MSC Marc Course

MSC.
Marc Introductory Course
MA*2000*Z*Z*Z*SM-MAR101-NT1 1
C
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2 MSC.Marc Introductory Course

Contents
Table of Contents
MSC.Marc Introductory Course ................................................. 1
Table of Contents ........................................................................... 3
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to MARC ......................................... 7

About MARC 8
MARC Solutions 9
MARC Products 15
MARC Activities 16
Course Objective 17
Documentation 18
MARC/Mentat File Road Map 19
CHAPTER 2 Review of The Finite Element Method............... 21

Introduction to the Finite ELEMENT Method 22
The Choice of the Element Type(s) 31
Nonlinear FEA and iterative solution 34
Direct incremental-iterative solution procedures 37
Iterative solution procedures 39
Convergence Checking 40
Equation Solvers 44
CHAPTER 3 Geometrically Nonlinear Analysis ..................... 49

Updating the Geometry of a 2 Bar Truss 50
Linear strain-displacement relation 51
Nonlinear strain-displacement relation 52
Follower Forces 54
Load incrementation 55
Bucking analyses 58
MSC.Marc Introductory Course 3

Contents
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 4 Nonlinear Material Behavior ............................. 61
Types of nonlinear material behavior 62
What about linear materials? How is E measured? 63
Plasticity; Constitutive Relation, uni-axial tensile test 64
Every integration point tracks the Constitutive Relation 66
Creep 71
Neo-Hookean Material Model 76
2-Constant Mooney Extensional Deformation 82
Other Mooney-Rivlin Models 84
Ogden Models 86
Foam Models 87
CHAPTER 5 Contact Analysis.................................................. 89

Definition Of Contact Bodies 90
Control Of Rigid Bodies 92
Contact Procedure 93
Bias Factor 94
Contact Flowchart 97
Symmetry Body 98
Rigid With Heat Transfer 99
Contact Table 101
Exclude Segments During Contact Detection 104
Friction Model Types 107
Stick-Slip Friction Model 108
Coulomb (Sliding) Friction Model 109
Shear (Sliding) Friction Model 110
Glued Contact 112
Release Option 114
Forces On Rigid Bodies 115

Contents
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 6 Heat Transfer and Thermal Stresses................ 117
Mathmetical Formulation 118
Boundary conditions 120
Analogy between heat transfer and stress analysis 122
Spatial finite element discretization 123
Linear heat transfer analysis 124
Nonlinear heat transfer analysis 125
Control values heat transfer analysis 127
Initial time step estimate 128
Coupled thermo-mechanical analysis 129
Heat Generated from Mechanical Sources 130
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 131
CHAPTER 7 Dynamic Analysis.............................................. 133

Dynamic Analysis Methods 134
One degree of freedom system 135
Multiple degree of freedom system 140
Free vibration analysis 141
Modal Superposition Method 142
Harmonic Analysis 143
Transient Analysis 144

Contents
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 8 Workshop Problems .......................................... 145
Some Mentat Hints and Shortcuts 146
Mechanics of Mentat 148
Comprehensive Sample Session 156
Statics S1 Tensile Specimen 204
Statics S2 Cantilever Beam 223
Statics S3 Elastomeric Curve Fit and Seal 235
Statics S4 Break Forming 247
Statics S5 Super Plastic Forming 258
Statics S6 Creep of a Tube 278
Statics S7 Interference Fit 286
Statics S8 Rubber Ship Bumper 292
Statics S9 Elastomeric Arch 311
Heat Transfer H1 Transient Cooling Fin 317
Heat Transfer H2 Steady State Cooling Fin 323
Heat Transfer H3 Coupled Transient Cooling Fin 326
Heat Transfer H4 Dynamics with Friction Heating 331
Heat Transfer H5 Radiation With Viewfactors 340
Dynamics D1 Cantilever Beam Modal Analysis 346
Dynamics D2 Cantilever Beam Harmonic Analysis 349
Dynamics D3 Cantilever Beam Transient Analysis 352
CHAPTER 9 Notes and Course Critique................................ 361

Class Notes 362
Class Critique 367

CHAPTER 1 Introduction to MARC
This course offers complete workshop-

paced training based upon real world prob-
lems like those shown in this first chapter.
Engineers are introduced to both the
MARC and Mentat programs by lectures
and hands on modeling of nonlinear
mechanics problems.

Introduction to MARC About MARC
About MARC
MARC Analysis Research Corporation was one of the original
“founders” of the commercial finite element analysis (FEA) industry.
Back in 1965 a team of researchers at Brown University initiated the
development of the technology behind the MARC program, the first
commercial general-purpose nonlinear finite element analysis pro-
gram. MARC Analysis Research Corporation was subsequently
founded in 1971, and the first version of the MARC program was
introduced in 1972. MARC Web Page at www.marc.com

MARC Solutions Introduction to MARC
MARC Solutions

Introduction to MARC MARC Solutions
MARC Solutions

MARC Solutions

MARC Solutions

MARC Solutions

MARC Solutions

MARC Products Introduction to MARC
MARC Products

Introduction to MARC MARC Activities
MARC Activities
Customer support (support@marc.com)
Training: (See www.marc.com/Support/Courses..)
* Introductory Course
* Advanced and Special Topic Courses
* Experimental Analysis Courses (New)
* New Product Seminars
Users’ meetings
MARC newsletter
R&D
Consulting
MARC release schedule:
New product release every one and a half years
Bug fix version is released in between

Course Objective Introduction to MARC
Course Objective
50% Short overview of background theory
50% MARC program options with special emphasis on

using Mentat with hands on modeling of engineering prob-
lems:
* Linear elastic analysis

* Geometrically nonlinear analysis
* Material nonlinear analysis
* Contact analysis
* Dynamic analysis
* Heat transfer and thermal stress analysis
MARC QA Procedures
Always referring to standard ver-
sion
MARC office distributes list with

known program errors and possi-
ble work-arounds
Customer can get fix on request

Introduction to MARC Documentation
Documentation
MARC:
Volume A: User Information

Volume B: Element Library
Volume C: Program Input
Volume D: User Subroutines
see ~marc/user
(all user sub templates)
Volume E: Demonstration Problems
see ~marc/demo for over 400 demos
Volume F: Background Papers
see ~marc/primer
Mentat:
User’s Guide
see ~mentat/examples/training
see ~mentat/userguide
Command Reference

MARC/Mentat File Road Map Introduction to MARC
MARC/Mentat File Road Map
INPUT SOLVER OUTPUT
file.dat run_marc -j file -u sub file.log
sub.f file.out
file.t09 file.t08
file.t19
file.cnt MARC file.t16
MENTAT
Reset/Kill Monitor_Job
Submit Post_Open
model1.mud
file=model1_job1

Introduction to MARC MARC/Mentat File Road Map

CHAPTER 2 Review of The Finite Element
Method
The purpose of this chapter is to review the

finite element method for better under-
standing of how any finite element program
works. Special attention is given to the sub-
ject of solving nonlinear problems.

Review of The Finite Element Method Introduction to the Finite ELEMENT Method
Introduction to the Finite ELEMENT Method

The finite element method has the following six steps. The success of
this method is due in part to the simplicity of these steps, and how
finite element programs such as MARC implement these steps.
Step 1 Shape Functions: The FEM expresses the unknown
field, u ( x ) , in terms of the nodal point unknowns, a , by using
e
the shape functions, N ( x ) , over the domain of the element, Ω ,
as,
e
u ( x ) = N ( x )a
Step 2 Material Loop: The FEM expresses the dependent flux

fields, ε ( x ) , such as the strain (stress) or heat flux in terms of
the nodal point unknowns as,
ε ( x ) = L [ u ( x ) ] = Ba ; σ = σ ( ε ) = Dε ( x )
Step 3 Element Matrices: The FEM equilibrates each element

with its environment which can be expressed as,
e e e
K a +f = 0
e e
where the element matrices, K and f have consistently
lumped all physical significance of the element at its nodes,

Introduction to the Finite ELEMENT Method Review of The Finite Element Method

where:
∫
e T
K = B DB dV
Ω
e
∫ ∫ N ( x ) t dS + F
e T T
–f = N ( x ) b dV +
Ω Γ
e e
e
are the element matrices. K represents physical properties
e
such as stiffness or conductivity, and f , represents loads expe-
rienced by the element, e . These loads may be: body loads, b ,
e
such as weight or internal heat generation in volume Ω ; sur-
e
face loads, t , such as pressure or convection on surface Γ ; or
concentrated loads, F .
Step 4 Assembly: The FEM assembles all elements to form a

complete structure in such a manner to equilibrate the structure
with its environment which requires,
∑K ; f = ∑f
e e
K=
e e
e
and to insure continuity of nodal point unknowns, a = a .
Therefore, a finite number of system equations results as,
Ka + f = 0


Step 5 Solve Equations: The FEM specifies the boundary
conditions, namely, the nodal point values on the boundary and
the system equations are partitioned as,
K uu K us a u fa
= –
K su K ss a s fr
where: a u are the unknown nodal values; a s are the specified
nodal values; f a are the applied nodal loads; f r are the nodal
point reactions. Hence the solution becomes,
–1
a u = – K uu ( f a + K us a s )
f r = – ( K su a u + K ss a s )
Step 6 Recover: The FEM recovers the stresses by substituting

the unknown nodal values found in Step 5 back into Step 2 to
find the dependent flux fields such as strain, stress and heat
flux.


Notice the cpu costs of each of the steps from a typical run.
s t a r t o f i n c r e m e n t 1
start of assembly cycle number is 0 time = 249.72
start of matrix solution time = 326.78
end of matrix solution time = 372.77
......
start of assembly cycle number is 12 time = 2301.75
start of matrix solution time = 2380.45
end of matrix solution time = 2426.46
e n d o f i n c r e m e n t 1 time = 2504.60
The last recycle took 80% of the total time in Assembly and
Recovery, with the remainder in the Solver. Furthermore, this
Time % of
Step Time points (sec)
(sec) Total
Assembly 2380.45 - 2301.75 78.70 39
Solve 2426.46 - 2380.45 46.01 22
Recover 2504.60 - 2426.46 78.14 39
Total 2504.60 - 2301.75 202.85 100
increment took 12 recycles for a total time of 2500 seconds. A

linear analysis would only take 372 seconds! Assembly and
Recovery times have to do with performing the integrations
shown in Step 3. Reducing the amount of integration points
will greatly improve performance.
What about CPU time (cost)?

Linear and Nonlinear FEA differ greatly in the amount of time

spent on each of the three solution steps.
In linear FEA, step 5, Solve Equations dominates (or has in the

past dominated) the overall cpu time.
In nonlinear FEA the costs of each step are more equal. With
recent advances in solver technology, the time spent in assem-
bly and recovery now exceed that spent in the solver.
CPU time used in %

Step Linear Analysis Nonlinear Analysis
Assembly 10 30
Solve 70 30
Recover 10 30
Other 10 10
Total 100 100


The finite element method can convert any differential equation
to a set of algebraic equations. It assumes the shape of the solu-
tion in the domain of the element and satisfies equilibrium. For
instance, in heat transfer let, b = ρC p u̇ + b̂ , then the system
equations become:
Mȧ + K a + f = 0
where M becomes the capacitance matrix, and K , becomes

the conductivity matrix. In dynamics, let b = – ρ u̇˙ + b̂ , and
the system equations become:
Mȧ˙ + K a + f = 0
The time integration of the above system equations is usually

done by the finite difference method, generating completely
algebraic equations that can are solved by computers. Efficient
algebraic equation solvers become important. If these six steps
have any nonlinearities, the resulting set of algebraic equations
are also nonlinear and iterative solution procedures must be
used. Before considering these iterative solution procedures
and equation solvers, let’s examine these six steps more
closely.


Let’s choose a specific ele-
x=0 x =l
ment type and use the six
x
steps above to solve a simple
problem. Choosing the u1 u2
shape function in step 1
determines the type of ele- x
u( x)
ment to be used. For sim-
plicity, a bar element is
chosen.
Step 1: The shape function:

x x u1
u ( x ) = 1 – -- --
l l u2
Step 2: The strain and stress:
1 1 u1
ε ( x ) = – --- --- ; σ = Eε
l l u2
Step 3: The element matrices:
B DB dV = -------
AE  1 – 1
∫e
e T
K = -
 l  –1 1
Ω
With the element chosen, let’s solve a simple problem.


The problem to solve is a bar x=0 u1
subjected to its own self
weight. The bar is hung from γ , E, A
a support, we want to know
the deformations and the
x= L u2
stresses. Let’s start with a
one element solution.
Step 4 and 5: Assemble the elements and solve.

r1
-------
AE  1 – 1 0
- = – γ AL
 L  –1 1 u
2 --------------
2
γAL – γ AL
u 2 =  ---------- ; r 1 = --------------
 2E  2
Step 6: Recover Stresses

e γL
σ = ------
2
The stress is constant over the element and is 50% of the maxi-
mum value. The displacement at node 2 is exact.


Let’s look carefully at the solution by plotting the displace-
ments and stress versus the axial position in the bar.
The FEM approximation to the stress is a piece-wise constant

representation to a line, and the displacement approximation is
a piece-wise linear representation to a parabola. If a parabolic
shape function would have been selected, the finite element
solution would have agree exactly with the theoretical solution.
Knowing the element type is very important.

The Choice of the Element Type(s) Review of The Finite Element Method
The Choice of the Element Type(s)

For any element chosen, element matrices like:
∫
e T
K = B DB dV
Ω
e
must be integrated efficiently. A popular choice is to use Gaus-

sian Quadrature. Where the integration the domain of the ele-
ment is transformed to a unit cube, square or line. Hence:
dV = dxdydz = det J dξdηdζ
where det J is the determinant of the Jacobian operator, J and

∂ ∂
------ = J ------
∂ξ ∂x
Then the element matrices are numerically integrated by Gaus-

sian Quadrature as:
1 1 1
∫ ∫∫ ∫ F dξdηdζ ; F = B DB ( det J )
e T T
K = B DB dV =
Ω
e
–1 –1 –1
then,
1 1 1
∫ ∫ ∫ F dξdηdζ ≈ ∑i ∑j ∑k αi α j αk F ( ξi, η j, ζk )
–1 –1 –1

Review of The Finite Element Method The Choice of the Element Type(s)
where the Gaussian points (called integration or Gauss points),

( ξ i, η j, ζ k ) , and the weights, ( α i, α j, α k ) , are found to make the
integration of polynomials exact. For example, to integrate a
polynomial of order 2n-1 exactly, we have the following 2n
equations:
1 n
∫ P ( x ) dx = ∑ αi P ( xi )
–1 i=1
These simultaneous equations can be solved explicitly in terms

of Legendre polynomials. The table below shows the Gauss
points and weights for n=1,3:
Gauss points/weights
n ±x αi
1 0 2.0000
2 .57735 1.0000
3 .77459 .55555
.00000 .88888
MARC reports the element variables at the integration points

in the output and post files. Mentat will extrapolate the post file
results to the nodes and nodal average the element variables.
Reduced integration elements are elements specifically
designed to use fewer integration points, hence great savings in
assembly and recovery. Though the reduced elements are eco-
nomic, they are not advised for large amounts of plasticity. If
you start using them to get quick results, remember to switch
back to full integration elements on the last run.

The Choice of the Element Type(s) Review of The Finite Element Method
Accurate results from the finite ELEMENT method depend on

the choice of the element, how many are used and where the
nodes are located.
Remember the ELEMENT is the middle name of the finite

ELEMENT Method. There are over 150 types to choose from
in MARC. Virtually all of the elements in MARC are available
for nonlinear analysis.
Mentat assists you in picking elements based upon the analysis

type you are performing and the topology of the elements used
in meshing.
Element types fall into three basic categories:
Continuum Elements are: bricks, plane stress, plane strain,

generalized plane strain, and axisymmetric.
Shell Elements are: beams, plates, shells, trusses, and
shells of revolution.
Special Elements are: gaps, pipe bend, shear panel, semi-
infinite, incompressible, and reduced integration.
Mixing different element types is easy if the number of degrees

of freedom is the same for all types. Otherwise constraints
must be used to insure proper compatibility.

Review of The Finite Element Method Nonlinear FEA and iterative solution
Nonlinear FEA and iterative solution

For the solution step, we must solve the equations:
[K ]{a} = {F } or I –F = 0
For the linear case, Gauss elimination is applied directly.
However, for nonlinear equations both the stiffness and exter-

nal forces may be functions of the nodal displacements,
I ( a ) –F ( a ) = 0
Newton-Raphson Method
To solve such a nonlinear set of equations we apply the
Newton-Raphson method. This is an iterative method. Given a
general nonlinear equation, f ( a ) = 0 , and a known point a i ,
we calculate a correction, ∆a i + 1 as follows:
f ( ai )
∆a i + 1 = – --------------
f′ ( a i )
with
a i + 1 = a i + ∆a i + 1

Nonlinear FEA and iterative solution Review of The Finite Element Method
by defining the Tangent Stiffness as,

T ∂
f′ ( a i ) ≡ K i ( a i ) = ( I ( ai ) –F ( ai ) )
∂u
and the Residual as,
f ( ai ) ≡ R ( ai ) = I ( ai ) –F ( ai )
we can rewrite the N-R equation in a more familiar form:

T
K i ( a i ) ∆a i + 1 = R ( a i )
And use Gauss elimination techniques (or something similar)

to solve this set of equations for ∆a i + 1 .
With each iteration the residual should decrease. If it does, the

method converges to the correct solution.
If the extent of nonlinearity is too great (loads are too large) the
method may diverge, or simply not converge. For this reason
we load the structure gradually, or incrementally.

Review of The Finite Element Method Nonlinear FEA and iterative solution
The following simple example is shown for a single nonlinear

equation:
f ( x ) ≡ sin ( x ) – 1 = 0
f′ ( x ) = cos ( x )
where,
f ( ai )
x 0 = 0.25 and ∆u i + 1 = – --------------
f′ ( a i )
i xi –fi f′ i ∆x i + 1 xi + 1 Residual
0 0.25 0.753 0.969 0.777 1.027 0.144

1 1.027 0.144 0.517 0.278 1.305 0.035
2 1.305 0.035 0.263 0.133 1.438 0.009
3 1.438 0.009 0.132 0.068 1.506 0.002

Direct incremental-iterative solution procedures Review of The Finite Element Method
Direct incremental-iterative solution procedures

Full Newton-Raphson (default)
Residual
2
δu
1
∆u
* Assembly and decomposition of stiffness matrix during

every iteration or recycle
* Good convergence
* Expensive for large systems

Review of The Finite Element Method Direct incremental-iterative solution procedures
Modified Newton-Raphson:
Residual
2
δu
1
∆u
* Assembly and decomposition of stiffness matrix only at

start of increment
* Slow convergence behavior
* Effective for mildly nonlinear problems without material

nonlinearities

Iterative solution procedures Review of The Finite Element Method
Iterative solution procedures

To contrast direct and iterative solvers let’s suppose the system
equation is, f(x) = sqrt(x) -1 = 0. The direct solver would
require the construction of the inverse of the stiffness matrix.
An iterative approach would not. A Direct Solver must get an
inverse, for a newton method we have,
i
i+1 if (x )
x = x – --------------
i
f '( x ) Inverse
where as the iterative solver does not. Here since sqrt(x)=1,
then the equation can be rewritten as x=sqrt(x) and hence,
i+1 i
x = sqrt ( x ) No Inverse
The convergence of the two are plotted below:

Review of The Finite Element Method Convergence Checking
Convergence Checking
Termination of iterative procedure when convergence ratio
is less than Tol 1 (default Tol 1 = Tol 2 = 0.1 ). Types
include:
Residual checking, possible in one cycle:

F residual max M residual max
Relative: ---------------------------------- < Tol 1 and/or ------------------------------------ < Tol 2
F reaction max M reaction max
Absolute: F residual max
< Tol 1 and/or M residual max
< Tol 2
F residual max
= maximum residual force
F reaction max
= maximum reaction force
Displacement checking, not possible in one cycle:

δu max δϕ max
Relative: - < Tol 1
------------------ and/or ------------------- < Tol 2
du max dϕ max
Absolute: δu max < Tol 1 and/or δϕ max < Tol 2

1 1 1 1 2 2 1
with: du = ∆u , δu = ∆u , δu = ∆u – ∆u , etc.
δu max = maximum displacement change

du max = maximum displacement increment

Convergence Checking Review of The Finite Element Method
Residual checking, the residuals and reactions

Note that the residuals are the difference between the external
forces and the internal forces at each node, namely:
F residual = F external – ∑ ∫ B σ dV
T
e Ωe
The nodal reactions are from the system equations, namely:
F reaction = f r = – ( K su a u + K ss a s )
The maximum residuals and reactions occur at different

degrees-of freedom that have the largest magnitude, namely:
i
F residual max
= Max( F residual ) ; i = 1, maxdof
and
i
F reaction max
= Max( F reaction ) ; i = 1, maxdof
Finally, residual convergence checking can be switched from

relative to absolute. When this feature is selected, the switch
will occur when the Minimum Reaction Cutoff (user specified)
is reached. When the switch occurs, the Maximum Residual
will be less that the Maximum Absolute Residual that is speci-
fied. Both the reactions and residuals are placed on the post file
as a single vector for post processing.

