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Coordinates: 13°24′45″N 103°52′0″E

Angkor Wat
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Angkor Wat (Khmer: ) is a temple

complex at Angkor, Cambodia, built for the king Angkor Wat
Suryavarman II in the early 12th century as his state
temple and capital city. As the best-preserved temple
at the site, it is the only one to have remained a
significant religious centre since its foundation — first
Hindu, dedicated to the god Vishnu, then Buddhist. It
is the world's largest religious building.[1] The temple
is at the top of the high classical style of Khmer
architecture. It has become a symbol of Cambodia,
appearing on its national flag, and it is the country's
prime attraction for visitors. Angkor Wat combines two
basic plans of Khmer temple architecture: the temple
mountain and the later galleried temple, based on
early South Indian Hindu architecture, with key
features such as the Jagati. It is designed to represent
Mount Meru, home of the devas in Hindu mythology:
within a moat and an outer wall 3.6 kilometres (2.2
mi) long are three rectangular galleries, each raised
above the next. At the centre of the temple stands a
quincunx of towers. Unlike most Angkorian temples,
Angkor Wat is oriented to the west; scholars are
divided as to the significance of this. The temple is
admired for the grandeur and harmony of the
architecture, its extensive bas-reliefs and for the
numerous devatas (guardian spirits) adorning its
walls.
Location in Cambodia
The modern name, Angkor Wat, means "City Temple";
Angkor is a vernacular form of the word nokor Coordinates: 13°24′45″N 103°52′0″E
which comes from the Sanskrit word नगर nagara
meaning capital or city. Wat is the Khmer word for Name
temple. Prior to this time the temple was known as Proper name: Prasat Angkor Wat
Preah Pisnulok, after the posthumous title of its
Location
founder, Suryavarman II.[2]
Country: Cambodia

Location: Angkor

Architecture and culture

Primary deity: Vishnu

Architectural Khmer
styles:

History

Date built: 12th century

Creator: Suryavarman II

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This article contains Khmer

text. Without proper
Contents rendering support, you may
see question marks, boxes, or
other symbols instead of
1 History Khmer script.
2 Architecture
2.1 Site and plan
2.2 Style
2.3 Features
2.3.1 Outer enclosure
2.3.2 Central structure
2.3.3 Decoration
2.4 Construction techniques
3 Angkor Wat today
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links

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This article contains Indic

text. Without proper
rendering support, you may
see question marks or boxes,
misplaced vowels or missing
conjuncts instead of Indic
text.

History

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Angkor Wat lies 5.5 km north of the modern town of Siem

Reap, and a short distance south and slightly east of the
previous capital, which was centred at Baphuon. It is in an
area of Cambodia where there is an important group of
ancient structures. It is the southernmost of Angkor's main
sites.

The initial design and construction of the temple took place

in the first half of the 12th century, during the reign of
Suryavarman II (ruled 1113 – c. 1150). Dedicated to
Vishnu, it was built as the king's state temple and capital
city. As neither the foundation stela nor any contemporary
inscriptions referring to the temple have been found, its
original name is unknown, but it may have been known as Angkor Wat is the southernmost
Vrah Vishnulok after the presiding deity. Work seems to temple of Angkor's main group of
have ended shortly after the king's death, leaving some of sites.
the bas-relief decoration unfinished.[3] In 1177,
approximately 27 years after the death of Suryavarman II,
Angkor was sacked by the Chams, the traditional enemies
of the Khmer. Thereafter the empire was restored by a
new king, Jayavarman VII, who established a new capital
and state temple (Angkor Thom and the Bayon
respectively) a few kilometres to the north.

In the late 13th century, Angkor Wat gradually moved from

Hindu to Theravada Buddhist use, which continues to the
present day. Angkor Wat is unusual among the Angkor
temples in that although it was somewhat neglected after
the 16th century it was never completely abandoned, its
preservation being due in part to the fact that its moat also
provided some protection from encroachment by the An 1866 photograph of Angkor Wat
by Emile Gsell
jungle.[4]

One of the first Western visitors to the temple was Antonio da

Magdalena, a Portuguese monk who visited in 1586 and said that
it "is of such extraordinary construction that it is not possible to
describe it with a pen, particularly since it is like no other building
in the world. It has towers and decoration and all the refinements
which the human genius can conceive of".[5] However, the temple
was popularised in the West only in the mid-19th century on the
publication of Henri Mouhot's travel notes. The French explorer
wrote of it:

