Chuan bi cho ki thi tot nghiép THPT va thi vao Dai hoc rong cdc dé thi tuyén sinh vao Dai hoc, Cao ding nhimg nam gan day, ching ta gap kha nhiéu bai todn giai hé phuong tinh (HPT). Ngoai nhing he d6i ximg loai 1, Joai 2 co bin ma céc ban da biét cach gidi, trong bai bao nay chting (6i xin gidi thigu them v6i cdc ban mot s6 dang ton vé gidi HPT va nhing phuong phap dé gidi chung. 1. PHUONG PHAP BIEN DOITUONG DUONG Phuong phép nay chit yéu Ia sir dung cfc ki nang bién déi dng nhat dic biét 1a ki nang phan tich nhim dua mot PT trong hé vé dang dom gin (c6 thé rit x theo y hode neuge Iai) 16i thé vao PT con lai trong he. LOAI 1. Trong hé cé mét phuong trinh bac nhdt voi dn x hodc y, khi dé ta tim cach riit y theo x hodc nguge lai. Thi du 1. Gidi hé phuong trinh xt(ytl(etptl)=3x?—4e41 (1) ay x+l=x? (2) Loi gidi. Ta thay x = 0 khong théa man PT (2). a V6i x 4 0ti(2) c6 y+1=* =, thay va0 (1) x ta duge x= -1 =3x?-dx41 («-1)(3x-1) re) 2 (8a) x+ 2 (x=1)(2x9 + 2x? —x-1) = (x-1)(3x-1) x =0 (loai) (x= 1)(2x8 +2x2 4x) =0.e9] x 2, Heé c6 hai nghiém (x; y) 1a (1 ;—1), (2; < )3 NouyéN MINH NHIEN (GV THPT Qué'Vé I, Bac Ninh) LOAI 2. Mét phuong trinh trong hé cé thé dua vé dang tich cia cdc phuong trinh bac nhdt hai dn. Thi du 2. Gidi hé phucong trinh aytxty=xt—2y? @ xy[2y ~ yVx-1 = 2x-2y (2) Loi gidi. Diéu kién x> 1; y 20. PT (1) x? -ay—2y? -(x4 y)=0 (xt y)(x-2y-1 o> x—2y—1=0 (tir diéu kign ta c6 x + y > 0) x= 2y+1 thay vao PT (2) va bién déi ta duoc (y+1)(V2y-2)=0 @ y=2(doy20) => x=5, Hé cé nghiém (x; y) = (5; 2). LOAI 3. Mét PT ciia hé Ja PT béc hai theo mét dn, chdng han dé la dn y. Lite dé ta xem x la tham so’ va biéu dién due y qua x bing cdch gidi PT bdc hai dn y. Thi du 3. Gidi he phucong trink ree @ ye 5x2 —Axy + 16x-8y+16=0 (2) Loi gidi. Bién 46i PT (2) vé dang —(4x48) y— 5x? +16x +16 =0 Coi PT (2) la PT bac hai dn y (tham s6 x) ta 06 =Sx+4 A’ =9x?, tirds [’ a ly=4-x, 0 Vai Sx +4, thay vao (1) duoc 4 (5x44)? =(Sx+4)(4—x) Ge |xe0 eyed : ‘Ol $6 579 «2000 TPN HOC 9* Voi y=4—x, thay vao (1) duge (4-9) e+ 9(4-9) Hé 6 ba nghiém (x; y) la 0:9.4:0-4:0) a x=4>y=0 x=O0>y=4 IL, PHUONG PHAP DAT AN PHU Diém quan trong nhét trong vige gidi he 1 phat hién dn phu w= f(x,y); v= e(x,y) 06 ngay trong timg phuong trinh hoac xuat hign sau mot sO phép bién ddi hing ding thitc co ban hoac phép chia cho mot biéu thitc khéc 0 dé dura hé vé dang don gin hon. Thi du 4. Gidi hé phwong trink x 4l+y(y+x)=4y a (x? +1)(y+x-2)=y (2) L6i gidi. Ta thay y = 0 khong théa man PT(1) xet1 +ytxa4 nén HTS |” ( y utv=2 2 Heya x2 ined (e Dat u=~ Gidi hé duge w = v = 1, t dé ta c6 hé He nay ban doc cé thé giai dugc dé dang. He cé hai nghiem (x; y) Ia (1 ; 2) va (25). * Thi du 5. Gidi hé phuong trinh 4ay + 4(x? +-y?) 2x 3. xty Loi gidi. Diéu kign x + y #0. Khi do ta c6 3 (x+y 3(x+y) +(x-y)' + 1 