guide).

OK
Cancel
Key in
20, 800 (in the prompt region)
In more detail...
Select the Graph Intensity icon
from the Results subpanel.
Graph the first microphone pair.
Window the data along the X

axis from 20 to 800 Hz so that
the measurement is within an
audible range.
202
OK
Cancel
In more detail...
Select the Graph Intensity icon
from the Results subpanel again.
Graph the second microphone
pair.

Use the XY Gallery and change the format to bars.
X Y
Close the subpanel.
In more detail...
Switch to bar format using the Bars Contour
Off icon on the XY Gallery. The bars filled with
color represent positive intensity, while the bars
filled with black represent negative intensity.
Change back to Wires and close the gallery.
Hint...
Notice that you do not have to close the Results
subpanel before using the XY Gallery.
204
Graph the power results.
OK
OK
Cancel (selection form)
Close the subpanel.
In more detail...
Select the Graph Power icon from the
subpanel. Graph the first microphone pair,
then the second.
2
Close the Results subpanel.

Save the measured data to a function ADF.
ADF
1 ai_acquired
OK
OK
In more detail...
Select the Save to ADF icon to write the results to a
function ADF.
The switches you set on the Measurements form

allow you to write out intensity and power.
Enter ai_acquired as the name of the destination

ADF.
206
Draw the geometry

Update the microphone pair locations by moving
them to new locations.
1 E24 (pick elements)
2 E23 (new location)

3
3 E56 (pick elements)
4 E13 (new location)
In more detail...
In an actual test, you would physically
move the microphone pair to a new
location. To communicate this change
to the program, use the Update
Channels icon. Select the microphone
pair you’d like to move, select the new
location, and repeat the measurement
operation.
208
Display the Configure Channels table again.
1 Dismiss
1
In more detail...
Notice that the elements listed in the table have
been updated to match the changed locations of
the microphone pairs. The areas have also been
updated.

Using the Manage Function icon, clear the ai_phase
and ai_acquired from the list of available ADFs.
1 ADF Selection
2 Clear
OK
OK
In more detail...
Clear removes the selected files (ai_phase and
ai_acquired) from the list of available ADFs.
Hint...
If the column headers on the Function Selection form
are different than the ones shown here, change them
to ADF Item Name and Abscissa Spacing.
210
Read in the universal file named acoustic_results.
File
Import
1
OK
3 acoustic_results.unv
OK
2
OK
4 ai_results
OK
3
In more detail...
Notice that 128 records are being read in. These are
the results from the entire box for intensity and
power.

Use the Spectra Browser to graph the intensity data.
1
2
1 Numerator Type
Hold Control key...
OK
In more detail...
up the subpanel. Select the Graph XY
icon.
Change the first column header to

Numerator Type.
Select records 1 and 3 (the first two

sound intensity records).
Hint...
Notice that the overall level is displayed on
the top right of the graph (total db = 69.34
and 68.26).
212
Change the Spectra Options and graph the intensity.
1 (“A” weighting)
Apply
2 (1/3 Octave)
Apply
OK
Close the subpanel.
In more detail...
Select the Spectra Options icon from the
subpanel.
Select “A” weighting and apply. Then

select 1/3 Octave with “A” weighting.
2
Hints...
To quantify the frequency distribution of noise,
the frequency range is divided into octave
bands. An octave band of 1/3 covers a range
where the highest frequency is 1.26 times the
lowest frequency.
Weighting accounts for the amplitude vs.

frequency characteristics of hearing. “A”
weighting is the most commonly used.
Changing the weighting and frequency format

modifies the display only. It doesn’t affect the
data.

Display statistics interactively for a selected
frequency range.
1 100 Hz (1.000e+02) 2
400 Hz (4.000e+02) 1
2
In more detail...
Select the Statistics icon (in the Tag icon
stack).
The dynamic cursor appears on the

graph. Select the range: 100 Hz to 400
Hz. Watch the dynamic display on the
top right of the graph to select the
correct frequency.
The software calculates statistics and

lists them to the list region of the screen.
Hint...
For more information, on interactive
statistics, search on Listing Statistics
Interactively in the Help Library (Test: Basic
Capabilities User’s Guide).
214
Using the same model file, switch to the Post
Processing task.
Post Processing

Set the Output Option before creating an analysis
dataset.
Accumulate
In more detail...
Select the Output Option icon. Accept
Accumulate as the method for creating
analysis datasets. All data within the
selected frequency range will be
combined to create one dataset.
216
Create an intensity analysis dataset.
OK (on the Spectra

Options form)
1 63 Hz (6.300e+01)
2 630 Hz (6.300e+02) 1 2
In more detail...
Select the Intensity ADS icon. The Spectra Options
form is displayed. You can change the weighting or
formatting if you want to.
Acoustic contour results are stored in analysis

datasets. These are similar to shape ADF records, but
are stored in the model file and are associated with
geometry.
Hint...
The software is looking for intensity. It
rejects all else.

Draw the geometry.
218
Define the results you want to display using the
Results Selection form.
1 Analysis
2 (select the dataset)
3 (display results)
OK
In more detail...
Select the Results icon to bring up the Results
Selection form. Notice that the left column is
empty. No datasets are listed.
Results from intensity and power contour plots

2
are stored in analysis datasets, which are 3
associated with geometry in the model file.
When you open the Results Selection form, by
default it will look for shape ADFs.
Select Analysis on the top of the form.
Select the intensity dataset and move it to

Display Results.

Set the display to Stepped Shaded.
1
1
OK
In more detail...
Use the Display Template form to control the
appearance of the contours.
220
Display the intensity dataset.
(all elements)

Set the Output Option to multiple.
Multiple
In more detail...
Select the Output Option icon. Select
Multiple as the method for creating
datasets. Several datasets will be created:
one per spectral line, or octave,
whichever is displayed.
222
Create a power analysis dataset.
1
1 (Octave format)
2 (“A” weighting)
OK
In more detail...
Select the Power ADS icon. This icon
creates analysis datasets based on sound
power functions and finite elements.
The Spectra Options form is displayed.

Select octave format and “A” weighting.
Hint...
The software is looking for power.

Select the frequency range for the Power ADS.
1 63 Hz (6.300e+01) 2
2 500 Hz (5.000e+02)
1
In more detail...
Select 63 Hz to 500 Hz as the frequency
range.
224
Draw the geometry.

Define the results you want to display.
1 Multiple Results Selection...
4 1
6 Clear
7 (Display)
OK
2
OK
3
4
5
In more detail...
Select the Results icon to bring up the Results
Selection form. Select the Multiple Results 7
Selection button.
Select datasets 2 through 5 (octave power

data). There are several datasets because you
changed the Output Option from Accumulate
to Multiple.
Select Clear under Display. 6
Load the datasets into the display area.
226
Preselect the geometry.
(create window
around the
geometry)

Display the first two datasets.
In more detail...
Use this same icon (Next) to display the
remaining datasets.
228
File
Exit
(save changes
No to model file)
In more detail...
You have just completed the acoustic
intensity workshop. You can exit the
I-DEAS software or go on to the
modal analysis workshop or to any
of the other workshops.


230
Modal Analysis
Modal analysis determines the dynamics of a test structure in terms of its

“natural” modes of vibration. The Modal task in I-DEAS Master Series
offers a full range of proven analysis methods, from simple to advanced.
This workshop gives examples of both single degree of freedom (SDOF)
and multiple degree of freedom (MDOF) methods for extracting the modal
parameters and shapes from previously measured frequency response data.
The Modal Analysis task, which is the focus of this workshop, is commonly
used with the Signal Processing task for frequency response measurement;
the Model Preparation task is used for geometry creation. The resulting
mode shapes are displayed using the Post Processing task, and the modal
results may serve as input to the Correlation task or the Structural
Modification task. In this workshop, you’ll import the geometry and
frequency response functions from universal files, and then use the Post
Processing task to display the shapes.
231
j select the Modal task and import the test data
j generate Mode Indicator Functions (MIFs)
j perform a simple Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF) analysis
j switch to Polyreference method and activate all references
j generate a “Correlation Matrix” for polyreference analysis
j generate a stability diagram
j select parameters for the active parameter table
j calculate residues for the active parameters
j view synthesized vs. measured Frequency Response Functions (FRFs)
j compute polyreference mode shapes
j combine mode parameters from SDOF and polyreference methods
j view and validate the modal analysis results
232
select the generate

Modal task MIFs
calculate the
correlation
matrix
generate a
stability diagram
validate the model
build a MAC matrix
view and animate

mode shapes
Modal Analysis 233

another workshop and name it plane_test.
File
Open

1 plane_test
OK 1
OK
In more detail...
234
Select the Modal task and turn on the menus.
Modal
Options
Preferences... 2

3 All
OK
OK
Modal Analysis 235

Read in the Test universal file named air_geot.
File
Import
1

2
OK
2 Open file icon
3 air_geot.unv (filename)
OK (all forms)
In more detail...
3
Import the Test universal file for the airplane
geometry.
Select the folder icon to locate the file

air_geot. Click on this filename to load it into
the File Name Input form. The plane
geometry is loaded and displayed.
236
Read in the function universal file named air_func to
create a new Function ADF.
File
Import
OK
2 air_func.unv (filename)
OK
3 plane (destination ADF)
OK
In more detail...
2
Import the functions for the airplane
geometry. Name the Function Destination
“plane.”
Nodes and trace lines are read into the model

file from the Test universal data. Function or
time history files are read into an ADF.
The List region shows 211 function records

written to this file. In a real test, the function
ADF is generated by modal acquisition in
3
the Signal Processing task.
Modal Analysis 237

