Term paper

Of
ISP (cse 404)

TOPIC: INTERNET CONNECTIVITY

SUBMITTED TO SUBMITED BY:

Mr.KIRAN KUMAR KAKI SATISH PANDEY

LPU Roll no 08
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Words are the dress of thoughts, appreciating and acknowledging those, who are responsible for the
successful completion of the project. Our sincerity gratitude goes to LECT. Mr. KIRAN KUMAR
KAKI” who assigned us responsibility to work on this project and provided us all the help, guidance and
encouragement to complete this project. The encouragement and guidance given KIRAN KUMAR KAKI
have made this a personally rewarding experience. We thank him for his support and inspiration, without
which, understanding the details of the project would have been exponentially difficult.

With Sincere Thanks,

(Satish Kumar Pandey)
 DECLARATION

I, "Satish Kumar Pandey”, hereby declare that the work presented herein is genuine work done
Originally by me and has not been published or submitted elsewhere for the requirement of a Degree
program any literature, data or works done by others and cited within this dissertation
Has been given due acknowledgement and listed in the reference section.

Satish Kumar Pandey

Reg.no 7470070055
Date: 12-November -2010
 Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGMENT .............................................................................................. 2
DECLARATION........................................................................................................ 3
Table of Contents.........................................................4
........................................................................................................................................... 5
Introduction to Internet connectivity................................................................................5
Types of Internet connectivity ......................................................................................6
Cable Modem Broadband :( wired)...............................................................................6
Digital Subscriber Connection (DSL) (Analog)...............................................................8
Satellite connection..................................................................................................... 10
Wireless Internet Connections..........................................................................................11
........................................................................................................................... 11
HOW INTERNET CONNECTIVITY WORK ..............................................................11
what is the Internet?..................................................................................................12
What do we mean by HTTP?..............................................................................................12
How does a user connect to a website?...........................................................................13
What are the HTTP Requests and HTTP Responses?.......................................................13
Advantages of Wireless Internet connectivity...............................................................14
Disadvantage of Wireless Internet connectivity............................................................14
References: ........................................................................................................................ 15
Introduction to Internet connectivity

As technology grows, so does our need for bigger, better and faster Internet connections. Over the
years, the way content is presented via the Web has changed drastically. Ten years ago being able to
center bold, colored text was something to admire, while today Flash, animations, online gaming,
streaming video, database-driven Web sites, e-commerce and virtual offices — to name but a few —
are becoming standards. The need for speed has changed the options available to consumers and
businesses alike in terms of how and how fast we can connect to the Internet.

While technology changes at a rapid pace, so do Internet connections. The connection speeds listed
below represent a snapshot of general average to maximum speeds at the time of publication. This is
no doubt will change over time and Internet connection speeds also vary between Internet Service
Providers (ISP).

Millions of people around the world use Internet every day to communicate with others, follow the
stock market, keep up with the news, check the weather, make travel plans, conduct business, shop,
entertain and learn. Staying connected has become so important that it is hard to get away from your
computer and your Internet connection because you might miss an e-mail message, an update on your
stock or some news you need to know. With your business or your personal life growing more
dependent on electronic communication over the Internet, you might be ready to take the next step and
get a device that allows you to access the Internet on the go.

That's where wireless Internet comes in. With a wireless-enabled laptop or PDA you can access the
Internet throughout. You have probably seen news or advertising about cell phones and PDAs that let
you receive and send e-mail.

No longer need your broadband Internet connection be limited to one computer, or even to one room
in the house. Over the past two years, wireless Internet has reached further into spaces it has not
penetrated before, and you can often find connections in coffee shops, airport lounges and hotels.
Some cities are even running wireless broadband networks that cover whole districts and boroughs.
 Wireless technology allows us to use our equipment without the hassles of cable connected devices.
These devices work by sending data from one location to another by bouncing signals off antennas
from the devices. In wireless Internet, the wireless router sends the signals to the remote server and the
server bounces the signals back to the wireless router so the connection can be made for the wireless
Internet service.

There are a number of ways to get connected to the Internet and take full advantage of the options that
your Internet Service Provider (or ISP) makes available. Like any consumer, you want to get the best
deal for your money. During this time together we want to learn how to choose the type of service you
want and how to take advantage of your ISPs offerings.