Review of The Finite Element Method Convergence Checking
Displacement checking, the maximum displacement

change and maximum displacement increment
More that one recycle is necessary because the maximum displacement
change is the maximum displacement increment on the first recycle.
For relative displacement checking, the convergence ratio becomes:
δu max ∆u
i+1
– ∆u max
i
conv ratio = ------------------- = -------------------------------------------
du max i
∆u max
Graphically this is shown as:
Residual
i+1 i
∆u – ∆u
i
∆u

Convergence Checking Review of The Finite Element Method
Convergence Ratio versus Recycle Number:
There are those cases where convergence does not happen,

and things can get interesting like the Mandelbrot set.

Review of The Finite Element Method Equation Solvers
Equation Solvers
Equation solvers are used during the solution phase as
shown in step 5. Below is a list of current MARC solvers.
Direct Profile
Supports all MARC capabilities
In-Core and Out-of-Core memory allocation
Solves Real, Complex, Symmetric, Non-symmetric sys-
tems
Positive definite or Non-Positive definite
OK if Singularity ratio is above 1e-8
Direct Sparse (default)

Supports most MARC capabilities with less memory
Real systems

Equation Solvers Review of The Finite Element Method
Iterative Sparse
Supports most MARC capabilities with lest memory
In-Core memory allocation
Real symmetric systems
Mostly for Positive definite, no gap elements
Don’t use ELASTIC, EIGENVALE or Modified Newton
Raphson
Full system matrix is never decomposed
Iterative Element by Element

Supports most MARC capabilities with less memory
Mostly for Positive definite, no gap elements, generalized
plane strain, pipe bend, rebar, parabolic Hermann
Don’t use ELASTIC, EIGENVALE or Modified Newton
Raphson, JOULE, Bearing, Nodal based friction
Full system matrix is never decomposed
Hardware Profile/Sparse
Convex:
Based on MARC direct solver
Uses vectorization capability of Convex
Cray:
Based on MARC direct solver
Uses vectorization capability of Cray
SGI R8000:
Profile solver
Sparse solver
Better memory management version of above

Equation Solvers Review of The Finite Element Method
Solvers at a Glance
Table 1:Solvers at a Glance
Feature Direct Sparse Iterative EBE
Real YES YES YES YES

Complex YES NO NO NO
Symmetric YES YES YES YES
Non/Symmetric YES NO NO NO
In-Core YES YES YES YES
Out-of-Core YES YES NO YES
Non-positive definite YES YES YES YES
Gap Elements YES YES NO NO
Lower Herrmann YES YES YES YES
Higher Herrmann YES YES YES NO
Direct solvers construct the inverse of the system matrix. In

doing so, MARC prints the a singularity ratio which is the ratio
of the smallest to largest pivot numbers. In static and steady
state solutions, the singularity ratio can be zero because of rigid
modes. Physical examples include no displacement constraints
for statics, and improper thermal constraints for heat transfer.
In these cases, the displacements and temperatures are
unbounded. Usually this is a modeling error.
If the singularity ratio is above 1e-8, all is OK.


CHAPTER 3 Geometrically Nonlinear Analysis
The purpose of this chapter is to focus on

the nonlinearities associated with the geom-
etry of large displacements that can arise
because the original and deformed geome-
try is no longer assumed to be the same.

Geometrically Nonlinear Analysis Updating the Geometry of a 2 Bar Truss
Updating the Geometry of a 2 Bar Truss

Let’s examine the two bar truss below, and update the deformation as
the truss deforms because of the load applied.
2a
U =  -------- f
L 2
 AE
a
∂U PL
L d = = -------- g ( ξ )
∂P AE
d
f f 2
d [1 + (1 + ξ) ]
ξ = --- ; g ( ξ ) = ----------------------------------
a 2(1 + ξ)
2
P
We see that the displace-

ment under the load P
depends upon the current
configuration. Iterating for
the final displacement, d,
for various applied loads
shows the affect of updat-
ing the geometry. Note that
accounting for large dis-
placement shows a stiffer
structure.

Linear strain-displacement relation Geometrically Nonlinear Analysis
Linear strain-displacement relation

v1 v2
L
ϕ u2
1 u1 2
u1
∂u – 1 1 v1 u2
ε = ----- = ------ 0 --- 0 = -----
∂x L L u2 L
v2
* Small rigid body rotation:
u 2 ≈ 0 , v 2 ≈ ϕL
hence: ε≈0
* Arbitrary rigid body rotation:
u 2 = L ( cos ϕ – 1 ) , v 2 = L sin ϕ
hence:
ε = cos ϕ – 1 ≠ 0

Geometrically Nonlinear Analysis Nonlinear strain-displacement relation
Nonlinear strain-displacement relation

2D truss element (Green-Lagrange strain definition):
∂u 1  ∂u 2 1  ∂v 2
ε = ----- + --- ----- + --- -----
∂ x 2  ∂ x 2  ∂x
with:
∂u u2 ∂v v2
----- = ----- and ----- = -----
∂x L ∂x L
* Arbitrary rigid body rotation:

1 2 1 2
ε = cos ϕ – 1 + --- ( cos ϕ – 1 ) + --- ( sin ϕ ) = 0
2 2
Geometrically nonlinear strain-displacement relation 3D

continuum:
∂u 1  ∂u 2 1  ∂v 2 1  ∂w 2

ε xx = ----- + --- ----- + --- ----- + --- ------
∂ x 2  ∂ x 2  ∂x 2  ∂x 
..........
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂u ∂v ∂v ∂w ∂w
γ xy = ----- + ----- + ----- ----- + ----- ----- + ------ ------
∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y

Nonlinear strain-displacement relation Geometrically Nonlinear Analysis
Green-Lagrange strain definition is activated using the

LARGE DISP parameter option
The stress tensor corresponding to the Green- Lagrange

strain tensor is the Second Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor:
Parameter option Strain tensor Stress tensor
Engineering Engineering
large disp Green-Lagrange 2nd Piola-

Kirchhoff
Geometrically linear and nonlinear response 2D truss

assembly:
F geometrically
linear
F
geometrically
nonlinear
v
v

Geometrically Nonlinear Analysis Follower Forces
Follower Forces
Distributed loads are taken into account by means of equiva-

lent nodal loads; changes in direction and area can be taken
into account using the parameter option FOLLOW FOR
Total Lagrange versus Updated Lagrange
0 Total
1 Lagrange
2
3
0
1 Updated
Lagrange
2
3
Updated Lagrange is especially useful for beam and shell
structures with large rotations and for large strain plastic-
ity problems
Updated Lagrange is activated using the UPDATE parame-

ter option

Load incrementation Geometrically Nonlinear Analysis
Load incrementation
F
constant or
variable
load
increments
u
F
snap-through
variable
u load
F increments
snap-back

Geometrically Nonlinear Analysis Load incrementation
Constant load increments
i F
∆F = ----------
N inc
with:
∆F : incremental load during increment i
F : total load to be applied
N inc : total number of increments
Variable load increments (equilibrium):
i i–1
∆F = α∆F
with:
α : factor depending on equilibrium during increment

i–1 ;i≥2 ,α>0
* Initial load increment must be defined by user

Load incrementation Geometrically Nonlinear Analysis
Variable load increments (arc length method):
∆F = ∆λF
with:
∆λ : factor following from requirement that the

length of the incremental displacement vector
(arc length) remains constant during one step;
∆λ may be positive or negative
* Initial load increment must be defined by user
* The arc length may be changed based on number

of iterations (increase if necessary number is
smaller than desired number, decrease if necessary
number is larger than desired number)
* Be careful with initially nearly linear response

(limit maximum arc length multiplier):

Geometrically Nonlinear Analysis Bucking analyses
Bucking analyses
Linear pre-buckling state:
F
F cr e.g. buckling of
Euler column
F1 F
u
u
cr
The buckling load F is given by:
cr
F = λ1 F 1
where λ 1 is the smallest value following from the

eigenvalue problem:
det ( K L + λK σ ) = 0
with K σ based on the stresses corresponding to F 1
* Perform buckling analysis immediately after

increment 0

Bucking analyses Geometrically Nonlinear Analysis
Non-linear pre-buckling state:
F 1cr
F
F 2cr
F cr
F2
F1
u
The buckling loads are given by:
cr
F 1 = λ1 F 1
cr
F 2 = F 1 + λ 2 ( F 2 – F 1 ) , etc.
where λ 2 is the smallest value following from an

eigenvalue problem similar to the linear buckling
analysis, but with the complete tangent matrix
K L + K NL + K σ taken into account
* Perform buckling analysis after increment 1, etc.
* Usually, a complete incremental analysis is

preferable

Geometrically Nonlinear Analysis Bucking analyses

CHAPTER 4 Nonlinear Material Behavior

those nonlinearities caused by the material
behavior.

Nonlinear Material Behavior Types of nonlinear material behavior
Types of nonlinear material behavior
Plasticity
Creep
Introductory
course
Nonlinear elasticity
(incompressible
Mooney)
Nonlinear elasticity
(incompressible/com- Special topic
courses
pressible)
Visco-elasticity
Visco-plasticity
Damage
Cracking
Etc.

What about linear materials? How is E measured? Nonlinear Material Behavior
What about linear materials? How is E measured?
Tension/Compression
P⁄A P, ∆L
E =  -------------------
 ( ∆L ) ⁄ L
Torsion
T, φ
Tc ⁄ J
E = 2 ( 1 + υ )  -------------
 φ 
Bending P, δ
3
PL
E = ---------
3δI
Wave Speed
2
E = c ρ
Do you expect all of these E’s to be the same for

the same material?

Nonlinear Material Behavior Plasticity; Constitutive Relation, uni-axial tensile test
Plasticity; Constitutive Relation, uni-axial tensile test

y
σ
p
ε ε
e
ε
y
σ
p
ε
Uni-axial data is transferred into a multi- axial stress situ-

ation using a yield criterion: F ( σ ij ) – σ y = 0 , σ ij is the
true (Cauchy) stress tensor e.g. von Mises yield criterion:
2 2 2 2
{ F ( σ ij ) } = σ xx + σ yy + σ zz – σ xx σ yy – σ yy σ zz
– σ zz σ xx + 3 ( σ xy
2 + σ 2 + σ 2 ) where,
yz zx
σ ij is the true (Cauchy) stress tensor, whereas, σ y is the

yield stress from a uniaxial test.

Plasticity; Constitutive Relation, uni-axial tensile test Nonlinear Material Behavior
Plasticity; von Mises yield surface is just a cylinder
σ2
σ ij σ2
σ vm
σ1
σ3
σ3 σ1
Multi-axial stress converted to a single equivalent stress to

compare with uni-axial strength using a yield criterion:
F ( σ ij ) – σ y = 0 = σ vm – σ y , σ vm is the equivalent von Mises
Stress.
The von Mises yield criterion in terms of principal stresses,

σ i , ( i = 1, 3 ) , becomes:
2 2 2 2
2 { F ( σ ij ) } = ( σ 1 – σ 3 ) + ( σ 1 – σ 2 ) + ( σ 2 – σ 3 )

Nonlinear Material Behavior Every integration point tracks the Constitutive Relation
Every integration point tracks the Constitutive Relation
Plasticity; Other Yield Criteria:

Every integration point tracks the Constitutive Relation Nonlinear Material Behavior
Hardening rules
* Ideally plastic: F ( σ ij ) – σ y = 0
p
* Isotropic hardening: F ( σ ij ) – σ y ( ε ) = 0
* Kinematic hardening: F ( σ ij – α ij ) – σ y = 0
p
* Combined: F ( σ ij – α ij ) – σ y ( ε ) = 0
ideally plastic
kinematic hardening
isotropic hardening

Stress and Strain measures

A 0, L 0
F F
A, L 0 + ∆L = L
F F
F ∆L
- , ε̃ = -------
Engineering stress/strain: σ̃ = -----
A0 L0
F
Cauchy stress/Log strain: σ = --- , ε = ln ( 1 + ε̃ )
A
The strain corresponding t to the true stress is the true or
logarithmic strain, ε = ∫ ε̇ dτ = ln ( 1 + ε̃ ) . It is called the
Total Equivalent Strain.0 The Cauchy stresses and logarith-
mic strains are activated using the parameter option
UPDATE. The Cauchy stress can be estimated as:
σ = σ̃ ⁄ ( 1 – ε̃ ) , assuming that AL = A 0 L 0
For large strain plasticity problems, include alsothe

parameter option FINITE, or Large Strain NRM..

Every integration point tracks the Constitutive Relation Nonlinear Material Behavior
Plasticity; Entering Material Work Hardening Data

Usual material data for plasticity is contained in the stress-
strain diagram. Where the strain is the total strain. MARC
expects the work hardening to be from the stress-plastic
strain diagram.
Usual material data
Slope = E
y
σ
MARC expects this ε
p
ε = ε – σy ⁄ E
y
σ
p
ε

Temperature Dependent Plasticity

Usual material data for plasticity is contained in the stress-
strain diagram for several temperatures.
In MARC analysis, it is better to use subroutine WKSLP.
Usual material data

y
σ
WKSLP Interpolates over all Temperatures ε

y
σ
p
ε

Creep Nonlinear Material Behavior
Creep
Constitutive Relation, uni-axial creep test
y
σ
Slope = E
c e ε
ε ε
Multi-axial stress converted to a single equivalent stress to

compare with uni-axial strength using the von Mises yield
criterion:
2 2 2 2
2 { F ( σ ij ) } = ( σ 1 – σ 3 ) + ( σ 1 – σ 2 ) + ( σ 2 – σ 3 )
Every integration point must track the Constitutive Rela-

tion.

Nonlinear Material Behavior Creep
Creep Material Input

Material behavior is defined by describing the creep strain
rate. MARC integrates this wrt time to calculate the creep
strain in any increment.
Creep strain rates are, in general, a function of applied

stress, the current creep strain, the temperature, and the
current time.
In MARC, two methods exist for describing these depen-

dencies. Each dependency can be given by a piecewise lin-
ear function, or by a power law.
dk ( t )
Piecewise linear: ε̇ c = A • f ( σ ) • g ( ε c ) • h ( T ) • -------------
dt
Power Law: n
ε̇ c = Aσ m • ( ε c ) • T p • ( qt q – 1 )
A combined elastic-plastic-creep model developed at Oak

Ridge National Lab is also available in MARC.
More general creep strain rate equations may be specified

using the MARC usersubroutine CRPLAW

Creep Hardening rules at Stress Changes

a) Time Hardening (Time fixed for creep increment)
b) Strain Hardening (Strain fixed for creep increment)
a
b b a

Nonlinear Material Behavior Creep
Stress and Temperature Dependent Creep

Creep test data are for several stress and temperature lev-
els. In the analysis, it is better to use subroutine CRPLAW
for interpolations and hardening rules.
Typical material data at one temperature

c
ε

Overview stress/strain parameter options:

Parameter option Strain tensor Stress tensor
Engineering Engineering
large disp Green-Lagrange 2nd Piola-

Kirchhoff
update
finite Logarithmic Cauchy
(large disp)

Nonlinear Material Behavior Neo-Hookean Material Model
Neo-Hookean Material Model

It took nearly 300 years to add the “new” part to Hooke’s Law and a
few more years for finite element analysis to deal with incompressible
materials by Hermann.
Hookean (1660)
σ = 2 ( 1 + υ )Gε τ = Gγ
Neo-Hookean (1940)
–2
σ = G[(1 + ε) – (1 + ε) ] τ = Gγ

Neo-Hookean Material Model Nonlinear Material Behavior
Definitions, Stretch ratios, Engineering Strain:
L i + ∆L i
λ i = -------------------- = 1 + ε i eng. strain, ε i = ( ∆L i ⁄ L i )
Li
L1 t3
t2
L3
λ1 L1
L2
t1 λ3 L3 λ2 L2
t1
t2
t3
Incompressibility:
λ1 λ2 λ3 = 1
From Thermodynamics and statistical mechanics,

First order approximation (neo-Hookean):
1 2 2 2
W = --- G ( λ 1 + λ 2 + λ 3 – 3 )
2

Neo-Hookean Material Model
Experimental Verification using Simple Extension
λ1 = λ λ2 = λ3 = 1 ⁄ λ
Hence:
W = --- G  λ + --- – 3
1 2 2
2  λ 
Engineering Stress:
σ = dW ⁄ dλ = G  λ – ----- =
1
 2
λ
= G  1 + ε – -------------------
1
 2
(1 + ε)
σ
True Stress: t = ---------- = λσ = G  λ – ---
2 1
1⁄λ  λ
Simple, one parameter material model.
Positive G guarantees material model stability.

Neo-Hookean Material Extension Deformation

Theory versus experiments:
6.0
experiment
Engineering stress (N/mm )
2
4.0
theory
2.0
0.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Extension ratio

Neo-Hookean Material Shear Deformation
Experimental Verification using Simple Shear:

Y
atan γ
X
1
If λ 1 = λ , then λ 2 = --- and λ 3 = 1
λ
Equivalent shear strain γ :
1
γ = λ – ---
λ
Strain energy function:
W = --- G  λ + ----- – 2 = --- Gγ

1 2 1 1 2
2  λ
2  2
Shear stress τ depends linearly on shear strain γ
dW
τ = -------- = Gγ
dγ

Neo-Hookean Material Shear Deformation
Theory versus experiments:
theory
1.6
1.2
Shear stress (N/mm )
2
experiment
0.8
0.4
0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Shear strain

Nonlinear Material Behavior 2-Constant Mooney Extensional Deformation
2-Constant Mooney Extensional Deformation
Basic assumptions:
(1) The rubber is incompressible and isotropic

(2) Hooke’s law is obeyed in simple shear
Strain energy function with two constants:
2 2 2 1 1 1 
W = C 1 ( λ 1 + λ 2 + λ 3 – 3 ) + C 2  ----- + ----- + ----- – 3
 λ 21 λ 22 λ 23 
Simple shear:
 2 1  2
W = ( C 1 + C 2 )  λ 1 + ----- – 2 = ( C 1 + C 2 )γ
 λ1 
2
τ = dW ⁄ dγ = 2 ( C 1 + C 2 )γ
Hence G = 2 ( C 1 + C 2 )

2-Constant Mooney Extensional Deformation Nonlinear Material Behavior
2-Constant Mooney Extensional Deformation
 1  C 2 σ C2
σ = 2 λ – ----- C 1 + ------ or ------------------------------ = C 1 + ------
 2  λ 2 λ
λ 2(λ – 1 ⁄ λ )
Theory versus experiments
0.4
G
F
σ/2(λ−1/λ ) (N/mm )
0.3
2
E
D
2
C
A
0.2 B
0.1
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
1/λ

Nonlinear Material Behavior Other Mooney-Rivlin Models
Other Mooney-Rivlin Models
Basic assumptions:
(1) The rubber is incompressible and isotropic in the

unstrained state
(2) The strain energy function must depend on even

powers of λ i
The three simplest possible even-powered functions

(invariants):
2 2 2
I 1 = λ1 + λ2 + λ3
2 2 2 2 2 2
I 2 = λ1 λ2 + λ2 λ3 + λ3 λ1
2 2 2
I 3 = λ1 λ2 λ3
Incompressibility implies that I 3 = 1 , so that:
W = W ( I 1, I 2 )

Other Mooney-Rivlin Models Nonlinear Material Behavior
Other Mooney-Rivlin Models
Mooney material in terms of invariants:
W = C1( I 1 – 3) + C2( I 2 – 3) (Mooney’s original notation)
W = C 10 ( I 1 – 3 ) + C 01 ( I 2 – 3 ) (Mooney-Rivlin notation)
Some other proposed energy functions:
The Signiorini form:
2
W = C 10 ( I 1 – 3 ) + C 01 ( I 2 – 3 ) + C 20 ( I 1 – 3 )
The Yeoh form:
2 3
W = C 10 ( I 1 – 3 ) + C 20 ( I 1 – 3 ) + C 30 ( I 1 – 3 )
Third order Deformation Form

(James, Green and Simpson):
W = C 10 ( I 1 – 3 ) + C 01 ( I 2 – 3 ) + C 11 ( I 1 – 3 ) ( I 2 – 3 ) +
2 3
C 20 ( I 1 – 3 ) + C 30 ( I 1 – 3 )

Nonlinear Material Behavior Ogden Models
Ogden Models
Slightly compressible rubber:
N –αn 1 2
µ n -------- αn αn αn  --3- 
∑
3
W = ------ J ( λ 1 + λ 2 + λ 3 ) – 3 + 4.5K  J – 1
αn  
n=1
µ n and α n are material constants,
K is the initial bulk modulus, and

J is the volumetric ratio, defined by
J = λ1 λ2 λ3
The order of magnitude of the volumetric changes per unit

volume should be 0.01
Usually, the number of terms taken into account in

the Ogden models is N = 2 or N = 3 .

