Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Development Phase
Section
By Pratap Thimaiah
Abalt Solutions
Overview
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Suggested Texts
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Fundamental Requirements
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Completion – Definition
Definition:
– The methodology and technology required to
produce recoverable reserves (reservoir to
surface).
Process:
– The design, selection and installation of
tubulars, tools and equipment, located in the
Well Co mpletions
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Abalt Solutions
Completion Cost
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Well Co mpletions
Abalt Solutions
Abalt Solutions
•Detailed objective
Developing Prospect SOR •Constraints: Ex sand, water
problems
Defining problem and
establish needs •Resources:ex money, material
•Environmental factors
Gather Field
/Well Data
Conceptual Design
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Interdisciplinary discussion
Modification to SOR
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The Completion
– provides the connection, 30”” at 151 m
30
within the Well Structure,
between the reservoir 20”” at 299m
20
and the surface facilities.
– Consists of
The Inflow System
– Perforations 13 3/8”
3/8” at
at 977m
977m
– Sand control system
The Outflow System 3 1/2” Tubing
– Tubing with flow
controls & safety
Well Co mpletions
9 5/8”
5/8” at
at 1817m
1817m
devices
– Wellhead & Xmas Tree
– Flowline
The Total System 7” at 2383 m
Performance
5 1/2”
1/2” at 2612m
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Questions To Be Addressed
– Is there an appropriate method for predicting tubing
performance and what are the potential errors and their
impact on the predictions?
– What is the likely range of tubing performance over the
area of the field and with time?
Well Co mpletions
Data Required
– PVT samples and flash data.
– Flowing gradient surveys from appraisal wells
– analogous wells to validate pressure drop prediction
method.
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Data Required
– Results from above inflow and outflow analyses.
Questions To Be Addressed
– Is the range of initial rates economically and technically feasible?
– Is the selected WHFP the economic optimum. What are the
repercussions of changing it?
– What is the appropriate tubing size for the range of inflow performance
and production rates?
– Will this tubing size sustain flow at the required rate over the
completion life?
Well Comp le tions
Abalt Solutions
Data Required
Well Co mpletions
Abalt Solutions
5. Architecture of Completions
Data Required
– Formation evaluation data from previous or analogous wells.
– Results from well performance, near wellbore performance and tub ing
stress analyses.
– Required completion life.
– Brief evaluation of potential well servicing and workover philosophies.
Well Comp le tions
Questions To Be Addressed
– Do all the alternative structures satisfy all the requirements?
– Are the completions simple, safe, reliable and flexible?
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Abalt Solutions
Questions To Be Addressed
– Is the data representative of conditions throughout the field?
– Can material of suitable strength be made in the desired corrosion
resistant material?
– Will conditions change with time?
Well Comp le tions
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philosophy?
– The final stage in the conceptual design is to
establish broad budget costs and approximate lead
times.
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Completion Classification
– Wellbore/reservoir interface
Open hole or cased hole
– Production method
Natural flowing or pumped production
Well Co mpletions
Abalt Solutions
Completion Classification
Requirements:
Wellbore Stability
Selectivity in production
Minimum restrictions in flow path
Well safety
Flow adjustment
Workover for later date
Well Comp le tions
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Completion Classification
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Cross-flow protection
Open hole Gravel Pack
Completion Completion
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– The tubing is set in the casing and the well put on production.
– In most cases the casing would be set just above the reservoir.
Advantages:
– Cheap and simple (especially for long intervals)
– Radial flow into well through 360°
– Good access to fractures
Disadvantages:
– Mud filter cake will reduce productivity unless it cleans up
– Production has to pass through any damaged zone
Well Comp le tions
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Disadvantages:
– Mud filter cake will reduce productivity
unless it fully cleans up
– Production has to pass through any
damaged zone
– No zonal isolation
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Cased Completions
– Casing or liner
Without production tubing
– Casing or liner with
production tubing
Production through tubing Cap Rock
or annulus
– Casing or liner with tubing
and packer
Production through Reservoir
tubing, enables flow
Well Comp le tions
control
Cemented Cemented
casing liner
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Disadvantages:
Well Comp le tions
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1. Reservoir boundary
Can be estimated
2. Reservoir properties
Can be measured
3. Completion
Can be controlled
Well Comp le tions
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Establishing Objectives
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– Gas lift
– Electric submersible pump
– Plunger lift
– Jet pump
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Recovery/Function
– Primary recovery
Frequency of Usage
– Common
Operational Advantages
– Fully retrievable completion –
no permanent components.