"One of these temples—a rival to that of Solomon, and

erected by some ancient Michelangelo—might take an
honourable place beside our most beautiful buildings. It is
grander than anything left to us by Greece or Rome, and
presents a sad contrast to the state of barbarism in which
the nation is now plunged."[6]
Henri Mouhot popularised the
Mouhot, like other early Western visitors, found it difficult to temple in the west in the mid
believe that the Khmers could have built the temple, and 19th-century
mistakenly dated it to around the same era as Rome. The true
history of Angkor Wat was pieced together only from stylistic and
epigraphic evidence accumulated during the subsequent clearing and restoration work carried out
across the whole Angkor site.

There were no ordinary dwellings or houses or other signs of settlement including cooking
utensils, weapons, or items of clothing usually found at ancient sites. Instead there is the
evidence of the monuments themselves.[7]

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Angkor Wat required considerable restoration in the 20th century, mainly the removal of
accumulated earth and vegetation.[8] Work was interrupted by the civil war and Khmer Rouge
control of the country during the 1970s and 1980s, but relatively little damage was done during
this period other than the theft and destruction of mostly post-Angkorian statues.[9]

The temple is a powerful symbol of Cambodia, and is a source of great national pride that has
factored into Cambodia's diplomatic relations with its neighbour Thailand, France and the United
States. A depiction of Angkor Wat has been a part of Cambodian national flags since the
introduction of the first version circa 1863.[10]

The splendid artistic legacy of Angkor Wat and other Khmer monuments in the Angkor region led
directly to France adopting Cambodia as a protectorate on August 11, 1863. This quickly led to
Cambodia reclaiming lands in the northwestern corner of the country that had been under Thai
control since the Thai invasion of 1431 AD.[11] Cambodia gained independence from France on 9
November 1953 and has controlled Angkor Wat since that time.

During the midst of the Vietnam War, Chief of State Norodom Sihanouk hosted Jacqueline
Kennedy in Cambodia to fulfill her "lifelong dream of seeing Angkor Wat."[12]

In January 2003 riots erupted in Phnom Penh when a false rumour circulated that a Thai soap
opera actress had claimed that Angkor Wat belonged to Thailand.[13]

Architecture
Site and plan

Angkor Wat, located at 13°24′45″N 103°52′0″E, is a unique

combination of the temple mountain, the standard design for
the empire's state temples, the later plan of concentric
galleries, and influences from Orissa and the Chola of Tamil
Nadu, India. The temple is a representation of Mount Meru, the
home of the gods: the central quincunx of towers symbolises
the five peaks of the mountain, and the walls and moat the
surrounding mountain ranges and ocean.[14] Access to the
upper areas of the temple was progressively more exclusive,
with the laity being admitted only to the lowest level.[15]
General plan of Angkor Wat with
Unlike most Khmer temples, Angkor Wat is oriented to the central structure in the middle
west rather than the east. This has led many (including Glaize
and George Coedès) to conclude that Suryavarman intended it
to serve as his funerary temple.[16] Further evidence for this
view is provided by the bas-reliefs, which proceed in a
counter-clockwise direction—prasavya in Hindu
terminology—as this is the reverse of the normal order. Rituals
take place in reverse order during Brahminic funeral
services.[8] The archaeologist Charles Higham also describes a
container which may have been a funerary jar which was
recovered from the central tower.[17] It has been nominated
by some as the greatest expenditure of energy on the disposal Detailed plan of the the central
of a corpse.[18] Freeman and Jacques, however, note that structure
several other temples of Angkor depart from the typical
eastern orientation, and suggest that Angkor Wat's alignment
was due to its dedication to Vishnu, who was associated with the west.[14]

A further interpretation of Angkor Wat has been proposed by Eleanor Mannikka. Drawing on the
temple's alignment and dimensions, and on the content and arrangement of the bas-reliefs, she
argues that the structure represents a claimed new era of peace under King Suryavarman II: "as
the measurements of solar and lunar time cycles were built into the sacred space of Angkor Wat,

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this divine mandate to rule was anchored to consecrated chambers and corridors meant to
perpetuate the king's power and to honor and placate the deities manifest in the heavens above."
[19][20]
Mannikka's suggestions have been received with a mixture of interest and scepticism in
academic circles.[17] She distances herself from the speculations of others, such as Graham
Hancock, that Angkor Wat is part of a representation of the constellation Draco.[21]