Foam Models Nonlinear Material Behavior
Foam Models
Elastomer foams:
N N
µn αn α α µn β
W = ∑ ------ [ λ 1 + λ 2 n + λ 3 n – 3 ] +
αn ∑ ------ ( 1 – J n )
βn
n=1 n=1
µ n , α n and β n are material constants

Nonlinear Material Behavior Foam Models

CHAPTER 5 Contact Analysis
This features allows for the automated

solution of problems where contact occurs
between deformable and rigid bodies. It
does not require special elements to be
placed at the points of contact. This contact
algorithm automatically detects nodes
entering contact and generates the appro-
priate constraints to insure no penetration
occurs and maintains compatibility of dis-
placements across touching surfaces.

Contact Analysis Definition Of Contact Bodies
Definition Of Contact Bodies
Contact Body - Any group of

elements or geometric enti-
ties that may contact them-
selves or others.
Types of Contact Bodies:
Deformable - Collection of
elements. Rigid - Collection of
geometric entities or heat
transfer elements
Add elements to contact body,
here 90 elements are added to
contact body, cbody1.
Analytic contact may be used

to smooth facets of element
edges or faces.
By default Rigid bodies are

controlled with displacement,
unless specified here.
Geometric curves/surfaces
have to be properly oriented.

Definition Of Contact Bodies Contact Analysis
Definition Of Contact Bodies
Contact Body - Any group

of elements or geometric
entities that may contact
themselves or others.
Types of Contact Bodies:
Deformable - Collection
of elements. Rigid - Col-
lection of geometric enti-
ties or heat transfer
elements
Add elements to contact
body, here 1 curve is
added to body, cbody2.
This bodies position is
controlled by a table.

Contact Analysis Control Of Rigid Bodies
Control Of Rigid Bodies

Rigid bodies can be controlled by their velocity, position or load.
❑ Prescribe translational and/or rotational velocity as a

function of time using a time table.
❑ Prescribe position/rotation as a function of time.
❑ Prescribe force on rigid body as a function of time:
✻ define force on additional node
✻ connect node to rigid contact body
✻ motion of rigid contact body is in direction of
applied force; motion in perpendicular direction
is constrained

Contact Procedure Contact Analysis
Contact Procedure
Deformable to Rigid Body Contact
Case 1: Contact Not Detected When
∆u A • n < D – d Rigid Body
(set of curves or
Cases 2,3: Contact Detected When surfaces)
∆u A • n – d ≤ D
n
Case 4: Penetration Detected When ∆u A
∆u A • n > D + d
A D D
Case 1 2 3 4
Deformable Body
(set of elements) d
with:
∆u A : incremental displacement vector of node A
n : unit normal vector with proper orientation
D : contact distance (Default = h/20 or t/4)
F s : separation force (Default = Maximum Residual)
Case 1: Node A does not touch, no constraint applied.
Case 2: Node A is near rigid body within tolerance, con-
tact constraint pulls node to contact surface if F < F s .
Case 3: Node A penetrates within tolerance, contact con-
strain pushes node to contact surface.
Case 4: Node A penetrates out of tolerance and increment
gets split (loads reduced) until no penetration.
Contact Analysis Bias Factor
Bias Factor
By default, the contact tolerance is equally applied to both sides of a
segment; this can be changed by introducing a bias factor B
(0 ≤ B ≤ 1 ):
D contact ( 1 – B )
D contact
D contact D contact ( 1 + B )
default with bias factor
Choosing B > 0 may be useful to
* reduce increment splitting, since the distance to

cause penetration is increased
* improve accuracy, since the distance below which a

node comes into contact is reduced:
default with bias factor

Bias Factor Contact Analysis
Deformable To Deformable Contact

Discrete deformable contact (default) is based on piecewise
linear geometry description of either 2-node edges in 2
dimensions or 4-node faces in 3 dimensions on the outer
surface of all contacting meshes.
actual geometry
finite element approximation
contacting body
contact tolerance
y A
x
contacted body
Then the contact constraint:
✻ defines tying relation for displacement component of con-

tacting node in local y -direction
✻ applys correction on position in local y -direction

Contact Analysis Bias Factor
Potential Errors Due To Piecewise Linear Description:

Tying relation may be not completely correct due to the
assumption that the normal direction is constant for a
complete segment.
If contacting node slides from one segment to another,

a discontinuity in the normal direction may occur.
The correction on the position of the contacting node

may be not completely correct.
Analytical Deformable Contact Bodies:

Replace 2-node linear edges by cubic splines (2D) or
4-node bi-linear patches by bi-cubic Coons surfaces
(3D).
You must take care of nodes (2D) and edges (3D) where
the outer normal vector is discontinuous.
You may wish to use extended precision.

1
Advantages are smoother contact where in 2D, C -continu-
1
ity is obtained, and in 3D, at least pointwise C -continuity
is obtained. Analytical deformable contact must be turned
on, whereas, rigid bodies default to analytic contact where
the curves or surfaces are represented as NURBS during
contact.
Contact Flowchart Contact Analysis
Contact Flowchart
Input
Initial set up of contact bodies
Incremental data input
Check on contact
Set up of contact constraints

begin increment
begin iteration
Apply distributed loads
Assemble stiffness matrix; include friction
Apply contact constraints

Change Solve set of equations
contact
constraints Recover stresses
Update contact constraints

Split No
increment “Converged” solution?
Yes Yes
Separation?
Yes No
Penetration?
No No
Last increment?
Yes
Stop

Contact Analysis Symmetry Body
Symmetry Body
Symmetry bodies often provide an easy way to impose symmetry con-
ditions; they may be used instead of the TRANSFORMATION and
SERVO LINK options that WILL CAUSE PROBLEMS in contact as
these nodes come into contact. A symmetry plane is characterized by a
very high separation force, so that only a movement tangential to the
contact segment is possible The symmetry plane option can only be
invoked for rigid surfaces
deformable_body
symmetry_plane_1
symmetry_plane_2
none

Rigid With Heat Transfer Contact Analysis
Rigid With Heat Transfer
50
20o
R=6
billet 20
4.75 4
35 25
channel
Model 1: deformable-rigid (stress or coupled analysis)

billet
channel
none geometrical entities

(straight lines and a
circular arc)
MARC element 10 deformable-rigid (stress or coupled analysis)

Contact Analysis Rigid With Heat Transfer
Model 2: deformable-rigid (coupled analysis)
billet
channel
Rigid w Heat Transfer
MARC element 40
none
MARC element 10 deformable-rigid (coupled analysis)
Model 3: deformable-deformable (stress or coupled analy-

sis)
billet
channel
MARC element 10
none
MARC element 10 deformable-deformable (stress or coupled analysis)

Contact Table Contact Analysis
Contact Table
3 2
Contact Table Properties:
single sided contact:
Only body 2 may contact itself

Contact Analysis Contact Table
Contact Table
Very useful for specifying parameters between contacting
bodies
Contact tables must be turned on initially in contact con-

trol, or during any loadcase to become active. With no con-
tact tables active, all bodies can come into contact including
self contact

Contact Table Contact Analysis
Contact Areas
Very useful for defining certain nodes of a body that may
enter contact.
Like contact tables, contact areas must be turned on ini-

tially in contact control, or during any loadcase to become
active. With no contact areas active, all nodes of all bodies
can come into contact.
Both contact table and contact areas can reduce the

amount of node to segment checking and can save compute
time.

Contact Analysis Exclude Segments During Contact Detection
Exclude Segments During Contact Detection

Exclude segment will influence the searching done for nodes detected
in the contact zone during self contact.
Contact table, contact node and

exclude affect the initial search
for contact; once a node is in
contact, this is not undone by
these options.
Options to influence search for contact include:

❑ Contact table: define which bodies can potentially come
into contact (defined per loadcase)
❑ Contact node: define which nodes of a body can poten-
tially come into contact (defined per loadcase)
❑ Single sided contact: searching for contact is not done
with respect to bodies with a lower body number (defined
for the whole analysis)
❑ Exclude: define which segments of a body can never be
contacted (defined per loadcase)

Exclude Segments During Contact Detection Contact Analysis
Effect Of Exclude Option:
Standard contact
excluded segments
With exclude option

Contact Analysis Exclude Segments During Contact Detection
Contacting Nodes And Contacted Segments

For 3D continua, an automatic check on the direction of the
normal vectors is included:
Contacting body nodes Contacted body patches
Contact will not be accepted if n node ⋅ n patch > 0.05
Shell Thickness Is Taken Into Account According To:
❑ 2D: one fourth of the shell thickness only if the body is

contacted.
❑ 3D: one fourth of the shell thickness for both the contact-
ing and the contacted body.

Friction Model Types Contact Analysis
Friction Model Types

Friction coefficient is specified in contact body or contact
table. Although the coefficient is entered a specific friction
model type must be selected for friction to be active.

Contact Analysis Stick-Slip Friction Model
Stick-Slip Friction Model

Discovered by Leonardo da Vinci in the 15th century and
verified by experiments by Charles A. Coulomb in the 18th
century, this stick-slip friction model uses a penalty method
to describe the step function of Columb’s Law.
Ft
αµF n
µF n
2β
2εβ
∆u t
with:
F t ≤ µF n static , F t ≤ αµF n kinetic
∆u t :incremental tangential displacement

–6
β :slip to stick transition region (default 1 ×10
α : coefficient multiplier (default 1.05)
e : friction force tolerance (default 0.05)
–6
ε :small constant, so that εβ ≈ 0 (fixed at 1 ×10 )

Coulomb (Sliding) Friction Model Contact Analysis
Coulomb (Sliding) Friction Model

Implementation of this friction model has been done using
nonlinear dashpots whose stiffness depend on the relative
sliding velocity as:
slip Ft
stick
C vr
MARC approximation
slip
MARC approximation:
2  v r
F t ≤ µF n --- atan ----
π  C
with:
C : “relative sliding velocity below which sticking is sim-

ulated” (Default = 1.0!)

Contact Analysis Shear (Sliding) Friction Model
Shear (Sliding) Friction Model

This friction model has the has been done using nonlinear
dashpots whose stiffness depend on the relative sliding
velocity as:
slip σt
stick
C vr
MARC approximation
slip
However the friction force depends upon a fraction of the

shear strength of the material, not the normal force:
 Y 2  v r
σt ≤ µ ------
- --
- atan ----
 3 π  C
with:
C : “relative sliding velocity below which sticking is sim-

ulated” (Default = 1.0!)

Shear (Sliding) Friction Model Contact Analysis
Coulomb Sliding Friction Model Use Stresses Or Forces

Nodal stresses: (Applies to continuum elements)
define distributed load p t in opposite direction of rela-
tive sliding velocity: p t = µσ n,where, µ , friction coeffi-
cient and, σ n , normal stress in contact point
vr
pt
Nodal forces: (Always used for shell elements)

define nodal load F t in opposite direction of relative slid-
ing velocity, F t = µF n , where, µ , friction coefficient and,
F n , normal force in contact point
vr
Ft Ft

Contact Analysis Glued Contact
Glued Contact
Sometimes a complex body can be split up into parts which can be
meshed relatively easy:
* define each part as a contact body
* invoke the glue option (CONTACT TABLE) to obtain tying

equations not only normal but also tangential to contact seg-
ments
* enter a large separation force
body 1
body 2
Z

Glued Contact Contact Analysis
Glued Contact
Gluing rigid to deformable bodies can help simulate testing because
testing of materials generally involves measuring the force and dis-
placement of the rigid grips. Here is an example of a planar tension
(pure shear) rubber specimen being pulled by two grips. The grip force
versus displacement curve is directly available on the post file and can
be compared directly to the force and displacement measured.

Contact Analysis Release Option
Release Option
The release option provides the possibility to deactivate a contact
body: upon entering a body to be released, all nodes being in contact
with this body will be released. Using the release option e.g. a spring-
back effect can be simulated. Releasing nodes occurs at the beginning
of an increment. Make sure that the released body moves away to
avoid recontacting
Interference Check / Interference Closure Amount

By means of the interference check, an initial overlap will be removed
at the beginning of increment 1
By means of an interference closure amount an overlap or a gap
between contacting bodies can be defined per increment:
* positive value: overlap
* negative value: gap

Forces On Rigid Bodies Contact Analysis
Forces On Rigid Bodies

During the analysis rigid bodies have all forces and moments resolved
to a single point which is the centroid shown below.
This makes rigid bodies useful to monitor the force versus displace-
ment behavior as shown at the right.
Body 3 Force Y

Contact Analysis Forces On Rigid Bodies
Forces On Rigid Bodies

Vector plotting External Force will show the forces at each node result-
ing from the contact constraints.

CHAPTER 6 Heat Transfer and Thermal Stresses
The purpose of this chapter is to focus how

MARC performs heat transfer analysis and
its impact to thermal stress analysis.

Heat Transfer and Thermal Stresses Mathmetical Formulation
Mathmetical Formulation
v ( x, t )
˜ ˜
material flow velocity
T ( x, t )
˜
temperature
n
˜ distribution
CONTINUUM q ( x, t )
˜ ˜
energy flow
density
Q ( x, t )
˜
Y source distribution
T
X x = ( x , y, z )
Z ˜
* energy conservation law:

∂T T
ρC p ------ + ∇ q = Q
∂t ˜ ˜
with:
ρ : mass density
C p : specific heat
 ∂ ∂ ∂ T
∇ : gradient operator , ,
˜  ∂ x ∂ y ∂ z

Mathmetical Formulation Heat Transfer and Thermal Stresses
Mathematical Formulation
Energy flow density is given by a diffusion and convection
part:
q = – Λ∇ T + ρC p T v
˜ ˜ ˜
where Λ is the conductivity matrix. Assume that the contin-
uum is incompressible and that there is no spatial variation
of ρ and C p :
∂T T T
ρC p ------ + ρC p v ∇ T – ∇ ( Λ∇ T ) = Q
∂t ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜
Without convection this reduces to:
∂T 2
ρC p ------ – λ∇ T = Q
∂t ˜
where λ is the conductivity

Heat Transfer and Thermal Stresses Boundary conditions
Boundary conditions
Description Corresponding
Mentat BC type
1) prescribed temperature: fixed temperature
T = T ( x, t )
2) prescribed energy flow edge/face flux

density normal to surface:
∂T
– λ ------- = q
∂n
3) convective heat transfer edge/face film
to the environment:
∂T
– λ ------- = h ( T – T ∞ )
∂n
h: film coefficient
T∞: environmental
temperature

Boundary conditions Heat Transfer and Thermal Stresses
Boundary Conditions
4) radiative heat transfer

to the environment:
∂T 4 4
– λ ------ = σε ( T – T ∞ )
∂n
σ : Stefan-Boltzmann
constant
ε : emissivity
5) heat source or sink:
localized: point flux

Q ( x, t ) = Q ( t )δ ( x – x 0 )
˜ ˜ ˜
distributed: volume flux
Q ( x, t ) = Q ( x, t )
˜ ˜
Initial condition in transient analysis:
T ( x, 0 ) = T i ( x )
˜ ˜

Heat Transfer and Thermal Stresses Analogy between heat transfer and stress analysis
Analogy between heat transfer and stress analysis

Heat transfer analysis Stress analysis
temperature T displacement vector u
Fourier law stress-strain law
(distributed) heat flux (distributed) force

(scalar) (vector)
film (convective boundary spring F = k ( u – u 0 )

˜ ˜ ˜
condition) q = h ( T – T ∞ )
radiative boundary condition nonlinear spring

4 4
q = σε ( T – T ∞ )
heat flux density vector stress tensor
transient dynamic
(1st order) (2nd order)
heat capacity mass
steady state static

Spatial finite element discretization Heat Transfer and Thermal Stresses
Spatial finite element discretization

Approximate temperatures for a set of discrete points
(nodes) in spaceby expressing temperature T ( x, t ) in terms
of locally definedshape functions and nodal values
T 1(t )
T 2(t ) T
T ( x, t ) = N 1 ( x ) N 2 ( x ) ... N m ( x ) = N T
˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ .̇ ˜ ˜
T m(t )
where N i ( x ) are the shape functions and T i ( t ) arethe nodal

˜
temperatures. Using the Galerkin method, the heat transfer
problem can be written as a coupled set of first order ordi-
nary differential equations:
CT˙ + [ K + F ]T = Q with:
˜ ˜ ˜
C : heat capacity matrix
K : conductivity and convection matrix
F : contribution from convective boundary condition
Q : vector of nodal fluxes
˜
* In case of convection:
- Upwinding (SUPG method)
- Non-symmetric system matrix K

Heat Transfer and Thermal Stresses Linear heat transfer analysis
Linear heat transfer analysis

steady state: solution can be obtained by a single matrix
inversion:
–1
T = (K + F) Q
˜ ˜
transient: time discretization by means of finite differences:
Approximate nodal temperature at discrete points in time

n
T = T ( t 0 + n∆t )
˜ ˜
MARC uses a backward difference scheme is used to
approximate time derivative as:
n n–1
n T –T
T˙ ≅ ------------------------
˜ ˜ -
˜ ∆t
resulting finite difference scheme:
C n C n–1
----- + K + F T = ----- T +Q
∆t ˜ ∆t ˜ ˜

Nonlinear heat transfer analysis Heat Transfer and Thermal Stresses
Nonlinear heat transfer analysis

Nonlinearity can be caused by:
- temperature dependent conductivity or specific heat

- radiation boundary condition
- temperature dependent film coefficient or heat flux
Consequently, heat capacity matrix, conductivity matrix,

“film matrix” and equivalent nodal flux vector may be tem-
perature dependent.
steady state: applicable in case of mild nonlinearity; e.g. if

conductivity is slightly temperature dependent
* Solution can be obtained iteratively:

0
- start with: KT = Q
˜ ˜ are obtained by successive
- next approximations
n+1 n –1 n
substitution: T = [ K (T )] Q(T )
˜ ˜ ˜ ˜
n+1 n
- continue until: T –T max ≤ ∆T tol3
˜

