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1)ExplaintherationalebehindObjectOrientedconcepts?
Objectorientedconceptsformthebaseofallmodernprogramminglanguages.Understandingthebas
icconceptsofobject-
orientationhelpsadevelopertousevariousmoderndayprogramminglanguages,moreeffectively.
2)ExplainaboutObjectorientedprogramming?
Objectorientedprogrammingisoneofthemostpopularmethodologiesinsoftwaredevelopment.Itof
fersapowerfulmodelforcreatingcomputerprograms.Itspeedstheprogramdevelopmentprocess,im
provesmaintenanceandenhancesreusabilityofprograms.
3)Explainwhatisanobject?
Anobjectisacombinationofmessagesanddata.Objectscanreceiveandsendmessagesandusemessa
gestointeractwitheachother.Themessagescontaininformationthatistobepassedtotherecipientobj
ect.
4)ExplaintheimplementationphasewithrespecttoOOP?
ThedesignphaseisfollowedbyOOP,whichistheimplementationphase.OOPprovidesspecification
sforwritingprogramsinaprogramminglanguage.Duringtheimplementationphase,programmingi
sdoneaspertherequirementsgatheredduringtheanalysisanddesignphases.
5)ExplainabouttheDesignPhase?
Inthedesignphase,thedevelopersofthesystemdocumenttheirunderstandingofthesystem.Designg
eneratestheblueprintofthesystemthatistobeimplemented.Thefirststepincreatinganobjectoriente
ddesignistheidentificationofclassesandtheirrelationships.
6)Explainaboutaclass?
Classdescribesthenatureofaparticularthing.StructureandmodularityisprovidedbyaClassinobject
orientedprogrammingenvironment.Characteristicsoftheclassshouldbeunderstandablebyanordi
narynonprogrammeranditshouldalsoconveythemeaningoftheproblemstatementtohim.Classacts
likeablueprint.
7)Explainaboutinstanceinobjectorientedprogramming?
Everyclassandanobjecthaveaninstance.Instanceofaparticularobjectiscreatedatruntime.Valuesd
efinedforaparticularobjectdefineitsState.Instanceofanobjectexplainstherelationshipbetweendif
ferentelements.
8)Explainaboutinheritance?
Inheritancerevolvesaroundtheconceptofinheritingknowledgeandclassattributesfromtheparentcl
ass.Ingeneralsenseasubclasstriestoacquirecharacteristicsfromaparentclassandtheycanalsohavet
heirowncharacteristics.Inheritanceformsanimportantconceptinobjectorientedprogramming.
9)Explainaboutmultipleinheritance?
Inheritanceinvolvesinheritingcharacteristicsfromitsparentsalsotheycanhavetheirowncharacteri
stics.Inmultipleinheritanceaclasscanhavecharacteristicsfrommultipleparentsorclasses.Asubcla
sscanhavecharacteristicsfrommultipleparentsandstillcanhaveitsowncharacteristics.
10)Explainaboutencapsulation?
Encapsulationpassesthemessagewithoutrevealingtheexactfunctionaldetailsoftheclass.Itallowso
nlytherelevantinformationtotheuserwithoutrevealingthefunctionalmechanismthroughwhichap
articularclasshadfunctioned.
11)Explainaboutabstraction?
Abstractionsimplifiesacomplexproblemtoasimplerproblembyspecifyingandmodelingtheclasst
otherelevantproblemscenario.Itsimplifiestheproblembygivingtheclassitsspecificclassofinherita
nce.Compositionalsohelpsinsolvingtheproblemtoanextent.
12)Explainthemechanismofcomposition?
Compositionhelpstosimplifyacomplexproblemintoaneasierproblem.Itmakesdifferentclassesan
dobjectstointeractwitheachotherthusmakingtheproblemtobesolvedautomatically.Itinteractswit
htheproblembymakingdifferentclassesandobjectstosendamessagetoeachother.
13)Explainaboutpolymorphism?
Polymorphismhelpsasubclasstobehavelikeaparentclass.Whenanobjectbelongingtodifferentdat
atypesrespondtomethodswhichhaveasamename,theonlyconditionbeingthatthosemethodsshoul
dperformdifferentfunction.
14)Explainaboutoverridingpolymorphism?
Overridingpolymorphismisknowntooccurwhenadatatypecanperformdifferentfunctions.Forexa
mpleanadditionoperatorcanperformdifferentfunctionssuchasaddition,floatadditionetc.Overridi
ngpolymorphismisgenerallyusedincomplexprojectswheretheuseofaparameterismore.
15)Explainaboutobjectorienteddatabases?
Objectorienteddatabasesareverypopularsuchasrelationaldatabasemanagementsystems.Objecto
rienteddatabasessystemsusespecificstructurethroughwhichtheyextractdataandtheycombinethe
dataforaspecificoutput.TheseDBMSuseobjectorientedlanguagestomaketheprocesseasier.
16)Explainaboutparametricpolymorphism?
Parametricpolymorphismissupportedbymanyobjectorientedlanguagesandtheyareveryimportan
tforobjectorientedtechniques.Inparametricpolymorphismcodeiswrittenwithoutanyspecificatio
nforthetypeofdatapresent.Henceitcanbeusedanynumberoftimes.
17)WhatareallthelanguageswhichsupportOOP?
ThereareseveralprogramminglanguageswhichareimplementingOOPbecauseofitscloseproximit
ytosolvereallifeproblems.LanguagessuchasPython,Ruby,Rubyonrails,Perl,PHP,Coldfusion,et
cuseOOP.StillmanylanguagesprefertouseDOMbasedlanguagesduetotheeaseincoding.
---------
1)Explainwhatisobjectorientedprogramminglanguage?
Objectorientedprogramminglanguageallowsconceptssuchasmodularity,encapsulation,polymor
phismandinheritance.Simulaiscreditedtobethefirstobjectorientedlanguage.Objectsaresaidtobet
hemostimportantpartofobjectorientedlanguage.Conceptrevolvesaroundmakingsimulationprog
ramsaroundanobject.
2)Namesomelanguageswhichhaveobjectorientedlanguageandcharacteristics?
SomeofthelanguageswhichhaveobjectorientedlanguagespresentinthemareABAP,ECMAScript
,C+
+,Perl,LISP,C#,Tcl,VB,Ruby,Python,PHP,etc.Popularityoftheselanguageshasincreasedconsid
erablyastheycansolvecomplexproblemswithease.
3)ExplainaboutUML?
UMLorunifiedmodelinglanguageisregardedtoimplementcompletespecificationsandfeaturesofo
bjectorientedlanguage.Abstractdesigncanbeimplementedinobjectorientedprogramminglangua
ges.ItlacksimplementationofpolymorphismonmessageargumentswhichisaOOPsfeature.
4)Explainthemeaningofobjectinobjectorientedprogramming?
Languageswhicharecalledasobjectorientedalmostimplementeverythinginthemasobjectssuchas
punctuations,characters,prototypes,classes,modules,blocks,etc.Theyweredesignedtofacilitatea
ndimplementobjectorientedmethods.
5)Explainaboutmessagepassinginobjectorientedprogramming?
Messagepassingisamethodbywhichanobjectsendsdatatoanotherobjectorrequestsotherobjecttoi
nvokemethod.Thisisalsoknownasinterfacing.Itactslikeamessengerfromoneobjecttootherobjectt
oconveyspecificinstructions.
6)StateaboutJavaanditsrelationtoObjectorientedprogramming?
Javaiswidelyusedanditsshareisincreasingconsiderablywhichispartlyduetoitscloseresemblancet
oobjectorientedlanguagessuchasCandC+
+.CodewritteninJavacanbetransportedtomanydifferentplatformswithoutchangingit.Itimplemen
tsvirtualmachine.
7)Whataretheproblemsfacedbythedeveloperusingobjectorientedprogramminglanguage?
Thesearesomeoftheproblemsfacedbythedeveloperusingobjectorientedlanguagetheyare:-
1)Objectorientedusesdesignpatternswhichcanbereferredtoasanythingingeneral.
2)Repeatablesolutiontoaproblemcancauseconcernanddisagreementsanditisoneofthemajorprobl
emsinsoftwaredesign.
8)Statesomeoftheadvantagesofobjectorientedprogramming?
Someoftheadvantagesofobjectorientedprogrammingareasfollows:-
1)Aclearmodularstructurecanbeobtainedwhichcanbeusedasaprototypeanditwillnotrevealtheme
chanismbehindthedesign.Itdoeshaveaclearinterface.
2)Easeofmaintenanceandmodificationtotheexistingobjectscanbedonewithease.
3)AgoodframeworkisprovidedwhichfacilitatesincreatingrichGUIapplications.
9)ExplainaboutinheritanceinOOPS?
Objectsinoneclasscanacquirepropertiesoftheobjectsinotherclassesbywayofinheritance.Reusabi
litywhichisamajorfactorisprovidedinobjectorientedprogrammingwhichaddsfeaturestoaclasswit
houtmodifyingit.Newclasscanbeobtainedfromaclasswhichisalreadypresent.
10)Explainabouttherelationshipbetweenobjectorientedprogramminganddatabases?
Objectorientedprogrammingandrelationaldatabaseprogrammingarealmostsimilarinsoftwareen
gineering.RDBMSwillnotstoreobjectsdirectlyandthat’swhereobjectorientedprogrammingcom
esintoplay.Objectrelationalmappingisonesuchsolution.
11)ExplainaboutaclassinOOP?
InObjectorientedprogrammingusageofclassoftenoccurs.Aclassdefinesthecharacteristicsofanob
jectanditsbehaviors.Thisdefinesthenatureandfunctioningofaspecifiedobjecttowhichitisassigne
d.Codeforaclassshouldbeencapsulated.
12)Explaintheusageofencapsulation?
Encapsulationspecifiesthedifferentclasseswhichcanusethemembersofanobject.Themaingoalof
encapsulationistoprovideaninterfacetoclientswhichdecreasethedependencyonthosefeaturesand
partswhicharelikelytochangeinfuture.Thisfacilitateseasychangestothecodeandfeatures.
13)Explainaboutabstraction?