Rotate and adjust the display of the plane model.
1 F3 +
Display Options
Display Filter
2 (toggle workplane off)

OK
Options
1
Menus On/Off
Z
X
Y
Viewport Triad
In more detail...
Rotate the plane model, then adjust the
display by turning the workplane off.
Hold down F3 and use your mouse to rotate

the model. (Not sure if you’ve rotated your
model correctly? Compare your viewport 2
triad with the one shown above.)
Toggle the workplane off, as it is only used

during geometry creation. When finished,
press Ctrl-M to hide the menus.
Hint...
If the viewport triad does not appear on your screen,
select Display from the Options/Preferences menu.
Toggle on the viewport triad.
Instead of using the menus to turn off the

workplane, switch to either the Model Preparation or
Post Processing task. An icon exists in both tasks for
control of the display filter.
238
Make sure that Polyreference is selected. Then select
Multivariate MIF to generate MIFs.
1 All (Function 1
Selection
OK form)
All (beginning range)

2
2 plane_mif (destination ADF)
OK
OK
In more detail...
Since the function ADF includes three
references, three MIFs (Mode Indicator
Functions) are computed and displayed: the
primary, secondary, and tertiary MIFs.
MIFs are stored in the first three records of the

destination ADF. The remaining records contain
“force patterns.” Although not used in this
workshop, force patterns may be used for sine
dwell or mode enhancement.
Hint...
The primary MIF is displayed on the screen in
red, the secondary MIF in green, and the tertiary
MIF in blue. The dip in the secondary function
near 300 Hz indicates the existence of a “repeated
root.”
Modal Analysis 239

Display the available reference coordinates on the
airplane model.
In more detail...
Select Line to display the wireframe.
Select Display References to show the active

references. These references are also shown in
the List region.
If the reference coordinates have not been

previously defined, then the Multivariate MIF
routine from the previous step finds and activates
all reference coordinates appearing in the
selected ADF.
240
Select SDOF Polynomial method and pick reference
1Z+ on the wing.
1 (select reference
on the wingtip)
(terminate reference
entry)
In more detail...
Choose Select References to assign a reference
coordinate (1Z+) to the wingtip.
Remember that the secondary MIF indicates a

“repeated root” near 300 Hz. This means that the
single reference SDOF technique cannot be used
at this frequency. Instead, only the lower modes
(frequencies under 300 Hz) will be considered in
our SDOF example. 1
Also note that when performing an SDOF

analysis, the software automatically reverts to the
first reference if multiple references are defined.
This may or may not be the best reference to use.
Modal Analysis 241

Select Search Peaks.
2
1 ADF Item Name
2 (select Record 2 of
plane.afu)
OK
3 80 Hz (select a beginning
range)
4 200 Hz (select an ending

range)
(confirm threshold value)
(confirm percent tolerance)
In more detail...
The List region displays a parameter table
listing the peak frequencies that were
found. The Function Selection form is
redisplayed if you need to repeat this step.
Otherwise, cancel the form.
Function 2 is selected for this operation, as 4

it is a driving point where data is usually of 3
the highest quality.
242
Calculate residues and damping for these frequencies.
(accept default coordinate)

(accept default spectral
line range)
Done
In more detail...
Select Calculate Residues. Accept the default
coordinate and spectral line range. Select
Done when prompted to enter another
coordinate.
The synthesized FRF is displayed in green.

You should notice a close match to the first
two peaks of the measured data.
The parameter table is updated in the List

region, listing more exact mode frequencies,
together with the damping and residue for
each mode.
Modal Analysis 243

Check the curve fit at another coordinate.
30X+ (key in coordinate)

(accept spectral
line range default)
Done
Y Axis Only
Key In
5 (minimum)
5000 (maximum)
In more detail...
For this “cross-axis” FRF, the modes have a
significantly lower response, barely above the
measurement noise level. A third peak appears
just below the 146 Hz peak. Mode parameters are
less reliable due to the noisier data. For a better
view, select Window Axis.
The third peak didn’t exist in the 1Z+ driving

point function. If you look again at the MIF
display, you’ll see a minimum in the primary MIF
near 135 Hz. This very weak “in-plane” mode
can’t be accurately analyzed with the current
(vertical) reference coordinate, a limitation
common to all single reference methods. Later in
this workshop, you’ll use polyreference analysis
to handle this in a single pass.
244
Turn off axis windowing. Calculate residues at the
1Z+ coordinate.
Key In
1Z+ (reference coordinate)
(accept spectral
line range default)
Done
In more detail...
You recalculate the residues using the driving
point FRF. This FRF should give more accurate
mode parameters because of its better
signal-to-noise ratio.
Modal Analysis 245

Generate mode shapes using the Frequency
Polyreference method.
1 plane (Parameter Destination)

2
OK
OK
2 plane (Shape Destination)
OK
OK
Yes (OK to
continue)
3 All (Function Selection

form)
OK
range) 3
5 200 Hz (select an ending

range)
In more detail...
The software creates a graph of the FRF. When
prompted for the frequency range, select a range
from 80 to 200 Hz.
For frequency polyreference shape calculation,

the selected frequency range should only include
the modes defined in the current parameter table. 5
4
246
Switch back to the Polyreference method, then select
and display all three references on the plane model.
Key In

30X+ (reference coordinate)
Done
In more detail...
Key in reference coordinates 1Z+, 16Z+ and
30X+. (Press return after each entry.) The
references are automatically displayed on the
geometry.
Modal Analysis 247

Calculate the correlation matrix for the
1 All (Function
Selection form)
OK
range)
3 904 Hz (select an ending 1

range)
48 (matrix size)
Continued on the next page...
In more detail...
The three driving point FRFs are displayed,
corresponding to the selected references. Select a
range from 80 to 904 Hz.
Enter 48 (matrix size) in the prompt area.
Hint...
As a general rule, use a matrix size that is at least
three times larger than the number of modes you
actually expect to find. This so-called “correlation
matrix” is an intermediate step in the parameter
extraction algorithm.
248
Name the matrix destination file and view the results
of the matrix calculation.
1 plane (Matrix Destination) 1
OK
OK
In more detail...
The polyreference matrix is computed iteratively, up to
the requested size. By default, the matrix routine
calculates the Mode Confidence Factor (MCF) for
each pole. An MCF value close to 1.0 indicates a pole
that most likely represents a mode. A value close to
zero represents noise or a computational pole.
The matrix routine automatically calculates the poles

for the various pole counts up to the specified matrix
size (48). It also generates a stability diagram showing
all the poles which have MCF values above 0.2, the
default threshold.
Detailed information about the poles is provided in the

legend at the right of the plot. Each mode is
represented by a vertical column at the mode
frequency. Stability is achieved when the same mode
parameters are found at the next higher pole count,
within the specified tolerance.
Hint...
In many cases, the best parameter estimates for
the various modes will not all occur at the
same pole count. Typically, weak modes need a
higher pole count to achieve stability. Strong
modes need a lower pole count to avoid
introducing “computational poles.”
Modal Analysis 249

Overlay the MIFs on the stability diagram.
1 (scroll down and 1

use the Control
key to pick the
first 3 records of the
OK plane_mif file)
In more detail...
The MIF’s are displayed to aid in selecting a pole
to represent each mode.
250
Pick a pole for each mode indicated by the MIF on
the stability diagram. You should locate eleven modes
in the dataset.
As you move your cursor around the diagram, notice

the cursor-readout box displays the parameters for the
highlighted pole. The table below lists the
frequencies and numbers of the poles to select. Your 1
frequencies may differ slightly.
Frequency Pole Count

1
100.460 33
135.064 33
146.466 33
296.132 27
296.706 24
405.737 24
474.513 30
487.776 24
521.256 27
582.742 27
851.516 30
Done
In more detail...
Poles currently selected in the parameter table are
yellow. You can deselect a pole by picking it again.
The parameter table in the List region should reflect

eleven records.
Modal Analysis 251

Generate residues for this parameter set.
1Z+ (key in coordinate)
Done
In more detail...
The synthesized functions for all three references
and for response coordinate 1Z+ are displayed in
green. The corresponding test data is overlaid in
red.
Check the List region to view the residue values

that were added to the parameter table.
You may have slightly different values than are

shown here if the frequency range of your spectral
matrix calculation is not 80 to 904 Hz, or if you
used a different pole count for some modes.
Hint...
By default, the program automatically selects
the best reference coordinate for scaling each
mode.
252
Generate mode shapes using the Frequency
2
1 plane (Parameter
Destination)
OK
2 plane (Shape Destination)
OK
Yes (OK to
continue)
3 All (Function Selection

form)
OK
Key In
80,900 (beginning, ending ranges)
In more detail...
The driving point FRFs are displayed. Select a
3
frequency range from 80 to 900 Hz. You’ll see 180
function records scroll by in the List region as the
mode shapes are extracted from the data.
The parameter table displays the shape record

corresponding to each mode. For this example, the
eleven mode shapes just extracted are stored in
records 3 - 13 of the file plane.ash. The first two
records store the shapes from the SDOF example.
Modal Analysis 253