Style

Angkor Wat is the prime example of the classical style of Khmer

architecture—the Angkor Wat style—to which it has given its
name. By the 12th century Khmer architects had become skilled
and confident in the use of sandstone (rather than brick or
laterite) as the main building material. Most of the visible areas
are of sandstone blocks, while laterite was used for the outer wall
and for hidden structural parts. The binding agent used to join the
blocks is yet to be identified, although natural resins or slaked
lime have been suggested.[22]

Upper gallery at Angkor Wat Angkor Wat has drawn praise above all for the harmony of its
design, which has been compared to the architecture of ancient
Greece and Rome. According to Maurice Glaize, a mid-20th-
century conservator of Angkor, the temple "attains a classic perfection by the restrained
monumentality of its finely balanced elements and the precise arrangement of its proportions. It is
a work of power, unity and style."[23]

Architecturally, the elements characteristic of the style include: the ogival, redented towers
shaped like lotus buds; half-galleries to broaden passageways; axial galleries connecting
enclosures; and the cruciform terraces which appear along the main axis of the temple. Typical
decorative elements are devatas (or apsaras), bas-reliefs, and on pediments extensive garlands
and narrative scenes. The statuary of Angkor Wat is considered conservative, being more static
and less graceful than earlier work.[24] Other elements of the design have been destroyed by
looting and the passage of time, including gilded stucco on the towers, gilding on some figures on
the bas-reliefs, and wooden ceiling panels and doors.[25]

The Angkor Wat style was followed by that of the Bayon period, in which quality was often
sacrificed to quantity.[26] Other temples in the style are Banteay Samré, Thommanon, Chao Say
Tevoda and the early temples of Preah Pithu at Angkor; outside Angkor, Beng Mealea and parts of
Phanom Rung and Phimai.

Features

Outer enclosure

The outer wall, 1024 by 802 m

and 4.5 m high, is surrounded
by a 30 m apron of open
ground and a moat 190 m
wide. Access to the temple is
by an earth bank to the east
and a sandstone causeway to
the west; the latter, the main
The Temple viewed from the Aerial view of Angkor Wat
entrance, is a later addition,
northwest
possibly replacing a wooden
bridge.[27] There are gopuras at each of the cardinal points;
the western is by far the largest and has three ruined towers. Glaize notes that this gopura both
hides and echoes the form of the temple proper.[28] Under the southern tower is a statue of
Vishnu, known as Ta Reach, which may originally have occupied the temple's central shrine.[27]
Galleries run between the towers and as far as two further entrances on either side of the gopura

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often referred to as "elephant gates", as they are large enough to admit those animals. These
galleries have square pillars on the outer (west) side and a closed wall on the inner (east) side.
The ceiling between the pillars is decorated with lotus rosettes; the west face of the wall with
dancing figures; and the east face of the wall with balustered windows, dancing male figures on
prancing animals, and devatas, including (south of the entrance) the only one in the temple to be
showing her teeth.

The outer wall encloses a space of 820,000 square metres (203 acres), which besides the temple
proper was originally occupied by the city and, to the north of the temple, the royal palace. Like
all secular buildings of Angkor, these were built of perishable materials rather than of stone, so
nothing remains of them except the outlines of some of the streets.[29] Most of the area is now
covered by forest. A 350 m causeway connects the western gopura to the temple proper, with
naga balustrades and six sets of steps leading down to the city on either side. Each side also
features a library with entrances at each cardinal point, in front of the third set of stairs from the
entrance, and a pond between the library and the temple itself. The ponds are later additions to
the design, as is the cruciform terrace guarded by lions connecting the causeway to the central
structure.[29]

Central structure

The temple stands on a terrace raised higher than the city. It is

made of three rectangular galleries rising to a central tower,
each level higher than the last. Mannikka interprets these
galleries as being dedicated to the king, Brahma, the moon,
and Vishnu.[3] Each gallery has a gopura at each of the points,
and the two inner galleries each have towers at their corners,
forming a quincunx with the central tower. Because the temple
faces west, the features are all set back towards the east,
leaving more space to be filled in each enclosure and gallery
on the west side; for the same reason the west-facing steps
are shallower than those on the other sides.