Abstractioncanalsobeachievedthroughcomposition.Itsolvesacomplexproblembydefiningonlyt
hoseclasseswhicharerelevanttotheproblemandnotinvolvingthewholecomplexcodeintoplay.
14)Explainwhatamethodis?
Amethodwillaffectonlyaparticularobjecttowhichitisspecified.Methodsareverbsmeaningtheyde
fineactionswhichaparticularobjectwillperform.Italsodefinesvariousothercharacteristicsofaparti
cularobject.
15)NamethedifferentCreationalpatternsinOOdesign?
TherearethreepatternsofdesignoutofwhichCreationalpatternsplayanimportantrolethevariouspat
ternsdescribedunderneaththisare:-
1)Factorypattern
2)Singletonpattern
3)Prototypepattern
4)Abstractfactorypattern
5)Builderpattern
16)Explainaboutrealisticmodeling?
Asweliveinaworldofobjects,itlogicallyfollowsthattheobjectorientedapproachmodelstherealwor
ldaccurately.Theobjectorientedapproachallowsyoutoidentifyentitiesasobjectshavingattributesa
ndbehavior.
17)Explainabouttheanalysisphase?
Theanlaysisortheobjectorientedanalysisphaseconsidersthesystemasasolutiontoaprobleminitsen
vironmentordomain.Developerconcentratesonobtainingasmuchinformationaspossibleaboutthe
problem.Criticalrequirementsneedstobeidentified.
PHPOOPSInterviewQuestions&Answers
August13,2008—sharag
PHPOOPSInterviewQuestions&Answers
1)Explainwhatisobjectorientedprogramminglanguage?
Objectorientedprogramminglanguageallowsconceptssuchasmodularity,encapsulation,polymor
phismandinheritance.Objectsaresaidtobethemostimportantpartofobjectorientedlanguage.Conc
eptrevolvesaroundmakingsimulationprogramsaroundanobject.Organizeaprogramarounditsdat
a(object)&setwelldefineinterfacetothatdata.i.e.objectsandasetofwelldefinedinterfacestothatdat
a.OOPisthecommonabbreviationforObject-
OrientedProgramming.OOpshavemanypropertiessuchasDataHiding,Inheritence,DataAbsracti
on,DataEncapsulationandmanymore.
2)Namesomelanguageswhichhaveobjectorientedlanguageandcharacteristics?
SomeofthelanguageswhichhaveobjectorientedlanguagespresentinthemareABAP,ECMAScript
,C+
+,Perl,LISP,C#,Tcl,VB,Ruby,Python,PHP,etc.Popularityoftheselanguageshasincreasedconsid
erablyastheycansolvecomplexproblemswithease.
3)ExplainaboutUML?
UMLorunifiedmodelinglanguageisregardedtoimplementcompletespecificationsandfeaturesofo
bjectorientedlanguage.Abstractdesigncanbeimplementedinobjectorientedprogramminglangua
ges.ItlacksimplementationofpolymorphismonmessageargumentswhichisaOOPsfeature.
4)Explainthemeaningofobjectinobjectorientedprogramming?
Languageswhicharecalledasobjectorientedalmostimplementeverythinginthemasobjectssuchas
punctuations,characters,prototypes,classes,modules,blocks,etc.Theyweredesignedtofacilitatea
ndimplementobjectorientedmethods.
5)Explainaboutmessagepassinginobjectorientedprogramming?
Messagepassingisamethodbywhichanobjectsendsdatatoanotherobjectorrequestsotherobjecttoi
nvokemethod.Thisisalsoknownasinterfacing.Itactslikeamessengerfromoneobjecttootherobjectt
oconveyspecificinstructions.
6)StateaboutJavaanditsrelationtoObjectorientedprogramming?
Javaiswidelyusedanditsshareisincreasingconsiderablywhichispartlyduetoitscloseresemblancet
oobjectorientedlanguagessuchasC+
+.CodewritteninJavacanbetransportedtomanydifferentplatformswithoutchangingit.Itimplemen
tsvirtualmachine.
7)Whataretheproblemsfacedbythedeveloperusingobjectorientedprogramminglanguage?
Thesearesomeoftheproblemsfacedbythedeveloperusingobjectorientedlanguagetheyare:-
a)Objectorientedusesdesignpatternswhichcanbereferredtoasanythingingeneral.
b)Repeatablesolutiontoaproblemcancauseconcernanddisagreementsanditisoneofthemajorprobl
emsinsoftwaredesign.
8)Statesomeoftheadvantagesofobjectorientedprogramming?
Someoftheadvantagesofobjectorientedprogrammingareasfollows:-
a)Aclearmodularstructurecanbeobtainedwhichcanbeusedasaprototypeanditwillnotrevealtheme
chanismbehindthedesign.Itdoeshaveaclearinterface.
b)Easeofmaintenanceandmodificationtotheexistingobjectscanbedonewithease.
c)AgoodframeworkisprovidedwhichfacilitatesincreatingrichGUIapplications.
9)ExplainaboutinheritanceinOOPS?
Objectsinoneclasscanacquirepropertiesoftheobjectsinotherclassesbywayofinheritance.Reusabi
litywhichisamajorfactorisprovidedinobjectorientedprogrammingwhichaddsfeaturestoaclasswit
houtmodifyingit.Newclasscanbeobtainedfromaclasswhichisalreadypresent.
10)Explainabouttherelationshipbetweenobjectorientedprogramminganddatabases?
Objectorientedprogrammingandrelationaldatabaseprogrammingarealmostsimilarinsoftwareen
gineering.RDBMSwillnotstoreobjectsdirectlyandthat’swhereobjectorientedprogrammingcom
esintoplay.Objectrelationalmappingisonesuchsolution.
11)ExplainaboutaclassinOOP?
InObjectorientedprogrammingusageofclassoftenoccurs.Aclassdefinesthecharacteristicsofanob
jectanditsbehaviors.Thisdefinesthenatureandfunctioningofaspecifiedobjecttowhichitisassigne
d.Codeforaclassshouldbeencapsulated.
12)Explaintheusageofencapsulation?
Encapsulationspecifiesthedifferentclasseswhichcanusethemembersofanobject.Themaingoalof
encapsulationistoprovideaninterfacetoclientswhichdecreasethedependencyonthosefeaturesand
partswhicharelikelytochangeinfuture.Thisfacilitateseasychangestothecodeandfeatures.
13)Explainaboutabstraction?
Abstractioncanalsobeachievedthroughcomposition.Itsolvesacomplexproblembydefiningonlyt
hoseclasseswhicharerelevanttotheproblemandnotinvolvingthewholecomplexcodeintoplay.
14)Explainwhatamethodis?
Amethodwillaffectonlyaparticularobjecttowhichitisspecified.Methodsareverbsmeaningtheyde
fineactionswhichaparticularobjectwillperform.Italsodefinesvariousothercharacteristicsofaparti
cularobject.
15)NamethedifferentCreationalpatternsinOOdesign?
TherearethreepatternsofdesignoutofwhichCreationalpatternsplayanimportantrolethevariouspat
ternsdescribedunderneaththisare:-
a)Factorypattern
b)Singletonpattern
c)Prototypepattern
d)Abstractfactorypattern
e)Builderpattern
16)Explainaboutrealisticmodeling?
Asweliveinaworldofobjects,itlogicallyfollowsthattheobjectorientedapproachmodelstherealwor
ldaccurately.Theobjectorientedapproachallowsyoutoidentifyentitiesasobjectshavingattributesa
ndbehavior.
17)Explainabouttheanalysisphase?
Theanlaysisortheobjectorientedanalysisphaseconsidersthesystemasasolutiontoaprobleminitsen
vironmentordomain.Developerconcentratesonobtainingasmuchinformationaspossibleaboutthe
problem.Criticalrequirementsneedstobeidentified.
***************************************************************************
*********************************
1)ExplaintherationalebehindObjectOrientedconcepts?
Objectorientedconceptsformthebaseofallmodernprogramminglanguages.Understandingthebas
icconceptsofobject-
orientationhelpsadevelopertousevariousmoderndayprogramminglanguages,moreeffectively.
2)ExplainaboutObjectorientedprogramming?
Objectorientedprogrammingisoneofthemostpopularmethodologiesinsoftwaredevelopment.Itof
fersapowerfulmodelforcreatingcomputerprograms.Itspeedstheprogramdevelopmentprocess,im
provesmaintenanceandenhancesreusabilityofprograms.
3)Explainwhatisanobject?
Anobjectisacombinationofmessagesanddata.Objectscanreceiveandsendmessagesandusemessa
gestointeractwitheachother.Themessagescontaininformationthatistobepassedtotherecipientobj
ect.
4)ExplaintheimplementationphasewithrespecttoOOP?
ThedesignphaseisfollowedbyOOP,whichistheimplementationphase.OOPprovidesspecification
sforwritingprogramsinaprogramminglanguage.Duringtheimplementationphase,programmingi
sdoneaspertherequirementsgatheredduringtheanalysisanddesignphases.
5)ExplainabouttheDesignPhase?
Inthedesignphase,thedevelopersofthesystemdocumenttheirunderstandingofthesystem.Designg
eneratestheblueprintofthesystemthatistobeimplemented.Thefirststepincreatinganobjectoriente
ddesignistheidentificationofclassesandtheirrelationships.
6)Explainaboutaclass?
Classdescribesthenatureofaparticularthing.StructureandmodularityisprovidedbyaClassinobject
orientedprogrammingenvironment.Characteristicsoftheclassshouldbeunderstandablebyanordi
narynonprogrammeranditshouldalsoconveythemeaningoftheproblemstatementtohim.Classacts
likeablueprint.
7)Explainaboutinstanceinobjectorientedprogramming?
Everyclassandanobjecthaveaninstance.Instanceofaparticularobjectiscreatedatruntime.Valuesd
efinedforaparticularobjectdefineitsState.Instanceofanobjectexplainstherelationshipbetweendif
ferentelements.
8)Explainaboutinheritance?