Types of Internet connectivity

There are currently three major connection types available to just about everyone who isn't in a
completely rural setting. The most common connection type right now is cable, followed closely by
DSL and finally by satellite. We'll look at each option in that order.

Cable Modem Broadband :( wired)

Cable Modem Broadband a connection through an ordinary coax cable through your digital cable
provider is the easiest and most common way to connect to the Internet at high speeds. Most
connections average about 400K/second download and 128K upload. Cable's largest advantage is its
availability and ability to produce multiple upstream (when sending). The biggest downside to a cable
connection is the slow-downs you'll experience during gluts of service when several people are
sharing the network.

Again it is divided into different groups:

Simple Cable - Cable internet is connected through the coaxial cables that you would normally use
for cable TV. It is very fast, and in Texas, Comcast Cable gives you 4Mbit download and 256-
384KbitUpload.

T-1 Lines
T-1 lines are a popular leased line option for businesses connecting to the Internet and for Internet
Service Providers (ISPs) connecting to the Internet backbone. It is a dedicated phone connection
supporting data rates of 1.544Mbps. A T-1 line actually consists of 24 individual channels, each of
which supports 64Kbits per second. Each 64Kbit/second channel can be configured to carry voice or
data traffic. Most telephone companies allow you to buy just one or some of these individual
channels. This is known as fractional T-1 access.

Bonded T-1

A bonded T-1 is two or more T-1 lines that have been joined (bonded) together to increase
bandwidth. Where a single T-1 provides approximately 1.5Mbps, two bonded T1s provide 3Mbps or
46 channels for voice or data. Two bonded T-1s allow you to use the full bandwidth of 3Mbps where
two individual T-1s can still only use a maximum of 1.5Mbps at one time. To be bonded the T-1 must
run into the same router at the end, meaning they must run to the same ISP.

• T-1 Lines support speeds of 1.544 Mbps

• Fractional T-1 speeds are 64 Kbps per channel (up to 1.544 Mbps), depending on number of
leased channels.
• Typical Bonded T-1 (two bonded T-1 lines) speed is around 3 Mbps.

T-3 Lines

T-3 lines are dedicated phone connections supporting data rates of about 43 to 45 Mbps. It too is a
popular leased line option. A T-3 line actually consists of 672 individual channels, each of which
supports 64 Kbps. T-3 lines are used mainly by Internet Service Providers (ISPs) connecting to the
Internet backbone and for the backbone itself.

• Typical T-3 supports speeds ranging from 43 to 45 Mbps.

OC3

Short for Optical Carrier, level 3 it is used to specify the speed of fiber optic networks conforming to
the SONET standard. OC3 is typically used as a fiber optic backbone for large networks with large
voice, data, video, and traffic needs.
• Speeds are 155.52 Mbps, or roughly the speed of 100 T1 lines.

Optical Cable: The cream of the crop. The best darn internet period. From OC3 to OC255 and
beyond, speeds of 1Gbit are possible.

Internet 2 - Not a real 'connection', but a study. Speeds of 6.63 Gigabytes a second. Can't wait!

Digital Subscriber Connection (DSL) (Analog)

Digital Subscriber Link (DSL) this is a connection using your phone line and a special modem. You
have to be within so many feet of a phone station "hub" and your line has to be of a newer type to
qualify. Good portions of the population (especially in urban areas) match these criteria and can get a
DSL connection. The modem uses a sound frequency well above the human ear's limits and will not
interfere with normal telephone operation. Most connections average about 400-650K per second in
download (some are faster) while anywhere from 128-256K in upload speed is available as well. The
biggest downside to this type of connection is the availability. The biggest boon to this technology is
its reliability and that network slow-downs are less common than with a cable connection.

Again it contains different groups:

DSL is also called an always on connection because it uses existing 2-wire copper telephone line
connected to the premise and will not tie up your phone as a dial-up connection does. There is no
need to dial-in to your ISP as DSL is always on. The two main categories of DSL for home
subscribers are called ADSL and SDSL.