Combine parameters from both SDOF and
Polyreference methods.
OK
Continued on the next page...
In more detail...
Select Combine Parameters. Choose both records
from the Parameter Selection form. A new selection
form lists all the modes in order of increasing
frequency.
Combine the SDOF results for the modes at 100 Hz

and 146 Hz with the MDOF results for all other
modes.
Hint...
If your mode frequencies do not exactly match
the ones in the text, your table may have the
SDOF and MDOF modes reversed from the
order shown here.
254
Deselect modes at 100 and 146 Hz from the
Polyreference calculation. These have an MCF value
near 1.0. The SDOF method does not produce any
MCF, so the value is shown as 0.0.
1
1 (press Control, then deselect MDOF

modes at 100 and 146 Hz, as shown
OK
In more detail...
The active parameter table is displayed in the List
region. Check that you have the desired
parameters. The active parameters identify which
modes to include in FRF synthesis.
Hint...
On occasion, the complete frequency range of a
modal test may be divided into two or more
measurement ranges. This method is useful if you
want to improve the dynamic range or to obtain finer
frequency resolution for the lower modes. Other
times, it may be difficult to curve-fit the entire
measured range in a single pass. You can solve this
problem by breaking up the analysis into smaller
sub-ranges. To document and archive the results,
consolidate partial results into a single modal model.
Modal Analysis 255

Validate the model by comparing synthesized FRFs
with test data.
Close the subpanel.
1 plane (Shape Source)
OK
Active Direction 1
Z+
2 (pick node 25)
Done
In more detail...
Pick node 25 on the wireframe figure in the lower
viewport. Click in the upper viewport. The analytic
FRF is displayed in green, with the corresponding
test data in red.
The FRF is synthesized for the selected response

and the currently active reference coordinate, using
the active parameter table and corresponding shape
records.
Choose Done from the pop-up menu when you are

finished viewing synthesized versus measured FRF.
256
View and animate mode shapes.
Post Processing
(See ”In more detail...” below)
Modal
In more detail...
At this point, if you’d like to view and animate
the mode shapes, switch from the Modal task to
Post Processing. (Refer to the earlier Model
Preparation, the Visualizer, and Post Processing
workshop if you need more details on static and
animated mode shape displays.) When finished,
be sure to switch back to the Modal Task to
continue this workshop.
If you don’t wish to view and animate the mode

shapes, skip this step. Continue with the
workshop. (Modal remains the selected task.)
Hint...
Lower frequency modes are often simple. View the
mode shapes to check for any bad test measurements
or incorrect coordinate labels.
Modal Analysis 257

Pick Display Responses to show the
active responses. 1
1 (Function
Selection form)
2 (pick plane)
3
OK
2
3 All
OK
In more detail...
A coordinate trace is created. You can view the
results in your List region.
258
Build a MAC matrix.
Coordinate Trace
(current)
plane (Shape Source)
OK
Record Selection
All
OK
plane
OK (Shape Source)
Record Selection
All
OK
In more detail...
The MAC matrix is displayed as a 3D bar graph.
Modal Analysis 259

Read data values from the graph.
xy
XXX
1, 8 row limits
1, 10 column limits
In more detail...
Move your cursor around the graph to read data
values from the graph.
After you’ve selected List MAC Matrix, take a

look at the rows and columns of data displayed in
the List region.
260
File
Exit
No (save changes
to model file)
In more detail...
You have just completed the modal analysis
workshop. You can exit the I-DEAS software or
go on to the correlation workshop or to any of the
other workshops.
It isn’t necessary to save this workshop since it is

just practice.
Modal Analysis 261

262
Correlation
The Correlation task allows you to compare modal models. The results from the test
and analytical models are compared to determine the correlation of mode shapes in
this workshop.
Mode shapes resulting from a finite element analysis are stored in analysis datasets
within the model file in global coordinates. Mode shapes resulting from a test modal
analysis are stored in a shape ADF in displacement coordinates. This coordinate
transformation is resolved during the various correlation calculations.
263
In this workshop, you’ll
♦ select the Correlation task
♦ read in the test and analysis models
♦ synchronize the test and analysis models
♦ build a MAC matrix
♦ build a comparison table of mode orders
♦ synthesize analytical FRFs
264
read in
select the analysis model
Correlation
task
read in
test model
synchronize the models
build
MAC matrix
build a
comparison
table
synthesize functions
Correlation 265
another workshop. Then switch to the Correlation
task.
File
Open

1 Correlation 1
OK
OK
Correlation
In more detail...
266
Read in the finite element model and the mode shapes for the
analysis part of the correlation.
File
Import
1
1 Test Universal File 2

OK
2 (file icon)
3 air_fe.unv (filename)
OK (all forms) 3
In more detail...
Select the folder icon to locate the file
air_fe.unv. Click on this filename to load it
into the File Name Input form. The plane
geometry is loaded and displayed.
This file contains the finite element geometry

and mode shapes. It was created using the
I-DEAS Simulation software and contains
240 thin shell linear quadrilateral elements
and 13 linear beam elements. It was solved
using Model Solution Normal Modes
Analysis.
Although the air_fe.unv file contains mode

shapes, read it in as a test universal file. That
way, the shapes will be imported into analysis
datasets and will be associated with the FE
model.
Optionally, go to Post Processing and display

some of the FE modes. Be sure to toggle from
Test to Analysis in the top right corner of the
Results Selection form.
Correlation 267
Read in the test model for the experimental part of
the correlation.
File
Import
1
1 Test Universal File 2

OK
2 (file icon)
3 air_test.unv (filename)
OK (all forms)
In more detail...
This file contains the experimental geometry.
Notice that the orientation of this model is

different than the orientation of the analysis
model. This is common when different
groups of people do the testing and the
analysis.
Also notice that the analysis model is

automatically removed from the workbench
and placed in a bin because only one set of
geometry can be active at a time.
268
Read in the functions for the test model.
File
Import 1
OK 2
2 (file icon)
3 air_test_func.unv (file name)
OK (all forms)
4 test_plane_data (destination)
OK
33
In more detail...
Here, you’re reading in the experimental FRFs.
Typically, these would be obtained using standard
measurements and would already be in a function
ADF.
4
These experimental FRFs are used to derive the
experimental (test) mode shapes that you’ll import
next. (See the Modal Analysis workshop for
additional information.)
Correlation 269
Read in the mode shapes for the test model.
File
Import
1 Shapes (dataset 55)
OK 2
2 (file icon)
3 air_test_shapes.unv (file name)
OK (all forms)
4 test_plane_data (destination)
3
OK
In more detail...
Importing using Shapes (dataset 55) puts the mode
shapes in the specified shape ADF. The parameter
table which scales the mode shapes is also defined.
Normally, you would just select the appropriate shape
ADF and read the parameter table from the 4
corresponding parameter ADF. (See the Modal
Analysis workshop for more details.)
270
Synchronize the test and FE models.
2 Experimental Plane
OK
3
4
4 Analytic Plane
2
OK
Don’t close the Synchronize Models form.
In more detail...
You synchronize models when the geometry of
two models under comparison does not match. In
this instance, the translational offset, rotational
transformation, and scale factor must be
determined in order to synchronize the test
geometry to the analysis geometry.
To synchronize the models, you pick a test model

to transform and a reference model. The test
model geometry, source mode shapes, source
functions, and parameter table are transformed to
the reference model in the steps on the following
pages.
Note that on the Select test model to be

transformed form, the analysis and experimental
planes are shown as FE models. It is standard
convention in the I-DEAS software to call any
geometry consisting of nodes, elements, and/or
tracelines an FE model.
Correlation 271
Pick the nodes from the test model. Hold the shift key
as you pick the nodes.
1
1
2
4
2
Don’t close the Model Transform form.
In more detail...
To transform the test model, you must pick
nodes on the model to transform and on the
reference model. The transformation is
computed, and the axis rotations, axis offsets,
and a scale factor are displayed.
3 4
272
Pick the nodes from the reference model. Remember
to hold the shift key as you pick the nodes. Then,
build a map of the test and reference nodes.
2
5
Apply 1
OK
In more detail...
3
In this step, you pick Apply to update and view the
axis offsets, rotations, and the scale factor. If this
information is not reasonable for your models,
check that you’ve selected the correct nodes. For
this example, the FE model is rotated and
translated relative to the analytic model.
The test geometry was also created in the wrong

units, requiring the scale factor.
4
You can change any of these values. For example,
if the rotation had been 89.9°, you could manually
change it to 90°.
You pick Build to create a map using the spatial

geometry of the test and reference models. If the
XYZ location of a node in the test model does not
correspond exactly with that of a node in the
reference model, a checking tolerance is used to
find the reference model node location that is
2
nearest the test model node location. The software
displays the node map in the List region.
Correlation 273
Specify a name for the renumbered test geometry, the
source shape ADF, and the renumbered test shapes.
1 On
2 Renumbered test
3 1
On
2
4 3
4
OK (Shape Source)
5
5
6 test_plane_data_renumbered
OK (Shape Destination)
In more detail... 6
You pick Geometric Model to transform, scale, and

renumber the test model to match the reference
model. All nodes, trace lines, and elements are
assigned new node labels according to the node
map. You can use the model to animate the
renumbered shapes.
You pick Mode Shapes to transform the mode shape