Inheritancerevolvesaroundtheconceptofinheritingknowledgeandclassattributesfromtheparentcl
ass.Ingeneralsenseasubclasstriestoacquirecharacteristicsfromaparentclassandtheycanalsohavet
heirowncharacteristics.Inheritanceformsanimportantconceptinobjectorientedprogramming.
9)Explainaboutmultipleinheritance?
Inheritanceinvolvesinheritingcharacteristicsfromitsparentsalsotheycanhavetheirowncharacteri
stics.Inmultipleinheritanceaclasscanhavecharacteristicsfrommultipleparentsorclasses.Asubcla
sscanhavecharacteristicsfrommultipleparentsandstillcanhaveitsowncharacteristics.
10)Explainaboutencapsulation?
Encapsulationpassesthemessagewithoutrevealingtheexactfunctionaldetailsoftheclass.Itallowso
nlytherelevantinformationtotheuserwithoutrevealingthefunctionalmechanismthroughwhichap
articularclasshadfunctioned.
11)Explainaboutabstraction?
Abstractionsimplifiesacomplexproblemtoasimplerproblembyspecifyingandmodelingtheclasst
otherelevantproblemscenario.Itsimplifiestheproblembygivingtheclassitsspecificclassofinherita
nce.Compositionalsohelpsinsolvingtheproblemtoanextent.
12)Explainthemechanismofcomposition?
Compositionhelpstosimplifyacomplexproblemintoaneasierproblem.Itmakesdifferentclassesan
dobjectstointeractwitheachotherthusmakingtheproblemtobesolvedautomatically.Itinteractswit
htheproblembymakingdifferentclassesandobjectstosendamessagetoeachother.
13)Explainaboutpolymorphism?
Polymorphismhelpsasubclasstobehavelikeaparentclass.Whenanobjectbelongingtodifferentdat
atypesrespondtomethodswhichhaveasamename,theonlyconditionbeingthatthosemethodsshoul
dperformdifferentfunction.
14)Explainaboutoverridingpolymorphism?
Overridingpolymorphismisknowntooccurwhenadatatypecanperformdifferentfunctions.Forexa
mpleanadditionoperatorcanperformdifferentfunctionssuchasaddition,floatadditionetc.Overridi
ngpolymorphismisgenerallyusedincomplexprojectswheretheuseofaparameterismore.
15)Explainaboutobjectorienteddatabases?
Objectorienteddatabasesareverypopularsuchasrelationaldatabasemanagementsystems.Objecto
rienteddatabasessystemsusespecificstructurethroughwhichtheyextractdataandtheycombinethe
dataforaspecificoutput.TheseDBMSuseobjectorientedlanguagestomaketheprocesseasier.
16)Explainaboutparametricpolymorphism?
Parametricpolymorphismissupportedbymanyobjectorientedlanguagesandtheyareveryimportan
tforobjectorientedtechniques.Inparametricpolymorphismcodeiswrittenwithoutanyspecificatio
nforthetypeofdatapresent.Henceitcanbeusedanynumberoftimes.
17)WhatareallthelanguageswhichsupportOOP?
ThereareseveralprogramminglanguageswhichareimplementingOOPbecauseofitscloseproximit
ytosolvereallifeproblems.LanguagessuchasPython,Ruby,Rubyonrails,Perl,PHP,Coldfusion,et
cuseOOP.StillmanylanguagesprefertouseDOMbasedlanguagesduetotheeaseincoding.
vargaJsHost=((“https:”==document.location.protocol)?“https://ssl.”:“http://www.”);
document.write(unescape(“%3Cscriptsrc=’”+gaJsHost+“google-
analytics.com/ga.js’type=’text/javascript’%3E%3C/script%3E”));
try{
varpageTracker=_gat._getTracker(“UA-1855756-5″);
pageTracker._trackPageview();
}catch(err){}
Howicanmakeachatpageinphpinsimple
Differencebetweenmysql_connectandmysql_pconnect.
Whatistheuseofobj_start()?
whatisdifferencebetweenmysql_fetch_array(),mysql_fetch_row()andmysql_fetch_object()pleaseinsertwithexample.
Whatisdifferencebetweenrequire_once(),require(),include().Becouseabovethreefunctionuselyusetocallafileinanotherfile
.
HowtopreventformhijackinginPHP?
WhatisthedifferencebetweenSplitandExplode
Whatisthedifferencebetweenechoandprintstatement?
HowcanImaintainthecountofhowmanypersonshavehitmysite?
Howtohandledropdownboxchangeeventwithoutrefreshingpage?
WhatarenewfeaturesthatareinaddedinPHP5?
WhichwillexecutefasteronphpPOSTorGET?Explain
Iamtryingtoassignavariablethevalueof0123,butitkeepscomingupwithadifferentnumber,what?stheproblem?
What'sPHP?
WheredoesthePHPsessionstored,eitherclientsideorserverside?
HowToWritetheFORMTagCorrectlyforUploadingFiles?
Howcanwesubmitaformwithoutasubmitbutton?
Whatarethedifferencesbetweenrequireandinclude,include_once?
Howdoweknowbrowserproperties?
Whatisthedifferencebetween$messageand$$message?
What do you need to do to improve the performance (speedy execution) for the script you have written?
How do you capture audio/video in PHP?
How do you pass a variable by value?
How do you create subdomains using PHP?
what would be the differences between PHP and Java?
What is the use of header() function in php?
Name and explain five of the PHP error constants?
What is the use of sprintf() function?
How can I execute a PHP script using command line?
What are the valid values for xlink:actuate and xlink:show?
What is the difference between session_register and $_session?
Explain about PHP cookies?
How can I maintain the count of how many persons have hit my site?
What is meant by urlencode and urldecode?
If you have to work with dates in the following format: "Tuesday, February 14, 2006 @ 10:39 am", how can you
convert them to another format, that is easier to use?
What are the different tables present in MySQL? Which type of table is generated when we are creating a table in the
following syntax: create table employee(eno int(2),ename varchar(10))?
How To Create a Table?
What are the different filter functions used to filter a variable?
difference between require() and include()
In case of download in php, How will you make a percentage bar showing current status of total 100%?
Explain about the $_GET variable of PHP?
What does a special set of tags do in PHP?
How would you initialize your strings with single quotes or double quotes?
How do download in php ?
How can i get ip address?
What is meant by PEAR in php?
What Is a Persistent Cookie?
Can I resolve the URI used as an XML namespace name?
What does the URI used as an XML namespace name point to?
What is a PHP accelerator?
Explain about looping in PHP?
Explain about require and include function?
Define about declare construct?
What is the alternative structure for control structures?
Explain about switch statement in PHP?
Explain about PHP filter and why it should be used?
What exactly is validating and sanitizing?
What is the effect of large number of data stored in a database on a website ?
Describe about PHP error and logging information?
Explain about Functions in PHP?
How can we know the number of days between two given dates using PHP?
what is difference between mysql_connect and mysql_pconnect
How to add multiple categories through PHP?
How i will check that user is, logged in or not. i want to make it a function and i want to use in each page and after
login i want to go in current page(same page. where i was working)
What Is a Session?
How can we repair a MySQL table?
How do you define a constant?
How To Get the Uploaded File Information in the Receiving Script?
What is the difference between mysql_fetch_object and mysql_fetch_array?
Would I use print "$a dollars" or "{$a} dollars" to print out the amount of dollars in this example?
what is a cookie , explaing by code ?
What exactly is PHP ?
Explain about the data types in PHP?
Explain about objects in PHP?
What is htaccess?
How to get the URL domain name in PHP?
What is the diffrence between Notify URL and Return URL?
Is Inheritance supported in PHP?
....!
1. What is MySQL?
2. Should I use an HTTP GET or POST for my AJAX calls?
3. What API function provides the connection between the client and server?
4. what is ajax? when ajax was born?
What function would you use to redirect the browser to a new page?
1. redir() 2. header() 3. location() 4. redirect() ANS:header() ....!
what is Memcache?
Memcache is a technology which caches objects in memory where your web application can
get to them really fast. It is used by sites such as Digg.com, Facebook.com and
NowPublic.com and is widely recognized as an essential ingredient in scaling any LAMP
application to handle enormous traffic. ....!
What is the difference between CHAR and VARCHAR data types?
Ans: CHAR is a fixed length data type. CHAR(n) will take n characters of storage even if
you enter less than n characters to that column. For example, "answers" will be stored as
"answers " in CHAR(10) column. VARCHAR is a variable length data type. VARCHAR(n)
will take only the required storage for the actual number of characters entered to that column.
For example, "answers" will be stored as "answers&q....!
List out some session functions in php?
session_save_path -- Get and/or set the current session save path session_is_registered -- Find
out whether a global variable is registered in a session session_unset -- Free all session
variables session_cache_expire -- Return current cache expire session_cache_limiter -- Get
and/or set the current cache limiter session_commit -- Alias of session_write_close()
session_decode -- Decodes session data from a string session_destroy -- Destroys all data
registered to a sessi....!
what is the output here?
<?php $x = 'Sunil'; echo ‘Hello $x’; ?> a. hello sunil b. Parse error c. hello $x d. syntax error
ANS: c published by www.w3answers.com ....!
how to opening excel files in windows nad linux using php ?
if you're using PHP on Windows, you can use the inbuilt COM library $excel = new
COM("excel.application"); $excel->Workbooks->Open("filename.xls"); On Linux machines,
is PHPExcelReader( download from sourceforgr.net), and it seems to work very efficiently
and easily with only a few lines of code. $data = new Spreadsheet_Excel_Reader(); $data-
>read("filename.xls"); And you can access the data with a simple loop:
How can we know the count/number of elements of an array?
a) sizeof($urarray) This function is an alias of count()b) count($urarray) ....!
what is the output of 2^2 in php ?
The answer is 0 (Zero) Important note Everyone expected answer would be 4.But answer is
zero.How it happened only in php ? The ^ operator is different in each language.In PHP ^
means the bitwise exlusive or of the two numbers. www.w3answers.com ....!
How can we know the number of days between two given dates using MySQL?
Using DATEDIFF() SELECT DATEDIFF(NOW(),'2007-07-15'); ....!
What is meant by Session Clustering?