ADSL

ADSL is the most commonly deployed types of DSL in North America. Short for asymmetric digital
subscriber line ADSL supports data rates of from 1.5 to 9 Mbps when receiving data (known as the
downstream rate) and from 16 to 640 Kbps when sending data (known as the upstream rate). ADSL
requires a special ADSL modem.
ADSL+2

ADSL+2A is an extension to ADSL broadband technology that provides subscribers with

significantly faster download speeds when compared to traditional ADSL connections. ADSL+2
works in the same fashion as ADSL a special filter is installed on a subscriber's telephone line to split
existing copper telephone lines (POTS) between regular telephone (voice) and ADSL+2. ADSL2+
service is most commonly offered in highly-populated metropolitan areas and subscribers must be in
close geographical locations to the provider's central office to receive ADSL2+ service.

SDSL

SDSL is still more common in Europe. Short for symmetric digital subscriber line, a technology that
allows more data to be sent over existing copper telephone lines (POTS). SDSL supports data rates up
to 3 Mbps. SDSL works by sending digital pulses in the high-frequency area of telephone wires and
cannot operate simultaneously with voice connections over the same wires. SDSL requires a special
SDSL modem. SDSL is called symmetric because it supports the same data rates for upstream and
downstream traffic.

VDSL

Very High DSL (VDSL) is a DSL technology that offers fast data rates over relatively short distances
— the shorter the distance, the faster the connection rate.

• All types of DSL technologies are collectively referred to as xDSL.

• XDSL connection speeds range from 128 Kbps to 8 Mbps.

Dial-Up connections:

Also called dial-up access, it is both economical and slow. Using a modem connected to your PC,
users connect to the Internet when the computer dials a phone number (which is provided by your
ISP) and connects to the network. Dial-up is an analog connection because data is sent over an
analog, public telephone network. The modem converts received analog data to digital and vice-
versa. Because dial-up access uses normal telephone lines the quality of the connection is not always
good and data rates are limited.

ISDN - Integrated services digital network (ISDN) is an international communications standard for
sending voice, video, and data over digital telephone lines or normal telephone wires.

• Typical ISDN speeds range from 64 Kbps to 128 Kbps.

ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) is a type of Dial-up connection with faster speeds, but
you need to pay the extra cash to get it. Common speeds of 128Kbit and 256Kbit download.

ADSL - Asymmetric DSL is Common to most households, supports up to 24Mbit down and 3.5Mbit
up, but you never see that much. You get like 1.5MBit down and 128Kbit up.

SDSL - Symmetric DSL is like ADSL, but with the same download speed as upload speed.

Satellite connection

Satellite this is the most expensive alternative for getting a high-speed connection to the Internet. If
you live in a rural area or a spot where other options are not available (as I do), then this is probably
your only hope for a high-speed connection. These come in two varieties, 1-way and 2-way. One-way
satellites are like television receivers: they only accept signals. You'll still have to use your modem to
connect for uploads. A 2-way connection, however, both sends and receives and is telephone-free.

Average speeds for this type of connection are 600K and higher for download and 128K for the
upload. Averages tend to be higher because there are far fewer users on the network to slow things
down. The biggest up side to this technology is that it is available just about everywhere. The biggest
downside to this type of connection is two-fold: price and reliability. Expect to spend $600 or more
for the equipment and another $50 or more a month for the connection. You'll also experience down
time (which will not be reimbursed by the ISP) during severe weather (called "rainouts"). Most
satellite providers provide a dialup backup service as a part of their plan.
 If you have need of it, a high-speed connection is both convenient and timesaving. If you spend
a lot of time online, you should probably look into getting a faster connection to boost your
productivity while online.

Tier-Carrier- Consists of many tiers of speed.

T1 - Tier1- Very expensive and 'slow'. It's a great connection for hosting servers, yet the download
speeds are lacking. It is 1.5Mbit/1.5Mbit, symmetrical download and uploads.

T3 - Tier3- Droningly awesome. Very fast, but very expensive. 44Mbit downloads. Whoa!

T2, T4, T5 - Tier 2, 4, and 5 are not used as much as above but have speeds of 6Mbit (T2), 274Mbit
(T4), and 400Mbit (T5)

Wireless Internet Connections

Wireless Internet or wireless broadband is one of the newest Internet connection types. Instead of using
telephone or cable networks for your Internet connection, you use radio frequency bands. Wireless
Internet provides an always-on connection which can be accessed from anywhere — as long as you
geographically within a network coverage area. Wireless access is still considered to be relatively new,
and it may be difficult to find a wireless service provider in some areas. It is typically more expensive
and mainly available in metropolitan areas.

HOW INTERNET CONNECTIVITY WORK

 WHAT IS THE INTERNET?