coefficients in the source test shape ADF to the
reference model nodal displacement coordinate
system and assign a new node label to the
coefficients according to the node map. You can use
the renumbered shapes for animation, MAC, and
FRF synthesis.
If you plan to perform FRF synthesis, the parameter

table and FRFs MUST be renumbered as well. (See
the next page.)
274
Specify the source ADF and a name (destination) for
the renumbered function ADF. Turn on mapping of
the modal parameter table.
1 On
OK (Function Source)
4 test_plane_data_renumbered
OK (Function Destination) 1
OK (ok to create new ADF) 2
5 5 3
On
OK (Synchronize Models form)
In more detail...
You pick Functions to modify the reference
coordinate node, reference coordinate direction,
response coordinate node, and response
4
coordinate direction in the function header
according to the model transformation and the
node map. You use renumbered functions for FRF
synthesis to compare the measured FRFs with
FRFs synthesized from the curvefit and FRFs
synthesized from the analysis model.
You toggle on Parameters to modify the reference

coordinate node, reference coordinate direction,
response coordinate node, and response
coordinate direction in the parameter table
according to the model transformation and the
node map. This is used for FRF synthesis only.
Notice that the orientation of the test plane has

changed.
Correlation 275
Specify the correlation domain to compare the test
results with the analysis results. Select Test Analysis.
Keep test_plane_renumbered as the source of the test
mode shapes, and analytic plane as the source of the
analysis modes.
test_plane_renumbered.ash
OK
In more detail...
Analysis Test specifies that some mode shapes are in a
shape ADF and others are in analysis datasets.
When you synchronized the models, you stored the

test mode shapes in the shape ADF called
test_plane_renumbered. Mode shapes from the
analysis dataset remain in the analytic plane FE
model.
276
Build a MAC matrix to check linear independence
between mode shapes of the test and analytic models.
(Build MAC MAtrix)
(method for grouping DOF – all)

1
(records from first ADF – record selection)
OK
(analysis datasets from second model – record selection)
OK
In more detail... 2
Build a MAC matrix using the renumbered

shapes and the modes from the analysis
model.
MAC Matrix constructs and graphs a matrix

of modal assurance criteria and the
corresponding modal scale factors.
MAC values range from 0 to 1. As the value

approaches 0, the two shapes become more
linearly independent. A value approaching 1
indicates that the motions of the two mode
shapes are closer to each other.
Hint...
The Build MAC (All) icon is similar to the Build MAC
Matrix icon, but the default for all prompts is All.
Build MAC Matrix is useful for controlling which
mode shapes are compared and the degrees of freedom
used in the comparison. The Select Responses icon is
useful for defining a coordinate trace from graphically
selected geometry. A coordinate trace is an option for
selecting specific degrees of freedom for comparison,
as opposed to All.
Correlation 277
Build a mode order using a minimum
MAC value of 0.5.
(minimum value 0.5)
In more detail...
Accept the default minimum value of 0.5.
The mode order is shown in the List region.
It will be used to define damping for the
analysis modes during FRF synthesis.
Column 1 contains the test modes. Column 2

contains the record of the analysis modes. In
this case, no rigid body mode were extracted
from experimental data. Therefore, analysis
modes 1 through 6 each show a 0 for the
corresponding mode. Likewise, test modes 9
and 10 were not identified in the normal
modes analysis. Thus, test modes 9 and 10
show a 0 for the corresponding analysis
modes.
In the next step, you’ll generate a report

format which is easier to read.
278
Format the mode order list for a report using
Comparison Table.
(current mode order name/number)
In more detail...
The formatted mode order is shown in the
List region.
As before, Column 1 contains the test modes.

Column 2 contains the record of the analysis
modes.
Correlation 279
To prepare to select FRFs to synthesize, pick Manage
Functions and select only the renumbered function
ADF.
1 ADF Selection...
2 (deselect test_plane_data)
OK
OK
In more detail...
Deselect the test_plane_data ADF but keep
the renumbered ADF selected to use for the 2
synthesis.
280
Open the Spectra Browser and select a two-view
display. Re-orient the geometry in the bottom
viewport if necessary.
In more detail...
up the subpanel. Select the Two
Viewports, Unequal icon.
The Spectra Browser subpanel lets you

graph frequency- and order-based
spectra. It’s a good way to look at
particular orders (or slices) of data.
Correlation 281
Pick Synthesis Options to apply damping from the
curvefit to the corresponding analysis model. Then
make sure the top viewport is the working viewport.
1 (Parameter Table)
1
OK
2 (select top viewport)
In more detail...
This step allows the FRFs synthesized
from the analysis model to use damping
values obtained in test. When FRFs are
synthesized, you’ll be prompted for
which mode order to use (as shown 2
next).
282
Generate an analytic FRF using Exper vs Analytic.
(current mode order)
Active Reference
9Z+
Active Direction
Z+
1 (node 9)
Done
In more detail...
Set the active reference to 9Z+ and the active 1
direction to Z+. Select the response
coordinate by picking node 9 on the plane.
Review the graph:

–solid trace is the experimental FRF
–dot/dash trace is the synthesized FRF from
the test model
–short/long dashed trace is the synthesized
FRF from the analysis model
An analyst would probably compare the first

two functions to determine the quality of the
curvefit. If the first two functions show a
poor fit, the data should probably be curvefit
again in the modal task.
If the fit looks good, the third function,

synthesized from the FE data, is valid for
comparison. Note the small frequency shifts
in the third function.
Correlation 283
Exit the I-DEAS software.
File
Exit
(save changes
No to model file)
Optionally, animate the two corresponding

modes in the Post Processing task.
In more detail...
If you animate the modes and find
poor correlation, you can use tools
that SDRC offers which use design
sensitivity optimization to align the
FE model with the test model.

correlation workshop. You can exit
the I-DEAS software or go on to
another workshop.

284
Structural Modification
Many techniques exist for predicting changes in a structure. Some techniques use
frequency response functions directly, while others base the prediction on a modal
model. In this workshop, the emphasis is on predicting modifications based on an
existing modal model. The objective of structural modification in I-DEAS Testt is
to predict structural change by building a new modal model based on an existing one.
285
♦ select the structural modification task
♦ read in functions and shapes from a universal file
♦ change the system of units
♦ list and write parameters
♦ check the sensitivity of a system
♦ initialize the connector table
♦ read functions into arrays
♦ set up synthesis options
♦ generate analytic functions
♦ graph the synthesized functions
286
select the list parameters

Structural
Modification
task
check
sensitivity
list modes
before and after
modification
synthesize
functions
graph
modified
structure
Structural Modification 287

another workshop.
File
Open

1 StrucMod 1
OK
OK
In more detail...
288
Switch to the Structural Modification task for this
workshop.
Structural Modification

Read in the functions and the shapes from the
universal file named sys1mass.
File
Import
Functions (dataset 58)
OK
sys1mass (filename)
OK
sys1mass (destination ADF)
OK
File
Import
Shapes (dataset 55)
OK
sys1mass (filename)
OK
sys1mass (destination ADF)
OK
290
Change the system of units to inches pound force.
Then, list the active parameters. Graph the first
function.
Options
Units
Inch (pound f)
1_(1X+,1X+)_1 (on the

Function
Selection
OK form)

Write the parameters to a parameter ADF. Then
display the responses.
sys1mass (parameter
destination)
OK
(All)
OK
In more detail...
Write the entire range of parameters out to a
parameter ADF and name it sys1mass.
As you display the responses, a coordinate trace is

created. You will use this coordinate trace later.
292
Check the sensitivity using a Two DOF Flexible
connector to determine characteristics of the system
before making any actual changes.
sys1mass (shape source)
OK
0,0 (mass values)

500, 0 (stiffness, damping)
(order sensitivity – 2)
(parameter label range – All)
(coordinate trace – current)
Close the subpanel.
In more detail...
Select the Two DOF Flexible connector. Increase the stiffness
of the connector by 500, keeping all other values the same.
Use the second order sensitivity and the current coordinate
trace.
The software uses the coordinate trace to determine all

possible placements of the new connector. In this case, the
connector is placed between the following pairs of
coordinates: 1X and 2X, 1X and 3X, 2X and 3X. Results are
computed for each placement and at each frequency.

Initialize the connector table.
1X (first DOF)
3X (second DOF)
0,0 (mass values)
500, 0 (stiffness, damping)
(1–CONNECTOR_TABLE1)
In more detail...
Select the Two DOF Flexible icon and specify a connector
between coordinates 1X and 3X. Use the same values for mass,
stiffness, and damping that you used in the sensitivity study.
Check the status of the current connector table. You can define
up to six connectors in a connector table.
Store the current connector table using the default name.
294
Generate the predicted model.
OK
sys1mass (parameter
destination)
OK
sys2mass (shape
destination)
OK
In more detail...
Use the Generate Prediction icon to estimate the new
poles, write the parameters to the ADF, and create
mode shapes.