The Session Manager session support allows multiple server instances to share a common
pool of sessions, known as a session cluster Session clustering setting up methods : #1)First
methods, is to have a NFS shared where session will be store. Setting this is quite easy, just a
little modification on php.ini file to change the “session.save_path ? directive to point to the
NFS share. The main problem with NFS is on high traffic, NFS share is really slow. So
synchronisation and data corruption can arrive and ....!
How to capture content from the output buffer ? or Give me an example for Output caching
in php?
<?php ob_start(); // start an output buffer echo ‘This text is from the w3answers
buffer*******<br />’; // output that will be stored in the buffer $w3buffer =
ob_get_contents(); // store buffer content in $w3buffer variable ob_end_clean(); // stop and
clean the output buffer echo ‘This is not from the w3answers buffer!!!!!!!!<br />’; echo
$w3buffer; ?> O/p
What is the difference between include and include_once?
include() The include() statement includes and evaluates the specified file. This also applies
to require(). The two constructs are identical in every way except how they handle failure.
include() produces a Warning while require() results in a Fatal Error. In other words, use
require() if you want a missing file to halt processing of the page. include() does not behave
this way, the script will continue regardless. include_once() The include_once() statement
includes and evaluates the specified file during the execution ....!
What are static methods?
Static Keyword Declaring class members or methods as static makes them accessible without
needing an instantiation of the class. A member declared as static can not be accessed with an
instantiated class object (though a static method can). The static declaration must be after the
visibility declaration. For compatibility with PHP 4, if no visibility declaration is used, then
the member or method will be treated as if it was declared as public. Because static methods
are callable without an instance of the object created, the p....!
what are the advantages of storing sessions in database?
If you store a session in a database you have several advantages: @ Improving the security
because on many hosting packages (shared host) PHP uses the same path for storing sessions
for all the users, somewhere that is not in your folders. @ You can track who is online etc. @
For application that are running on multiple servers, you can store all the session data in one
database. The real beauty of this approach is that you don't have to mod....!
Do you know about Cross site Scripting ?
Cross-site scripting (XSS) is a security exploit in which the attacker inserts malicious coding
into an link that appears to be from a trustworthy source. When someone clicks on the link,
the embedded programming is submitted as part of the client's Web request and can execute
on the user's computer, typically allowing the attacker to steal information. Web forms that
dynamically return an error message including user input data make it possible for attackers
to alter the HTML that controls the behavior of the form and/or the page. Attackers....!
Cross-site scripting (XSS) is a security exploit in which the attacker inserts malicious coding
into an link that appears to be from a trustworthy source. When someone clicks on the link,
the embedded programming is submitted as part of the client's Web request and can execute
on the user's computer, typically allowing the attacker to steal information.
Web forms that dynamically return an error message including user input data make it
possible for attackers to alter the HTML that controls the behavior of the form and/or the
page. Attackers....!
1. How can we get second of the current time using date function?
2. How can we know the number of elements in an array using php?
3. What are the different functions in sorting an array?
4. What would the following code print to the browser? Why?
5. How can you get round the stateless nature of HTTP using PHP?
6. What function can you use to open a file for reading and writing?
7. What function would you use to redirect the browser to a new page?
8. what is scandir() ?
9. what output do you get here?
10. what is the output here?
11. what is the output below mentioned
12. what is the output below mentioned ?
13. what is the output below mentioned?
14. What is the output for the following script ?
15. php comments will be?
16. php supports following database
1. How many HTTP headers will send to a web page(client side) from server when you
use sessions (session_start()) in php ?.
2. what are the advantages of storing sessions in database?
3. How to get the contents of a web page using php?
4. what are the security tips you should know before developing php/mysql web pages ?
5. what are the database space-saving functions available in php ?
6. what you should know about cookies before start using in php?
7. Given a line of text $string, how would you write a regular expression to strip all the
HTML tags from it?
8. what are the ways to check image mime types in php?
9. how to opening excel files in windows nad linux using php ?
10. How many ways your web server can utilize PHP to generate web pages?
11. What is meant by Persistent Database Connections?
12. List out some session functions in php?
13. Explain Parse Errors ? what are the most common causes of parse errors ?
14. what are the 'function problems' you have met in php?
15. Will persistent connection work in the CGI version of php ? mysql_connect() vs
mysql_pconnect()?
16. What is the process that takes place when you upload a file in php?
17. How do I prevent Web browsers caching a page in php?
18. what is Memcache?
19. Are php strings immutable ?
20. What Are PHP Arrays?
21. what is the php solution to dynamic caching ?
22. what are the most common caching policy approaches ?
23. What is the difference between $message and $$message?
24. How to capture content from the output buffer ? or Give me an example for Output
caching in php?
25. How to capture content from the output buffer ? or Give me an example for Output
caching in php?
26. which is faster mysql_unbuffered_query or mysql_query ?
27. why should we use Object oriented concepts in php ?
28. How can we extract string "w3answers.com" from a string
mailto:info@w3answers.com using regular expression of PHP ?
29. what is the output ?
30. what is the output here ?
31. Which function in PHP gives us absolute path of a file on the server?
32. Which of the following functions is most efficient for substituting fixed patterns in
strings?
33. what output do you get here?
34. PHP Functions for WDDX
35. Which of the following represents the proper way to set a session variable?
36. How we can pass data from PHP to ASP,ASP.net?
37. How to convert ASP Arrays to PHP and viceversa ?
38. Installing PHP on your Computer?
39. What is Apache?
40. What Storage Engines do you use in MySQL?
41. How can you block certain IP Addresses from accessing your site?
42. Your first PHP script - "Hello World"
43. What can PHP do?
44. What is PHP?
Define encapsulation? differ interface and abstract? differenciate www and internet?
....!
What is Phishing?
In computing, phishing is a form of criminal activity using social engineering techniques. It is
characterized by attempts to fraudulently acquire sensitive information, such as passwords
and credit card details, by masquerading as a trustworthy person or business in an apparently
official electronic communication. Phishing is typically carried out using email or an instant
message. The term phishing derives from password harvesting and the use of increasingly
sophisticated lures to "fish" for users' financial information and passwords.
What is the difference between strstr() and stristr()?
strstr -- Find first occurrence of a string strstr() example <?php$email = 'user@example.com';
$domain = strstr($email, '@');echo $domain; // prints @example.com?> stristr -- Case-
insensitive strstr() stristr() example <?php$email = 'USER@EXAMPLE.com';echo
stristr($email, 'e');// outputs ER@EXAMPLE. ....!
what are the most common caching policy approaches ?
1)Time triggered caching (expiry timestamp). 2)Content change triggered caching (sensitive
content has changed, so cache must be updated). 3)Manually triggered caching (manually
inform the application that information is outdated, and force a new cache creation). ....!
what is the use of –i-am-a-dummy flag in MySql?
It Makes the MySQL engine refuse UPDATE and DELETE commands where the WHERE
clause is not present. ....!
How to determine the number of rows in the full result set and also restrict the number of
rows that a query returns,without running a second query ?
Most of the developers using 2 queries to find total number of rows and limit,when we need
pagination(1,2,3,4). why should we write 2 queries to find limit as well as total number of
rows in a table. we can achieve this in a single query. eg: SELECT
SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS * FROM tbl_name WHERE id > 567 LIMIT 10; So
SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS can be useful in situations when you want to restrict the
number of rows that a query returns, but also determine the number of rows ....!
What function can you use to open a file for reading and writing?
1. fget(); 2. file_open(); 3. fopen(); 4. open_file(); ANS:fopen(); ....!
How to capture content from the output buffer ? or Give me an example for Output caching
in php?
<?php ob_start(); // start an output buffer echo ‘This text is from the w3answers
buffer*******<br />’; // output that will be stored in the buffer $w3buffer =
ob_get_contents(); // store buffer content in $w3buffer variable ob_end_clean(); // stop and
clean the output buffer echo ‘This is not from the w3answers buffer!!!!!!!!<br />’; echo
$w3buffer; ?> O/p
How can we encrypt and decrypt a data present in a MySQL table using MySQL?
There are two methods AES_ENCRYPT () and AES_DECRYPT () ....!
what is the output here ?
<?php session_start(); $_SESSION["var"] = NULL; echo $var = "www.w3answers.com"; ?>
The output : www.w3answers.com and warning as below Warning: Unknown: Your script
possibly relies on a session side-effect which existed until PHP 4.2.3. Please be advised that
the session extension does not consider global variables as a ....!
Tell me some thing about mod_rewrite and url rewriting?
mod_rewrite*************Simply, mod_rewrite is used for rewriting a URL at the server
level, giving the user output for that final page. So, for example, a user may ask for
http://www.referads.com/example/blue/, but will really be given
http://www.referads.com/example.php?colour=blue by the server. Of course, the user will
b....!
What is the difference between GROUP BY and ORDER BY in MySQL?
ORDER BY [col1],[col2],…,[coln]; Tels DBMS according to what columns it should sort the
result. If two rows will hawe the same value in col1 it will try to sort them according to col2
and so on. GROUP BY [col1],[col2],…,[coln]; Tels DBMS to group results with same value
of column col1. You can use COUNT(col1), SUM(col1), AVG(col1) with it, if you want to
count all items in group, sum all values or view average ....!
What is meant by Persistent Database Connections?
Persistent connections are links that do not close when the execution of your script ends.
When a persistent connection is requested, PHP checks if there's already an identical
persistent connection (that remained open from earlier) - and if it exists, it uses it. If it does
not exist, it creates the link. An 'identical' connection is a connection that was opened to the
same host, with the same username and the same password (where applicable). Note *****
People who aren't thoroughly familiar with the way ....!
what is the output ?
<?php echo "www.w3answers.com"; if ((string)'-1') { print 'ouch'; } else { print 'echo'; } ?> a.
ouch b. echo c. none d. Parse error ANS: a ....!
What Storage Engines do you use in MySQL?
MySQL Engines MyISAM HEAP MEMORY MERGE MRG_MYISAM ISAM
MRG_ISAM InnoDB INNOBASE BDB BERKELEYDB NDBCLUSTER NDB EXAMPLE
ARCHIVE CSV ....!