Heat Transfer and Thermal Stresses Nonlinear heat transfer analysis
Nonlinear heat transfer analysis

transient analysis: necessary in case of severe nonlinear-
ity; e.g. radiation boundary condition
Solution can be obtained using nonlinear backward differ-

ence scheme:
* *
C(T ) * * n C(T ) n – 1 *
˜ - + K ( T ) + F ( T ) T = --------------
-------------- ˜ - T + Q(T )
∆t ˜ ˜ ˜ ∆t ˜ ˜ ˜
*
where T is the average nodal temperature vector in time
˜ *
increment ∆t first iteration within an increment n , T is
˜
taken as an extrapolated value of the previous two incre-
ments:
* 1 n–1 n–2
T 1 = --- ( 3T –T )
˜ 2 ˜ ˜
*
for the next iterations i , T follows from:
˜
* 1 n–1 n
T i = --- ( T + T i – 1)
˜ 2 ˜ ˜
* *
iterations are stopped if T i – 1 – T i max ≤ ∆T tol3
˜ ˜

Control values heat transfer analysis Heat Transfer and Thermal Stresses
Control values heat transfer analysis
∆T tol1 : maximum incremental temperature change at node

(def = 20); if the automatic time stepping scheme is selected,
the time step will be automatically increased or decreased if
necessary
∆T tol2 : maximum nodal temperature change before prop-

erties are reevaluated and matrices reassembled (def = 100)
∆T tol3 : maximum error in estimated nodal temperature;

used for property reevaluation (def = 0, test isbypassed)

Heat Transfer and Thermal Stresses Initial time step estimate
Initial time step estimate

Sometimes oscillatory behaviour if time step is too small;
e.g. heat penetration in an originally iso-thermal block
Tp
: analytical solution
: FEM approximation
T0
x
Better approximation can be obtained if:
- time step is INCREASED

- mesh is refined
- heat capacity matrix is lumped (linear elements)
Further MARC capabilities:
user subroutines for non-linear boundary conditions tyings

and heat transfer shell element with parabolic distribution
in thickness direction phase transitions

Coupled thermo-mechanical analysis Heat Transfer and Thermal Stresses
Coupled thermo-mechanical analysis

Overview physical effects attributing to coupling between
heat transfer part and mechanical part:
heat transfer
analysis
heat generated
thermal
expansion due to plastic
deformation
temperature changing geometry

dependent material due to large
properties deformations
temperature
dependent bound- changing contact
conditions
ary conditions
mechanical
analysis
Heat transfer and mechanical analysis can be done:
separately (temperature in mechanical analysis can be

directly defined or read in from heat transfer post file)
fully coupled (include all coupling effects; staggered algo-

rithm)

Heat Transfer and Thermal Stresses Heat Generated from Mechanical Sources
Heat Generated from Mechanical Sources

To determine the heat generated from mechanical sources
such as the work done plastic deformation (volumetric heat
generation) or friction heating (surface heat generation), it
is necessary to specify how much mechanical energy is con-
verted into thermal energy. In MARC this is specified with
the heat generation conversion factor specified in the Jobs
Parameter section in Mentat. This conversion factor is
composed of two factors.
C convfactor = ( Fraction ) ( Units )
The first factor called Fraction, is the amount of mechani-

cal energy converted to thermal energy, and is between
zero and one. Work by Farren and Taylor suggest a Frac-
tion of .9 is appropriate for metal plasticity. The second fac-
tor called Units must account for consistent units of
mechanical and thermal energy. For example, if the
mechanical properties are such that mechanical energy is
in Lbf-in, and the thermal energy is in BTU’s then the
value of Units becomes:
BTU
Units = ---------------------------------------------
777.9 ( 12 )Lbf – in
The default conversion factor is 1 where 100% of the

mechanical energy is converted to heat and the units of
mechanical and thermal energy are the same.
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Heat Transfer and Thermal Stresses
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

The MARC program always uses an instantaneous thermal
expansion coefficient defined as:
th
dε ij = α ij dT
or for isotropic behavior:

th
dε ij = αδ ij dT
In most cases, the thermal expansion data is given with

o
respect to a reference temperature T , as:
th o
ε = α(T – T )
Hence,
th dα o
dε = α + ------- ( T – T ) dT
dT
and the conversion of the expansion data to the instanta-
neous thermal expansion coefficient becomes:
dα o
α = α + ------- ( T – T )
dT

Heat Transfer and Thermal Stresses Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

CHAPTER 7 Dynamic Analysis

how MARC performs dynamic analysis.

Dynamic Analysis Dynamic Analysis Methods
Dynamic Analysis Methods

Eigen value extractions linear with pre-stress
Lanczos method
Power Sweep
Harmonic response linear with pre-stress

Real (no Damping)
Imaginary (Damping)
Transient analysis linear and non-linear

Explicit
Implicit
Contact

One degree of freedom system Dynamic Analysis
One degree of freedom system

Undamped free vibrations
u
k m
Equation of motion:
mu̇˙ + ku = 0
with non-trivial solution:

st
u = Re [ ue ]
2 2
[ s + ω ]u = 0 ; ω = k⁄m
hence: s = ± iω
u = A cos ( ωt + ϕ )

Dynamic Analysis One degree of freedom system
One degree of freedom system; damped free vibrations
c
u
m
k
Equation of motion:
mu̇˙ + cu̇ + ku = 0
with harmonic solution:

st
u = Re [ ue ]
2 c 2
s + ---- s + ω u = 0 ; ω = k⁄m
m
c  c 2 2
hence: s = – ------- ±  ------- – ω
2m 2m
critical damping: c crit = 2mω

One degree of freedom system

Define damping factor:
c
ξ = ----------
c crit
ξ < 1 : below critical damping oscillating behavior
ξ ≥ 1 : (over) critical damping exponential decay
ξ<1 ξ≥1
displacement
displacement
time time

Dynamic Analysis One degree of freedom system
One degree of freedom system; harmonic oscillations
c
u
m iωt
k pe
Equation of motion:
iωt
mu̇˙ + cu̇ + ku = pe
then define:
k ω
ω0 = ---- ; β = ------
m ω0
static solution is:
p
u s = ---
k

One degree of freedom system; harmonic oscillations
Dynamic magnification factor:

u 1
D = ----- = --------------------------------------------------
us 2 2 2
( 1 – β ) + ( 2βξ )
with a phase angle of:
θ = atan  --------------2
2ξβ
 
1–β
4.0
ξ = 0 180.0 ξ = 0
D θ ξ = 0.2
3.0 ξ = 0.5
ξ = 0.2 ξ = 0.7
ξ = 1
2.0
ξ = 0.5 90.0
1.0
ξ = 0.7
ξ = 1 0.0
β β
0.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0

Dynamic Analysis Multiple degree of freedom system
Multiple degree of freedom system

interpolation functions:
u ( x, t ) = N ( x )u ( t )
˜
basic equations:
Mu˙˙ + Cu˙ + Ku = F
˜ ˜ ˜ ˜
with:
∫ B SB dV + ∑ K
T
K =
V
stiffness matrix
∫ N ρN dV + ΣM i
T
M =
V
mass matrix
consistent or lumped
γ∆t
C = Σ αM +  β + -------- K
 π 
damping matrix
Rayleigh

Free vibration analysis Dynamic Analysis
Free vibration analysis
Mu˙˙ + K u = 0
˜ ˜
iωt
General solution u = φ e
˜ ˜
* solve eigen value problem:
1
M – -----2-K φ = 0
ω ˜ ˜
* Power sweep method:
- initial shift frequency

- number of modes
- auto shift parameter
* Lanczos method:
- frequency range
- number of modes

Dynamic Analysis Modal Superposition Method
Modal Superposition Method
Consider linear undamped system
Mu˙˙ + Ku = P ( t )
˜ ˜ ˜ N
with N eigenvectors φ i ; u =
˜ ˜ ∑ φ˜ i yi
i=1
resulting set of uncoupled equations:
m i ẏ˙i + k i y i = f i ( t )
where
T T T
m i = φ i Mφ i ; k i = φ i K φ i ; f i = φ i P ( t )
˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜
User selects number of participating modes modal damping
m i ẏ˙i + c i ẏ i + k i y i = f i ( t )
c i = 2m i ω i ξ i = c crit, i ξ i
* User specifies modal damping factors

Harmonic Analysis Dynamic Analysis
Harmonic Analysis
Equation of motion:
iωt
Mu˙˙ + Cu˙ + Ku = P e
˜ ˜ ˜ ˜
* without damping:
2
[ K – ω M ]u = P
˜ ˜
* with damping:
2 ur Pr
[ K + iωC – ω M ] ˜ = ˜
ui Pi
˜ ˜
C = ∑ C el + ∑ C d + ∑ ( αK + βM + 2ωγK )
* User must specify:
- amplitude
- frequency (range)
- complex damping

Dynamic Analysis Transient Analysis
Transient Analysis
Equation of motion:
Mu˙˙ + Cu˙ + Ku = P ( t )
˜ ˜ ˜ ˜
Finite Difference operators are use to directly integrate in
time. This leads to two basic apporaches, implicit and
explicit.
The Newmark-Beta (Implicit) operator matirx
4 2 n+1 n
-------- M + -----C + K ∆u = …history ( u )
∆t
2 ∆t
is unconditionally stable but requires matrix inversion.
The Central Difference & Lumped mass (Explicit) opera-

tor matirx
M n+1 n
-------- ∆u = …history ( u )
2
∆t
is fast but conditionally stable and depends on the Courant
stability limit.

CHAPTER 8 Workshop Problems
The purpose of this chapter is to provide

the hands on problems associated with the
previous chapters.

Workshop Problems Some Mentat Hints and Shortcuts
Some Mentat Hints and Shortcuts

1. Enter Mentat to begin, Quit to stop
2. Mouse in Graphics: Left to pick, Right to accept pick
3. Mouse in Menu: Left to pick another menu or function,Mid-

dle for help, Right to return to previous menu. <cr> means key-
board return.
4. Save your work frequently. Go to FILES and select SAVE AS

and specify a file name. Use SAVE from then on. This will save the
current MENTAT database to disk.
5. Dialog region at the lower left of screen displays current

activity and prompts for input. Check this region frequently to see
if input is required.
6. Dynamic Viewing can be used to position the model in the

graphics area. When activated, the mouse buttons, Left trans-
lates the model, Right zooms in/out, Middle rotates in 3D. Use
RESET VIEW and FILL to return to original view. Be sure to
turn off DYNAMIC VIEW before picking in the graphics area.
7. CTRL P/N recall previous/next commands entered.

Some Mentat Hints and Shortcuts Workshop Problems
8. All of the workshop problems have Mentat procedure files.

They are located in a training directory under Mentat’s main
directory. The directory/file structure looks like:
~mentat/examples/training/
s1/ s2/ s3/ s4/ s5/ s6/ s7/ s8/ s9/ h1/ h2/ h3/ h4/ h5/ d1/ d2/ d3/
where say in directory s1 is a

procedure file called s1.proc
that will automatically run Men-
tat to build, run MARC, and
process the results the first
workshop problem. Further-
more, there is an Adobe acrobat
pdf file of this MSC.Marc Intro-
ductory Course located in the
training directory called
"training_guide.pdf".
Check out the HELP menu.
s5

Workshop Problems Mechanics of Mentat
Mechanics of Mentat
Before you get started with Mentat you need to know how to communi-
cate with the program. The goal of this section is to give you an over-
view of how Mentat works and to provide you with the basic
information to interact comfortably with the program. Upon comple-
tion of this chapter you should have a clearer understanding of the fol-
lowing areas:
The basic window layout
How Mentat communicates with you
How you communicate with Mentat
The menu system

Mechanics of Mentat Workshop Problems
Mentat Window Layout

The starting point for all communication with Mentat is the window
shown below that appears at the start of the program.
Dynamic Graphics
Menu
Static Menu
Dialogue Status
Basic Mentat Window
The Mentat window is divided into three major areas:
The Graphics area is used to display the current state of the database.
When you start Mentat, the graphics area is blank to indicate
that the database is empty.
The Menu area is reserved to show the selectable menu-items and is
divided into two sub-areas, the Static and Dynamic menus. The
contents of the dynamic menu area change as the menu-items are
selected. In contrast, the static menu is always present and con-
tains items that are applicable and selectable at all times.
The Dialogue area is a scrollable area of about five visible lines where
all program prompts, warnings, and responses appear, and
where the user can input data or commands. Within the dialogue
area is the status area which is reserved to communicate the state
of the program to the user. Either working or ready appears
in the status area to reflect the current state of the program.

How Mentat Communicates with You

Mentat communicates with you via prompts and messages and
other visual queues. Mentat's prompts urge you to take action
through the input of data or commands. These prompts have 3
types of trailing punctuation marks to indicate the required type
of input:
: enter numeric data, e.g. .283/384 ;

> enter a character string, typically a command, file
name or set name;
? enter a YES or NO answer.
If you misspell a keyword or enter an incorrect response, Mentat

warns you through a message posted in the dialogue area. Mentat
does not require that you complete every action you initiate. For
example, if you are prompted for a filename, and you change your
mind, entering a <CR> instead of typing in the filename will tell
Mentat to abort the action. If the program is waiting for a list of
items to operate on, and instead you enter a command that also
requires a list of items or any additional data, Mentat will ignore
your original request and process the command. If the command
you enter does not request additional data, you are returned to the
original data request from before the interrupt.
The program assumes at all times that you want to repeat the pre-
vious operation on a new set of items and will prompt you for a
new list to operate on. This process repeats itself until you indicate
otherwise, typically by entering a new command or a <CR>.

How You Communicate with Mentat

All interaction with Mentat is done through the mouse, keyboard or a
combination of both. This section first discusses the usage of the
mouse, followed by a discussion on how to use the keyboard as a means
to enter commands and data.
The Mouse
The mouse is used to select items from the menu area or to point at
items in the graphics area. It is important to make a distinction
between using the mouse in the menu area versus the graphics area
because the three mouse buttons have very different functions in each
area. Below is a graphical representation of the mouse, mouse buttons,
and corresponding cursor.
Cursor, <^>
<ML>
<MM> <MR>
The Mouse, Mouse Buttons, and Corresponding Cursor
The left button is represented by <ML>, the middle button by <MM>, and
the right button by <MR>. For a two button mouse <MM> = <ML> + <MR>
depressed at the same time. Click refers to a quick single depress-
release action.
Using the Mouse to Select a Menu Item

To select a menu item with the mouse, move the < > over the item that
you want to select and click the <ML>. To return to the previous menu,
move the < > over the menu area, and click the <MR>. Alternatively, you
can click on the RETURN button in the menu area using <ML>. Clicking on
the MAIN button takes you to the main menu.
On-line Help
Each menu item has a help panel with a short description and explana-
tion of the function of that menu item. To activate the help feature,
position the < > over the menu item on which you require help, fol-
lowed by a click of the <MM>. The help panel disappears the moment
you select another menu item.
Use this button,

<MM>
for on-line help
Use this button,

<ML>
for command selection
Use this button,
<MR>
for RETURN
Using the Mouse in the Menu Area

Using the Mouse to Point

The mouse is used in two ways to operate in the graphics area: to point
to, or pick, existing items as well as to point to, or pick, the location of
yet to be created items.
1. To pick the mouse is used for this by moving the < > over the item to
be identified followed by a click of the <ML>. Henceforth called by
clicking on an item. You can undo that action by clicking the <MM>
anywhere in the graphics area. At times, you will need to identify
more than a single item. A list of items must be terminated by a click
of the <MR> with the < > positioned anywhere in the graphics area.
Alternatively you can click on the END LIST button in the menu area
using <ML>.
2. To locate a position in Mentat, it is possible to define a grid that is
positioned in space and where the grid consists of points that can be
pointed to. If you click in the vicinity of a grid point, the coordinates
of the item that you created will be snapped to that grid point. In
addition, you can also pick an existing node, point, or surface-grid-
point to specify a location.
Use this button,

<MM>
to undo last pick
Use this button,

<ML>
to pick
Use this button,
<MR>
for end of item list
Using the Mouse in the Graphics Area

Keyboard Input
Not all data can be entered through the mouse; numerical and literal
data must be entered via the keyboard. The program mode prescribes
the specific requirements for proper entry of each type of data. The
program can be in data mode or in command/literal data mode and is
described under the following two headings.
Numerical Data
You must use the keyboard for numerical data entry. The program
interprets the data entry according to the context in which it is used. If
the program expects a real number and you enter an integer, Mentat will
automatically convert the number to its floating point value. Conversely,
if a floating point format number is entered where an integer is expected,
the program will convert the real number to an integer.
Scientific notation for real numbers is allowed in the following formats:
.12345e01
.12345e01
-0.12345e-01
The interpreter does not allow imbedded blanks in the format.

Whenever the program encounters an illegal format, the message bad
float! will appear in the dialogue area. The prompt for numerical
data is a colon (:).

Literal Data
Literal data is used for file, set and macro names. A literal data string
may not be abbreviated. Commands as introduced in the beginning of
are considered string data (as opposed to literal string data) and can be
abbreviated as long as the character string is unique within the Mentat
command library. For example, *add_elements cannot be
abbreviated to *add because of the other commands that start with the
same characters such as *add_nodes and *add_curves. The
program checks the input for validity against the internal library of valid
responses. For example, if you enter an ambiguous or misspelled
command, Mentat responds by listing all the valid entries that start with
the same first letter of the command. The prompt for literal data is a
greater-than symbol (>).
If the program is in data mode which is identified by the : prompt, you

must enter a command preceded by an * (asterisk) to instruct the
program that you are entering a command.
For example: Enter node (1): *add_nodes

Workshop Problems Comprehensive Sample Session
Comprehensive Sample Session

In this hands-on session you will create a simple 3D mesh and add all
appropriate boundary conditions, material properties, etc. You will
run the analysis and view the results.
A linear elastic analysis of the following 3D structure will be per-
formed:
200
30
20
20 20 y
face 2
60
x
face 1
z
Boundary conditions:
* face 1: clamped
* face 2: loaded by a uniformly distributed shear load
(force per unit area), magnitude 40, direction
T
0 1 –1
Material properties:
5
* Young’s modulus E = 4 ×10
* Poisson’s ratio ν = 0.3
Comprehensive Sample Session Workshop Problems
Start up window Mentat:
Dynamic menu
Graphic area
Static menu
Dialogue area Status area

Mouse buttons:
ML MM MR
select help on return to
menu area command command previous menu
graphic area pick undo last end of list
entity pick
single pick
box pick
polygon pick
(CTRL)

Mesh generation: top menu
mesh entities
geometric entities
mesh entities
geometric entities

Mesh generation (continued): set and display

grid for easy input of coordinates and fill view
COORDINATE SYSTEM: SET GRID ON

U DOMAIN 0 200 <cr>
U SPACING 20 <cr>
V DOMAIN 0 80 <cr>
V SPACING 10 <cr>
FILL
RETURN

Mesh generation (continued): create points

(geometric entities), switch off grid and fill view
POINTS: ADD (Add the following points with mouse clicks)

(0,80,0)
(20,80,0)
(40,80,0)
(0,60,0)
(20,60,0)
(40,60,0)
(20,0,0)
(40,0,0)
(200,80,0)
(200,60,0)
COORDINATE SYSTEM: SET GRID OFF
FILL

Mesh generation (continued): create quad

surfaces (geometric entities)
surface type to be created
first side of surface
SURFACES: ADD
Pick corner points for quad surfaces with mouse clicks to
obtain four surfaces as shown. A half-arrowhead is used to indicate
the first side of the surface.