The outer gallery measures 187 by 215 m, with pavilions

rather than towers at the corners. The gallery is open to the Miniature model of the central
outside of the temple, with columned half-galleries extending structure of Angkor Wat. In the
and buttressing the structure. Connecting the outer gallery to foreground the cruciform terrace
the second enclosure on the west side is a cruciform cloister which lies in front of the central
called Preah Poan (the "Hall of a Thousand Buddhas"). Buddha structure.
images were left in the cloister by pilgrims over the centuries,
although most have now been removed. This area has many inscriptions relating the good deeds
of pilgrims, most written in Khmer but others in Burmese and Japanese. The four small courtyards
marked out by the cloister may originally have been filled with water.[30] North and south of the
cloister are libraries.

Beyond, the second and inner galleries are connected to each other and to two flanking libraries
by another cruciform terrace, again a later addition. From the second level upwards, devatas
abound on the walls, singly or in groups of up to four. The second-level enclosure is 100 by 115
m, and may originally have been flooded to represent the ocean around Mount Meru.[31] Three
sets of steps on each side lead up to the corner towers and gopuras of the inner gallery. The very
steep stairways represent the difficulty of ascending to the kingdom of the gods.[32] This inner
gallery, called the Bakan, is a 60 m square with axial galleries connecting each gopura with the
central shrine, and subsidiary shrines located below the corner towers. The roofings of the
galleries are decorated with the motif of the body of a snake ending in the heads of lions or
garudas. Carved lintels and pediments decorate the entrances to the galleries and to the shrines.
The tower above the central shrine rises 43 m to a height of 65 m above the ground; unlike those
of previous temple mountains, the central tower is raised above the surrounding four.[33] The
shrine itself, originally occupied by a statue of Vishnu and open on each side, was walled in when
the temple was converted to Theravada Buddhism, the new walls featuring standing Buddhas. In
1934, the conservator George Trouvé excavated the pit beneath the central shrine: filled with
sand and water it had already been robbed of its treasure, but he did find a sacred foundation

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deposit of gold leaf two metres above ground level.[34]

Decoration

Integrated with the architecture

of the building, and one of the
causes for its fame is Angkor
Wat's extensive decoration,
which predominantly takes the
form of bas-relief friezes. The
inner walls of the outer gallery
bear a series of large-scale
scenes mainly depicting episodes
from the Hindu epics the
Ramayana and the Mahabharata.
Higham has called these, "the
Devatas are characteristic of greatest known linear
the Angkor Wat style. arrangement of stone
carving".[35] From the north-west
The bas-relief of the
corner anti-clockwise, the western gallery shows the Battle of
Churning of the Sea of Milk
Lanka (from the Ramayana, in which Rama defeats Ravana) and
shows Vishnu in the centre,
the Battle of Kurukshetra (from the Mahabharata, showing the
his turtle avatar Kurma
mutual annihilation of the Kaurava and Pandava clans). On the
below, asuras and devas to
southern gallery follow the only historical scene, a procession of
left and right, and apsaras
Suryavarman II, then the 32 hells and 37 heavens of Hindu
and Indra above.
mythology.

Glaize writes of;

"... those unfortunate souls who are to be thrown down to hell to suffer a refined
cruelty which, at times, seems to be a little disproportionate to the severity of the
crimes committed. So it is that people who have damaged others' property have their
bones broken, that the glutton is cleaved in two, that rice thieves are afflicted with
enormous bellies of hot iron, that those who picked the flowers in the garden of Shiva
have their heads pierced with nails, and thieves are exposed to cold discomfort."[36]

On the eastern gallery is one of the most celebrated scenes, the Churning of the Sea of Milk,
showing 92[37] asuras and 88 devas using the serpent Vasuki to churn the sea under Vishnu's
direction (Mannikka counts only 91 asuras, and explains the asymmetrical numbers as
representing the number of days from the winter solstice to the spring equinox, and from the
equinox to the summer solstice).[38] It is followed by Vishnu defeating asuras (a 16th-century
addition). The northern gallery shows Krishna's victory over Bana (where according to Glaize,
"The workmanship is at its worst"[39]) and a battle between the Hindu gods and asuras. The
north-west and south-west corner pavilions both feature much smaller-scale scenes, some
unidentified but most from the Ramayana or the life of Krishna.