MySQL Engines
MyISAM
HEAP
MEMORY
MERGE
MRG_MYISAM
ISAM
MRG_ISAM
InnoDB
INNOBASE
BDB
BERKELEYDB
NDBCLUSTER
NDB
EXAMPLE
ARCHIVE
CSV
1. What is str_split function in php?
2. What's foreign data in php?
3. How do you convert an old fashioned 10 digit ISBN to a new 13 digit ISBN using php
?
4. what is session_start() ?
5. Is it possible to pass data from JavaScript to PHP?
6. What is MIME?
7. What is the difference between GROUP BY and ORDER BY in MySQL?
8. What is the functionality of md5 function in PHP?
9. What is the difference between char and varchar data types?
10. What are the commands to find the structure of a MySQL table other than EXPLAIN
command?
11. What is the maximum length for database, table & column names?
12. How can we repair a MySQL table?
13. What is meant by urlencode and urldecode?
14. What is the difference between the functions unlink() and unset()?
15. How can we know the count/number of elements of an array?
16. What is meant by PEAR in php?
17. What is the difference between strstr() and stristr()?
18. What is the difference between GET and POST methods in form submitting? Give the
cases where we can use GET and POST methods?
19. How can we submit a form without a submit button?
20. What is the difference between mysql_fetch_object and mysql_fetch_array?
21. What is Model-view-controller (MVC)?
22. What is Model-view-controller (MVC)?
23. What is smarty?
24. Authentication - General Definition
25. What is session hijacking?
26. Do you know about Cross site Scripting ?
27. What is Phishing?
28. What are static methods?
29. Tell me some thing about mod_rewrite and url rewriting?
30. What is the difference between include and include_once?
31. How does Database handle Sessions?
32. What is meant by Session Clustering?
33. What is meant by Session Clustering?
34. What is meant by Virtual hosting?
35. What is meant by Exceptional Handling?
36. What is the difference between constructors in PHP4 & PHP5?
37. What is AJAX?
38. What are the differences between Get and post methods in form submitting, give the
case where we can use get and we can use post methods?
39. Who is the father of PHP and explain the changes in PHP versions?
40. How can we submit a form without a submit button?
41. In how many ways we can retrieve the date in the result set of mysql using PHP?
42. What is the difference between mysql_fetch_object and mysql_fetch_array?
43. What is the difference between $message and $$message?
44. How can we extract string ‘techinterviews.com ‘ from a string
‘http://www.techinterviews.com’ using regular expression of PHP?
45. How can we create a database using PHP and mysql?
46. What are the differences between require and include, include_once?
47. Can we use include (”techinterviews.php”) two times in a PHP page “makeit.PHP”?
48. What are the different tables present in mysql, which type of table is generated when
we are creating a table in the following syntax: create table employee(eno
int(2),ename varchar(10)) ?
49. Functions in IMAP, POP3 AND LDAP?
50. How can I execute a PHP script using command line?
51. Suppose your Zend engine supports the mode <? ?> Then how can u configure your
PHP Zend engine to support <?PHP ?> mode ?
52. Shopping cart online validation i.e. how can we configure Paypal, etc.?
53. What is meant by nl2br()?
54. Draw the architecture of Zend engine?
55. What are the current versions of apache, PHP, and mysql?
56. What are the reasons for selecting lamp (linux, apache, mysql, PHP) instead of
combination of other software programmes, servers and operating systems?
57. How can we encrypt and decrypt a data present in a mysql table using mysql?
58. How can we encrypt the username and password using PHP?
59. What are the features and advantages of object-oriented programming?
60. What are the differences between procedure-oriented languages and object-oriented
languages?
61. What is the use of friend function?
62. What are the differences between public, private, protected, static, transient, final and
volatile?
63. What are the different types of errors in PHP?
64. What is the functionality of the function strstr and stristr?
65. What are the differences between PHP 3 and PHP 4 and PHP 5?
66. How can we convert asp pages to PHP pages?
67. What is the functionality of the function htmlentities?
68. How can we get second of the current time using date function?
69. How can we convert the time zones using PHP?
70. What is meant by urlencode and urldocode?
71. What is the difference between the functions unlink and unset?
72. How can we register the variables into a session?
73. How can we get the properties (size, type, width, height) of an image using PHP
image functions?
74. How can we get the browser properties using PHP?
75. What is the maximum size of a file that can be uploaded using PHP and how can we
change this?
76. How can we increase the execution time of a PHP script?
77. How can we take a backup of a mysql table and how can we restore it. ?
78. How can we optimize or increase the speed of a mysql select query?
79. How many ways can we get the value of current session id?
80. How can we destroy the session, how can we unset the variable of a session?
81. How can we destroy the cookie?
82. How many ways we can pass the variable through the navigation between the pages?
83. What is the difference between ereg_replace() and eregi_replace()?
84. What are the different functions in sorting an array?
85. How can we know the count/number of elements of an array?
86. What is the PHP predefined variable that tells the What types of images that PHP
supports?
87. How can I know that a variable is a number or not using a JavaScript?
88. List out some tools through which we can draw E-R diagrams for mysql.
89. How can I retrieve values from one database server and store them in other database
server using PHP?
90. List out the predefined classes in PHP?
91. How can I make a script that can be bilanguage (supports English, German)?
92. What are the difference between abstract class and interface?
93. How can we send mail using JavaScript?
1. What does a special set of tags <?= and ?> do in PHP? - The output is displayed directly to
the browser.
2. What’s the difference between include and require? - It’s how they handle failures. If the
file is not found by require(), it will cause a fatal error and halt the execution of the script. If
the file is not found by include(), a warning will be issued, but execution will continue.
3. I am trying to assign a variable the value of 0123, but it keeps coming up with a different
number, what’s the problem? - PHP Interpreter treats numbers beginning with 0 as octal.
Look at the similar PHP interview questions for more numeric problems.
4. Would I use print "$a dollars" or "{$a} dollars" to print out the amount of dollars in this
example? - In this example it wouldn’t matter, since the variable is all by itself, but if you
were to print something like "{$a},000,000 mln dollars", then you definitely need to use the
braces.
5. How do you define a constant? - Via define() directive, like define ("MYCONSTANT", 100);
6. How do you pass a variable by value? - Just like in C++, put an ampersand in front of it, like
$a = &$b
7. Will comparison of string "10" and integer 11 work in PHP? - Yes, internally PHP will cast
everything to the integer type, so numbers 10 and 11 will be compared.
8. When are you supposed to use endif to end the conditional statement? - When the original
if was followed by : and then the code block without braces.
9. Explain the ternary conditional operator in PHP? - Expression preceding the ? is evaluated,
if it’s true, then the expression preceding the : is executed, otherwise, the expression
following : is executed.
10. How do I find out the number of parameters passed into function? - func_num_args()
function returns the number of parameters passed in.
11. If the variable $a is equal to 5 and variable $b is equal to character a, what’s the value of $
$b? - 100, it’s a reference to existing variable.
12. What’s the difference between accessing a class method via -> and via ::? - :: is allowed to
access methods that can perform static operations, i.e. those, which do not require object
initialization.
13. Are objects passed by value or by reference? - Everything is passed by value.
14. How do you call a constructor for a parent class? - parent::constructor($value)
15. What’s the special meaning of __sleep and __wakeup? - __sleep returns the array of all the
variables than need to be saved, while __wakeup retrieves them.
16. Why doesn’t the following code print the newline properly? <?php
$str = ‘Hello, there.nHow are you?nThanks for visiting TechInterviews’;
print $str;
?>
Because inside the single quotes the n character is not interpreted as newline, just as a
sequence of two characters - and n.
17. Would you initialize your strings with single quotes or double quotes? - Since the data
inside the single-quoted string is not parsed for variable substitution, it’s always a better
idea speed-wise to initialize a string with single quotes, unless you specifically need variable
substitution.
18. How come the code <?php print "Contents: $arr[1]"; ?> works, but <?php print "Contents:
$arr[1][2]"; ?> doesn’t for two-dimensional array of mine? - Any time you have an array
with more than one dimension, complex parsing syntax is required. print "Contents: {$arr[1]
[2]}" would’ve worked.
19. What is the difference between characters �23 and x23? - The first one is octal 23, the
second is hex 23.
20. With a heredoc syntax, do I get variable substitution inside the heredoc contents? - Yes.
21. I want to combine two variables together:
22. $var1 = 'Welcome to ';
23. $var2 = 'TechInterviews.com';
$var 3 = $var1.$var2;
Or code sample 2:
$var3 = "$var1$var2";
Both examples would provide the same result - $var3 equal to "Welcome to
TechInterviews.com". However, Code Sample 1 will work significantly faster. Try it
out with large sets of data (or via concatenating small sets a million times or so), and
you will see that concatenation works significantly faster than variable substitution.
24. For printing out strings, there are echo, print and printf. Explain the differences. - echo is
the most primitive of them, and just outputs the contents following the construct to the
screen. print is also a construct (so parentheses are optional when calling it), but it returns
TRUE on successful output and FALSE if it was unable to print out the string. However, you
can pass multiple parameters to echo, like:
and it will output the string "Welcome to TechInterviews!" print does not take
multiple parameters. It is also generally argued that echo is faster, but usually the
speed advantage is negligible, and might not be there for future versions of PHP.
printf is a function, not a construct, and allows such advantages as formatted output,
but it’s the slowest way to print out data out of echo, print and printf.
25. I am writing an application in PHP that outputs a printable version of driving directions. It
contains some long sentences, and I am a neat freak, and would like to make sure that no
line exceeds 50 characters. How do I accomplish that with PHP? - On large strings that need
to be formatted according to some length specifications, use wordwrap() or chunk_split().
26. What’s the output of the ucwords function in this example?
27. $formatted = ucwords("TECHINTERVIEWS IS COLLECTION OF
INTERVIEW QUESTIONS");
print $formatted;
What will be printed is TECHINTERVIEWS IS COLLECTION OF INTERVIEW
QUESTIONS.
ucwords() makes every first letter of every word capital, but it does not lower-case
anything else. To avoid this, and get a properly formatted string, it’s worth using
strtolower() first.