– Packer can be set with well
flanged up – sliding sleeve
allows circulation of kick -off or
perforating fluids.
– Thru-tubing perforation
Well Comp le tions
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Recovery/Function
– Primary recovery
Frequency of Usage
– Common
Operational Advantages
– Seal-bore packer set on electric line or
tubing.
– On-off connector and tubing anchor
allows tubing to be retrieved while
leaving the packer and tailpipe in place.
– Tailpipe can be retrieved with tubing if
required.
Well Co mpletions
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String
Selective etion Annular Flow over Flow
Producer
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Recovery/Function
– Primary recovery
Frequency of Usage
– Uncommon
Operational Advantages
– Independent production through two tubing
strings.
– Both packers are fully retrievable.
– Tailpipe instrument facility in both strings.
– Thru-tubing perforation possible on bottom
Well Comp le tions
zone.
– Blast joint protection
Operational Disadvantages
– Complex downhole design and
configuration.
– Multiple packer system retrieval can be
difficult to release.
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Recovery/Function
– Primary recovery
Frequency of Usage
– Uncommon
Operational Advantages
– Four zone selective production system, two at a
time, with the lower two zones alternating or
commingled through the long string.
– Upper zone produced through the short string
with remaining zone being produced through
either the short or long string.
Operational Disadvantages
Well Comp le tions
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Recovery/Function
– Primary recovery
Frequency of Usage
– Becoming more common
Operational Advantages
– Simplest liner-type hook-up.
– CSR replaces packer function.
– Sliding sleeve permits well fluid or
kill fluid circulation.
– Tailpipe retrieved with production
Well Co mpletions
tubing
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Completion Design
Special Service Completion: Sand
Control Gravel Pack
Recovery/Function
– Primary recovery
Frequency of Usage
– Common (regional)
Operational Advantages
– Tools and gravel placed using a
service tool and tubing work string.
– Gravel squeezed into perforation
tunnels.
– Production tubing stung-in to
production seal assembly.
Well Comp le tions
Operational Disadvantages
– Can constrain future reservoir or
wellbore treatments
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Completion Design
Special Service Completion:
Inhibitor Injection (1)
Recovery/Function
– Primary/Secondary
Frequency of Usage
– Uncommon (field
requirements)
Operational Advantages
– Side-pocket mandrel
injection permits
protection inside
production tubing above
the packer.
Well Co mpletions
Abalt Solutions
Completion Design
Special Service Completion:
Inhibitor Injection (2)
Recovery/Function
– Primary/Secondary
Frequency of Usage
– Uncommon (field requirements)
Operational Advantages
– Parallel flow tube and seal-bore
packer enables inhibitor to be
pumped down short string,
through the packer body and
into annulus below the packer.
– All flow-wetted completion
Well Comp le tions
Abalt Solutions
Completion Design
Recovery/Function
– Primary/Secondary
Frequency of Usage
– Common (offshore)
Operational Advantages
– Two injection zones treated
with both flow control
regulators located at surface.
– Totally separate injection
Well Co mpletions
systems.
Operational Disadvantages
– Casing string exposed to
injection pressures
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Key Features
– Isolation of damaged
casing/liner or
abandonment of a depleted
zone
– Hydraulic set packers at top
and bottom of scab liner
– On-off connector on lower
seal-bore packer allowed
installation with the lower
Well Comp le tions
perforations isolated
throughout the operation
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Completion Components
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Completion Components
Requirements
Abalt Solutions
Functional Requirements
REQUIREMENT COMPONENT
Control reservoir fluids Casing, liners
Reservoir > well Perforations / open hole /
communication gravelpack & screen
Optimum production Tubing size
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Functional Requirements
REQUIREMENT COMPONENT
Tubing string movement Seal assembly, PBR,
expansion joint, tbg
anchor
Well killing Kill wing valve, annulus
connection & tbg/ann
comm
Safety SSV, SSC-SSSV,
SC-SSSV, SC-ASV
Tubing long life Blast joints, flow
Well Comp le tions
couplings
Tubing support Tubing hanger
Flow control choke
Well entry x-mas tree with swab
valve
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Functional Requirements
CASING
Well Co mpletions
PERFORATIONS
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Functional Requirements
TUBING
Well Comp le tions
PERFORATIONS
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Functional Requirements
PACKER
PERFORATIONS
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Functional Requirements
PERFORATIONS
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Functional Requirements
PERFORATIONS - 2
Well Co mpletions
Blast - Joint
Landing Nipple (LN)
PERFORATIONS - 1
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Functional Requirements
PERFORATIONS - 1
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Functional Requirements
} Xmas Tree
PERFORATIONS - 1
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Tubing
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KEY WORDS
OD = SIZE
GRADE, YIELD / TENSION
STRENGTH
WEIGHT lbs/ft > WALL
THICKNESS
TENSION
COMPRESSION
COLLAPSE
Well Comp le tions
BURST
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Tubing Specification
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Tubing Specification
– Tool joint
Nonupset/Upset
Premium thread
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Tubing Grade
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– Physical strength
– Chemical Properties (resistance to H2S, CO2,
water etc.)