Mesh generation (continued): convert surfaces

to elements (mesh entities)
first edge of element

and node numbering
direction
CONVERT
DIVISIONS 6 2 <cr>
BIAS FACTORS -0.3 0 <cr>
SURFACES TO ELEMENTS
(Pick the rightmost surface)
DIVISIONS 2 2 <cr>
BIAS FACTORS 0 0
(Pick the two small surfaces)
DIVISIONS 2 3 <cr>
(Pick the lower surface)
RETURN

Mesh generation (continued): modify sweep

tolerance and use sweep option to merge
coincident nodes
SWEEP
TOLERANCE 0.001 <cr>
SWEEP: NODES
ALL:EXIST.
RETURN

Mesh generation (continued): use renumber

option to obtain consecutive numbering
RENUMBER: ALL
RETURN

Mesh generation (continued): use expand option

to expand the mesh in z-direction
original elements will be removed
EXPAND
TRANSLATIONS 0 0 15 <cr>
REPETITIONS 2 <cr>
MODE: REMOVE (no action required, this is the default)
ELEMENTS
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN

Mesh generation (continued): remove unused

nodes and repeat renumber command
SWEEP
REMOVE UNUSED: NODES
SWEEP: ALL
RETURN
RENUMBER: ALL
RETURN

Mesh generation (continued): show view 4 and

fill view
VIEW
SHOW VIEW: 4
FILL

Mesh generation (continued): define increment

of rotation for the model
VIEW SETTINGS
MODEL INCREMENTS: ROTATE 90 <cr>
RETURN

Mesh generation (continued): rotate model in

positive direction around model x- and y-axis
and fill view
MANIPULATE MODEL
ROTATE IN MODEL SPACE: X+
ROTATE IN MODEL SPACE: Y+
FILL

Mesh generation (continued): plot elements in

solid mode, switch off plotting geometric entities
PLOT
turn off POINTS and SURFACES
ELEMENTS: SOLID
REDRAW
SAVE
MAIN

Boundary conditions: top menu
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
MECHANICAL

Boundary conditions (continued): mechanical

boundary conditions, fixed displacements
NEW
NAME clamped <cr>
FIXED DISPLACEMENT
ON: X DISPLACE
ON: Y DISPLACE
ON: Z DISPLACE

Boundary conditions (continued): switch to

view 1 and select appropriate nodes
box pick method
VIEW
SHOW VIEW 1
RETURN
NODES: ADD
Add as shown by the box pick method
END LIST
(for end list use button or use right mouse click in graphics area)

Boundary conditions (continued): switch to

view 4, define mechanical boundary conditions,
face loads
VIEW
SHOW VIEW 4
RETURN
NEW
NAME shear <cr>
FACE LOAD
U SHEAR 28.2843 <cr>
V SHEAR 28.2843 <cr>
OK

Boundary conditions (continued): zoom in

locally and select appropriate element faces
ZOOM
Zoom in on the right end of structure
FACES: ADD
Add appropriate element faces with mouse
END LIST
RETURN

Boundary conditions (continued): overview of

boundary conditions
ID BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
FILL
SAVE
MAIN

Material properties: top menu
MATERIAL PROPERTIES

Material properties (continued): mechanical

material type, isotropic properties, apply to all
elements
NEW
NAME linear_elastic
ISOTROPIC
E=400000 <cr>
NU=0.3 <cr>
OK
ELEMENTS: ADD
ALL: EXISTING
SAVE
MAIN

Geometric properties: top menu
GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES

Geometric properties (continued): select assumed

strain formulation for all existing elements to
improve bending behavior
NEW
NAME assumed_strain <cr>
3-D
SOLID
ASSUMED STRAIN
OK
ELEMENTS: ADD
ALL: EXISTING
SAVE
MAIN

Jobs: define mechanical analysis; for a single

linear analysis no loadcases are necessary and
the default analysis options can be used
JOBS
NEW
NAME example_3d <cr>
MECHANICAL

Jobs (continued): select post file quantities
JOB RESULTS
TENSORS: STRESS
OK

Jobs (continued): check if boundary conditions

are selected as initial loads
INITIAL LOADS
OK
OK

Jobs (continued): select mechanical 3D solid

element type 7, save model
ELEMENT TYPES
3-D SOLID
Select element type 7
OK
ALL: EXISTING
SAVE
RETURN

Jobs (continued): save Mentat data base and

submit job “model1_example_3d”
RUN
SUBMIT 1

Submitting a job:
submit1: Mentat-directory/bin/submit1
marck73 -j model1_example _3d -q b -v no
* use model1_example_3d.dat as data file
* run job in background
* don’t wait for confirmation of correct input
outputfile: model1_example_3d.out
log file: model1_example_3d.log
post file: model1_example_3d.t19 (formatted)
model1_example_3d.t16 (binary)

MARC data file:
title Parameter
sizing
elements options
...
...
end
sufficient
connectivity for a
coordinates Model single
isotropic linear
geometry definition analysis
fixed disp
dist loads options
point load
...
...
end option
dist loads
point load History
disp change
... definition
...
continue options
...
...
continue

Jobs (continued): use monitor to observe current

status
MONITOR
OK
RETURN
MAIN

MARC post file:
Header
open post file
coordinates
connectivity
Increment 0
nodal
quantities; next increment;
element skip to increment 0
quantities
if selected
Increment 1
nodal
quantities; next increment;
element skip to increment 1
quantities
if selected

Postprocessing: use open default option
RESULTS
OPEN DEFAULT

Postprocessing (continued): skip to increment 0

and select equivalent von Mises stress
to be displayed
NEXT INC
SCALAR
EQUIVALENT STRESS
OK

Postprocessing (continued): plot deformed and

undeformed structure for increment 0 using
contour bands
DEFORMED AND ORIGINAL

CONTOUR BANDS

Postprocessing (continued): deformed shape

settings. You may magnify the displacements.
manual deformation scaling

scale factor 1 by default
DEFORMED SHAPE: SETTINGS

MANUAL FACTOR: 4
MANUAL FACTOR: 1
RETURN

Postprocessing (continued): define plotting

style settings for cutting planes
SCALAR PLOT: SETTINGS

POINT 20 -10 0 <cr>
NORMAL 1 1 0 <cr>
PLANES 8 <cr>
SPACING 25 <cr>
RETURN

Postprocessing (continued): select cutting planes

to visualize the equivalent von Mises stress
CUTTING PLANES

Postprocessing (continued): switch back to

contour bands plotting and define a node path
for a path plot
CONTOUR BANDS
PATH PLOT
NODE PATH
Pick the nodes shown to define the path
END LIST

Postprocessing (continued): add path plot

curve and scale the plot axes
VARIABLES
ADD CURVE
ARC LENGTH (X variable)
EQUIVALENT STRESS (Y variable)
FIT
RETURN
RETURN

Postprocessing (continued): vector plot of

displacements
MORE
VECTOR PLOT: ON

Workshop tasks:
* Perform the discussed 3D analysis and store the

Mentat commands in a procedure file, which
can be created in the UTILS menu
* Analyze the same 3D structure, but now subjected

to a distributed shear load with a magnitude 40 and
T
a direction of 0 – 1 0 (bending load)
* Analyze the structure subjected to the bending

load using 4-node plane strain elements (select
MARC element type 11) and compare the results
with the 3D solution

Additional workshop: linear elastic analysis of an

infinitely long pressurized thick-walled cylinder
R r
p
section to
be considered
* Dimensions: L = 4 , r = 5 , R = 12
* Apply fixed displacements in axial direction
* Internal pressure: p = 15
5
* Material: E = 2.1 ×10 , ν = 0.3

Workshop tasks:
Determine the radial stress as a function of the

radial coordinate using:
A: axi-symmetric element 10:
B: plane strain element 11 (model one quarter of

the cross section):
C: brick element 7 (model one quarter of the section

to be considered):
Apply the correct boundary conditions and compare

the results

Infinitely long pressurized thick-walled cylinder
0.0
-5.0
radial stress
-10.0
-15.0
4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0
radial coordinate
Analytical solution
10 axisymmetric elements; radial bias -0.5
80 plane strain element; radial bias -0.5
80 brick elements; radial bias -0.5

Workshop Problems Statics S1 Tensile Specimen
Statics S1 Tensile Specimen

Overview: This example session Overlay Mesh
describes the simulation of the loading
of a dog-bone tensile specimen. This ses-
sion builds the geometry, exports an iges
file and demonstrates different types of
meshing strategies including: overlay,
advancing front and mapped meshing. Adv. Front Mesh
Using the mapped mesh, the tensile
specimen is subjected to an axial load
and submitted to MARC. Mentat then
post process the results of the tensile Loads
specimen.
After the first run, the specimen’s gage
section is changed and re-run to com-
pare with the original specimen.
Finally the material is changed from an
isotropic to an orthotropic material. Mapped Mesh
The material direction does not line up
with the pull direction, and the
deformed shape becomes skewed.
Skewed Orthotropic

Statics S1 Tensile Specimen Workshop Problems
Statics S1 Tensile Specimen

Begin at the main menu
MESH GENERATION
COORDINATE SYSTEM SET
GRID ON
U DOMAIN -1.5 1.5 <cr>
V DOMAIN -1.5 1.5 <cr>
FILL
RETURN
CURVE TYPE
Select Arc CENTER/POINT/ANGLE
RETURN
CURVES ADD
0 1.5 0 <cr>
0 -1.5 0 <cr>
-21 <cr> (degrees)
MOVE
TRANSLATIONS
0 1.75 0 <cr>
CURVES
use left mouse to pick curve, right will END LIST
RETURN
SYMMETRY
NORMAL type in 0 1 0
CURVES select the arc,
END LIST
NORMAL type in 1 0 0
CURVES
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN
COORDINATE SYSTEM:SET GRID OFF
RETURN
DUPLICATE
TRANSLATIONS type in .425 0 0
POINTS, select two right most points
END LIST
TRANSLATIONS type in -.425 0 0
POINTS, select two left most points
END LIST
RETURN
CURVE TYPE
LINE
RETURN
CURVES ADD
Select pairs of points beginning at the upper left of the top arc and
move CCW to complete the boundary of the model.

The following to save this geometry in an IGES file.

FILES
EXPORT IGES ten.spec.iges OK RETURN
MAIN
SAVE
The next section shows how to mesh the geometry sev-
eral ways. Lets look at the Overlay Technique
MESH GENERATION
AUTOMESH
2D PLANAR MESHING
DIVISIONS
type in 20 20 <cr>
OVERLAY QUAD
ALL: EXISTING
UNDO
DIVISIONS
type in 40 40 <cr>
OVERLAY QUAD MESH
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN
UNDO this will undo your last command

Advancing Front Technique
AUTOMESH
2D PLANAR MESHING
QUAD MESH (Advancing Front)
ALL: EXISTING
UNDO
RETURN
CURVE DIVISIONS
FIXED AVG LENGTH
FORCE EVEN DIV
APPLY CURVE DIVISIONS
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN
2D PLANAR MESHING
QUAD MESH (Advancing Front)
ALL: EXISTING
UNDO
RETURN

Mapped Meshing Technique
CURVE DIVISIONS, CLEAR CURVE DIVISIONS

ALL: EXISTING, RETURN (twice)
SURFACE TYPE
RULED RETURN
ADD SURFACE Pick top left/bottom arcs
ADD SURFACE Pick top right/bottom arcs
CHECK RETURN
FLIP CURVES Pick top right/top left lines
ADD SURFACE Pick right top/bottom line
ADD SURFACE Pick left top/bottom line
CONVERT
Pick left and right curved surfaces
DIVISIONS 5 10
Pick left and right rectangular surfaces, RETURN

SWEEP
ALL & RETURN
RENUMBER
ALL & RETURN
MAIN
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
MECHANICAL, FIXED DISPLACEMENT
ON X DISPLCEMENT, OK
NODES ADD
Select all nodes on left edge
END LIST
NEW
FIXED DISPLACEMENT
ON Y DISPLACEMENT, OK
NODES ADD
Select center node on left edge
END LIST
NEW
EDGE LOAD
ON PRESSURE -30000, OK
Select all edges on right edge
END LIST
MAIN

MATERIAL PROP.
NEW
ISOTROPIC
E = 1E7
υ = .3, OK
ELEMENTS ADD
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN
PLANAR
PLANE STRESS
THICKNESS = 0.25
ASSUMED STRAIN
This improves the element’s behavior in bending.
OK
ELEMENTS ADD
ALL: EXISTING
MAIN
LOADCASES
MECHANICAL
STATIC, We’ll take all the defaults, OK
MAIN

JOBS
MECHANICAL
SELECT lcase1
PLANE STRESS
ANALYSIS OPTIONS
LARGE DISPLACEMENT
OK
JOB RESULTS
TENSORS STRESS, OK (twice)
SAVE
RUN
SUBMIT1
MONITOR (some element upside/down)
OK
MAIN
MESH GENERATION
CHECK UPSIDE DOWN
FLIP ELEMENTS
ALL: SELECTED
UPSIDE DOWN
Number of upside/down elements: 0
RETURN (twice)
Go back to RUN and resubmit.

JOBS
SAVE
RUN
SUBMIT1
MONITOR
OK
Is the job complete?
Did it do what I expect?

MAIN
RESULTS
OPEN DEFAULT
NEXT
SCALAR
COMP 11 OF STRESS, OK
CONTOUR BANDS

RESULTS
MORE
VECTOR Pick Reaction Force, OK
VECTOR PLOT ON
VECTOR Pick External Force, OK

RESULTS N2
PATH PLOT
NODE PATH N1 N2
path from N1 to N2
END LIST N1
VARIABLES
ADD CURVE
ARC LENGTH, COMP 11 OF STRESS
FIT
RETURN
YMIN 0

RESULTS N2
PATH PLOT
CONVERT>TABLE W
1
N1
MAIN
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
TABLES
FIT
XSTEP 500
YSTEP 500
INTEGRATE
FIT
N2
∫ σ11 t dy = 26846t ≈ 26955t = pWt = 6739

N1
Where: p = 30000, W=0.898518, t=0.25

Statics S1 Tensile Specimen Uniform Gage Section

The previous stress analysis shows that the stress field is not uniform in
the gage section. Redesign the specimen such that it has a 1" constant
gage section at the center.
MAIN
RESULTS
CLOSE, MAIN
FILES
SAVE AS model2
RESET PROGRAM
RETURN
MESH GENERATION
ATTACH
DETACH NODES
ALL: EXISTING
SELECT ELEMENTS
Pick all elements to the right of the net section
END LIST
ELEMENTS STORE
right, ALL:SELECTED, RETURN
SUBDIVIDE
DIVISIONS 1 1 1
ELEMENTS, ALL:SELECTED, RETURN
MOVE
TRANSLATIONS 1 0 0
ELEMENTS
right <cr>, RETURN
SWEEP
REMOVE UNUSED NODES
ALL
PLOT
CURVES OFF
SURFACES OFF
POINTS OFF
REGEN
N4 N3
N1 N2
RETURN to mesh generation

ELEMENT ADD N1, N2, N3, N4
SUBDIVIDE, DIVISIONS 10 10 1
ELEMENT pick element just added then
RETURN
SWEEP, ALL, RETURN
RENUMBER, ALL, RETURN

Now re-run and check results.

Statics S1 Tensile Specimen Composite Material

What about composites? Suppose we want to analyze an orthotropic
material whose material axis does not line up with the structure’s geo-
metric axis.
FILES
OPEN model1
SAVE AS model3
RETURN
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
ORTHOTROPIC
E11 = 3E7, E22=E33=1E6
ALL υ ’s = .3
ALL G’S = 5E5
OK
ORIENTATION
NEW
EDGE41 ON
ANGLE 45
ADD ELEMENTS
ALL: EXISTING
SAVE

Re-run and check results, deformed shape is skewed.

Statics S2 Cantilever Beam Workshop Problems
Statics S2 Cantilever Beam

Overview: This example session 500 #
describes the simulation of loading a
cantilever beam with a tip load. This
model will be used latter for dynamics 10" X 1" X 1"
and will be saved.
The linear elastic solution is found. The
bending stresses and tip displacements
are then compared to theory.
The material properties are changed to
include plasticity with workhardening.
The beam is then loaded with a larger
load of 1500 pounds with 50 equal load
steps. We will see how every integration
point must track the material’s constitu-
tive relation.

Workshop Problems Statics S2 Cantilever Beam
Statics S2 Cantilever Beam

Here is a cantilever beam. Later we will also look at its dynamic behav-
ior and the static results here will be needed later.
FILES 500 #
NEW, OK
SAVE AS beam1,OK
RETURN
10" X 1" X 1"
MESH GENERATION
NODE ADD
0 0 0 <cr>
10 0 0 <cr>
10 1 0 <cr>
0 1 0 <cr>
FILL
ELEMENT ADD (Pick above nodes in CCW)
SUBDIVIDE
DIVISIONS 10 4 1 <cr>
ELEMENTS
ALL: EXISTING, RETURN
SWEEP
ALL & RETURN
RENUMBER
ALL & RETURN
MAIN
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
MECHANICAL
FIXED DISPLACEMENT
ON X DISPLCEMENT, OK
NODES ADD, Select all nodes on left edge
END LIST
NEW
FIXED DISPLACEMENT
ON Y DISPLACEMENT, OK
NODES ADD, Select bottom node on left edge
END LIST
NEW
POINT LOAD
ON Y FORCE -500, OK
NODES ADD, Select top right node
END LIST
RETURN
ID BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
MAIN

MATERIAL PROP.
NEW
ISOTROPIC
E = 3E7
υ = .3
ρ = .283/386
OK
ELEMENTS ADD
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN
GEOMETRIC PROP.
PLANAR
PLANE STRESS
THICKNESS = 1 <cr>
ASSUMED STRAIN
OK
ELEMENTS ADD
ALL: EXISTING, MAIN
JOBS
MECHANICAL
PLANE STRESS
JOB RESULTS
TENSORS STRESS, OK (twice)
SAVE
RUN
SUBMIT1
MONITOR, OK
MAIN
RESULTS
OPEN DEFAULT
NEXT
SCALAR
COMP 11 OF STRESS
CONTOUR BANDS
MAIN
RESULTS
OPEN DEFAULT
NEXT INC
SCALAR
DISPLACEMENT Y, OK
CONTOUR BANDS
Complete Modeling: Check Load

Peak Bending Stress +/- 29Ksi, Max Disp 6.7e-2.
How does this compare to beam theory?
What can improve the results?
Statics S2 Cantilever Beam Add Plasticity

Here is a cantilever beam. Let’s 1500 #
convert it to an elastic-plastic
model.
10" X 1" X 1"

FILES
OPEN beam1
SAVE AS beam1p, OK
RETURN
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
TABLES
NEW
TABLE TYPE: PLASTIC-STRAIN, OK
POINT ADD
0.000 20E3 <cr>
0.109 25E3 <cr>
0.305 30E3 <cr>
FIT
MORE
> XY, RETURN
NEW
TABLE TYPE: TIME, OK
FORMULA ENTER
1.5*x (this will ramp the load from 0 to1500# in
one second)
FIT
SHOW MODEL
RETURN
ISOTROPIC
PLASTICITY
INITIAL YIELD = 1.0
TABLE1 = table1
OK
OK
RETURN
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
MECHANICAL
EDIT apply3 (point load), OK
POINT LOAD
Y FORCE (pick table2, time), OK
MAIN
LOADCASES
MECHANICAL
STATIC
#STEPS = 50 <cr>
OK
RETURN (twice)
JOBS
MECHANICAL
SELECT lcase1
ANALYSIS OPTIONS
LARGE DISPLACEMENT
LARGE STRAIN-MEAN NRM-ADDITIVE
OK
JOB RESULTS
EQUIVALENT VON MISES STRESS
TOTAL EQUIVALENT PLASTIC STRAIN
OK (twice)
SAVE
RUN
SUBMIT1
MONITOR, OK, MAIN
RESULTS
OPEN DEFAULT
NEXT
DEF ONLY
SCALAR Total Equivalent Plastic Strain
SKIP TO INCREMENT 50
CONTOUR BANDS

RESULTS
HISTORY PLOT
SET NODES (pick top left node), END LIST
COLLECT DATA 1 50 1 <cr>
NODE/VARIABLES
ADD VARIABLE
Total Equivalent Plastic Strain
Equivalent Von Mises Stress
FIT
> XY
UTILS
GENERALIED XY PLOT
FIT
This will overlay the history plot of the stress strain response of this
node with the stress-strain material behavior. Remember that contin-
uum mechanics requires that the continuum be in equilibrium and that
every point must track the constitutive relation.