Mysql
1. How do you start and stop MySQL on Windows? - net start MySQL, net stop MySQL
2. How do you start MySQL on Linux? - /etc/init.d/mysql start
3. Explain the difference between mysql and mysqli interfaces in PHP? - mysqli is the object-
oriented version of mysql library functions.
4. What’s the default port for MySQL Server? - 3306
5. What does tee command do in MySQL? - tee followed by a filename turns on MySQL
logging to a specified file. It can be stopped by command notee.
6. Can you save your connection settings to a conf file? - Yes, and name it ~/.my.conf. You
might want to change the permissions on the file to 600, so that it’s not readable by others.
7. How do you change a password for an existing user via mysqladmin? - mysqladmin -u root
-p password "newpassword"
8. Use mysqldump to create a copy of the database? - mysqldump -h mysqlhost -u username
-p mydatabasename > dbdump.sql
9. Have you ever used MySQL Administrator and MySQL Query Browser? Describe the tasks
you accomplished with these tools.
10. What are some good ideas regarding user security in MySQL? - There is no user without a
password. There is no user without a user name. There is no user whose Host column
contains % (which here indicates that the user can log in from anywhere in the network or
the Internet). There are as few users as possible (in the ideal case only root) who have
unrestricted access.
11. Explain the difference between MyISAM Static and MyISAM Dynamic. - In MyISAM static all
the fields have fixed width. The Dynamic MyISAM table would include fields such as TEXT,
BLOB, etc. to accommodate the data types with various lengths. MyISAM Static would be
easier to restore in case of corruption, since even though you might lose some data, you
know exactly where to look for the beginning of the next record.
12. What does myisamchk do? - It compressed the MyISAM tables, which reduces their disk
usage.
13. Explain advantages of InnoDB over MyISAM? - Row-level locking, transactions, foreign key
constraints and crash recovery.
14. Explain advantages of MyISAM over InnoDB? - Much more conservative approach to disk
space management - each MyISAM table is stored in a separate file, which could be
compressed then with myisamchk if needed. With InnoDB the tables are stored in
tablespace, and not much further optimization is possible. All data except for TEXT and BLOB
can occupy 8,000 bytes at most. No full text indexing is available for InnoDB. TRhe
COUNT(*)s execute slower than in MyISAM due to tablespace complexity.
15. What are HEAP tables in MySQL? - HEAP tables are in-memory. They are usually used for
high-speed temporary storage. No TEXT or BLOB fields are allowed within HEAP tables. You
can only use the comparison operators = and <=>. HEAP tables do not support
AUTO_INCREMENT. Indexes must be NOT NULL.
16. How do you control the max size of a HEAP table? - MySQL config variable
max_heap_table_size.
17. What are CSV tables? - Those are the special tables, data for which is saved into comma-
separated values files. They cannot be indexed.
18. Explain federated tables. - Introduced in MySQL 5.0, federated tables allow access to the
tables located on other databases on other servers.
19. What is SERIAL data type in MySQL? - BIGINT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT
20. What happens when the column is set to AUTO INCREMENT and you reach the maximum
value for that table? - It stops incrementing. It does not overflow to 0 to prevent data losses,
but further inserts are going to produce an error, since the key has been used already.
21. Explain the difference between BOOL, TINYINT and BIT. - Prior to MySQL 5.0.3: those are all
synonyms. After MySQL 5.0.3: BIT data type can store 8 bytes of data and should be used for
binary data.
22. Explain the difference between FLOAT, DOUBLE and REAL. - FLOATs store floating point
numbers with 8 place accuracy and take up 4 bytes. DOUBLEs store floating point numbers
with 16 place accuracy and take up 8 bytes. REAL is a synonym of FLOAT for now.
23. If you specify the data type as DECIMAL (5,2), what’s the range of values that can go in this
table? - 999.99 to -99.99. Note that with the negative number the minus sign is considered
one of the digits.
24. What happens if a table has one column defined as TIMESTAMP? - That field gets the
current timestamp whenever the row gets altered.
25. But what if you really want to store the timestamp data, such as the publication date of
the article? - Create two columns of type TIMESTAMP and use the second one for your real
data.
26. Explain data type TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP - The column exhibits the same behavior as a single timestamp
column in a table with no other timestamp columns.
27. What does TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP data type do? - On
initialization places a zero in that column, on future updates puts the current value of the
timestamp in.
28. Explain TIMESTAMP DEFAULT ‘2006:09:02 17:38:44′ ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP. -
A default value is used on initialization, a current timestamp is inserted on update of the
row.
29. If I created a column with data type VARCHAR(3), what would I expect to see in MySQL
table? - CHAR(3), since MySQL automatically adjusted the data type.
Q:1 What are the differences between Get and post methods in form submitting.
give the case where we can use get and we can use post methods? A:1
Q:2 Who is the father of PHP and explain the changes in PHP versions?
A:2 Rasmus Lerdorf is known as the father of PHP.PHP/FI 2.0 is an early and no longer supported
version of PHP. PHP 3
is the successor to PHP/FI 2.0 and is a lot nicer. PHP 4 is the current
generation of PHP, which uses the
Zend engine
under the
hood. PHP 5 uses
Zend engine 2 which,
among other things, offers many additionalOOP features Q:3 How can we submit a form without
a submit button? A:3 The main idea behind this is to use Java script submit() function in
order to submit the form without explicitly clicking any submit button.
You can attach the document.formname.submit() method to onclick,
onchange events of different inputs and perform the form submission. you
can even built a timer function where you can automatically submit the
form after xx seconds once the loading is done (can be seen in online
test sites). Q:4 In how many ways we can retrieve the data in the result set of
MySQL using PHP? A:4 You can do it by 4 Ways1. mysql_fetch_row.
2. mysql_fetch_array
3. mysql_fetch_object
4. mysql_fetch_assoc Q:5 What is the difference between mysql_fetch_object and
mysql_fetch_array? A:5 mysql_fetch_object() is similar tomysql_fetch_array(), with one difference
-
an object is returned, instead of an array. Indirectly, that means that
you can only access the data by the field names, and not by their
offsets (numbers are illegal property names). Q:6 What is the difference between $message and
$$message? A:6 It is a classic example of PHP’s variable variables. take the
following example.$message = “Mizan”;$$message = “is a moderator of PHPXperts.”;$message is a
simple PHP variable that we are used to. But the
$$message is not a very familiar face. It creates a variable name $mizan
with the value “is a moderator of PHPXperts.” assigned. break it like
this${$message} => $mizanSometimes it is convenient to be able to have variable variable
names. That is, a variable name which can be set and used dynamically. Q:7 How can we extract
string ‘abc.com ‘ from a string ‘http://info@abc.com’
using regular expression of PHP? A:7 preg_match(“/^http:\/\/.+@(.+)$/”,’http://info@abc.com’,
$found);
echo $found[1]; Q:8 How can we create a database using PHP and MySQL? A:8 We can create
MySQL database with the use of
mysql_create_db(“Database Name”) Q:9 What are the differences between require and include,
include_once and require_once? A:9
The include_once()
statement includes and evaluates the
specified file during the execution of
the script. This is a behavior similar
to the include()
statement, with the only difference
being that if the code from a file has
already been included, it will not be
included again. As the name suggests, it
will be included just once.include_once()
should be used in cases where the same
file might be included and evaluated
more than once during a particular
execution of a script, and you want to
be sure that it is included exactly once
to avoid problems with function
redefinitions, variable value
reassignments, etc.
require_once()
should be used in cases where the same
file might be included and evaluated
more than once during a particular
execution of a script, and you want to
be sure that it is included exactly once
to avoid problems with function
redefinitions, variable value
reassignments, etc.
Q:10 Can we use include (”abc.PHP”) two times in a PHP page “makeit.PHP”?
A:10 Yes we can use include() more than one time in any page though it is
not a very good practice. Q:11 What are the different tables present in MySQL, which type of
table is generated when we are creating a table in the following syntax:
create table employee (eno int(2),ename varchar(10)) ? A:11 Total 5 types of tables we can create
1. MyISAM
2. Heap
3. Merge
4. INNO DB
5. ISAM
MyISAM is the default storage engine as of MySQL 3.23 and as a result if
we do not specify the table name explicitly it will be assigned to the
default engine. Q:12 Functions in IMAP, POP3 AND LDAP? A:12 You can find these specific
information in PHP Manual. Q:13 How can I execute a PHP script using command line? A:13 As of
version 4.3.0, PHP supports a new SAPI type (Server
Application Programming Interface) named CLI which means Command Line
Interface. Just run the PHP CLI (Command Line Interface) program and
provide the PHP script file name as the command line argument. For
example, “php myScript.php”, assuming “php” is the command to invoke the
CLI program.
Be aware that if your PHP script was written for the Web CGI interface,
it may not execute properly in command line environment. Q:14 Suppose your Zend engine
supports the mode <? ?> Then how can u
configure your PHP Zend engine to support <?PHP ?> mode ? A:14 In php.ini file:
set
short_open_tag=on
to make PHP support Q:15 Shopping cart online validation i.e. how can we configure Paypal,
etc.? A:15 We can find the detail documentation about different paypal
integration process at the following site
PayPal PHP
SDK : http://www.paypaldev.org
Q:16 What is meant by nl2br()? A:16 Inserts HTML line breaks (<BR />) before all newlines in a
string
string nl2br (string); Returns string with ” inserted before all
newlines. For example: echo nl2br(“god bless\n you”) will output “god
bless <br /> you” to your browser. Q:17 Draw the architecture of Zend engine? A:17 The Zend
Engine is the internal compiler and runtime engine used by
PHP4. Developed by Zeev Suraski and Andi Gutmans, the Zend Engine is an
abbreviation of their names. In the early days of PHP4, it worked as
follows:
http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/mysql/,
Q:19 What are the reasons for selecting lamp (Linux, apache, MySQL,
PHP) instead of combination of other software programs, servers and
operating systems? A:19 All of those are open source resource. Security of Linux is very
very more than windows. Apache is a better server that IIS both in
functionality and security. MySQL is world most popular open source
database. PHP is more faster that asp or any other scripting language. Q:20 How can we encrypt
and decrypt a data present in a MySQL table
using MySQL? A:20 AES_ENCRYPT () and AES_DECRYPT () Q:21 How can we encrypt the username
and password using PHP? A:21 The functions in this section perform encryption and decryption, and
compression and uncompression:
encryption decryption
AES_ENCRYT() AES_DECRYPT()
ENCODE() DECODE()
DES_ENCRYPT() DES_DECRYPT()
If needle is not a
string, it is converted to an integer and applied as the
ordinal value of a character.