– Availability and standardisation at customer
– Cost
Well Comp le tions
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Tubing Material
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Well Co mpletions
Tubing
SAMPLE OF Material
TUBING MATERIALS
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Tension:
– Loading due to own weight and retrieving
certain packers.
– Actual stress < 80% of tubing yield
strength
Compression:
– Loading when setting certain packers.
Well Comp le tions
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Collapse:
– when annulus pressure is high and tubing is empty
design by assuming that annulus is full of liquid,
while the tubing is empty and has maximum
tubing head pressure at surface (i.e. CITHP)
Burst:
– when tubing pressure is high, and annulus is empty
Well Co mpletions
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Diameter
– Common sizes from 2-3/8,2-7/8,3 ½ and 4 ½ and 7 in
Construction
– Seamless pipe
Wrought steel tubes.
Manufactured from hot working or necessary cold
finishing to produce desired shape
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Non-Upset (NUE)
– is a 10 round thread.
– Joint strength<Pipe body
EUE
Integral Connection
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Tubing Design
Well Comp le tions
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(3) Buoyancy
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Tubular forces-Buoyancy
FB pAo Ai
where:
p= pressure at the bottom of the string, psi
Ao = area corresponding to the nominal pipe OD, in 2
Ai= area corresponding to the nominal pipe ID, in2
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Tubular forces-Crossovers
where
A is the change in cross-section,in2
Well Co mpletions
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Tubular forces-Plug
Fplug = Pplug Ai
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2L P
L BAL
pi Ai p o Ao
EAo Ai
where
p=the change in pressure
compared to the base case
=Poisson’s Ratio
Well Co mpletions
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T=average change in
Cooling increases tension temperature, °F from the
base case to the load case
L=length of tubing
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Packers-Functions
to provide a sealing safety barrier at the bottom of the tubing as near
the productive zone as practicable.
to improve vertical flow conditions and prevent erratic flow and heading
cycles;
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Packers-Permanent
– Wireline
– Tubing Seal-bore extension
– Coiled tubing
Permanent packers set by:
– Hydraulic (tubing) pressure
Packing elements
– Mechanical mechanism
– Electric wireline
Well Co mpletions
Bottom sub/adapter
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Packers-Permanent
Advantages
the packing element system is more resistant to “Swab -Off” during completion
installation;
mechanical strength once set in the casing the permanent packer is stronger and
is more resistant to high loading in tension or compression;
full cycle slips distributes hydraulic and mechanical loading and minimises casing
damage;
Disadvantages
they are not re-usable once removed from the well bore.
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Packers-Retrievable
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Packers-Retrievable
Advantages
they can be removed from the well bore intact without milling;
Disadvantages
if the packer cannot be removed by normal means, milling can be long
Well Comp le tions
and problematic;
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Retrievable Packer-Applications
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Retrieving Packers-Permanent
In order to retrieve a permanent packer the Mill shoe with wash pipe
anchor has to backed out of the packer and adapters to suit size of
the tubing removed from the well. packer and seal-bore
extension
A milling tool is then made to the drill string
and run into the well. If the milled packer is
to be retrieved from the well then the Lower section of packer
milling tool has to be engaged and the catch retrieved when upper slips
sleeve un-jarred. are removed
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Retrieving Packers-Retrievable
Tubing Manipulation;
Well Co mpletions
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Cement Packers
Advantages
Minimizing wireline
completion equipment for
multiple wells
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Swell Packers
Makes use of the thermodynamic
absorption process. It is seen
that most solids, liquids and
gases have what is known as a
solubility parameter
Polymer & hydrocarbons will
show strong affinity to each
other and cause the polymer to
swell.