Construction techniques

The stones, as smooth as polished marble, were laid without mortar with very tight joints that
were sometimes hard to find. The blocks were held together by mortise and tenon joints in some
cases, while in others they used dovetails and gravity. The blocks were presumably put in place by
a combination of elephants, coir ropes, pulleys and bamboo scaffolding. Henri Mouhot noted that
most of the blocks had holes 2.5 cm in diameter and 3 cm deep, with more holes on the larger
blocks. Some scholars have suggested that these were used to join them together with iron rods,
but others claim they were used to hold temporary pegs to help manoeuvre them into place. The
Khmer architects never made the curved arches used by the Romans. They did create a corbelled
arch, but this often proved unstable and collapsed.

The monument was made out of enormous amounts of sandstone, as much as Khafre's pyramid in
Egypt (over 5 million tons). This sandstone had to be transported from Mount Kulen, a quarry

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approximately 25 miles (40 km) to the northeast. The stone was presumably transported by raft
along the Siem Reap river. This would have to have been done with care to avoid overturning the
rafts with such a large amount of weight. One modern engineer estimated it would take 300 years
to complete Angkor Wat today.[40] Yet the monument was begun soon after Suryavarman came to
the throne and was finished shortly after his death, no more than 40 years.

Virtually all of its surfaces, columns, lintels even roofs are carved. There are miles of reliefs
illustrating scenes from Indian literature including unicorns, griffins, winged dragons pulling
chariots as well as warriors following an elephant mounted leader and celestial dancing girls with
elaborate hair styles. The gallery wall alone is decorated with almost 1,000 square metres of bas
reliefs. Holes on some of the Angkor walls indicate that they may have been decorated with
bronze sheets. These were highly prized in ancient times and were a prime target for robbers.
While excavating Khajuraho, Alex Evans, a stone mason and sculptor, recreated a stone sculpture
under 4 feet (1.2 m), this took about 60 days to carve.[41] Roger Hopkins and Mark Lehner also
conducted experiments to quarry limestone which took 12 quarrymen 22 days to quarry about 400
tons of stone.[42] The labour force to quarry, transport, carve and install this much sandstone
must have run into the thousands including many highly skilled artisans. The skill required to
carve these sculptures was developed hundreds of years earlier, as demonstrated by some
artifacts found that were dated to the seventh century before the Khmer came into power.
[18][40]
...

View of the moat surrounding Angkor Wat

Angkor Wat today

The Archaeological Survey of India carried out restoration work on the temple between 1986 and
1992.[43] Since the 1990s, Angkor Wat has seen continued conservation efforts and a massive
increase in tourism. The temple is part of the Angkor World Heritage Site, established in 1992,
which has provided some funding and has encouraged the Cambodian government to protect the
site.[44] The German Apsara Conservation Project (GACP) is working to protect the devatas and
other bas-reliefs which decorate the temple from damage. The organisation's survey found that
around 20% of the devatas were in very poor condition, mainly because of natural erosion and
deterioration of the stone but in part also due to earlier restoration efforts.[45] Other work
involves the repair of collapsed sections of the structure, and prevention of further collapse: the
west facade of the upper level, for example, has been buttressed by scaffolding since 2002,[46]
while a Japanese team completed restoration of the north library of the outer enclosure in
2005.[47] World Monuments Fund began work on the Churning of the Sea of Milk Gallery in 2008.

Angkor Wat has become a major tourist destination. In 2004 and 2005, government figures
suggest that, respectively, 561,000 and 677,000 foreign visitors arrived in Siem Reap province,
approximately 50% of all foreign tourists in Cambodia for both years.[48] The influx of tourists has
so far caused relatively little damage, other than some graffiti; ropes and wooden steps have
been introduced to protect the bas-reliefs and floors, respectively. Tourism has also provided
some additional funds for maintenance—as of 2000 approximately 28% of ticket revenues across
the whole Angkor site was spent on the temples—although most work is carried out by foreign
government-sponsored teams rather than by the Cambodian authorities.[49]