FIT
Notice overshoot of and correction of stress strain

tracking.

Statics S3 Elastomeric Curve Fit and Seal Workshop Problems
Statics S3 Elastomeric Curve Fit and Seal

Overview: A hollow elastomeric cylinder
will be squeezed to closure and released
using the contact option. Symmetry is used
and only one half of the cylinder is mod-
eled.
The experimental material data is fitted to
an Ogden elastomeric material.
In the first run, the cylinder is squeezed
and released with out friction. Then fric-
tion between the rigid bodies and the tube
is added using the stick-slip friction
option. A friction coefficient of 0.2 is used.
The results of the two runs are compared.
The friction case shows higher squeeze
loads and some hysteresis.
HIGHER
LOAD
HYSTERSIS ON
FORCE X

Workshop Problems Statics S3 Elastomeric Curve Fit and Seal
Statics S3 Elastomeric Curve Fit and Seal

Here is a hollow elastomeric
cylinder. It will be squeezed
and released. The material
properties will be fit to an
Ogden model.
FILES
NEW, OK
SAVE AS elasto1
RETURN
MESH GENERATION
COORDINATE SYSTEM SET: GRID ON
U DOMAIN -1.1 1 <cr>
V DOMAIN 0 1.1 <cr>
FILL
RETURN
CURVES ADD (pick indicated points from grid)
POINT( 1.0, 0.0, 0.0)
POINT( -1.1, 0.0, 0.0)
POINT( -1.1, 1.0, 0.0)
POINT( 1.0, 1.0, 0.0)
CURVE TYPE
Select Arc CENTER/POINT/POINT
RETURN

CURVES ADD
(-1.1 .5 0 ) (-1.0 0.0 0) (-1.0 1.0 0)
(-1.1 .5 0 ) (-1.0 0.1 0) (-1.0 0.9 0)
SURFACE TYPE
RULED
RETURN
SURFACES ADD
Pick inner then
outer curve
CONVERT
DIVISIONS (30 3)
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN
SWEEP
ALL, RETURN
RENUMBER
ALL, RETURN
COORDINATE SYS: SET GRID OFF, MAIN
BNDRY. CONDITIONS
MECHANICAL
FIXED DISP
X=0, OK
ADD NODES
(pick nodes along x=0)
END LIST
MAIN
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
EXPERIMENTAL DATA FITING
TABLES
TABLE TYPE experimental_data
ADD POINTS
0.0 0.0 <cr>
0.9 100.0 <cr>
1.6 250.0 <cr>
1.9 300.0 <cr>
2.2 500.0 <cr>
2.4 600.0 <cr>
2.6 700.0 <cr>
2.9 1000.0
<cr>
FIT
NAME tension <cr>
RETURN
UNIAXIAL (pick table tension)

ELASTOMERS
OGDEN
UNIAXIAL
# TERMS = 2
POS. COEFF
MATH CHECKS
COMPUTE
APPLY
OK
RETURN (twice)
ELEMENTS ADD
ALL: EXISTING
MAIN
CONTACT
CONTACT BODIES
DEFORMABLE, OK
ELEMENTS ADD
ALL: EXISTING
TABLES, NEW, NAME position <cr>
TABLE TYPE TIME, OK
ADD POINT
00
.5 1
10
SHOW MODEL
RETURN
NEW
RIGID, DISCRETE
POSTION PARAMETERS
Y = -.4, TABLE1 position
OK (twice)
NAME, top <cr>
CURVES ADD
top curve, END LIST
ID CONTACT
NEW
RIGID,
DISCRETE
POSTION
PARAMETERS
Y = +.4 <cr>
TABLE1 pos.
OK (twice)
NAME, bottom
CURVES ADD
bottom curve
END LIST
MAIN
LOADCASES
MECHANICAL
STATIC
TIME = .5
STEPS = 50
SOLUTION CONTROL
# RECYCLES = 30
NON-POSITIVE
DEVIATIORIC STRESS, OK
CONVERGENCE CHECK DISPLACEMENTS
OK
OK
COPY (this copies lcase1 into lcase2)
MAIN
JOBS
MECHANICAL
Select lcase1, lcase2
JOB RESULTS
EQUIVALENT CAUCHY STRESS
OK (twice)
ELEMENT TYPES
PLANE_STRAIN
80
OK
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN
RUN
SUBMIT1
MONITOR (oops MARC exit # 1005 elems inside-
out)
OK, RETURN
MESH GENERATION
CHECK
UPSIDE DOWN
FLIP ELEMENTS
ALL: SELECTED
RETURN (twice)
JOBS, RUN, SUBMIT1, MONITOR, SAVE
POSTPROCESS
OPEN DEFAULT
NEXT INC
DEF ONLY
SCALAR EQUIVALENT CAUCHY STRESS,
OK
CONTOUR BAND

SKIP TO INC 50

POSTPROCESS
HISTORY
SET NODES
1, #END LIST
COLLECT DATA 0 11111 1
NODES/VARIABLES
ADD VARIABLE
Body 2 Pos Y
Body 2 Force Y
FIT

Add Friction to the surfaces
FILES
NEW, OK
OPEN elasto1
SAVE AS elasto1f
RETURN
CONTACT
CONTACT BODIES
DEFORMABLE
FRICTION COEFF = .2, OK
NEXT
NEXT
MAIN
JOBS
MECHANICAL
CONTACT CONTROL
STICK-SLIP
OK (twice)
RUN
SAVE
SUBMIT1
MONITOR

POSTPROCESS
HISTORY
SET NODES
1, #END LIST
NODES/VARIABLES
ADD VARIABLE, Body 2 Pos Y, Body 2 Force Y
ADD VARIABLE, Body 2 Pos Y, Body 2 Force X
FIT
HIGHER
LOAD
HYSTERSIS ON
FORCE X

Statics S4 Break Forming Workshop Problems
Statics S4 Break Forming

Overview: A flat sheet is formed into an
angled bracket by punching it though a
hole in a table using the contact option.
The cylindrical punch drives the sheet
down into the hole of the table to a total
stroke of 0.3”. The punch then returns to
its original position. The material is elastic
plastic with work hardening.
At the bottom of the stroke the total plastic
strain is nearly 45%. The vertical punch
force is plotted versus its vertical position.
This force rises quickly, hardens though
about half of the stroke, then softens near
the end of the stroke. Upon lifting the
punch the punch force drops rapidly and
the sheet has very little springback.
The stress-plastic strain response of a
point in the sheet under the punch is plot-
ted and shown to overlay the material
data. This workshop problem exemplifies
how every point in the sheet must follow
the material’s constitutive behavior as well
as being in equilibrium throughout the
deformation. The vertical line in the his-
tory plot to the right is the elastic unload-
ing of this point in the sheet.

Workshop Problems Statics S4 Break Forming
Statics S4 Break Forming

This is a break forming problem where a punch indents a sheet over a
table to make an bracket. The problem geometry is shown below:
Grid spacing 0.1" X 0.1"
MESH GENERATION
COORDINATE SYSTEM SET: GRID ON
V DOMAIN -.7 .4 <cr>
FILL, RETURN
CURVES ADD (pick indicated points on grid)
POINT (1,0,0) ,POINT(.3,0,0)
POINT(.3,0,0), POINT(.3,-.6,0)
POINT(.3,-.6,0), POINT(-.3,-.6,0)
POINT(-.3,-.6,0), POINT(-.3,0,0)
POINT(-.3,0,0), POINT(-1,0,0)

CURVE TYPE
FILLET
RETURN
CURVES ADD
(right horizontal curve, right vertical curve)
radius = 0.1 <cr>
(left horizontal curve, left vertical curve)
radius = 0.1 <cr>
CURVE TYPE
CIRCLES: CENTER/RADIUS
RETURN
CURVES ADD
0 .2 0
.1 <cr>
ELEMENTS ADD (pick points on grid)
POINT (-.9,0,0) , POINT(.9,0,0)
POINT(.9,.1,0), POINT(-.9,.1.0)
SUBDIVIDE
DIVISIONS 30, 3, 1
ELEMENTS
ALL:EXISTING, RETURN
SWEEP, ALL, RETURN
RENUMBER, ALL, RETURN
COORDINATE SYS: SET GRID OFF
RETURN
RETURN
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
MECHANICAL
FIXED DISP
X=0
OK
NODES:ADD
(pick nodes along x=0, except node touching circle)
MAIN
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
ISOTROPIC
E = 3E7
υ = .3, OK
ELEMENTS ADD
ALL: EXISTING
TABLES
NEW
TABLE TYPE plastic_strain, OK
FORMULA ENTER
5E4*(1+X^.6) <cr>
FIT
NEW
TABLE TYPE time, OK
ADD POINT
0, 0, .5, -.3, 1, 0 <cr>
FIT
SHOW MODEL
RETURN
ISOTROPIC
PLASTICITY
INITAIL YIELD = 1
TABLE1 = table1 (plastic_strain)
OK (twice), MAIN
CONTACT
CONTACT BODIES
DEFORMABLE OK
ELEMENTS ADD ALL:EXISTING
NEW
RIGID
POSITION PARAMS: Y=1
TABLE=table2 (time), OK (twice)
CURVE ADD, pick cylinder, END LIST
ID CONTACT
NEW
CONTACT BODY TYPE RIGID OK
CURVES ADD, pick all remaining curves
END LIST, MAIN

LOADCASES
MECHANICAL
STATIC
LOADCASE TIME = .5
# OF STEPS 50
CONVERGENCE TESTING
DISPLACEMENT
OK (twice)
NEW
STATIC
LOADCASE TIME = .5
# OF STEPS 20
CONVERGENCE TESTING
DISPLACEMENT
RELATIVE/ABSOLUTE
MIN. DISP. CUTOFF = 1E-5
MAX ABS. DISP = 1E-5
OK
SOLUTION CONTROL
NON-POSITIVE DEFINITE
OK, MAIN
JOBS
MECHANICAL
ANALYSIS OPTIONS
LARGE DISPLACEMENT
CONSTANT DILATATION
LARGE STRAIN-MEAN NRM-ADDITIVE

OK
lcase1
lcase2
ANALYSIS DIMENSION: PLANE STRAIN
JOB RESULTS
OK
CONTACT CONTROL
SEPARATION FORCE = .1 <cr>, OK
OK
SAVE
RUN
SUBMIT
MONITOR

RESULTS
OPEN DEFAULT
NEXT
DEF ON
SCALAR
CONTOURS

RESULTS

RESULTS
HISTORY PLOT
SET NODES (pick bottom middle node)
NODES/VARIABLES
ADD VARIABLE
Body 2 Pos Y
Body 2 Force Y
FIT

RESULTS
HISTORY PLOT
CLEAR CURVES
NODES/VARIABLES
ADD VARIABLE
Total Equivalent Plastic Strain
Equivalent Von Mises Stress
FIT

Workshop Problems Statics S5 Super Plastic Forming
Statics S5 Super Plastic Forming

Overview: A flat sheet is formed into a
rigid die by pressure. The die is three
dimensional and represents a corner of a
pan. This fine-grained material is assumed
to be a rigid-plastic material with no elas-
ticity and the flow stress is only a function
of the strain rate.
As the sheet contacts the die, friction
causes the thickness of the sheet to vary.
In addition the pressure must be adjusted
to keep this strain rate sensitive material
within a certain target range. This is nec-
essary to maintain the proper flow of the
super plastic material.
Prediction of thinning of the sheet is very
important since the sheet may become too
thin for its application.
A user subroutine is used to adjust the
pressure on the sheet to keep within the
target strain rate. Furthermore, the maxi-
mum pressure is limited by the capacity of
the rig used to form the sheet.

Statics S5 Super Plastic Forming Workshop Problems
Statics S5 Super Plastic Forming

This problem will do a Super Plas-
tic Forming of a corner. It requires
a fortran compiler present on
your machine. Also you will copy
user subroutines from the MARC
demonstration directory.
To proceed, let’s copy the user subroutines to you working directory.

Enter the command:
find / -name u3x32b.f -print
it should return something like, ~marc/demo/u3x32b.f
then copy it to your working directory,
cp ~marc/demo/u3x32b.f .

FILES
SAVE AS spf
RETURN
MESH GENERATION
COORDINATE SYSTEM SET:
GRID ON
U DOMAIN -7 7<cr>
U SPACING = .5<cr>
V DOMAIN 0 5 <cr>
V SPACING = .5<cr>
FILL
RETURN
CURVES: ADD
point( 7.0, 4.5, 0.0)
point( 4.0, 4.5, 0.0)
point( 4.0, 4.5, 0.0)
point( 3.5, 0.0, 0.0)
point( 3.5, 0.0, 0.0)
point( 0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
point( 0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
point( -4.0, 0.0, 0.0)
CURVE TYPE
FILLET, RETURN

CURVES: ADD
1
2
.5
8
3
.5
VIEW
SHOW VIEW 2
FILL
RETURN
EXPAND
SHIFT
TRANSLATIONS
0 0 3.5 <cr>
CURVES
ALL: EXISTING
RESET
SHIFT
POINT
0 0 3.5 <cr> PICK
ROTATIONS THESE
0 -90/10 0 <cr>
REPETITIONS
10 <cr>
CURVES
pick curves shown
FILL
RESET
SHIFT
POINT
0 0 3.5 <cr>
TRANSLATIONS
-4 0 0 <cr> PICK
REPETITIONS THESE
1 <cr>
CURVES
pick curves shown, END LIST
RETURN
CURVES REMOVE
ALL:EXISTING
Now we will add nodes on the grid that will form the surfaces that will
contain the mesh.
SELECT
SURFACES
ALL:EXISTING
MAKE INVISIBLE
RETURN
CURVE TYPE
LINE
RETURN
CURVES: ADD

POINT( -3.5, 5.0, 0.5)

POINT( 0.0, 5.0, 0.5)
POINT( 0.0, 5.0, 0.5)
POINT( 6.5, 5.0, 0.5)
EXPAND
RESET
SHIFT
TRANSLATIONS
0 0 3.0 <cr>
CURVES
ALL: EXISTING
RESET
SHIFT
POINT
0 0 3.5 <cr> PICK
ROTATIONS
0 -90/10 0 <cr>
REPETITIONS
10 <cr>
CURVES
pick curve shown

RESET
SHIFT
TRANSLATIONS PICK
-3.5 0 0 <cr>
REPETITIONS
1 <cr>
CURVES
pick curve shown
END LIST
RETURN
CONVERT
DIVISIONS
10 1 <cr>
SURF. TO ELEMS PICK
pick those shown
DIVISIONS
10 10 <cr>
SURF. TO ELEMS
pick remaining
END LIST
RETURN

SWEEP
ALL
RETURN
RENUMBER
ALL
RETURN
RETURN
INITIAL CONDITIONS
MECHANICAL
STRESS
USER SUB. UINSTR
ON STRESS1, OK
ELEMENTS ADD
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN (twice)
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
MECHANICAL
SELECT
ELEMENTS
ALL: EXISTING
MAKE VISIBLE
RETURN
NEW
FIX X,Y,Z = 0
SELECT
METHOD PATH
NODES
(pick 1st middle and last node of outer path)
END LIST
RETURN
NODES: ADD
ALL: SELECTED
NEW
FIX X = 0, OK
NODES: ADD
(along x=0)
END LIST
NEW
FIX Z = 0
NODES: ADD
(along z=0)
END LIST
NEW
FACE LOAD
USER SUB. (it uses sub FORCEM)
ON PRESSURE, OK
FACES: ADD
ALL: EXISTING
MAIN

MATERIAL PROPERTIES
NEW
ISOTROPIC
PLASTICITY
RIGID-PLASTIC
USER SUB URPFLO
INITIAL YIELD = 50 <cr>
OK
OK
ELEMENTS ADD
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN
3-D
MEMBRANE
THICKNESS = .080 <cr>
OK
ELEMENTS ADD
ALL: EXISTING
SELECT
MAKE INVISIBLE
MAIN
VIEW
SHOW VIEW 1, RETURN

CONTACT
CONTACT BODIES
NEW, NAME workpiece <cr>
DEFORMABLE
FRIC. COEFF = .3 <cr>
OK
ELEMENTS ADD
ALL: EXISTING
NEW, NAME die <cr>
RIGID
VELOCITY PARAMETERS
INIT. VEL Y = 1 <cr>
OK
FRIC. COEFF = .3 <cr>
OK
SURFACES ADD (pick surfaces forming die)
ID BACKFACES (flip die surfaces until gold color
will touch the workpiece)
MAIN
LOADCASES
MECHANICAL
RIGID PLASTIC
SOLUTION CONTROL
MAX # RECYCLES = 30 <cr>
NON-POSITIVE DEFINITE
OK
TOTAL LOADCASE TIME = 3000 <cr>
MECH. LOAD (EQUILIB)
MAX INC = 500 <cr>
# RECYCLES = 10 <cr>
INIT FRAC = 1e-4 <cr>
MAX FRAC = 5e-3 <cr>
MIN MULT. = 2e-2 <cr>
MAX MULT. = 1.05 <cr>
OK
OK
MAIN

JOBS
MECHANICAL
lcase1
ANALYSIS OPTIONS
LARGE DISPLACEMENT
FOLLOWER FORCE
OK
JOB RESULTS
EQUIVALENT PLASTIC STRAIN RATE
THICKNESS OF ELEMENT
user1 (this will be pressure in sub PLOTV)
OK
CONTACT CONTROL
BIAS = .9 <cr>
COULOMB
REL. SLIDING VEL. = 2E-5 <cr>
SEPARATION FORCE = 1E6 <cr>
OK (twice)
ELEMENT TYPES, MECHANICAL
3-D MEM/SHELL
18, OK
SAVE, OK (twice)
RUN
USER SUB. FILE
u3x32b.f, OK
COMPILE AND SAVE

SUBMIT1
MONITOR
OK
MAIN

RESULTS
Node A
OPEN DEFAULT
NEXT INC
DEF ONLY
CONTOUR BAND
SCALAR
THICKNESS
SCAN
SKIP TO INC
last increment Node B
PATH PLOT
SET NODES
(Node A) (Node B)
END LIST
VARIABLES
ADD CURVE
ARC LENGTH
THICKNESS
FIT

RESULTS
HISTORY PLOT
SET NODE
1
END LIST
COLLECT DATA
0 111111 1 <cr>
NODES/VARIABLES
ADD VARIABLE
TIME
USER1 (pressure)
FIT
What can improve the results?
Because of the popularity of using MARC for spf, this

feature has now been integrated into the product and
no longer requires user subroutines to perform the
analysis. This would allow us to take advantage of
other features like adaptive meshing which would be
difficult with the approach above. To this end, let’s use
the above model turning on the newer features.

FILES
OPEN spf
SAVE AS spf_new
RETURN
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
MECHANICAL
EDIT apply4, OK
FACE LOAD
SUPERPLASTICITY CONTROL
ON PRESSURE NEGATIVE, OK
MAIN
INITIAL CONDITIONS
REM icond1, OK

MATERIAL PROPERTIES
ISOTROPIC
PLASTICITY: RIGID-PLASTIC
SUPERPLASTIC CONTROL
fill out as shown below
N
σ = Bε̇
OK (twice)
MAIN
LOADCASES
MECHANICAL
STATIC
SUPERPLASTIC CONTROL
PRESSURE
fill out as shown below
OK (twice)
MAIN

JOBS
RUN
USER SUBROUTINE CLEAR
SUBMIT1
MONITOR
OK
SAVE
On post processing.... similar results
Other things to try... local remeshing

Workshop Problems Statics S6 Creep of a Tube
Statics S6 Creep of a Tube

Overview: A stainless steel oval tube is
pressurized at high temperature and over
time will creep. Only half of the tube is
modeled due to symmetry.
The material constitutive behavior has the
creep strain rate dependent upon the
stress level. The material data has been fit-
ted with a power relation where the creep
b
strain rate becomes: ε̇ c = aσ , where a
and b are material constants.
The oval tube will bulge and become a
completely circular tube over time. The
tube will finally rupture due to the large
strains.
Plotting the displacement of the bulge ver-
sus time shows a quick growth followed by
a slower growth, because the stresses drop
with time.
A more complex constitutive relation may
be easily modeled with the user subrou-
tine, CRPLAW.