Q:28 What are the differences between PHP 3 and PHP 4 and PHP 5? A:28 Please read the
release notes at
http://www.php.net. Q:29 How can we convert asp pages to PHP pages? A:29 there are lots of
tools available for asp to PHP conversion. you can
search Google for that. the best one is available athttp://asp2php.naken.cc./ Q:30 What is the
functionality of the function htmlentities? A:30 Convert all applicable characters to HTML entities
This function is identical to htmlspecialchars() in all ways, except
with htmlentities(), all characters which have HTML character entity
equivalents are translated into these entities. Q:31 How can we get second of the current time
using date function?
A:31 $second = date(“s”); Q:32 How can we convert the time zones using PHP? A:32 By using
date_default_timezone_get and
date_default_timezone_set function on PHP 5.1.0
<?php
// Discover what 8am in Tokyo relates to on the East Coast of the US
// Now generate the timestamp for that particular timezone, on Jan 1st,
2000
$stamp = mktime(8, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2000);
Q:34 What is the difference between the functions unlink and unset?
A:34 unlink() deletes the given file from the file system.
unset() makes a variable undefined. Q:35 How can we register the variables into a session? A:35
$_SESSION[’name’] = “Mizan”; Q:36 How can we get the properties (size, type, width, height) of
an
image using PHP image functions? A:36 To know the Image type use exif_imagetype () function
To know the Image size use getimagesize () function
To know the image width use imagesx () function
To know the image height use imagesy() function t Q:37 How can we get the browser properties
using PHP? A:37 By using
$_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT']
variable.
Q:38 What is the maximum size of a file that can be uploaded using PHP
and how can we change this? A:38 By default the maximum size is 2MB. and we can change the
following
setup at php.iniupload_max_filesize = 2M Q:39 How can we increase the execution time of a PHP
script? A:39 by changing the following setup at php.inimax_execution_time = 30
; Maximum execution time of each script, in seconds Q:40 How can we take a backup of a MySQL
table and how can we restore
it. ? A:40 To backup: BACKUP TABLE tbl_name[,tbl_name…] TO
‘/path/to/backup/directory’
RESTORE TABLE tbl_name[,tbl_name…] FROM ‘/path/to/backup/directory’mysqldump: Dumping
Table Structure and DataUtility to dump a database or a collection of database for backup or
for transferring the data to another SQL server (not necessarily a MySQL
server). The dump will contain SQL statements to create the table and/or
populate the table.
-t, –no-create-info
Don’t write table creation information (the CREATE TABLE statement).
-d, –no-data
Don’t write any row information for the table. This is very useful if
you just want to get a dump of the structure for a table! Q:41 How can we optimize or increase
the speed of a MySQL select
query? A:41
first of all instead of using select * from table1, use select
column1, column2, column3.. from table1
Look for the opportunity to introduce index in the table you are
querying.
use limit keyword if you are looking for any specific number of
rows from the result set.
Q:42 How many ways can we get the value of current session id? A:42 session_id() returns the
session id for the current session. Q:43 How can we destroy the session, how can we unset the
variable of
a session? A:43 session_unregister — Unregister a global variable from the current
session
session_unset — Free all session variables Q:44 How can we destroy the cookie? A:44 Set the
cookie in past. Q:45 How many ways we can pass the variable through the navigation
between the pages? A:45
GET/QueryString
POST
Maximum Length
Identifier
(bytes)
Database 64
Table 64
Column 64
Index 64
Alias 255
There are some restrictions on the characters that may appear in
identifiers:
Q:60 How many values can the SET function of MySQL take? A:60 MySQL set can take zero or
more values but at the maximum it can
take 64 values Q:61 What are the other commands to know the structure of table using
MySQL commands except explain command? A:61 describe Table-Name; Q:62 How many tables
will create when we create table, what are they?
A:62 The ‘.frm’ file stores the table definition.
The data file has a ‘.MYD’ (MYData) extension.
The index file has a ‘.MYI’ (MYIndex) extension, Q:63 What is the purpose of the following files
having extensions 1) .frm
2) .myd 3) .myi? What do these files contain? A:63 In MySql, the default table type is MyISAM.
Each MyISAM table is stored on disk in three files. The files have names
that begin with the table name and have an extension to indicate the
file type.
The ‘.frm’ file stores the table definition.
The data file has a ‘.MYD’ (MYData) extension.
The index file has a ‘.MYI’ (MYIndex) extension, Q:64 What is maximum size of a database in
MySQL? A:64 If the operating system or filesystem places a limit on the number
of files in a directory, MySQL is bound by that constraint.The efficiency of the operating system in
handling large numbers of
files in a directory can place a practical limit on the number of tables
in a database. If the time required to open a file in the directory
increases significantly as the number of files increases, database
performance can be adversely affected.
The amount of available disk space limits the number of tables.
MySQL 3.22 had a 4GB (4 gigabyte) limit on table size. With the MyISAM
storage engine in MySQL 3.23, the maximum table size was increased to
65536 terabytes (2567 – 1 bytes). With this larger allowed table size,
the maximum effective table size for MySQL databases is usually
determined by operating system constraints on file sizes, not by MySQL
internal limits.The InnoDB storage engine maintains InnoDB tables within a tablespace
that can be created from several files. This allows a table to exceed
the maximum individual file size. The tablespace can include raw disk
partitions, which allows extremely large tables. The maximum tablespace
size is 64TB.
The following table lists some examples of operating system file-size
limits. This is only a rough guide and is not intended to be definitive.
For the most up-to-date information, be sure to check the documentation
specific to your operating system.
Operating System File-size LimitLinux 2.2-Intel 32-bit 2GB (LFS: 4GB)
Linux 2.4+ (using ext3 filesystem) 4TB
Solaris 9/10 16TB
NetWare w/NSS filesystem 8TB
Win32 w/ FAT/FAT32 2GB/4GB
Win32 w/ NTFS 2TB (possibly larger)
MacOS X w/ HFS+ 2TB Q:65 Give the syntax of Grant and Revoke commands? A:65 The generic
syntax for grant is as following
> GRANT [rights] on [database/s] TO [username@hostname] IDENTIFIED BY
[password]
now rights can be
a) All privileges
b) combination of create, drop, select, insert, update and delete etc.We can grant rights on all
databse by using *.* or some specific
database by database.* or a specific table by database.table_name
username@hotsname can be either username@localhost, username@hostname
and username@%
where hostname is any valid hostname and % represents any name, the *.*
any condition
password is simply the password of userThe generic syntax for revoke is as following
> REVOKE [rights] on [database/s] FROM [username@hostname]
now rights can be as explained above
a) All privileges
b) combination of create, drop, select, insert, update and delete etc.
username@hotsname can be either username@localhost, username@hostname
and username@%
where hostname is any valid hostname and % represents any name, the *.*
any condition Q:66 Explain Normalization concept? A:66 The normalization process involves
getting our data to conform to
three progressive normal forms, and a higher level of normalization
cannot be achieved until the previous levels have been achieved (there
are actually five normal forms, but the last two are mainly academic and
will not be discussed).First Normal FormThe First Normal Form (or 1NF) involves removal of
redundant data
from horizontal rows. We want to ensure that there is no duplication of
data in a given row, and that every column stores the least amount of
information possible (making the field atomic).Second Normal FormWhere the First Normal Form
deals with redundancy of data across a
horizontal row, Second Normal Form (or 2NF) deals with redundancy of
data in vertical columns. As stated earlier, the normal forms are
progressive, so to achieve Second Normal Form, your tables must already
be in First Normal Form.Third Normal Form
Q:67 How can we find the number of rows in a table using MySQL? A:67 Use this for mysql
>SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table_name; Q:68 How can we find the number of rows in a result set
using PHP? A:68 $result = mysql_query($sql, $db_link);
$num_rows = mysql_num_rows($result);
echo "$num_rows rows found"; Q:69 How many ways we can we find the current date
using MySQL? A:69 SELECT CURDATE();
CURRENT_DATE() = CURDATE()
for time use
SELECT CURTIME();
CURRENT_TIME() = CURTIME() Q:70 What are the advantages and disadvantages of Cascading
Style
Sheets? A:70 External Style SheetsAdvantagesCan control styles for multiple documents at once.
Classes can be
created for use on multiple HTML element types in many documents.
Selector and grouping methods can be used to apply styles under complex
contextsDisadvantagesAn extra download is required to import style information for each
document The rendering of the document may be delayed until the external
style sheet is loaded Becomes slightly unwieldy for small quantities of
style definitionsEmbedded Style Sheets
Advantages
Classes can be created for use on multiple tag types in the document.
Selector and grouping methods can be used to apply styles under complex
contexts. No additional downloads necessary to receive style information
Disadvantages
This method can not control styles for multiple documents at once
Inline Styles
Advantages
Disadvantages
Unique Key: Unique Keys are used to uniquely identify each row in the
table. There can be one and only one row for each unique key value. So
NULL can be a unique key.There can be only one primary key for a table but there can be
more
than one unique for a table.
Q:73 The structure of table view buyers is as follows:
the value of user_pri_id the last row 999 then What will happen in
the following conditions?
Condition1: Delete all the rows and insert another row then.