The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks. These networks use the
standard Internet Protocol Suite (known as TCP/IP) to allow information to be transferred between
computers and networks. The diagram below illustrates the Internet in its simplest form, a networked
computer connected to a host (server) using HTTP, with a domain name server (DNS) translating the
web address entered by the user into an IP address.

The user communicates with the server using a browser (e.g. Firefox, Internet Explorer, Safari, etc) .
Using this Internet connection the user can access a vast array of information resources and services,
particularly the inter-linked hypertext documents which are commonly referred to as the World Wide
Web (WWW), but also services such as electronic mail and streamed multi-media (films, television
and audio). There is an interesting video illustrating internet connectivity.

What do we mean by HTTP?

HTTP is the stateless request-response based communications protocol which is employed by the
browser on your computer to request and receive information from a web-server. By stateless, we mean
that the protocol does not maintain any contextual information about the browsers communicating with
it. Hence browsers maintain session information and may use cookies to provide memory about the
current status of the interaction between a user and the host system. The Internet currently uses version
1.1 of the HTTP,

How does a user connect to a website?

In the above diagram, if the user wishes to obtain a page from the WWW, the page address may be
entered into the browser address field, or a hyperlink clicked. The browser initiates the communication
by sending an HTTP Request and the Website (Server) will respond with an HTTP Response. Every
time the browser needs to send a request, it first establishes a TCP reliable connection with the website,
then transfer the request via this connection. Similarly, when the website needs to return an HTTP
Response to browser. Either of the two parties – the browser or the website can prematurely stops a
data transfer by simply terminating the TCP connection.

What are the HTTP Requests and HTTP Responses?

An HTTP Request has three main components, they are:

HTTP Request Method, URI, and Protocol Version

HTTP Request Headers

HTTP Request Body

An HTTP Response also has three main components, which are:

Protocol/Version, Status Code, and its Description

HTTP Response Headers

HTTP Response Body .

Advantages of Wireless Internet connectivity

Wireless Internet provides super-fast broadband speed, approaching 2 megabytes per second or faster.
More customers are expecting broader bandwidth, so this number should creep up steadily over the
next few months to years. Wireless Internet is more affordable and more reliable than satellite
broadband, since satellite signals typically have to travel tens of thousands of miles.

Wireless Internet is also incredibly responsive, when you call up web pages, download emails, and
engage in teleconferencing or video conferencing over the net, your wireless Internet system will
yield ultra-fast transmission.

Weather, radio frequencies, and traffic congestion can all impede wireless Internet flow. Moreover,
with the construction of transmission towers across the nation, it's a safe bet that if you live within a
reasonable proximity of an urban area, you will be near to a wireless Internet tower.

The wireless Internet broadband service offers rural Web surfers a way to tap into high speed
telecommunications without laying down fiber or reconfiguring the public switched telephone
network system based on new DSL standards. Thus, delivering communications to a small town in an
area which lacks cable infrastructure or merely looking to avoid the slower speeds and sometimes
confusing plans associated with DSL, wireless Internet is a wonderful way to optimize your surfing
time.

Disadvantage of Wireless Internet connectivity

With wireless Internet service, there’s the problem of someone, within the wireless traffic, hacking
into your connection. So, you need to be sure to use wireless security to ensure all your private
information is safe from those unauthorized viewers. There are many firewalls out there that work
well for this purpose or you can look into using a network system to set up password protected
connections.

Verizon wireless and Sprint wireless are two popular wireless companies in business today. Verizon
wireless offer several different types of wireless devices that are commonly used by consumers. Cell
phones and wireless broadband Internet are the most popular services they offer. They also offer
PDAs and wireless PC cards.
 Wireless technology comes in various other forms as well. You can find wireless speakers for your
stereo system, wireless headphones, wireless receivers and transmitters and even microphones. You
can find wireless computer mice, keyboards, satellite TV, cordless telephones and even garage door
openers. The future will probably bring us a world full of wireless technology. Hard wired devices
will end up being more of a thing of the past, once wireless technology grows.

References:
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/internet_connection.html

2. http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc775634%28WS.10%29.aspx

3. http://www.telocity.com/
4. http://www.freedsl.com/
5. http://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/internet_connection_types.asp

6. http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/ISP.html

7. http://science.howstuffworks.com/working _internet.html