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Fluid Property Units Required for Liquids - variability with:

Pressure Temperature
Density (ρ) = Mass/Volume M Pressure, Minor: Minor
L3 Force, Energy, 1
Friction ( p− po )
ρ( p ) = ρ o e E

Specific Weight (γ) = ρg = F

Weight/Volume L3

Specific Gravity (S) = ρ/ρwater

Modulus of Elasticity (E) F Calculating ρ as Independent of p Minor

L2 a function of p

Dynamic Viscosity (μ) F-T

L2 Frictional shear Independent of p Significant
stress
( ) μ/ρ
/
2
Ki
Kinematic
ti Viscosity
Vi it (ν)= L
T

Surface Tension (σ) F/L Minor Minor

Vapor Pressure (pvapor) F Cavitation, Not applicable Significant

L2 (boiling)

Chapter 3 – Part 1
I Characteristics of Pressure

A. Basic Principles of Pressure

B. Representing Pressure
1. Absolute
2. Gage

II Equation of Fluid Statics

A. Pressure Variation with Elevation
B. Examples
C. Pressure Measurement

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Basic Principles of Pressure
1. Forces due to pressure act normal to surfaces 
(internal surfaces and boundaries) in contact with 
the fluid.

Basic Principles of Pressure
2. Magnitude of pressure is independent of surface 
direction.

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Pascal’s Law
3. In a closed system, a pressure change produced at 
one point in a system will be transmitted throughout 
y
the entire system.

Representing Pressure
y Engineers express pressure in terms of
1. Absolute
pabs
b
2. Gage
3. Vacuum

pabs = 0
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Gage Pressure
y Gage pressure is fluid pressure expressed 
relative to local atmospheric pressure 
(and not relative to absolute zero).
(and not relative to absolute zero)

Gage Pressure
y Gage pressure is fluid pressure expressed 
relative to local atmospheric pressure
pabs

patm = atmospheric pressure

pabs = 0
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Vacuum
y Vacuum pressures are negative gage pressures.

Atmospheric Pressure

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Pressure Variation with Elevation

z
y
x

Horizontal pressure variation:

∑F x =0

F ( x) − F ( x + Δx) = p( x) A − p( x + Δx) A = 0
p ( x + Δx ) − p ( x ) dp
=0
− =0
Take the limit as
Δx Δx → 0 dx

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Pressure Variation with Elevation

z
y
x

Vertical pressure variation:

∑F z =0
F ( z ) − W − F ( z + Δz ) = p( z ) A − γAΔz − p( z + Δz ) A = 0
p ( z + Δz ) − p ( z ) dp
= −γ
− −γ = 0 Take the limit as
Δz Δz → 0 dz

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Equation of Fluid Statics
dp
= −γ
Z
General Form
dz

p1 + γz1 = p2 + γz2 Algebraic

g Form

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Example
Given: Sucba diver at 100 ft below sea level. 1
Find: Calculate hydrostatic pressure.

Solution:

100 ft

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Example
Given: The specific weight of water in the ocean may be calculated from the
empirical relation γ = γo + K h1/2 in which h is the depth in feet below the ocean
surface and K is an empirical constant for seawater (0.025 lb/ft3).
Find: Calculate specific weight and pressure at a depth of 2 miles.

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Pressure Measurement
y Barometer
B

p A + γz A = pB + γz B
h

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Manometry
y Simple Manometer

p1 + γz1 = p2 + γz2 2

Calculate the manometer height (h)

if p = 20 psi. Datum 1

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Piezometric (Hydraulic) Head

p1 p
+ z = constant
γ γ
p2
γ
1
p1 p2
+ z1 = + z2
γ γ p3
2 γ
z1
z2 3
z3
z=0
Pressurized Tank
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Manometry
y Open‐End Manometer

h1

h2

h3

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Manometry
y Open‐End Manometer
y Positive Pressure (p4 > 0)

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Manometry – Solution Procedure 
1. Start at a location where the pressure is either known 
or where you need to solve for pressure.  Write down 
the pressure at this point.
the pressure at this point
y For example, meniscus at one end of the manometer      
p = patm (= 0, gage)
2. On the same side of the equation, add or subtract the 
product of the fluid height (l) and specific weight (γ), 
moving to the other end of the manometer.
y Add γl when moving down
y Substract γl when moving up
3. Set the equation equal to the ending pressure (which 
is either given or is the unknown).
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Manometry
y Open‐End Manometer
y Negative Pressure (pA < 0)
l

Δh

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Example
Given: A closed tank contains compressed air and oil (Soil = 0.90) as shown.
Column heights are l1 = 36 in, l2 = 6 in, and Δh = 9 in.
Find: Calculate the pressure reading
(in psi) of the gage.

l1

Δh
l2

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Summary: Positive Pressure

Piezometer
Δh

pA ⎛s ⎞
p A = γh p A = γ F l + γ M Δh = l + ⎜⎜ M ⎟⎟Δh
γF ⎝ sF ⎠

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Summary: Positive Pressure

Δh
l l

Δh

p A = −(γ F l + γ M Δh )

Differential Manometer

p(L ) = p1 + γ f l
p( R) = p2 + γ m Δh + γ f (l − Δh)

p1 + γ f l − γ m Δh − γ f (l − Δh) = p2
Δp = ( p1 − p2 ) = (γ m − γ f )Δh

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Differential Manometers
p1 p2 ⎛γ ⎞
− + z1 − z 2 = Δh⎜⎜ M − 1⎟⎟
γ γ ⎝ γF ⎠

Δh

Δy

p1 p2 ⎛ γ ⎞
− + z1 − z 2 = Δh⎜⎜1 − M ⎟⎟
γ γ ⎝ γF ⎠

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Pressure Measurement
y Pressure Gage

y Pressure Transducer

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