Statics S6 Creep of a Tube Workshop Problems
Statics S6 Creep of a Tube

FILES
NEW,OK
SAVE AS creep
RETURN
MESH GENERATION
COORDINATE SYSTEM:
SET, GRID ON
U DOMAIN 0 1<cr>
U SPACING 0.065 <cr>
V DOMAIN -1 1<cr>
V SPACING 0.065 <cr>
FILL
RETURN
CURVE TYPE ARC
CENTER/PT/PT,
RETURN
CURVES: ADD
arcs shown
CURVE TYPE
LINE
RETURN
CURVES: ADD
lines shown

SURFACE TYPE
RULED, RETURN
SURFACES ADD
pick interior and opposite exte-
rior arcs continue for lines
CONVERT
DIVISONS
15 4 <cr>
SURF. TO ELEMS
pick largest surface
DIVISIONS
10 4 <cr>
SURF. TO ELEMS
pick smallest surface
RETURN
SYMMETRY
NORMAL 0 1 0
ELEMENTS
ALL: EXISTING
CHECK
UPSIDE DOWN
FLIP
ALL: SELECTED
SWEEP
ALL, RETURN
RENUMBER
ALL, RETURN

INITIAL CONDITIONS
MECHANICAL
STATE VARIABLE
VALUE = 1660 <cr>
OK
ELEMENTS ADD
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN (twice)
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
MECHANICAL
FIX DISPLACEMENT
FIX X=0
NODES: ADD
all on x=0 axis, END LIST
NEW
FIX Y=0
NODES: ADD
at line of symmetry y=0
NEW
EDGE LOAD
PRESSURE = 66 <cr>, OK
SELECT
METHOD PATH
EDGES
pick node path on interior
RETURN
EDGES: ADD
ALL: SELECTED
MAIN
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
ISOTROPIC
E = 21.4E6 <cr>
υ = .3 <cr>
CREEP
COEFICIENT = 4E-24 <cr>
STRESS EXPONENT = 4.51 <cr>
OK (twice)
ELEMENTS ADD
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN
PLANAR
PLANE STRAIN
THICKNESS = 1 <cr>
CONSTANT DILATATION
ASSUMED STRAIN, OK
ELEMENTS ADD
ALL: EXISTING
MAIN
LOADCASES
MECHANICAL
CREEP
TOTAL LOADCASE TIME = 3.47E6 <cr>

TIME PARAMETERS
MAX. # INCS = 2000 <cr>
INITIAL TIME STEP = 1 <cr>
STRESS CHANGE TOL = 1 <cr>
OK
OK
RETURN (twice)
JOBS
MECHANICAL
lcase1
PLANE STRAIN
ANALYSIS OPTIONS
LARGE DISPLACEMENT
FOLLOW FORCE ON
UPDATE
OK
JOB RESULTS
TOTAL EQUIVALENT CREEP STRAIN
TEMPERATURE
POST FILE BINARY
OK (twice)
SAVE
RUN
SUBMIT1, RETURN

POSTPROCESS
OPEN DEFAULT
NEXT
DEF & ORIG
CONTOUR BANDS NODE
80
SCALAR
Total Equiv. Creep Strain
SKIP TO INC
1101 <cr>
HISTORY PLOT
SET NODES
80
END LIST
COLLECT DATA
0 11111 1 <cr>
NODES/VARIABLES
ADD VARIABLE
Time
Displacement x
FIT

POSTPROCESS
HISTORY PLOT
CLEAR CURVES
NODES/VARIABLES
ADD VARIABLE
Total Equiv. Creep Strain
Equiv. von Mises Stress
FIT
What can improve the

results?

Workshop Problems Statics S7 Interference Fit
Statics S7 Interference Fit

Overview: Two concentric cylinders are
fitted together with an interference fit
using the contact option and rigid bodies
of symmetry. Each cylinder is modeled
using axisymmetric elements.
Since the inner cylinder is slightly bigger
that the hole in the outer cylinder, stresses
will be generated as the fit is finished. The
hoop stress of the outer cylinder will go
into tension, and the hoop stress of the
inner cylinder will go into compression.
The contour plot shows the strength ratio,
namely the ration of the equivalent stress
to the strength of the material. This ratio
is largest in the outer cylinder where it
touches the inner cylinder.
Plotting the radial and hoop components
along the radius. It is seen that the radial
stress is continuous across the interface,
and the hoop stress switches from com-
pression in the inner cylinder to tension in
the outer cylinder.

Statics S7 Interference Fit Workshop Problems
Statics S7 Interference Fit

FILES
NEW, OK
SAVE AS interf
RETURN
MESH GENERATION
COORDINATE SYS: SET GRID
ON
U DOMAIN 0 1.1<cr>
U SPACING 0.1 <cr>
V DOMAIN 0 3.1<cr>
V SPACING 0.1 <cr>
FILL
RETURN
CURVES: ADD
POINT (0.0,0.0,0.0)
POINT(0.0,3.1,0.0)
ELEMENTS: ADD
NODE(0.0, 1.0,0.0)
NODE(1.1, 1.0,0.0)
NODE(1.1, 2.0,0.0)
NODE(0.0, 2.0,0.0)
NODE(0.0, 2.1,0.0)
NODE(1.0, 2.1,0.0)
NODE(1.0, 3.1,0.0)
NODE(0.0, 3.1,0.0)

SUBDIVIDE
DIVISIONS 15 15 1 <cr>
ELEMENTS
ALL:EXISTING
RETURN
SWEEP
REMOVE UNUSED: NODES
ALL
RETURN
RENUMBER
NODES DIRECTED
0.0001 1 0 <cr>
RETURN
MOVE
TRANSLATIONS
0 -0.1 0 <cr>
ELEMENTS
(pick top cylinder), END LIST
MAIN
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
ISOTROPIC
E = 3E7 <cr>
υ = .3 <cr>
PLASTICITY
INITIAL YIELD=5E4 <cr>
OK (twice)
ELEMENT ADD
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN
CONTACT
CONTACT BODIES
DEFORMABLE, OK
ELEMENTS: ADD
(pick inner cylinder)
NEW
DEFORMABLE, OK
ELEMENTS ADD
(pick outer cylinder)
NEW
SYMMETRY
DISCRETE, OK
CURVES ADD
(pick symmetry curve)
ID CONTACT
RETURN
CONTACT TABLES
NEW
TABLE PROPERTIES
TOUCH ALL
TOUCHING BODIES cbody1, cbody2
INTERFERENCE CLOSURE=4E-3 <cr>
OK
MAIN

LOADCASES
MECHANICAL, STATIC
CONTACT, CONTACT TABLE, ctable1, OK (twice)
CONV. TEST. DISP
TOL=1E-7, OK (twice)
MAIN
JOBS
MECHANICAL
lcase1
AXISYMMETRIC
JOB RESULTS
EQ. VON MISES
STR/YIELD RATIO
TENSORS STRESS
OK (twice)
ELEMENT TYPES
AXISYM. SOLID
116, OK
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN
SAVE
RUN
SUBMIT1
MONITOR

RESULTS
OPEN DEFAULT
NEXT (twice)
SCALAR
EQ. STRESS/YIELD, OK, CONTOUR BANDS
RESULTS
PATH PLOT
NODE PATH
1 241 257 497, END LIST
VARIABLES
ADD CURVE
ARC LENGTH
COMP 22 OF STRESS
ADD CURVE
ARC LENGTH
COMP 33 OF STRESS
FIT
Component 22 of stress is the radial stress. It is in compression and is

continuous across the interface between the two cylinders. Also the
radial stress vanishes on the free surfaces of the cylinders. Component
33 of stress is the hoop stress, with the inner cylinder being compressed
and the outer cylinder being expanded. The Equivalent Stress/Yield
Strength ratio in the contour plot show that the outer cylinder at 94%
of yield.

Workshop Problems Statics S8 Rubber Ship Bumper
Statics S8 Rubber Ship Bumper

Overview: A rubber bumper comes into
steel
quasi static contact with a ship. As the
bumper is compressed it will begin to velocity = 2
touch itself as well as the ship. rubber
The geometry is described in an iges CAD

file that is imported to Mentat for mesh
generation. The bumper is assumed to be
in a state of plane strain, with an out of
plane thickness of 3. Contact includes fric-
tion between the ship and bumper.
Notice how the force of the ship increases
as the bumber contacts itself.

Statics S8 Rubber Ship Bumper Workshop Problems
Statics S8 Rubber Ship Bumper
Rubber Ship Bumper, plain strain analysis
rubber bumper steel

velocity = 2
rubber
thickness = 3
Y
Z X
total time = 4
Geometry described in iges CAD file
Mooney material: C 10 = 0.84 , C 01 = 0.21
Coulomb friction with a friction coefficient µ = 0.2

Ship Bumper
Geometry imported via iges file “geo.igs”:

Ship Bumper
Mesh obtained using overlay mesh with

35 x 35 division:

Ship Bumper
Overview of fixed displacements:

Ship Bumper
Define Mooney constants:

Ship Bumper
Define thickness of all elements:

Ship Bumper
First contact body: deformable, consisting of all

finite elements

Ship Bumper
Second contact body: rigid, consisting of geometric

entities; define velocity and friction coefficient

Ship Bumper
Overview of defined contact bodies:

Ship Bumper
Define a static loadcase: total time 4, number

of equal steps 50

Ship Bumper
Select the previously defined boundary conditions:

Ship Bumper
Jobs: define a mechanical analysis and select the

previously defined loadcase

Ship Bumper
Jobs: activate the LARGE DISP parameter option

Ship Bumper
Jobs: define friction type and relative sliding

velocity below which sticking is simulated

Ship Bumper
Select Cauchy stress tensor as post file variable

select MARC element type 80 for all elements

Ship Bumper
Jobs: submit and monitor job

Ship Bumper
Results: equivalent Cauchy stress for

increment 50

Ship Bumper
Results: horizontal force on rigid body as a

function of the horizontal displacement

Statics S9 Elastomeric Arch Workshop Problems
Statics S9 Elastomeric Arch

Overview: An elastomeric arch has a
center load applied and the objective of Force
the analysis is to determine the snap
though in the force displacement
response.
An adaptive load stepping method called

arc-length (modified Riks-Ramm) is
used.
Force
Displacement

Workshop Problems Statics S9 Elastomeric Arch
Statics S9 Elastomeric Arch

MESH GENERATION
COORDINATE SYSTEM SET
CYLINDRICAL
SET: GRID ON
CURVE TYPE ARC CPP
RETURN
CURVES ADD
0 0 0
.7 30 0
.7 150 0
0 0 0
.8 30 0
.8 150 0
SURFACE TYPE RULED
SURFACE: ADD
2 1 <cr>
CONVERT
DIVISONS
20 3 <cr>
ALL EXISTING
GRID OFF
FILL
MAIN

BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
MECHANICAL
FIXED DISP
X=0
Y=0
NODES ADD
(nodes at both ends)
NEW
POINT LOAD
Y FORCE
-0.03 OK
TABLES
TABLE TYPE TIME
ADD POINT
001120
SHOW MODEL, RETURN
NODES ADD
(top center node)
POINT LOAD
(attach table to y force)
MAIN
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
MORE
MOONEY
C10 = 1, OK
ELEMENTS ADD
ALL EXISTING
MAIN
LOAD CASES
MECHANICAL
STATIC
ADAPT. LOADING (arc length)
MAX INC = 5000
MAX FRACTION = 2
OK (twice)
COPY
MAIN
JOBS:MECHANICAL
lcase1
lcase2
PLANE STRAIN
JOB RESULTS
CAUCHY STRESS TENSOR
OK (twice)
ELEMENT TYPES
MECHANICAL
PLANE STRAIN
80 OK
ALL EXISTING
RETURN (twice)
RUN
SUBMIT1
MONITOR
OK (twice)
SAVE
RESULTS
OPEN DEFAULT
SKIP TO INC 59, OK
DEF ONLY
CONTOUR BAND
SCALAR
EQUIV CAUCHY
STRESS
HISTORY PLOT
SET NODE
11 # END LIST
(pick top center node)
COLLECT DATA
0 11111 1

NODES/VARIABLES
ADD VARIABLE
DISPLACEMENT Y
EXTERNAL FORCE Y
FIT

Heat Transfer H1 Transient Cooling Fin Workshop Problems
Heat Transfer H1 Transient Cooling Fin

Overview: A planar slab of material is
subjected to heat loads and the resulting
transient response is determined. The slab
has convection boundary conditions on the
left and right surfaces as shown. The top
and bottom horizontal surfaces are adia-
batic. The slab is at an initial temperature
of 70oF.
The left surface is exposed to a hot envi-
ronment whereas the right surface is Pick
exposed to cooling conditions. The pur-
pose of the fin on the right side is to create
more surface area for cooling and improve
the cooling effectiveness of the slab.
The contour of temperature is at a time of
6 seconds, and the temperature history of
the two points shown are plotted. These
plots show that the slab has yet to reach
steady state.

Workshop Problems Heat Transfer H1 Transient Cooling Fin
Heat Transfer H1 Transient Cooling Fin

FILES
SAVE AS heat1, OK
MESH GENERATION
COORDINATE SYSTEM SET:
GRID ON
U SPACING 0.1 <cr>
U DOMAIN 0 1<cr>
V SPACING 0.1 <cr>
V DOMAIN -1 1<cr>
FILL,RETURN
ELEMENTS: ADD
NODE( 0.0, -1.0, 0.0)
NODE( 1.0, -1.0, 0.0)
NODE( 1.0, 1.0, 0.0)
NODE( 0.0, 1.0, 0.0)
SUBDIVIDE
DIVISIONS
8 9 1 <cr>
ELEMENTS
ALL:EXISTING
RETURN
ELEMENTS REMOVE
pick those shown
END LIST
COORDINATE SYS: SET GRID OFF

CHECK
UPSIDE DOWN
FLIP
ALL: SELECTED
SWEEP
REMOVE UNUSED
NODES
ALL
RETURN
RENUMBER
ALL
MAIN
BOUNDARY CONDTIONS
THERMAL
EDGE FILM
H=800/(3600*144) <cr>
Tinf=2500 <cr>
EDGES: ADD
pick edges on left vertical surface
NEW
EDGE FILM
H=600/(3600*144) <cr>
Tinf=1000 <cr>
EDGES: ADD
pick right surfaces as shown, END LIST
MAIN
INITIAL CONDITIONS
THERMAL
TEMPERATURE = 70 <cr>
OK
NODES: ADD
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN (twice)
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
HEAT TRANSFER
CONDUCTIVITY
6E-4 <cr> (BTU/s/in/F)
SPECIFIC HEAT
.146 <cr> (BTU/LBF-F)
MASS DENSITY
.283 <cr> (LBF/in^3)
OK
ELEMENTS: ADD
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN
LOADCASES
HEAT TRANSFER
TRANSIENT
TOTAL LOADCASE TIME=6 <cr>
ADAPTIVE LOADING
MAX # INCREMENTS = 200 <cr>
INITIAL TIME STEP = 1 <cr>
OK (twice)
RETURN (twice)
JOBS
HEAT TRANSFER
lcase1 Pick
PLANAR
ANALYSIS OPTIONS
LUMP MASS
OK (twice)
SAVE
RUN
SUBMIT1
MONITOR
RETURN (twice)
RESULTS
OPEN DEFAULT
CONTOUR BANDS
SKIP TO INC
last increment
HISTORY PLOT
SET NODES
pick those shown
END LIST
COLLECT DATA
0 11111 1 <cr>
NODES/VARS
ADD VARIABLE
Time
Temperature
FIT, RETURN (twice)

PATH PLOT
SHOW MODEL
NODE PATH
pick two nodes shown
END LIST
VARIABLES
ADD CURVE
Arc Length
Temperature
FIT
RETURN
YMIN = 70 <cr>
REWIND
MONITOR
Notice how the heat flows

into the fin, with the inte-
rior slower to respond.

Heat Transfer H2 Steady State Cooling Fin Workshop Problems
Heat Transfer H2 Steady State Cooling Fin

Overview: The planar slab of the previous
problem is subjected to the same heat
loads and after the 6 second transient, a
steady state loadcase follows. Following a
transient loadcase with a steady state case
can help determine if the transient has
completed.
Notice the jump to steady state in the tem-
perature history plot.
Pick
Increasing the time period of the transient
loadcase would then show the complete
transient response from initial conditions
to steady state.
Jump to Steady State

{

Workshop Problems Heat Transfer H2 Steady State Cooling Fin
Heat Transfer H2 Steady State Cooling Fin

Because we are not sure if the transient in the previous problem
reaches steady state, let’s include another load case
FILES
OPEN heat1
SAVE AS heat2, OK Pick
RETURN
LOADCASES
HEAT TRANSFER
NEW
STEADY STATE
OK
RETURN (twice)
JOBS
HEAT TRANSFER
lcase2
OK
SAVE
RUN
SUBMIT1
MONITOR
RETURN
MAIN

Heat Transfer H2 Steady State Cooling Fin Workshop Problems
RESULTS
OPEN DEFAULT
CONTOUR BANDS
SKIP TO INC
last increment
HISTORY PLOT
SET NODES
pick those shown
END LIST Jump to Steady State
{
COLLECT DATA
0 11111 1 <cr>
NODES/VARS {
ADD VARIABLE
Time
Temperature
FIT
It is a good modeling practice to fol-

low a transient with a steady state loadcase to get the proper time con-
stant whereby the transient runs long enough to achieve steady state.
Extra Credit #1 What is the cooling efficiency, η , with and with out the
cooling fin present? Where the cooling efficiency is defined as:
T avg fin
η = 1 – ---------------------------
T avg no – fin

Workshop Problems Heat Transfer H3 Coupled Transient Cooling Fin
Heat Transfer H3 Coupled Transient Cooling Fin

Overview: The transient thermal planar
slab of the previous problem is now cou-
pled with a thermal stress analysis.
Mechanical boundary conditions are
added to the previous model. Here the bot-
tom horizontal surface is constrained not
to displace in the vertical and the left ver-
tical surface is constrained not to displace
in the horizontal.
Mechanical properties are also added to Pick
the model including the thermal coeffi-
cient of expansion.
The transient loadcase is changed to a
quasi-static coupled loadcase. Finally the
element types are changed to plane stress
and the job is submitted.
Stresses are generated in the slab because
of thermal growth that is constrained by
the mechanical boundary conditions. By
plotting the stress at the points shown, we
see that the stress on the hot side occurs
well before steady state.

Heat Transfer H3 Coupled Transient Cooling Fin Workshop Problems
Heat Transfer H3 Coupled Transient Cooling Fin

Even though the thermal efficiency may be better with the cooling fin,
the structural response may not. Let’s see how to take the previous
model and convert into a couple heat/stress problem.
FILES
OPEN heat1
SAVE AS heat1s, OK
RETURN
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
MECHANICAL
NEW
FIX X = 0
NODES ADD
all nodes on x=0
NEW
FIX Y = 0
NODES ADD
all nodes on y=-1
RETURN (twice)
MAT. PROPERTIES
ISOTROPIC
E = 3E7
υ = .3
THERMAL EXP=10E-6
OK (twice)
RETURN
LOADCASES
COUPLED
QUASI-STATIC
LOADS
pick new bc’s
CONV. TESTING
DISPLACEMENTS, OK
TOTAL LOAD CASE TIME
60, OK
RETURN (twice)
JOBS
COUPLED
JOB RESULTS
EQUIVALENT VON MISES STRESS, OK
INITIAL LOADS
select new bc’s, OK
PLANE STRESS, OK
ELEMENT TYPES
PLANE STRESS
3
OK

Heat Transfer H3 Coupled Transient Cooling Fin Workshop Problems
SAVE
RUN
SUBMIT1 Pick
MONITOR
RESULTS
OPEN DEFAULT
CONTOUR BANDS
SKIP TO INC
last increment
SCALAR
EQ. VON MISES
HISTORY PLOT
SET NODES
pick nodes shown
END LIST
COLLECT DATA
0 1111 1 <cr>
NODES/VARIABLES
ADD VARIABLE
Temperature
Eq. Von Mises Stress
Notice how the stress peaks well

before steady state because of the
nonuniform temperatures during the transient.