List the parameter table.
In more detail...
Notice that the frequency of mode 2 is now
the same as that of mode 3. Mode 2 is the
mode you just modified.
296
List mode 2 before and after the modification.
1 (first shape record)

OK
2 (second shape record)
OK
(All)
2

Read the functions into arrays.
1 All 2
2 Arrays
(All)
3 (Arrays)
1
OK
In more detail...
Select all three functions and place them in function
arrays. You’ll use them later.
298
Set the frequency range and the resolution for the
synthesis, and turn on the Function Write switch.
1 2
1 0
2 20
3 .05 4
4 (toggle on)

Generate analytical functions.

OK
1X (ref coord)
1X (resp coord)
1X (ref coord)
2X (resp coord)
1X (ref coord)
3X (resp coord)
Done
In more detail...
Use sys2mass as the shape source for the analysis.
The analytic functions generated are written to arrays.
300
Graph the functions in array 1 and array 4. These are
the functions that you just synthesized.
Press Control key... 2
1
2
OK
Hint...
The original data is displayed on the screen in red.
The modified data is displayed in green.

Graph the functions in array 2 and array 5. Then
graph the modified functions, 3 and 6.
2 – 2_(1X+,2X+)_1
5 – 0_(1X+,2X+)_1
OK

3 – 3_(1X+,3X+)_1
6 – 0_(1X+,3X+)_1
OK
302
File
Exit
(save changes
No to model file)
In more detail...
structural modification workshop.
You can exit I-DEAS or go on to the
histograms and fatigue analysis
workshops.


304
Histograms and Fatigue
Analysis
I-DEAS Test offers a wide range of capabilities for histogramming and statistical
analysis work. The Histogram task provides a menu hierarchy that allows flexibility
in the formulation and implementation of statistical analysis tools.
The Fatigue task uses the cumulative damage approach to estimate fatigue life from
stress or strain time histories. Estimation is accomplished by reducing data to a peak
sequence, counting the cycles, and calculating fatigue life. A library of standard
material properties is provided with this task.
305
♦ select the Histogram task
♦ create a histogram using data in bin
♦ create a histogram using peaks in bin
♦ create a histogram using amplitude range count
♦ create a histogram using level crossing
♦ modify bins
♦ normalize data
♦ accumulate counts
♦ write datasets to an ADF
♦ perform regression analysis
♦ switch to the Fatigue Life task
♦ set up options for the fatigue analysis
♦ list and modify the material properties
♦ list and graph the SN curve
♦ calculate damage and counts
306
select the
Histogram
task
calculate and
graph histograms
perform regression analysis
switch to the
Fatigue Life
task
graph SN curve
calculate and
graph damage
Histograms 307
another workshop.
File
Open

1 Histograms 1
OK
OK
In more detail...
308
Switch to the Histogram task for this workshop.
Histogram
Histograms 309
Read in two universal files, one function and one
time history.
File
1
Import
2
OK
3
2 handmade
OK
3 handmade
OK
File
Import
4
5
OK
5 strain 6
OK
6 strain
OK
310
Graph the first function to see what you’re going to
analyze.
OK
In more detail...
Graph the first function. This function has ten
elements.
Histograms 311
Turn the menus on.
Options
Preferences... 1

OK
2
OK
In more detail...
Using Preferences, turn the menus on.
312
Set up the histogram options for the calculation you
will be performing.
Setup
Event Definition
Data in Bin
Setup
Data Source Type
Function
Setup
Bin Definition
Auto
5 (number of bins)
0 (starting value)
2 (increment)
In more detail...
Select the Data In Bin counting technique. This
technique counts discrete elements in a function.
Select Function as the Data Source Type.
Select Auto for Bin Definition. Enter 5 for the number

of bins, 0 as the starting value, and 2 as the
increment.
List the status of the bins.
Histograms 313
Calculate the histogram.
Calculate Histogram
1_(1X+,1X+)_1 (on the

Function
Selection
OK form)
(dataset)
(dataset)
In more detail...
Calculate the histogram and then list it.
314
Graph the histogram in dataset 1.
(dataset)
In more detail...
The bin ranges are represented on the
abscissa and the counts per bin on the
ordinate. Note that a bar chart is
automatically used when graphing a
histogram.
Histograms 315
Set up the histogram options for a Peaks in Bin
calculation.
Setup
Event Definition
Peaks in Bin
Calculate Histogram
1_(1X+,1X+)_1 (on the

Function
Selection
OK form)
2 (dataset)
In more detail...
This time, select the Peaks in Bin for the Event
Definition.
List the status. Notice that the only difference is the

type of event.
Calculate the histogram for this event type, using the

same record as before.
316
Pe a k s i n Bi n
1. 000
0. 8000
(dataset) 0. 6000
0. 4000
In more detail...
Since the function contains only one peak 0. 2000
(ordinate value 10), bin 5 was

incremented once and the other bins
remained at zero. 0. 00
0. 00 2. 000 4. 000 6. 000 8. 000 10. 00
Histograms 317
Graph the function in record 2.
2_(1X+,2X+)_1 (on the

Function
Selection
OK form)
In more detail...
This decaying sine wave will be
used to explore the amplitude range
counting technique.
318
Set up the histogram options for an amplitude range
count.
Setup
Event Definition
Amplitude Range Count
Setup
Bin Definition
Auto
2 (number of ranges)
2 (maximum amplitude)
In more detail...
Select Amplitude Range Count as the counting
technique. Use 2 ranges with the maximum amplitude
of 2.
The range amplitude is the absolute value of the

difference between a peak and valley or a valley and
peak. During calculation, each range amplitude is
computed, the bin range into which the value falls is
identified, and the corresponding bin is incremented.
Histograms 319
Calculate the histogram in dataset 3.
Calculate Histogram
2_(1X+,2X+)_1 (on the

Function
Selection
OK form)
3 (dataset)
(dataset)
(dataset)
In more detail...
Calculate the histogram and then list it.
The two magnitude ranges that fell into bin
2 are represented by the second and third
slopes in the graph of record 2, shown
previously.
Graph the histogram in dataset 3. The bin

ranges are shown on the abscissa and
counts on the ordinate.
320
Purge all datasets.
Purge
1 (dataset)
Purge
2 (dataset)
Purge
3 (dataset)
Status
In more detail...
Purge the datasets one at a time.
Use the Status command to make sure that all

datasets are purged.
Histograms 321
Graph the function in record 3.
3_(1X+,3X+1)_1 (on the

Function
Selection
OK form)
In more detail...
This is a random function of ten
elements. You will use this to
explore the Level Crossing counting
technique.
322
Set up the histogram options for a Level Crossing.
Setup
Event Definition
Level Crossing
Setup
Bin Definition
Data
4 (number of levels)
3_(1X+,3X+1)_1 (on the

Function
Selection
OK form)
In more detail...
Select Level Crossing as the counting technique. Use
the Data command to define 4 levels, calculated
based on the data in record 3.
Histograms 323
Calculate the histogram for record 3.
Calculate Histogram
3_(1X+,3X+)_1 (on the

Function
Selection
OK form)
1 (dataset)
(dataset)
(dataset)
In more detail...
Calculate the histogram and then
list it.
324
Modify the values in the first and last levels.
Setup
Bin Definition
Modify Bin
–2 (level number)
–.9 (level value)
Setup
Bin Definition
Modify Bin
2 (level number)
.7 (level value)
Calculate Histogram
3_(1X+,3X+)_1 (on the

Function
Selection
OK form)
(dataset)
(ok to overwrite)
In more detail...
Modify the value of the first level to –.9 units and the
value of the last level to .7 units. These changes will
give you crossings at these two levels.
Calculate dataset 1 again.
Histograms 325
Change the source data to record 4 and graph it.
4_(1X+,4X+)_1 (on the

Function
Selection
OK form)
326
Calculate the histogram for record 4. List and
graph it.
Calculate Histogram
4_(1X+,4X+)_1 (on the

Function
Selection
OK form)
2 (dataset)
(dataset)
(dataset)
Histograms 327
Copy datasets and normalize the values in the
datasets.
Copy
1 (from)
3 (to)
Copy
2 (from)
4 (to)
Normalize
Unity Area
3 (dataset)
Normalize
Unity Area
4 (dataset)
328
Graph dataset 4 and overlay dataset 3 on top of it.
4 (dataset)
3 (dataset)
Status
In more detail...
Overlay dataset 3 onto dataset 4 to show the results of
the normalization.
List the status and notice that when you normalize to

unity, the number of total counts is reduced to 1.
Histograms 329
Combine the results of the histograms.
Copy
2 (from)
5 (to)
Accumulate Counts
3_(1X+,3X+)_1 (on the

Function
Selection
OK form)
5 (dataset)
List
(dataset)
In more detail...
Select Accumulate Counts to combine the results of a
histogram based on the data in record 3 with the
results of dataset 5.
330
Write the histogram datasets to an ADF.
Write
1 (dataset)
randhist (destination)
OK
Write
2 (dataset)
OK
Write
3 (dataset)
OK
Write
4 (dataset)
OK
Write
5 (dataset)
OK
Histograms 331
Graph record 1 in the time history ADF named
strain and list the statistics for that record.
Y
t
1_(,1X+)_0 (on the

Time History
Selection
OK form)
Standard Stats
OK
1_(,1X+)_0 (on the

Time History
Selection
OK form)
All (beginning of range)
Mean
332
Window the strain data from 0 seconds to 2
seconds.
1 2
1 (minimum)
2 (maximum)
Histograms 333
Perform a regression analysis on record 1 using
the fourth order polynomial curve fit.
Y
t
1_(,1X+)_0 (on the

