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Chapter 3 – Part 1
I Characteristics of Pressure
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Basic Principles of Pressure
1. Forces due to pressure act normal to surfaces
(internal surfaces and boundaries) in contact with
the fluid.
Basic Principles of Pressure
2. Magnitude of pressure is independent of surface
direction.
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Pascal’s Law
3. In a closed system, a pressure change produced at
one point in a system will be transmitted throughout
y
the entire system.
Representing Pressure
y Engineers express pressure in terms of
1. Absolute
pabs
b
2. Gage
3. Vacuum
pabs = 0
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Gage Pressure
y Gage pressure is fluid pressure expressed
relative to local atmospheric pressure
(and not relative to absolute zero).
(and not relative to absolute zero)
Gage Pressure
y Gage pressure is fluid pressure expressed
relative to local atmospheric pressure
pabs
pabs = 0
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Vacuum
y Vacuum pressures are negative gage pressures.
Atmospheric Pressure
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Pressure Variation with Elevation
z
y
x
∑F x =0
F ( x) − F ( x + Δx) = p( x) A − p( x + Δx) A = 0
p ( x + Δx ) − p ( x ) dp
=0
− =0
Take the limit as
Δx Δx → 0 dx
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Pressure Variation with Elevation
z
y
x
∑F z =0
F ( z ) − W − F ( z + Δz ) = p( z ) A − γAΔz − p( z + Δz ) A = 0
p ( z + Δz ) − p ( z ) dp
= −γ
− −γ = 0 Take the limit as
Δz Δz → 0 dz
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Equation of Fluid Statics
dp
= −γ
Z
General Form
dz
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Example
Given: Sucba diver at 100 ft below sea level. 1
Find: Calculate hydrostatic pressure.
Solution:
100 ft
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Example
Given: The specific weight of water in the ocean may be calculated from the
empirical relation γ = γo + K h1/2 in which h is the depth in feet below the ocean
surface and K is an empirical constant for seawater (0.025 lb/ft3).
Find: Calculate specific weight and pressure at a depth of 2 miles.
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Pressure Measurement
y Barometer
B
p A + γz A = pB + γz B
h
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Manometry
y Simple Manometer
p1 + γz1 = p2 + γz2 2
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Piezometric (Hydraulic) Head
p1 p
+ z = constant
γ γ
p2
γ
1
p1 p2
+ z1 = + z2
γ γ p3
2 γ
z1
z2 3
z3
z=0
Pressurized Tank
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Manometry
y Open‐End Manometer
h1
h2
h3
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Manometry
y Open‐End Manometer
y Positive Pressure (p4 > 0)
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Manometry – Solution Procedure
1. Start at a location where the pressure is either known
or where you need to solve for pressure. Write down
the pressure at this point.
the pressure at this point
y For example, meniscus at one end of the manometer
p = patm (= 0, gage)
2. On the same side of the equation, add or subtract the
product of the fluid height (l) and specific weight (γ),
moving to the other end of the manometer.
y Add γl when moving down
y Substract γl when moving up
3. Set the equation equal to the ending pressure (which
is either given or is the unknown).
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Manometry
y Open‐End Manometer
y Negative Pressure (pA < 0)
l
Δh
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Example
Given: A closed tank contains compressed air and oil (Soil = 0.90) as shown.
Column heights are l1 = 36 in, l2 = 6 in, and Δh = 9 in.
Find: Calculate the pressure reading
(in psi) of the gage.
l1
Δh
l2
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Piezometer
Δh
pA ⎛s ⎞
p A = γh p A = γ F l + γ M Δh = l + ⎜⎜ M ⎟⎟Δh
γF ⎝ sF ⎠
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Δh
l l
Δh
p A = −(γ F l + γ M Δh )
Differential Manometer
p(L ) = p1 + γ f l
p( R) = p2 + γ m Δh + γ f (l − Δh)
p1 + γ f l − γ m Δh − γ f (l − Δh) = p2
Δp = ( p1 − p2 ) = (γ m − γ f )Δh
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Differential Manometers
p1 p2 ⎛γ ⎞
− + z1 − z 2 = Δh⎜⎜ M − 1⎟⎟
γ γ ⎝ γF ⎠
Δh
Δy
p1 p2 ⎛ γ ⎞
− + z1 − z 2 = Δh⎜⎜1 − M ⎟⎟
γ γ ⎝ γF ⎠
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Pressure Measurement
y Pressure Gage
y Pressure Transducer
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