Advantages
There is no swelling in water or
brine and as a result they can be
safely deployed in mature fields
where water cut is very
Well Co mpletions
Abalt Solutions
Abalt Solutions
Tubing head
– Surface equipment from which the tubing is
suspended
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Xmas tree
Well Comp le tions
Wellhead
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Boll-Weevil
Seal
Annulus connection
Well Comp le tions
Tubing
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Hanger
Well Comp le tions
Rams
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DCBS Dual
Tubing Hanger
Well Co mpletions
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Tubing hanger
extends inside
base of Xmas
tree
Well Co mpletions
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Abalt Solutions
30 in. conductor
Well Co mpletions
20 in. casing
13-7/8 in. casing
9-5/8 in. casing
Production tubing
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Xmas Trees
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(back-up)
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– Pressure gauges
allow well pressures to be monitored
– Gauge flange or tree cap
provides seal for top of tree
– Swab valve (lubricator valve)
isolate pressure, well access for intervention tools
– Flow tee
used to direct flow, enable thru-tubing access
Well Comp le tions
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locations
– More expensive than flanged tree
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Valving arrangement
– Lower Master Valve (manual)
– Upper Master Valve (Surface Safety Valve)
– Y piece or side outlet flanges
houses both production and kill wing valves
Well Comp le tions
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Swab valve
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Tree hook-up
Well Comp le tions
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Multiple Completions
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This will be the basis for the design and the selection of
equipment type and rating
Well Co mpletions
Abalt Solutions
TREE-SAVER
To protect X- mas tree against
high pressures during frac jobs etc.
Stroke length
up to 5 ft
Rating
15000 PSI
Well Comp le tions
Abalt Solutions
– At hanger/seat location
prevent communication between casing/tubing
strings
– At flanges
Well Co mpletions
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Flanges
Flange sealing
– Commonly accomplished using metal ring joint
gaskets
– Ring Joint gasket installed in circular recess in flange
face
– On make up, gasket is compressed
"C" clamp or Grayloc connector
– Alternative connection
Well Comp le tions
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R or RX ring BX ring
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Gaskets
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Gaskets
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Clamp
Taper
Well Comp le tions
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Seating Nipples
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No-Go Nipples
– Typically placed as
a single nipple in a
string, or as the
bottom nipple in a
series with
selective nipples
– Have restricted ID
and latch profile on
which the downhole
tools locate No-go nipple No-go nipple
Well Comp le tions
(top) (bottom)
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Selective landing
nipple
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Blast Joint
A tubular manufactured in
10 or 20 ft
lengths with tubing threads
at the ends.
– thick walled tubular
– part of the tubing and
positioned opposite the
perforations in a dual or Heavy wall blast joint
multiple completion located across
perforated interval
– It’s thick wall gives
added protection against
erosion from the jetting
action of the producing
Well Comp le tions
perforations
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Sliding Sleeve
annulus Sliding
a zone PORTS
OPEN
PORTS
fluid circulation CLOSED
(treatment)
well kill or contingency
– Operated by wireline
using a special shifting
Well Co mpletions
tool
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circulating sleeves
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Safety Valves
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Safety Valves
Well Comp le tions
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Locking Mandrels
– Although some tools have an integral latching mechanism, a lock
usually has to be attached to the device before it is run.
– The lock is designed so that the locking dogs fit into the locking
recesses of the landing nipple which the tool is to be run or hu ng from.
Collar Lock
– A collar lock, which can also serve as a tubing stop, has a large straight
through bore and locks in the recess of a tubing coupling.
– The coupling recess in the tubing string may serve as a landing location
when other landing nipples are not available.
Slip Lock
– Slip locks allow devices to be landed within the tubing without a collar
recess. They can be set at any depth in the tubing string.
Well Co mpletions
Tubing Plugs
– Tubing plugs (plug chokes and blanking plugs) are flow control devices
used for isolating formation pressure as a temporary or permanen t
bridge plug.
Standing Valve
– A standing valve functions as a downhole check valve. This valve allows
flow in one direction and may be landed in a seating nipple or landing
nipple
©2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved
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Locking Mandrel
Locking Slips
Sealing Cups
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Flow Coupling
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