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Torsion
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
• Discuss effects of applying
torsional loading to a long straight
member
• Determine stress distribution within
the member under torsional load
• Determine angle of twist when material behaves in
a linear-elastic and inelastic manner
• Discuss statically indeterminate analysis of shafts
and tubes
• Discuss stress distributions and residual stress
caused by torsional loadings
©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 1
5. Torsion
CHAPTER OUTLINE
1. Torsional Deformation of a Circular Shaft
2. The Torsion Formula
3. Power Transmission
4. Angle of Twist
5. Statically Indeterminate Torque-Loaded
Members
6. *Solid Noncircular Shafts
7. *Thin-Walled Tubes Having Closed Cross
Sections
8. Stress Concentration
9. *Inelastic Torsion
10. *Residual Stress
©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 2
5. Torsion
5.1 TORSIONAL DEFORMATION OF A CIRCULAR SHAFT
Let Δx → dx and Δ φ = dφ
BD = ρ dφ = dx γ
dφ
γ =ρ
dx
• Since dφ / dx = γ /ρ = γmax /c
ρ
Equation 5-2
γ =
c
γmax ( )
©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 4
5. Torsion
5.2 THE TORSION FORMULA
• For solid shaft, shear stress varies from zero at
shaft’s longitudinal axis to maximum value at its
outer surface.
• Due to proportionality of triangles, or using Hooke’s
law and Eqn 5-2,
ρ
τ =
c( )
τ max
...
τ max
τ =
c ∫ A ρ2 dA
J T
=
c τallow
...
c = 10.92 mm
Since 2c = 21.84 mm, select shaft with diameter of
d = 22 mm
©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 21
5. Torsion
5.4 ANGLE OF TWIST
• Angle of twist is important when analyzing reactions
on statically indeterminate shafts
L T(x) dx
φ = ∫0
J(x) G
φ = angle of twist, in radians
T(x) = internal torque at arbitrary position x, found
from method of sections and equation of
moment equilibrium applied about shaft’s axis
J(x) = polar moment of inertia as a function of x
G = shear modulus of elasticity for material
©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 22
5. Torsion
5.4 ANGLE OF TWIST
Constant torque and x-sectional area
TL
φ =
JG
Σ Mz = 0;
φA = 0.00147 rad
φA/B = 0
...
1.8TA − 0.2TB = −750
Shear flow
• Force equilibrium requires the
forces shown to be of equal
magnitude but opposite direction,
thus τAtA = τBtB
• This product is called shear flow
q, and can be expressed as
q = τavgt
Angle of twist
Can be determined using energy methods
TL ds
φ=
4Am2G
O
t
∫
IMPORTANT
• Shear flow q is a product of tube’s thickness and
average shear stress. This value is constant at all
points along tube’s x-section. Thus, largest
average shear stress occurs where tube’s
thickness is smallest
• Both shear flow and average shear stress act
tangent to wall of tube at all points in a direction to
contribute to resultant torque
TL ds
φ=
4Am G
2
O
t
= ... = 0.196(10 ∫ ∫ ds
-4) mm-1 O
τmax = K(Tc/J)
TY = (π/2) τYc3
dφ = γ (dx/ρ)
TP = 4TY / 3