Plane stress was used in this example. If plane strain elements (types
11, 27, etc.) were used, the out-of-plane strain for these elements is
zero. This generates a large out-of-plane stress since for plane strain
we have:
E
σ zz = -------------------------------------- [ ε xx + ε yy – ( 1 + υ )α∆T ]
( 1 + υ ) ( 1 – 2υ )
and the last term in the equation will dominate for large changes in
temperature. If there is no out-of-plane constraint to the thermal
growth physically, plane stress should be used. If the out-of-plane ther-
mal growth is restricted, such as plane remaining plane, generalized
plane strain elements (types 19, 29, etc.) should be used. You may wish
to try these elements and observe what happens.

Heat Transfer H4 Dynamics with Friction Heating Workshop Problems
Heat Transfer H4 Dynamics with Friction Heating

Overview: A block has an initial velocity
and will slide over a rigid table. Due the
weight of the block and friction between
the block and the table, the block will
slow down and heat up because of fric-
tion.
Mechanical boundary conditions keep
the block moving in a straight line. Initial
conditions set the initial velocity and
temperature.
The coupled loadcase selected is a
dynamic transient with a time period
long enough to allow the block to come to
rest.
The temperature contours show how the
leading edge of the block touching the
table heat up faster than other portions
of the block.
A history plot of the velocity and acceler-
ation of the node shown show how the
block comes to a stop with the velocity
and acceleration becoming zero at 1.4
seconds.

Workshop Problems Heat Transfer H4 Dynamics with Friction Heating
Heat Transfer H4 Dynamics with Friction Heating

This is a problem of a block subjected
to its own weight that is sliding on a
table with an initial velocity. Friction
between the block and table generate
heat and reduce the speed.
FILES
NEW, OK
SAVE AS block
RETURN
MESH GENERATION
VIEW SHOW VIEW 4, OK
ADD ELEMENTS
NODE( -1.0, -1.0, 0.0)
NODE( 1.0, -1.0, 0.0)
NODE( 1.0, 1.0, 0.0)
NODE( -1.0, 1.0, 0.0)
ADD SURFACES
POINT( 1.0, -1.0, 0.0)
POINT( -1.0, -1.0, 0.0)
POINT( -1.0, 1.0, 0.0)
POINT( 1.0, 1.0, 0.0)
MOVE
SCALE 4 2 1 <cr>
SURFACES
ALL: EXISTING
MOVE
RESET
TRANSLATIONS
1.8 0 0 <cr>
SURFACES
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN
SUBDIVIDE
ELEMENTS
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN
EXPAND
TRANSLATIONS
0 0 1/2 <cr>
REPETITIONS
2 <cr>
ELEMENTS
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN
FILL
SWEEP
REMOVE UNUSED
NODES
ALL, RETURN
RENUMBER
ALL, RETURN

BNDRY. CONDITIONS
MECHANICAL
FIXED DISP Y = 0 <cr>
OK
NODES ADD
ALL: EXISTING
NEW
GRAVITY LOAD
ON Z ACCEL = -9.81 <cr> m/s2

OK
ELEMENTS ADD
ALL: EXISTING
MAIN
INITIAL CONDITIONS
THERMAL
TEMP. = 0 <cr> oK
OK
NODES ADD
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN
NEW
MECHANICAL
VELOCITY
VEL X = 4.905 <cr> m/s
OK
NODES ADD

ALL: EXISTING
MAIN
MATERIAL PROP.
NEW
ISOTROPIC
E = 210E9 <cr> (N/m2)
υ = .3 <cr>
ρ = 7854 <cr> (Kg/m3)
DAMPING
NUM. MULT
0.3, OK (twice)
HEAT TRANSFER
CONDUCTIVITY
60.5 <cr> (W/moK)
SPECIFIC HEAT
434 <cr> (J/KgoK)
MASS DENSITY
7854 <cr> (Kg/m3)
OK
ELEMENTS ADD
ALL: EXISTING
RETURN

CONTACT
CONTACT BODIES
DEFORMABLE
µ = .5 <cr>, OK
ELEMENTS ADD
ALL: EXISTING
CONTACT
CONTACT BODIES
NEW
RIGID
µ = .5 <cr>, OK
SURFACES ADD
ALL: EXISTING
MAIN
LOADCASES
COUPLED
DYNAMIC TRANSIENT
SOL. CONTROL
NON-POSITIVE DEF
OK
CONV. TEST. DISP
OK
TOTAT LOADCASE TIME
2 <cr>
FIXED # STEPS = 50 <cr>
OK
MAIN

JOBS
COUPLED
lcase1
ANALYSIS OPTIONS
LARGE DISPLACEMENT
LUMPED MASS
OK
CONTACT CONTROL
COULOMB
SLIDING VEL = 0.1 <cr>
SEP. FORCE = 1E11 <cr> (keep block on surface)
OK
JOB RESULTS
EQUIVALENT VM STRESS
TEMPERATURE
OK
JOB PARAMETERS
HEAT GEN: CONV FAC = 1E3 <cr> (should be
1, but want larger temps for show)
OK
OK
SAVE
RUN
SUBMIT1
MONITOR
OK
RETURN

RESULTS
OPEN DEFAULT
NEXT
CONTOUR BAND
DEF ON
SCALAR Temp.
SKIP TO 50
RESULTS Pick Node
HISTORY PLOT
SET NODES
pick node shown
COLLECT DATA
0 11111 1
NODES/VARS
ADD VARIABLE
Time
Velocity x
ADD VARIABLE
Time
Acceleration x
FIT

Notice that the effect of friction was not 100% since the block should
come to a stop at 1 sec. This was due the the ever slipping friciton
model. Rigid body dynamics gives:
2
t
u̇˙ = – µg ; u̇ = – µgt + u̇ 0 ; u = – µg ---- + u̇ 0 t + u 0
2
where the initial velocity was selected as u̇ 0 = µgt s . Where t s is the

stopping time or 1 second.
Also from the friction heating, the friction force moves through a dis-
tance and this mechanical energy is converted to thermal energy. This
thermal energy is input to the heat transfer portion of the solution. The
average rise in temperature for a block that comes to rest from an ini-
tial velocity of u̇ 0 , becomes:
2
 u̇ 0 
∆T = conv factor  --------
 cp 
In this case, the rise in temperature is 27.27 oK.
How does this compare with the MARC predictions? (28 oK)
Why is the block hotter at the leading bottom edge? What would you
do to improve the results?

Workshop Problems Heat Transfer H5 Radiation With Viewfactors
Heat Transfer H5 Radiation With Viewfactors

Overview: Two concentric spheres
have their inner and outer most
surfaces held at a fixed tempera-
ture. They exchange heat flow via
radiation.
Thermal boundary conditions keep
the inner and outer most surfaces
fixed at 400 and 500 degrees C. d
Another thermal boundary condi- c
tions identifies that the outer sur-
face of the inner sphere and the
inner surface of the outer sphere b
can radiate. a
The heat transfer loadcase selected
is a steady state that will allow the
sphere to exchange heat flow via
radiation.
The temperature contours shows
this flow and the path plot shows
the radial change in temperature.

Heat Transfer H5 Radiation With Viewfactors Workshop Problems
Heat Transfer H5 Radiation With Viewfactors

This will be an axisymmetric model
and we can use cylindrical coordinates
to define the spheres.
MESH GENERATION
COORDINATE SYS.
CYLINDRICAL (on)
CURVE TYPE
CENTER POINT
POINT
RETURN
CURVES ADD
0,0,0, 8,0,0, 8,180,0 <cr>
0,0,0, 10,0,0, 10,180,0 <cr>
0,0,0, 12,0,0, 12,180,0 <cr>
0,0,0, 14,0,0, 14,180,0 <cr>
RETURN
SURFACE TYPE
RULLED, OK
SURFACE ADD
1, 2 <cr>
3, 4 <cr>

CONVERT
DIVISIONS 12 2 <CR>
SURFACES
ALL EXISTING
RETURN
SWEEP
ALL
RETURN
CHECK ELEMENTS r=14 12 10 8
UPSIDE DOWN
FLIP ELEMENTS
ALL SELECTED
UPSIDE DOWN
RETURN
RENUMBER
ALL
MAIN
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
THERMAL
FIXED TEMP = 400, OK
Try using the path select
(add all nodes for r=8) option to pick the nodes on
FIXED TEMP = 500, OK r=8, 14 and the edges on
(add all nodes for r=14) r=10, 12. You only need to
MORE pick a begining middle and
EDGE RADIATION ending node for path
ON, OK select.
(add all edges r= 10 & 12)

COMPUTE RADIATION VIEWFACTORS

TYPE AX
VIEWFACTOR FILE = model1.vfs, OK
START, OK
Here 1000 rays are
randomly cast from
each of the 24 edges
to compute the view
factors. The viewfac-
tors will be stored in
the file model1.vfs. If
the geometry
changes this would
need to be done
again.
MAIN
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
HEAT TRANSFER
CONDUCTIVITY = 1E-4
EMISSIVITY = 0.4, OK
ELEMENTS ADD, ALL EXISTING, MAIN
LOADCASES
HEAT TRANSFER
STEADY STATE
SOLUTION CONTROL
MIN # RECYCLES
10, OK (twice)
MAIN
JOBS
HEAT TRANSFER
lcase1
AXISYMMETRIC
ANALYSIS OPTIONS
RADIATION
STEFAN-BOLTZMANN
5.67E-14
TEMPERATURE IN CELSIUS
VIEWFACTOR FILE = model1.vfs, OK
OK, (THRICE)
RUN, SUBMIT1, MONITOR
OK
SAVE
MAIN
RESULTS
OPEN DEFAULT d
NEXT INC c
CONTOUR BAND
PATH PLOT
SET NODES b
pick node shown a
(a,b,c,d) #END LIST
VARIABLES
ADD CURVE
Arc Length
Temperature
FIT

Workshop Problems Dynamics D1 Cantilever Beam Modal Analysis
Dynamics D1 Cantilever Beam Modal Analysis

Overview: A modal analysis of a cantile- 500 #
ver beam will be done to determine the
natural frequencies of the cantilever beam
shown. 10" X 1" X 1"
The end load is turned off prior to the
modal analysis. The effects of pre-stress
change the natural frequencies, like the
tension in a guitar string. However is not
modeled here. Also the bending stresses
due to the tip load very slightly change the
frequency.
The first ten lowest natural frequencies
and corresponding mode shapes were
requested. Here the mode shape of the
lowest natural frequency of 325 Hz is
shown. As expected it shows “easy wise
bending”.

Dynamics D1 Cantilever Beam Modal Analysis Workshop Problems
Dynamics D1 Cantilever Beam Modal Analysis

Here is a cantilever beam from 500 #
before. We will use it now.
FILES
OPEN beam1 10" X 1" X 1"
SAVE AS beam12
OK
LOADCASES
MECHANICAL
DYNAMIC MODAL
OK
MAIN
JOBS
MECHANICAL
SELECT lcase1
INITIAL LOADS
turn off point load,
OK
OK
RUN
SUBMIT1, OK
SAVE
MAIN
Workshop Problems Dynamics D1 Cantilever Beam Modal Analysis
RESULTS
OPEN DEFAULT
NEXT (twice)
DEFORMED SHAPE SETTINGS AUTOMATIC
DEF & ORIG
1st Natural frequency at 3.251E+02 cycles per time

Dynamics D2 Cantilever Beam Harmonic Analysis Workshop Problems
Dynamics D2 Cantilever Beam Harmonic Analysis

Overview: A harmonic analysis of a canti- 500 #
lever beam will be done to determine the
dynamic response of the cantilever beam
shown to an oscillating tip load of 500 10" X 1" X 1"
pounds.
The end load is turned on in the harmonic
load case, and the range of excitation fre-
quencies is 0 to 400 Hz, in 10 steps of 40
Hz.
Plotting the tip displacement magnitude
along the frequency range, shows the
Resonance at 325 cps
static solution at 0 Hz, and the resonance
around the first natural frequency of 325
Static Solution
Hz, ending with a phase reversal above
325 Hz.

Workshop Problems Dynamics D2 Cantilever Beam Harmonic Analysis
Dynamics D2 Cantilever Beam Harmonic Analysis

FILES
OPEN beam12
SAVE AS beam13, OK
LOADCASES
MECHANICAL
DYNAMIC HARMONIC
LOADS
(pick point load), OK
LOWEST FREQ = 0 <cr>
HIGHEST FREQ = 400 <cr>
# OF FREQ’S = 40 <cr>
OK
MAIN
JOBS
MECHANICAL
SELECT lcase1 OK
RUN
SUBMIT1
SAVE

Dynamics D2 Cantilever Beam Harmonic Analysis Workshop Problems
RESULTS
OPEN DEFAULT
HISTORY PLOT
SET NODE (Pick the one with point load)
COLLECT DATA 0:0 0:40 1 <cr>
NODE/VARIABLES
ADD VARIABLE
FREQUENCY
DISPLACEMENT y
FIT
Resonance at 325 cps
Static Solution

Workshop Problems Dynamics D3 Cantilever Beam Transient Analysis
Dynamics D3 Cantilever Beam Transient Analysis

Overview: A transient analysis of the pre- 500 #
vious cantilever beam will be done to
determine the transient dynamic response
of the cantilever beam shown to a sud- 10" X 1" X 1"
denly appearing tip load of 500 pounds.
The dynamic transient loadcase time
Static Solution
period is set to 3/(325 Hz) to get 3 cycles of
response.
Plotting the tip displacement along the Period
time axis shows the tip oscillating about

the static solution.
The second run includes damping and the Static Solution
tip displacement along the time axis plot

shows the tip oscillating about the static Period
solution with the oscillations diminishing

with time.
500 #
The last run includes contact with a 10" X 1" X 1"
bumper below the beam at mid span. The
beam contacts the bumper only on the 0.03"
way down and separates from the bumper
when displacing upward. Period ?
Static Solution ?
0.03"

Dynamics D3 Cantilever Beam Transient Analysis Workshop Problems

Here is a cantilever beam from 500 #
before we will use it now. The
beam is at rest and the load is
placed on the end at time t=0.
10" X 1" X 1"
FILES
OPEN beam1
SAVE AS beam14, OK
RETURN
LOADCASE
MECHANICAL
DYNAMIC TRANSIENT
TIME = 3/325 <cr> (remember 1st natural
frequency)
STEPS = 150 <cr>
OK
MAIN
JOBS
MECHANICAL
SELECT lcase1
OK
SAVE
RUN
SUBMIT1
RESULTS
OPEN DEFAULT
HISTORY PLOT
NODE/VARIABLES
ADD VARIABLE
TIME
DISPLACEMENT y
FIT
Static Solution
Period


What about damping? Physically we know it is present. Let’s see how
to model with damping.
FILES
OPEN beam14
SAVE AS beam15, OK
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
ISOTROPIC
DAMPING
STIFFNESS MATRIX MULT. = 1E-4 <cr>
OK
OK
SAVE
MAIN
JOBS
RUN
SUBMIT1
MONITOR

RESULTS
OPEN DEFAULT
HISTORY PLOT
NODE/VARIABLES
ADD VARIABLE
TIME
DISPLACEMENT y
FIT
Static Solution
Period

Dynamics D3 Beam Transient Analysis w/Contact

Here is a over hanging cantile- 500 #
ver beam. The beam is rest and
10" X 1" X 1"
the load is placed on the end at
time t=0.
0.03"
FILES
OPEN beam15
SAVE AS beam16, OK
MESH GENERATION
CURVE TYPE, CIRCLE:CENTER,RADIUS
CURVES: ADD
5 0 0 <cr>
.2 <cr>
RETURN
MOVE
TRANS.
0 -.23 0 <cr>
CURVE
ALL: EXISTING
MAIN

MATERIAL PROPERTIES
ISOTROPIC
DAMPING
STIFFNESS MATRIX MULT. = 1E-5 <cr>
OK
OK
RETURN
CONTACT
CONTACT BODIES
DEFORMABLE, OK
ELEMENTS: ADD, ALL:EXISTING
NEW
RIGID, OK
CURVES ADD, ALL:EXISTING
RETURN (twice)
JOBS
MECHANICAL
CONTACT CONTROL
DISTANCE TOLERANCE = .01 <cr>
BIAS = 0.9 <cr>
SEPARATION FORCE = 1.0 <cr>
OK (twice)
SAVE
RUN
SUBMIT1
MONITOR
RESULTS
OPEN DEFAULT
HISTORY PLOT
SET NODE (Pick the one with point load& at over-
hang)
NODE/VARIABLES
ADD VARIABLE
TIME
DISPLACEMENT y
FIT
Period ?
Static Solution ?
0.03"


CHAPTER 9 Notes and Course Critique
The purpose of this appendix is to provide

pages for notes and the course critique.

Notes and Course Critique Class Notes
Class Notes

Class Notes Notes and Course Critique
Class Notes

Class Notes

Class Notes Notes and Course Critique
Class Notes

Class Notes

Class Critique Notes and Course Critique
Class Critique
Please use this form to provide feedback on your training program. Your comments will be reviewed, and
when possible included in the remainder of your course.
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Was the technical assistance prompt and clear?
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Your Name:______________________________________Date:_______________________________
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Marc Introductory Course

Asia Pacific Worldwide Web

Document Title: MSC.Marc Introductory Course

2 MSC.Marc Introductory Course

Table of Contents ........................................................................... 3

CHAPTER 1 Introduction to MARC ......................................... 7

CHAPTER 2 Review of The Finite Element Method............... 21

CHAPTER 3 Geometrically Nonlinear Analysis ..................... 49

MSC.Marc Introductory Course 3

CHAPTER 5 Contact Analysis.................................................. 89

4 MSC.Marc Introductory Course

CHAPTER 7 Dynamic Analysis.............................................. 133

MSC.Marc Introductory Course 5

CHAPTER 9 Notes and Course Critique................................ 361

6 MSC.Marc Introductory Course

This course offers complete workshop-

MSC.Marc Introductory Course 7

8 MSC.Marc Introductory Course

MSC.Marc Introductory Course 9

10 MSC.Marc Introductory Course

MSC.Marc Introductory Course 11

12 MSC.Marc Introductory Course

MSC.Marc Introductory Course 13

14 MSC.Marc Introductory Course

MSC.Marc Introductory Course 15

Training: (See www.marc.com/Support/Courses..)

MARC release schedule:

New product release every one and a half years

Bug fix version is released in between

16 MSC.Marc Introductory Course

50% MARC program options with special emphasis on

* Linear elastic analysis

MARC office distributes list with

Customer can get fix on request

MSC.Marc Introductory Course 17

Volume A: User Information

18 MSC.Marc Introductory Course

MARC/Mentat File Road Map

INPUT SOLVER OUTPUT

file.dat run_marc -j file -u sub file.log

MSC.Marc Introductory Course 19

20 MSC.Marc Introductory Course

The purpose of this chapter is to review the

MSC.Marc Introductory Course 21

Introduction to the Finite ELEMENT Method

Step 2 Material Loop: The FEM expresses the dependent flux

Step 3 Element Matrices: The FEM equilibrates each element

22 MSC.Marc Introductory Course

Introduction to the Finite ELEMENT Method

Step 4 Assembly: The FEM assembles all elements to form a

MSC.Marc Introductory Course 23

Introduction to the Finite ELEMENT Method

Step 6 Recover: The FEM recovers the stresses by substituting

24 MSC.Marc Introductory Course

Introduction to the Finite ELEMENT Method

increment took 12 recycles for a total time of 2500 seconds. A

MSC.Marc Introductory Course 25

Linear and Nonlinear FEA differ greatly in the amount of time

In linear FEA, step 5, Solve Equations dominates (or has in the

CPU time used in %

26 MSC.Marc Introductory Course