Time History
Selection
OK form)
Key In
0, 2 (time limits)
(polynomial order 4)
OK (append to ADF)
334
Graph record 1 and record 3 (the regression analysis).
Y
t
1_(,1X+)_0
3_(,1X+)_1
OK
Histograms 335
Switch to the Fatigue Life task to complete this
workshop.
Fatigue Life
336
Set up the options to be used in the fatigue life
estimation.
Setup
Life Criterion
Strain Life
(no 2 dimensional counting)
Setup
Data Source Type
Time History
Setup
Range Definition
Data
16 (number of ranges)
1_(,1X+)_0 (on the

Time History
Selection
OK form)
All (beginning of range)
In more detail...
Select Strain Life as the Life Criterion method. Strain
life calculates log strain amplitude as the function of
the number of reversals to failure.
Select time history as the Data Source Type.
The Data command automatically defines 16 nominal

ranges for the frequency distribution. The frequency
distribution calculated during an estimate shows the
frequency of data values at specified range levels.
This command uses the data source to automatically
define the ranges.
Histograms 337
Setup
Accumulate Damage
Cycle by Cycle
Setup
Peak Selection
Simple Tolerance
Percent Full Range
5 (tolerance)
In more detail...
Select the Cycle by Cycle counting method. Damage
will be accumulated as each reversal (half-cycle) is
found.
Specify the Simple Tolerance method of Peak

Selection. Simple Tolerance defines a peak-valley
sequence by eliminating a valley excursion if it is less
than a specified tolerance.
Use a tolerance of 5 percent of the full range of input

data values.
338
List the material properties that are available. and
select material number 43.
Material Properties
Directory Library
Material Properties
Get from Library
43 (material number)
Histograms 339
Modify an existing material property.
Material Properties
Modify
Cyclic
Strain Hardening Exp
.145 (new property)
Material Properties
List Current
Hint...
Note that the properties list is divided into four parts:
name (identification) data, monotonic properties,
cyclic properties, and descriptive information.
340
List the current SN options and graph the SN
curve.
Write the results to an ADF.
Material Properties
SN Curve
List Options
Material Properties
SN Curve
Graph SN Current
Material Properties
Write
S/N curve
2.0E+05
1 mat_1100
OK
OK 1.0E+05
2.0E+04
1.0E+00 1.0E+02 1.0E+04 1.0E+06 1.0E+08
Number of Reversals to Failure
Stress Life
1100/26– BHN 26
SAE J1099, Feb. 1975
Histograms 341
Calculate the damage.
Calculate Estimate
1_(,1X+)_0 (on the

Time History
Selection
OK form)
342
List the results.
Full List
Histograms 343
Graph the results of the Fatigue Life analysis.
In more detail...
Graph the results of the estimation by
cycle counts. The results are graph cycle
counts versus ranges.
Graph the damage.
344
Write the results to a Fatigue Life ADF.
Write
fatigue_results (destination)
OK
OK
Histograms 345
File
Exit
(save changes
No to model file)
In more detail...
histograms and fatigue analysis
workshop. You can exit the
I-DEAS software. You are finished
with the I-DEAS Test workshops.

346
Index
A
*,"& &
+"++ '*% "+($0"& !"+,' *% ,+,+ /*","& ,'
/*","& -&,"'& +,+ ,'

++"& &$"& '-%&,,"'& /*","& %,*"$ (*'(*,"+ ,'
-%-$, '-&,+ -+"& /*","& '** +$"+ ,'
/*","& (*%,* ,'
'-+," '&,'-* +-$,+
+ $"+, ' ."$$
'-+," &,&+",0 (($","'& ' ,! +" &$ (*'2
++"& ,+#
%($",- *&
'-+," &,&+",0 '& -+"& %($",- & '-&, !"+,' *% '(,"'&+ '*

'-+," &,&+",0 '*#+!'(

%($",- &",+
)-"* '& -+"& &$0+"+ * *++"'&
)-"*"& , &$0," -&,"'&+ &*,"&
)-"+","'& '&",'* &"%, '& -+"&
)-"+","'& +-$,+ &"%,"& '
*(!"& "& "+-$"1*

,". *%,*+ $"+,"&
&"%,"'&
' ,/' "+($0+
"& "*'(!'& "*
+,,"& -( "& "+-$"1*

"& *' +,'(("&
347
Animation Icon, using, 68 Changing Data Attributes, 157
Animation Options Icon, using, 74 Changing Eye Direction, 105
Animation Setup Icon, using, 68 Changing ID Lines, 135, 157, 159, 164
Animation Speed, adjusting, 92 Changing Node Display, 54
Arrays Changing the System of Units, 108, 172
placing data in, 16 Changing the Work Viewport, 151
reading the functions into, 298
Channel Table
Arrows Display Type, 86 creating a, 113
Autorange Form, 117, 189 listing the, 115, 179, 185
Autorange Icon, using, 117, 189 Channel Table Form, 143
Autoranging Data, 190, 199 Channel Table Icon, using, 113, 143
Available Choices, listing, 30 Channels
configuring, 112
Average RPM, calculating, 139 updating, 127, 208
Averaging Form, 118 Charted Frame
Averaging Icon, using, 118 displaying bar, 33
graphing, 40
axis windowing, turning off, 245 listing contents of, 40
Column Headers, changing, 135, 155, 157, 159, 164
B Combine Parameters icon, using, 254
Background Grid, 120 Combining Histogram Results, 330
Bars Contour Off Icon, using, 204 Combining parameters, 254
Bin Status, listing, 313 Comparison Table, building, 279
Build MAC (All) Icon, 277 Compensation Function, 191, 193
Build MAC Matrix Icon, 277 Configure Channel Table, 180, 194
Build MAC Matrix icon, using, 259 Configure Channels Icon, using, 112, 180, 194, 209
Configure Channels Table, 180, 209
adding probe to, 182
C Configuring Channels, 112, 180
Calculate Residues Icon, using, 243 Connector
increasing the stiffness of, 293
Calculating a Histogram, 314, 320, 324, 327
placement of, 293
Calculating Average RPM, 139 two DOF flexible, 293
Calculating Correlation Matrix, 248 Connector Sensitivity Icon, using, 293
Calculating Damage, 342 Connector Table
initializing, 294
Calculating Orders, 152
storing, 294
Calculating Phase Compensation, 191, 193
Connector Table (Current), Status of, 294
Calculating Statistics, 214
Contour and Deformed Geometry, displaying toĆ
Calibration gether, 85
microphone, 183
Contour Display
phase, 191, 193
in Visualizer, 65, 84
transducer, 110
setting up for, 83, 219, 220
Changing Column Headers, 135, 155, 157, 159, 164 turning off in Visualizer, 67, 72
348
Contour Geometry, displaying, 221, 228 Data Attributes Form, 158, 163
Coordinate Trace Data Command
creating, 292 function of, 337
use of, 293 using, 323
Correlation Domain, specifying, 276 Data Frames, moving between, 35
Correlation Task, using, 263 Data in Bin, counting technique, 313
Counting Method, cycle by cycle, 338 Datasets
graphing, 329
Counting Technique
overlaying, 329
amplitude range count, 319 purging, 321
data in bin, 313
level crossing, 323 Deformed & Undeformed Icon, using, 66
Create Display Icon, using, 71 Deformed and Contour Geometry
displaying together, 85
Create Icon, using, 20 displaying together in Visualizer, 66
Create Transducers Icon, using, 109 Deformed Geometry
Creating a Channel Table, 113 displaying, 66, 81, 82
modifying display of, 88
Creating a Random Number Function, 20
turning on in Visualizer, 72
Creating a Transducer Table, 109
Deformed Icon, using, 72
Creating Analysis Datasets, 216, 222 Deleting Elements, 60
Creating Four-noded Elements, 57 Deleting Nodes, 52, 60
Creating Intensity Datasets, 217 Deleting Trace Lines, 60
Creating Nodes, 50 Delta Order, slice options, 149
Creating Power Datasets, 223 Direction of View, changing, 59, 175
Creating Three-noded Elements, 56 Display
Creating Trace Lines, 58 creating new, 71
making current, 77
Creating Two Viewports, 105 setting up for contour, 83
Current Display Icon, using, 77 Display Format for Records, 6
Cursor, using the dynamic, 10 Display Icon, using, 81, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 91, 93,
Curve Fit, checking, 244 94, 219, 220, 226
Cycle by Cycle, counting method, 338 Display References Icon, using, 240
Cycle Counts, graphing results using, 344 Display Responses Icon, using, 292
Display Template Icon, using, 86, 88
Display Type, arrows, 86
D
Displaying Geometry using the Line Icon, 207, 218,
Damage 225
calculating, 342 Displaying Intensity Datasets, 221
graphing, 344
Displaying Mode Shapes, 90, 91, 93, 94
Damage Accumulation, 338
Displaying Reference Coordinates, 240
Damping, applying, 282
Displays, animating two, 74
Data
smoothing time history, 38 Dynamic Cursor, using, 10, 149, 214
tagging, 10, 41 Dynamic Navigator, using, 82
Data Attributes Button, 157, 163 Dynamic Viewing, using, 148
Index 349
E Folder Icon
uses of, 30
Edit Icon, using, 22 using, 30, 134, 173, 176, 187, 196, 211, 236, 267
Editing, interactive, 31, 34 Format of Records Display, function selection
form, 6
Editing a Random Function, 22
Forward Icon, using, 69, 70, 73, 74, 77
Editing Multiple Channels, 39
Four-noded Elements, creating, 57
Element Icon, using, 56, 57
Frame, graphing a, 31, 34
Elements
creating four-noded, 57 Frame Acceptance, 118
creating three-noded, 56 Frame Size, setting the, 32, 116, 198
deleting, 60 Frame Size Icon, using, 32
Entering IĆDEAS, 4 Frames
Entering Node Locations, 51 moving to next, 41
setting number for animation, 68
Event Definition, peaks in bin, 316
Frames of Data, moving between, 35
Exiting I-DEAS, 24, 95, 128, 165, 229, 284, 303,
346 Free Run Trigger Method, 117
Eye Direction Frequency Distribution, 337
changing, 59, 175 Frequency Format, 213
changing the, 105
Frequency Polyreference Icon, using, 246
Eye Icon, using, 59, 105, 175
Frequency Range, setting, 299
FRF, generating, 283
F Front End Simulator, 107, 178, 188, 197
F Keys, using, 148 Full List, displaying, 343
F2 Key (Zoom), 148 Function, graphing, 291, 311, 318, 322