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Notes
1. ^ "Angkor Temple Guide" (http://www.angkor-visit.com/angkor_wat.html) . Angkor Temple Guide.
2008. http://www.angkor-visit.com/angkor_wat.html. Retrieved 2010-10-31.
2. ^ "Angkor Vat" (http://www.autoriteapsara.org/en/angkor/temples_sites/temples/angkor_vat.html) .
APSARA Authority. 2004. http://www.autoriteapsara.org/en/angkor/temples_sites/temples
/angkor_vat.html. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
3. ^ a b "Angkor Wat, 1113-1150" (http://huntingtonarchive.osu.edu/seasia/angkor.html) . The
Huntington Archive of Buddhist and Related Art. College of the Arts, The Ohio State University.
http://huntingtonarchive.osu.edu/seasia/angkor.html. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
4. ^ Glaize, The Monuments of the Angkor Group p. 59.
5. ^ Higham, The Civilization of Angkor pp. 1-2.
6. ^ Quoted in Brief Presentation by Venerable Vodano Sophan Seng (http://www.cambodianview.com
/documents/articles/Brief_Presentation.pdf)
7. ^ Time Life Lost Civilizations series: Southeast Asia: A Past Regained (1995) p. 67-99
8. ^ a b Glaize p. 59.
9. ^ APSARA authority, The Modern Period: The war (http://www.autoriteapsara.org/en/angkor/history
/war.html)
10. ^ Flags of the World, Cambodian Flag History (http://flagspot.net/flags/kh_hstry.html)
11. ^ Cambodge: The Cultivation of a Nation, 1860–1945 by Penny Edwards. 2007. ISBN
978-0-8248-2923-0]
12. ^ Jacqueline Kennedy's 1967 visit to Angkor Wat (http://www.devata.org/2010/01/angkor-
wat-dreams-jacqueline-kennedys-1967-visit-to-cambodia/)
13. ^ The Nation January 31, 2003, Editor Didn't Check Rumour (http://www.nationmultimedia.com
/search/read.php?newsid=73288)
14. ^ a b Freeman and Jacques p. 48.
15. ^ Glaize p. 62.
16. ^ The diplomatic envoy Zhou Da Guan sent by Emperor Temur Khan to Angkor in 1295 reported that
the head of state was buried in a tower after his death, and he referred to Angkor Wat as a
mausoleum
17. ^ a b Higham, The Civilization of Angkor p. 118.
18. ^ a b Scarre, Chris editor "The Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World", p. 81-85 (1999) Thames &
Hudson, London
19. ^ Mannikka, Eleanor. Angkor Wat, 1113-1150 (http://huntingtonarchive.osu.edu/seasia/angkor.html)
. (This page does not cite an author's name.)
20. ^ Stencel, Robert, Fred Gifford, and Eleanor Moron. "Astronomy and Cosmology at Angkor Wat."
Science 193 (1976): 281-287. (Mannikka, née Moron)
21. ^ Transcript of Atlantis Reborn (http://www.grahamhancock.com/horizon/horizon_script_2.htm) ,
broadcast BBC2 November 4, 1999.
22. ^ German Apsara Conservation Project (http://www.gacp-angkor.de/) Building Techniques, p. 5.
23. ^ Glaize p. 25.
24. ^ APSARA authority, Angkor Vat Style (http://www.autoriteapsara.org/en/angkor/art/styles
/angkorian/angkor_vat.html)
25. ^ Freeman and Jacques p. 29.
26. ^ Freeman and Jacques, Ancient Angkor p. 31.
27. ^ a b Freeman and Jacques p. 49.
28. ^ Glaize p. 61.
29. ^ a b Freeman and Jacques p. 50.
30. ^ Glaize p. 63.
31. ^ Ray, Lonely Planet guide to Cambodia p. 195.
32. ^ Ray p. 199.
33. ^ Briggs p. 199.
34. ^ Glaize p. 65.
35. ^ Higham, Early Cultures of Mainland Southeast Asia p. 318.
36. ^ Glaize p. 68.
37. ^ Glaize
38. ^ Described in Michael Buckley, The Churning of the Ocean of Milk (http://www.veloasia.com/library
/buckley/churning_milk.html)
39. ^ Glaize p. 69.
40. ^ a b Time Life Lost Civilizations series: Southeast Asia: A Past Regained (1995) p. 67-99, 116, 117,
132, 133
41. ^ "Lost Worlds of the Kama Sutra" History channel
42. ^ Lehner, Mark The Complete Pyramids, London: Thames and Hudson (1997)p.202-225 ISBN
0-500-05084-8.