What is the starting value for this auto incremented field user_pri_id ,
Condition2: Delete the last row(having the field value 999) and
insert another row then. What is the value for this auto incremented
field user_pri_id
A:73 In both cases let the value for auto increment field be n then next
row will have value n+1 i.e. 1000 Q:74 What are the advantages/disadvantages of MySQL and
PHP? A:74 Both of them are open source software (so free of cost), support
cross platform. php is faster then ASP and JSP. Q:75 What is the difference between GROUP BY
and ORDER BY in Sql? A:75 ORDER BY [col1],[col2],…,[coln]; Tels DBMS according to what columns
it should sort the result. If two rows will hawe the same value in col1
it will try to sort them according to col2 and so on.GROUP BY
[col1],[col2],…,[coln]; Tels DBMS to group results with same value of
column col1. You can use COUNT(col1), SUM(col1), AVG(col1) with it, if
you want to count all items in group, sum all values or view average Q:76 What is the difference
between char and varchar data types? A:76 Set char to occupy n bytes and it will take n bytes even
if u r
storing a value of n-m bytes
Set varchar to occupy n bytes and it will take only the required space
and will not use the n bytes
eg. name char(15) will waste 10 bytes if we store ‘mizan’, if each char
takes a byte
eg. name varchar(15) will just use 5 bytes if we store ‘mizan’, if each
char takes a byte. rest 10 bytes will be free. Q:77 What is the functionality of md5 function in
PHP? A:77 Calculate the md5 hash of a string. The hash is a 32-character
hexadecimal number. I use it to generate keys which I use to identify
users etc. If I add random no techniques to it the md5 generated now
will be totally different for the same string I am using. Q:78 How can I load data from a text file
into a table? A:78 you can use LOAD DATA INFILE file_name; syntax to load data
from a text file. but you have to make sure thata) data is delimited
b) columns and data matched correctly Q:79 How can we know the number of days between two
given dates using
MySQL? A:79 SELECT DATEDIFF(’2007-03-07′,’2005-01-01′); Q:80 How can we know the number
of days between two given dates using
PHP? A:80 $date1 = date(‘Y-m-d’);
$date2 = ’2006-08-15′;
$days = (strtotime($date1) – strtotime($date2)) / (60 * 60 * 24);
If you use a type selector like the example below, you will select all
<em> elements on the page:
em {color: blue; } However, if you use a descendant selector, you can refine the <em>
elements that you select. The rule below will only select <em> elements that are
descendants of <p> elements. If this rule is applied, the <em> element within the <h1>
will not be colored blue.
p em {color: blue; } You can also jump levels in the document tree structure to select
descendants. For example, the following code:
<body>
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor <em>sit</em> amet.</p>
<ul>
<li>item 1</li>
<li>item 2</li>
<li><em>item 3</em></li>
</ul>
</body> The document tree (with a third-level <em> element highlighted) would be:
Using the following rule you can isolate any <em> element inside a <ul> element,
without having to describe the <li> element. If this rule is applied, any <em> element
within a <ul> element will be colored blue. However, the <em> element within the <p>
will not be colored blue:
Child selectors
A child selector is used to select an element that is a direct child of another element
(parent). Child selectors will not select all descendants, only direct children.
For example, you may wish to target an <em> that is a direct child of a <div>, but not
other <em> elements that are descendants of the <div>. A sample document could
contain the following code:
<body>
<h1>Heading <em>text</em></h1>
<div>
This is some <em>text</em>
<p>This is a paragraph of <em>text</em></p>
</div>
</body>
The document tree (highlighting the <em> that is a child of the <div>) would be:
Using the following rule you can target any <em> element that is a child of the <div>.
Other <em> elements that are descendants but not direct children of the <div> will not
be targeted.
OR
Q:84 How to create a class in JavaScript? A:84 Classes can seem off-putting at first, but
once you see the point of them, their use can be invaluable.We have already met
objects. A computer object is a representation of a real object. For an estate agent the
object may be a house, including information about the number of rooms and the
price.An estate agent may have a lot of houses available. These houses all have different
characteristics, and as objects they all go through the same processes. They are viewed,
surveyed and bought, and so on.A full estate agent program would be difficult to
demonstrate here, but we can introduce the use of classes.In this example, we have the
house class. The house class produces house objects, all with object properties, such as
number of rooms and price, and all having access to the same methods, such as sold
and bought.
JavaScript doesn’t have a keyword specific to class, so we must go back to basics and
develop classes in a different way. This isn’t very difficult.
Class Properties
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Estate Agent</TITLE>
<SCRIPT>
function House(rooms,price,garage) {
this.rooms=rooms;
this.price=price;
this.garage=garage;
}
house1=new House(4,100000,false);
house2=new House(5,200000,true);
with (house1) document.write(‘House 1 has ‘+rooms+’ rooms, ‘+(garage?’a':’no’)+’
garage, and costs £’+price+’<BR>’);
with (house2) document.write(‘House 2 has ‘+rooms+’ rooms, ‘+(garage?’a':’no’)+’
garage, and costs £’+price+’<BR>’);
</SCRIPT>
</HEAD>
</HTML>
We define a House function that takes three parameters, rooms, price and garage. The
function uses the this keyword to create an object.
When we call the House function, we assign the result to our variable, which becomes an
object.
house1=new Object();
house1.rooms=4;
house1.price=100000;
house1.garage=false;
We would have to type this in for all houses, which would be very tedious and is why we
use the class structure instead.
When we display the details for a house, I have introduced the ternary operator, ‘?:’.
The ternary operator is a compacted version of:
(garage?’a':’no’) means if garage is true, return ‘a’ else return ‘no’. Using the ternary
operator removes a line of code, and avoids having to create a new variable.
Class Methods
The House class we have so far defined only contains object properties. We could add a
method to replace the document.write() action we used before. (See example)
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Estate Agent 2</TITLE>
<SCRIPT>
function House(name,rooms,price,garage) {
this.name=name;
this.rooms=rooms;
this.price=price;
this.garage=garage;
this.view=view;
}
function view() {
with (this) document.write(name+’ has ‘+rooms+’ rooms, ‘+(garage?’a':’no’)+’ garage,
and costs £’+price+’<BR>’);
}
house1=new House(‘House 1′,4,100000,false);
house2=new House(‘Big House’,5,200000,true);
house1.view();
house2.view();
</SCRIPT>
</HEAD>
</HTML>
Much better!
Note how we must add another property, name, so that we can identify the house in
question. This offers more flexibility than re-using the variable name, and the variable
name is inaccessible anyway, i.e. it is very difficult, if not impossible, to get the view()
function to use the string ‘house1′.
6. Turning off error reporting and exposing to the site for hackers. Instead use log file to
catch exceptions
This query is constructed with $_POST, which should immediately look suspicious.
Assume that this query is creating a new account. The user provides a desired username
and an email address. The registration application generates a temporary password and
emails it to the user to verify the email address. Imagine that the user enters the
following as a username:
This certainly doesn’t look like a valid username, but with no data filtering in place, the
application can’t tell. If a valid email address is given (shiflett@php.net, for example),
and 1234 is what the application generates for the password, the SQL statement
becomes the following:
<?php
$sql = "INSERT
INTO users (reg_username,
reg_password,
reg_email)
VALUES ('bad_guy', 'mypass', ''),
('good_guy',
'1234',
'shiflett@php.net')"; ?>
Rather than the intended action of creating a single account (good_guy) with a valid
email address, the application has been tricked into creating two accounts, and the user
supplied every detail of the bad_guy account.
While this particular example might not seem so harmful, it should be clear that worse
things could happen once an attacker can make modifications to your SQL statements.
For example, depending on the database you are using, it might be possible to send
multiple queries to the database server in a single call. Thus, a user can potentially
terminate the existing query with a semicolon and follow this with a query of the user’s
choosing.
MySQL, until recently, does not allow multiple queries, so this particular risk is mitigated.
Newer versions of MySQL allow multiple queries, but the corresponding PHP extension
(ext/mysqli) requires that you use a separate function if you want to send multiple
queries (mysqli_multi_query() instead of mysqli_query()). Only allowing a single
query is safer, because it limits what an attacker can potentially do.
http://www.yourdomain.com/welcomedir/welcomepage.php?name=John
As we can see in this simple querystring, we are passing the visitor’s name as a
parameter in the URL, and then displaying it on our “welcomepage.php” page with the
following PHP code:
<?php
?>
The result of this snippet is shown below:
http://www.yourdomain.com/welcomedir/
welcomepage.php?name=John
with something like this:
http://www.yourdomain.com/welcomedir/
welcomepage.php?name=
<script language=javascript>alert
(‘Hey, you are going to be hijacked!’);</script>
Do you remember the PHP code included in our “welcome.php” page? Yes, you’re
correct. When we modify the querystring, the following code is executed:
<?php
?>
The output of this code is an alert JavaScript box telling you “Hey, you are going be
hijacked!” after the “Welcome to our site” phrase.
Very ugly stuff, right? That’s a simple example of the Cross Site Scripting vulnerability.
This means that any pasted JavaScript code into the URL will be executed happily with
no complaints at all.
Q:92 Which method do you follow to get a record from a million records? (Searching, …. not
from database, from an array in php)
A:92 use array_search(), array_keys(), array_values(), array_key_exists(), and in_array(). Q:93
Which sorting method is lowest time consumable?
A:93 HeapSort, Merge sort are the lowest time consumable sorting algorithm.
Q:94 Which sorting method is lowest memory consumable?
A:94
7) Explain about the rules which should be followed while assigning a username?
A username has a maximum length of 16 characters. Spaces should be avoided while creating
username because they are case sensitive. Hostname will be the computer from which you are
going to connect. The best way to specify a username is to connect through a local host.
14) State two considerations which can improve the performance of MYSQL?
Two considerations which can improve the performance of MYSQL are as follows: -
1) Fixed length fields take up more space than variable length fields but they are a bit faster.
2) Size of the field should be restricted to the smallest possible value based upon the largest
input value.
1. What are the differences between Get and post methods in form submitting, give the case where
we can use get and we can use post methods?
2. Who is the father of php and explain the changes in php versions?
3. How can we submit from without a submit button?
4. How many ways we can retrieve the date in result set of mysql using php?
5. What is the difference between mysql_fetch_object and mysql_fetch_array?
6. What is the difference between $message and $$message?
7. How can we extract string 'abc.com ' from a string 'http://info@abc.com' using regular
_expression of php?
8. How can we create a database using php and mysql?
9. What are the differences between require and include, include_once?
10. Can we use include ("abc.php") two times in a php page "makeit.php"?