Function Arrays, using, 298
F3 Key (Rotate), 148
Function Query On/Off Icon, 17
F5 Key (Reset), 148
using, 15
Fatigue Life, estimating, 305
Function Selection Form, using, 6
Fatigue Life ADF, writing to a, 345 Function Sets, writing to ADF, 162
Fatigue Life analysis, graphing results of, 344 Function Write On/Off Icon, using, 300
Fatigue Life Estimation, options for, 337 Functions
Fatigue Life Task, 336 graphing, 6, 301, 302
graphing using XY Gallery, 7
Fatigue Task, using to estimate fatigue life, 305 managing, 298
FE Model and Test Models, synchronizing, 271 reading in, 237, 290
Filter, turning off, 159
Filter Button on Record Selection Form, 156 G
Filter Form, using, 16 Gallery, using the, 7, 204
Filtering Capability, 156 Generate Analytic Icon, using, 300
Filtering Data, 156 Generate Prediction Icon, using, 295
Fine Tracking Capability, 11, 149 Generate the Predicted Model, 295
Flip Display 180 Degrees, using, 75 Generating Mode Indicator Functions, 239
350
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045 30%'44+/)
3#1*+/) 6/%5+0/4 1045 130%'44+/)
Index 351
signal processing, 101, 137, 177 Life Criterion Method, strain life as, 337
structural modification, 289 Line Icon, using, 82, 83, 87, 207, 218, 225
time history, 29, 133
List (Transducer Table) Icon, using, 111
Icons, sticky", 35
List Active Parameters Icon, using, 291, 296
ID Lines, changing, 135, 157, 159, 164
List Channel Table Icon, using, 115, 179, 185
Identifier Attributes Form, 158
List Histogram Icon, using, 314, 320, 324, 327
Identifying Data, 135
List XY Icon, using, 40
Importing Universal Files, 53, 60, 64, 102, 237, 267,
268, 269, 270, 290, 310 Listing, sn curve, 341
Incoming Data, preview, 121 Listing a Histogram, 314
Individual Statistics Icon, using, 21, 332 Listing Information, data point, 40
Initialize Connectors Icon, using, 294 Listing Material Properties, 340
Initializing the Front End, 107, 178, 188, 197 Listing Results, 343
Listing Status, bins, 313
Intensity ADS Icon, using, 217
Listing the Channel Table, 115, 179, 185
Intensity Datasets
creating, 217 Listing the Transducer Table, 111
displaying, 221 Lobe Size, setting the, 33
Interactive Editing, 31, 34, 136 Lobe Size Icon, using, 33
Interactive Editing and Tagging, 36 Log Strain Amplitude, calculation of, 337
Log X Axis Icon, using, 7
K Log Y Modulus Icon, using, 7
Key Steps
of the acoustic intensity workshop, 169 M
of the correlation workshop, 265
of the function workshop, 3 MAC Matrix, building, 277
of the histogram and fatigue workshop, 307 Manage Functions Icon, using, 16, 155, 163, 210,
of the modal analysis workshop, 233 298
of the model preparation workshop, 47
of the post processing workshop, 80 Manage Time History Icon, using, 186, 195
of the standard measurements workshop, 99 Mapping, test model and reference model, 273
of the structural modification workshop, 287
Material Properties, 339
of the time history workshop, 27
listing, 340
of the transient measurements workshop, 131
of the Visualizer workshop, 62 Material Property, modifying, 340
Measurement Form, 119, 142
Measurement Icon, using, 119, 142
L
Menu Preferences, 103, 312
Label Numbers, viewing, 56
Menus
Last Written Button, 163 displaying, 54
Level Crossing turning on/off, 299
counting technique, 323 Microphone Calibration, performing, 183
histogram options, 323
Microphone Calibration Icon, using, 183
Level Display, 122
Microphone Pair
Library, standard materials, 339 adding a, 181
352
,.$)&8)-' 3(% /)#*)-' #+.2%23
)#1./(.-% !)12 ,.5)-' .1,!+)9!3).-

1%24+32 .&
)-),4, #.-
.1,!+)9)-' !+4%2
.$!+ !2* )#.- /!-%+ &.1
4,"%1 .& (!--%+2
.$% -$)#!3.1 4-#3).-2 '%-%1!3)-'
.$% 1$%1
"4)+$)-'
O
&.1,!33)-'

#3!5% !-$2
.$% (!/%2
!-),!3)-' -% )%6/.13 #.- 42)-'
#1%!3)-' -+)-% .#4,%-3!3).- !##%22)-'
$)2/+!8)-' /3).-2 &!3)'4% +)&% %23),!3).-
$)2/+!8)-' )- )24!+)9%1

1%!$)-' )- 1$%1 +)#% '1!/()-'
.$% 2(!/%2 '%-%1!3)-' 1$%12 &1., -')-% !#(
.$%+ 1%/!1!3).- #.- !-%+ 43/43 /3).- #.- 42)-'
.$%+ 1%/!1!3).- #.-2

5%1!++ /3).-2 2%33)-'
5%1!++ 2+)#% ./3).-2
.$%+ 1%/!1!3).- !2* 42)-'
5%1!++ %34/ #.- 42)-'
.$%2 +)23)-'
5%1+!8 )23.'1!, #.- 42)-'

.$)&8 7)2 52 ),% #.- 42)-'
5%1+!8)-' ! !3!2%3
.$)&8)-' 3(% )#1./(.-% !)1
.5%1+!8)-' 2
.$)&8)-' 3(% 1."%
.$)&8)-' !+4%2
.5)-' )#1./(.-% !)12
P
.5)-' 1!-2$4#%12
!1!,%3%1 61)3)-' 3. !
4+3)/+% (!--%+2 %$)3)-' !1!,%3%1 !-'% 61)3)-' !
4+3)/+% %'1%% .& 1%%$., .$!+ -!+82)2 42%2 !1!,%3%1 !"+% +)23)-'
.& %!* 2%!1#()-' &.1 ,)-),4,
4+3)/+% %24+32 5)%6)-' %!* !-$ !++%8 %04%-#%

4+3)5!1)!3% #.- 42)-' %!* %+%#3).-
%!*2 )- )- %5%-3 $%&)-)3).-
N %1&.1,)-' )#1./(.-% !+)"1!3).-
(!2% &+)//)-' &.1 $)2/+!8

%73 #.- 42)-'
(!2% !+)"1!3).- #.- 42)-'
. 7%2 )-$.6%$ #.- 42)-'
.+% .4-3 %23),!3)-'
. %24+32 #.- 42)-'

.+8-.,)!+ 415% )3 42)-'
.$% #.- 42)-'
.23 1.#%22)-' !2*
.$% .#!3).-2 %-3%1)-' )#.- /!-%+ &.1
.$%2 42)-'

#(!-')-' 5)24!+ $)2/+!8 .6%1 #.- 42)-'
#.--%#3)-' 42)-' 31!#% +)-%2
#1%!3)-' .6%1 !3!2%32 #1%!3)-'
$%+%3)-' 1%2%+%#3)-' %.,%318

Index 353
)-"."& &'%"& + S
)' %($"& +')
"&
%'"/"& +! %($"& ')%
)'()+"* %($"& '& ,*"&

%+)"$ - +' '& ,*"&
%'"/"& %+)"$ -"& + +' &
,) "& +*+* -"& * +' &
$ / $ '%%& ,*"&
$"& +*+ %'$

R
$"& ,&+"'& ))/
&'% ,&+"'& "+"&

& )'%(+ ."+!
&'% ,%) ,&+"'& )+"& &&"& + ') ')"&+ *$"&
& %($"+, '$/&'%"$ '& ,*"&
$,$+"'& '
)! ').) '& ,*"&
& &"+')*