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43. ^ "Activities Abroad#Cambodia" (http://asi.nic.in/asi_abroad.asp) . Archaeological Survey of India.

http://asi.nic.in/asi_abroad.asp.
44. ^ Hing Thoraxy, Achievement of "APSARA" (http://www.lideekhmer.org.kh
/publication_roundtable5.htm)
45. ^ German Apsara Conservation Project (http://ospiti.thunder.it/gacp) , Conservation, Risk Map, p. 2.
46. ^ "Infrastructures in Angkor Park" (http://www.autoriteapsara.org/en/apsara/about_apsara
/publication/yashodhara/yashodhara_6.html) . Yashodhara no. 6: January - June 2002. APSARA
Authority. http://www.autoriteapsara.org/en/apsara/about_apsara/publication/yashodhara
/yashodhara_6.html. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
47. ^ "The Completion of the Restoration Work of the Northern Library of Angkor Wat"
(http://www.autoriteapsara.org/en/apsara/about_apsara/news/angkorvat_ceremony.html) . APSARA
Authority. June 3, 2005. http://www.autoriteapsara.org/en/apsara/about_apsara
/news/angkorvat_ceremony.html. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
48. ^ "Executive Summary from Jan-Dec 2005" (http://www.tourismcambodia.com/Statistics
/index.asp?Year=2005) . Tourism of Cambodia. Statistics & Tourism Information Department,
Ministry of Tourism of Cambodia. http://www.tourismcambodia.com/Statistics/index.asp?Year=2005.
Retrieved 2008-04-25.
49. ^ Tales of Asia, Preserving Angkor: Interview with Ang Choulean (October 13, 2000)
(http://www.talesofasia.com/cambodia-interviews-AC.htm)

References
BBC Horizon (4 November 1999). Atlantis Reborn (script) (http://www.grahamhancock.com
/horizon/horizon_script_2.htm) . Broadcast BBC2 November 4, 1999, retrieved 25 July 2005.
Briggs, Lawrence Robert (1951, reprinted 1999). The Ancient Khmer Empire. White Lotus.
ISBN 974-8434-93-1.
Buckley, Michael (1998). Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos Handbook. Avalon Travel
Publications. Online excerpt The Churning of the Ocean of Milk (http://www.veloasia.com
/library/buckley/churning_milk.html) retrieved 25 July 2005.
Freeman, Michael and Jacques, Claude (1999). Ancient Angkor. River Books. ISBN
0-8348-0426-3.
Glaize, Maurice (2003 edition of an English translation of the 1993 French fourth edition).
The Monuments of the Angkor Group (http://www.theangkorguide.com/text/part-
two/angkorwat-to-angkorthom/angkorwat.htm) . Retrieved 14 July 2005.
Higham, Charles (2001). The Civilization of Angkor. Phoenix. ISBN 1-84212-584-2.
Higham, Charles (2003). Early Cultures of Mainland Southeast Asia. Art Media Resources.
ISBN 1-58886-028-0.
Hing Thoraxy. Achievement of "APSARA": Problems and Resolutions in the Management of
the Angkor Area.
Ray, Nick (2002). Lonely Planet guide to Cambodia (4th edition). ISBN 1-74059-111-9.
University of Applied Sciences Cologne. German Apsara Conservation Project
(http://www.gacp-angkor.de/) Retrieved 2 May 2010.

External links
Angkor Wat - APSARA Authority Official Description (http://www.autoriteapsara.org
/en/angkor/temples_sites/temples/angkor_vat.html)
Angkor Wat and Angkor photo gallery by Jaroslav Poncar (http://poncar.de
/gallery.cfm?kategorien_id=3) May 2010
Free 3D virtual interactive model of Angkor Wat (http://vizerra.com/en/locations
/angkor-wat)
Angkor Wat Video (http://pilgrim-in-the-palace.com/Pilgrim/Angkor_Wat.html) - by Glenn
Dixon-6:56 minutes. February 2010.
BBC: Map reveals ancient urban sprawl (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6945574.stm)
August 2007
Guide to the Angkor Monuments - PDF Downloadable English translation of Maurice Glaize's
1944 guide (http://www.theangkorguide.com/)
Inventory of Angkor Wat devata (sacred Khmer women) (http://www.devata.org/2010/02
/angkor-wat-devata-inventory/) February 2010
Reopening the Bakan, the highest level of Angkor Wat (http://www.devata.org/2010/01
/angkor-wat-top-shrine-reopens-to-visitors/) January 2010

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