xtyt—itx-ys3. x+y TOAN HOC * clusitre ‘Sé 379 (1-2009) 10 1 Dat uaxty+—— (\ul22);v=x-y tz via (\ulz 2) ya [se tv? =13 duge he lutv=3. Gidi he ta duge w = 2, v= 1 (do lal > 2), tir d6 ta.c6 he 1 x+y+——=2 [x+ye=1 =1 yy oft y i" xty e pai x-ysl” |y=0.0 II. PHUONG PHAP HAM SO LOAI 1. M6t phucong trinh trong hé cé dang fix) = fly) , phuong trinh con lai gitip ta gidi han dugic x, y dé trén dé ham 36 f don diéu Titdé suy rax Thi du 6. Gidi hé phuong trinh xo 5x =p? -5y 0 xtyt=l @ Loi gidi. Tu PT (2) acd x*< 1, y"<1 ells ibis. xét ham sé f(t)=-5¢, te[-1;1] 6 f (t)=38-5<0,¥re[-1;1]. Do 46 ham f@ nghich bién trén khoang (-1 ; 1) nén tir PT (1) suy ra x= y. Thay vao PT (2) ta duce LOAI 2. Hé déi xing loai hai ma khi gidi thuong dén dén mét trong hai PT ciia hé cé dang fix) = 0 hode fix) = fly) trong dé f la ham don diéu Thi du 7. Gidi hé phuong trinh xt¥x? 2x42 =3441 pty 2yt2 = 3441 Loi gidi. Dat a= x-1, b= y—1 ta dugc hé atVa+1=3 oO b+ vee +1 =3° 2)Trit theo vé hai PT trén, ta duge a+Vatsl+3¢=b+ Vb 41+ (3) Xétham s6 f(t)=t+ VF +1+3), 6 Vetlet MO" ea * Viv tio v 2-1 VP Fi 41> 0=f(1)>0,v1, do d6 ham 6 fit) déng bien wen R. ‘Tir dé PT (3) <> a= thay vao PT (1) ta duge a+Va? +1=3" (4) +3 1n3 Theo nhan xét tren thi a+ Ja? +1 PI(4) & In(a+ Va? +1)-aln3=0. Xét ham sé g(a)=In(a+Va? +1)—aln3 6, 1>0 nén In3<1-In3<0,VaeR, nén ham s6 g(a) nghich bién tren Rva do PT (4) c6 nghigm a = 0 nen PT (4) c6 nghiém duy nhat a = 0. Tir dé ta duge nghiém cita he ban dau la (x; y)= (1; ).0 IV. PHUONG PHAP DANH GIA V6i phuong phdp nay, can luu ¥ phat hién cac biéu thitc khong 4m trong hé va nam ving cach van dung cc bat dang thtfc co ban. & Thi du 8. Gidi hé phuong trinh x4 ext ty xt 2x49 oxy ayttx, a Ya ay 8 Léi gidi, Cong theo vé hai PT cia he ta duge ey? (1) Tacé Yx? 2x49 = 3(x-1) +822 aa __2po| <2 =lo| fea 2x+9 Ye? —2x49 Tung tu 2 |x| ma theo BDT yy? -2y+9 Cauchy x? +y? > 2|xy|_nén VT(1) $ VPC). es . fx=y=1., Déu bing xay ra khi | tnt lai ta xays duge nghigm (x; y) cita hé 4 (0; 0) (151). Thi dy 9. Gidi he phuong wink x 43x44 ys ~6y-2. Léi gidi. Hé da cho tuong duong véi [y-2=-(e41)" (2) @ © [x-2=2(y+1)'(y-2) (2) Néu.x> 2 thi tir(1) suy ra y-2< 0 diéu nay mau thudin v6i PT(2) c6 (x -2) va (v2) ciing dau. Tuong ty véi x < 2 ta cling suy ra diéu vo I. Vay nghiém cia he 1a x a Hi vong mot s6 thf du tén sé gitip ban phan nao Ki nang gidi HPT. Dé ket thc bai viét moi céc ban cling gid cAc he phutong trinh sau ppv 3e-2y=16 a x3(2+3y)=8 xttyt—2x-dy=33 ” |x(y8-2)=6 x2 43y=9 yt +4(2x-3)y? -48y— 48x 4155 =0 {2 t2x- y= (v4) yi+4x414in(y? +2x)=0 ofan y=1+{y-3+ xtytesy add ata yes Oe Th eo av eb ban doc, bétdéu 6 380, (hang 2 ndm 2008} ching 16 lS is mon Vat I'ghip ‘ede ban 6n thi tét nghiép THPT va y=0. os bi thi: vao'cde trudng Bai hoc. ca ban doc hudng ing va | viéi bal huyén. eae sis70ns00 TENSES 11