)! #* '& ,*"&
$ "% "*($/ ')% )!"& ') "&"%,% # +"% !"*+')/
$ "% "*($/* '& ,*"& '& )) &*"+"-"+/ $,$+"&
"()'"+/ '& ,*"& $+ )%+)* "'& ,*"&
') )(!"& $+ )&* '& ,*"&
') $+"'& ')% ,*"& &*"+"-"+/
$,$+"& +! *'& '))
')* )(!"& %,$+"($ !#"&
)**"'& &$/*"* ++"& -)$$ (+"'&*
)(!"&
++"& +! "$+)
()')%"&
++"& ( "*+' )% (+"'&*
)**"'& '& ,*"&
+,( ++,* '& ,*"&
%'-"& "$*
!(*
&,%)"& +*+ %'$
)"& "&
)"& "& %'
*+ /&%" -"."&
!')+ &,*
*",* &)+"&
" &$ )'**"& '&*

*'$,+"'& *++"& ') */&+!*"*

" &$ )'**"& *#

*('&** ',*+" "&+&*"+/ (($"+"'&

"*($/"& "'& (&$ ')

*!'."& *+&) %*,)%&+* (($"+"'&

*,$+* +)&*"&+ ('*+ ()'**"& (($"+"'&
$"*+"& "%($ '$)&
-"."& %,$+"($ "%,$+') )'&+ &

*,$+* '& ,*"& "& $ +! '& ,*"&
*,$+* $+"'& ')% ,*"& $" (+"'&* ')%

'++ /&%" -"."& $" (+"'&* '& ,*"&
354
Smoothing Time History Data, 38 T
SN Curve, graphing, 341 Tach Channels, 136
SN Options, listing, 341 Tach Signal
Spectra Browser, 281 from compressor, 158
using, 256 using multiple, 155
Spectra Browser Icon, using, 146, 212 Tag Icon, using, 10
Spectra Browser Subpanel, 146, 161, 212 Tag on Right Command, 10
Spectra Options Icon, using, 213 Tag XY for Time History Data Icon, using, 36
Stacked Format for Graphs, 14 Tag XY Icon, for time history data, 41, 42
Tagging Data, fine tracking, 11
Standard Materials Library, 339
Tagging Time History Data, 36, 42
Standard Measurements Application, of the signal
processing task, 97 Tagging Your Data, 10
Standard Measurements Icon, using, 107 Tape Replay Ratio, 116, 198
Standard Statistics, listing, 21 Task, signal processing, 4
Statistics, listing, 21 Tasks

correlation, 263
Statistics Icon, using, 214 fatigue life, 336
Status Command, using, 321 histogram, 309
model preparation, 49, 171
Status of Bins, listing, 313 post processing, 63, 215
Status of Connectors Icon, using, 294 signal processing, 97, 129, 137, 167, 177
structural modification, 289
Status of Current Connector Table, checking, 294
time history, 25, 133
Step Forward 1 Frame Icon, using, 35, 41 Test Results, displaying in Visualizer, 65
Step Forward 4 Frames Icon, using, 35 Test Results Icon, using, 343
Stop Icon, using, 69, 70, 74 Thin Shell Linear Triangle, creating, 56
Store Connectors Icon, using, 294 Thin Shell Quadrilateral, creating, 57
Storing a Connector Table, 294 Three-noded Elements, creating, 56
Strain Data, windowing, 333 Time Histories (dataset 58), reading in, 310
Strain Life, using, 337 Time History, storage of, 25
Structural Change, techniques for predicting, 285 Time History Data, tagging, 36
Structural Modification Time History Function, description of, 25
icon panel for, 289 Time History Icons, 133
objective of, 285 Time History Record, graphing, 31, 135
Structural Modification Task, 289 Time History Task
Synchronization, turning on/off, 39 icon panel for, 29, 133
using, 25, 133
Synchronization On/Off Icon, using, 39, 42
Time Preview Autorange Icon, using, 190, 199
Synchronizing Models, 271
Time Preview Icon, using, 121
Synthesis, setting the resolution for, 299
Tolerance, simple, 338
Synthesis Exper vs Analytic icon, using, 256
Trace, creating a coordinate, 292
Synthesized Functions, graphing, 301, 302
Trace Line Icon, using, 58
System Characteristics, determining, 293
Trace Lines
System of Units, changing the, 108, 172, 291 creating, 58
Index 355
"#)#1'+% '/%#,1
/+0"2!#/ )' /1',+ '/+,"#0
'/-011
/+0"2!#/ )# '/1#01
!/#1'+% '/1#01$2+!
)'01'+% '/1#010&-#0

/+0"2!#/0 *,3'+%
'%1'*#
$/*$/$
/+0$,/*'+% &+"*"#
*,"# 0&-# !,#$$'!'#+10
)'01'+% !&,'!#0
1#01 *,"#)

/#"'+% '+
/+0'#+1 #02/#*#+10 --)'!1',+ ,$ 1&# 0'%+) 01/'+
-/,!#00'+% 10( 060*00
/+0'#+1 ,01 /,!#00'+% --)'!1',+ ,$ 1&# '%8 -"1# &++#)0 !,+ 20'+%

+) /,!#00'+% 10( -"1'+% &++#)0

/+0'#+1 ,01 /,!#00'+% !,+ 20'+% 0'+% 2)1'-)# !& '%+)0
/+0'#+1 /!('+% ,/*
/'%%#/ ,/*

V
/'%%#/ !,+ 20'+%

)2#0
2/+'+% 1&# ,/(-)+# $$
*,"'$6'+%
2/+'+% ,/(-)+# ,/"#/ $$ +,/*)'7'+%
4, )#5' )# ,++#!1,/ '#4-,/1 /'"
4, )#5' )# !,+ 20'+% '#4-,/10 !/#1'+% 14,
4, &-#0 '01 !,+ 20'+%
'02) '0-)6 ,$ ,"#0 !&+%'+%
4, '#4-,/10 !,+ 20'+% '02)'7#/
#5'1'+%

4, '#4-,/10 +#.2) !,+ 20'+% 01/1'+%
4,83'#4-,/1 '0-)6 20'+%
U W
+"#$,/*#" #,*#1/6 "'0-)6'+% 1#/$)) '0-)6
+", !,+ 20'+% #'%&1'+%
+'10 !&+%'+% 0601#* ,$
'+",4 !,+ 20'+%
+'3#/0) ')# /#"'+% '+

'+",4'+% 1

'+",4'+% 1/'+ 1
+'3#/0) ')#0 '+",40 ,/*
!$'5#"0*-)#
'+",40 !,+ 20'+%
!,201'!!)

!,201'!%#,
,/( '#4-,/1 !&+%'+% 1&#
!,201'!-&0#
,/( '#4-,/1 !,+ 20'+%
!,201'!/#02)10
,/(-)+# 12/+'+% ,$$
!,201'!1'*#
'//#$ ,/(-)+# --#/+!# !,+ 20'+%

'/$#
,/(-)+# ,/"#/ 12/+'+% ,$$

'/$2+!
'/%#,* /'1# /*#1#/0 !,+ 20'+%

'/%#,* /'1# 4'1!& 12/+'+% ,+
356
#% '%$ %&# !
X
#% %# #!"#%$ %! ($ $% ! &$
#% $&%$ %& #) ! &$
Index 357
358

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Test Exploration

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Exploring I-DEAS Test

Trademark information SDRC is a registered trademark of Structural Dynamics Research

I-DEAS Test Data Analysis, I-DEAS Integrated Engineering Analysis

Contact information All questions or requests should be addressed to:

MTS Systems Corporation

Publication information PUBLICATION DATE November 2001

List of Files Required for Workshops, iii

Function Processing and Graphing, 1

Time History Processing, 25

Model Preparation, the Visualizer, and

Signal Processing: Standard Measurements, 97

Signal Processing: Transient Measurements, 129

Signal Processing: Acoustic Intensity, 167

Modal Analysis, 231

Structural Modification, 285

Histograms and Fatigue Analysis, 305

Workshop Universal Files

Function Processing fram_frf.unv

Time History Processing bigtime.unv

Model Preparation air_nodes.unv

Signal Processing: air_geom.unv

Signal Processing: fixed_sample.unv

Signal Processing: acoustic_cal.unv

Modal Analysis air_geot.unv

Structural Modification sys1mass.unv

To set up the SDRC_INSTL environmental variable for UNIX, execute the

graph use the

create a random function

1 Functions (dataset 58)

OK (create a new ADF)

The universal file named fram_frf

The file folder icon on the File Name Input

record number, reference coordinate,

You can select as many records as you want

Close the subpanel.

Select the Log Y Modulus icon from the

Select X,Y Axis Reset and close the Gallery.

Find out what it means to change the grid

Close the Help window.

I-DEAS also provides quick help at the bottom

Apply the changes. Notice that the change is

Move the mouse until the dynamic cursor is

mouse button to make your selection. The

Change the Options to Tag on Right. When

(Use the slider bar

If you want to be precise in your selection, click the

Experiment with the different forms and watch the

Pick Last Selected on the Function Selection

Select the Graph XYZ icon and graph the preselected

F5 resets the view.

The Fine Tracking capability makes it easy to tag a

2 (z_tst Reference coordinate)

3 (select = as the operation)

Copy the 27 records with 15Y+ reference into arrays.

The results are appended to the list of arrays in

Turn the Function Query back on.

The windowed data is graphed.

Turn the window off.

After creating a random function, the new function is

Replace Range Half Cosine

The results overwrite the data in array 29.

It isn’t necessary to save this

(save changes before

Notice that the operations are similar to the ones you