Higher Chemistry - Unit 1 (b)What is unusual about the density of water when solid

Homework 3 compared to its density when liquid?

1 The two molecules shown below have the same number of (1)

electrons and are very similar in shape and size: (c)Draw two water molecules (using real shape structural
formulae) to show how they would be arranged next to
each other in the solid state. (1)

4 The diagram shows one representation of a molecule of HF.

(a)Explain why the second molecule has a higher

boiling point than the first. (2)
(b)Why must the molecules be of similar shape and size
for your reasoning to be valid?
The non-bonding electrons can also be called “lone pairs”.
(1)
(a) Work out how many lone pairs there are on:
(i) an oxygen atom in a water molecule
2 Hydrogen bonding only occurs between molecules in
(ii)the nitrogen atom in an ammonia molecule (1)
which hydrogen is joined to an atom of one of three elements.
(b) The table below gives the dipole strengths of some
(a)What are these three elements?
Period 2 compounds:
(1/2)
Compound CH4 NH3 H2O HF
(b) What two things are important about the atoms of these
Dipole
three elements for hydrogen bonding to occur? (1) 0.06 0.9 1.24 1.26
strength
(c)How does the strength of the hydrogen bond compare What conclusion can be drawn about dipole strength and
with covalent bonding and van der Waals attractions? lone
(1/2) pairs?
(1)
3 Water is a very common compound yet in terms of Chemistry
it is rather unusual. TOTAL 10 Marks
(a)What is unusual about the boiling point of water compared
with other hydrides in its group? (1)
 Higher Chemistry - Unit 1 to prevent damage by freezing. Although an

Homework 4 ethanol/water mixture freezes at temperatures well below

0oC, it is not used

1 Silicon dioxide is described as a covalent network solid as an antifreeze. Explain why ethanol is unsuitable as an
but carbon dioxide consists of discrete molecules. antifreeze. (1)
Explain the meanings of the words in bold type. (2)
3 Hydrogen gas can be liquefied if cooled to a temperature of
2 The table presents information about propane and ethanol: 20K (-253oC).
Boiling (a) What type of bonding exists between the atoms of
Name Point Solubility
Structure
in Water hydrogen in the gaseous state?
(oC)
(1)

H H H (b) What type of bonding exists between the molecules

of hydrogen in the liquid state?
Propane H– C – C – C - insoluble
-42.0 (1)
H

H H H
4 An element with a melting point of 386K (113oC) is a
yellow solid at room temperature. Close study of this
H H
element shows that it exists as molecules with a relative
Ethanol H - C - C - O - H +78.5 very molecular mass of 256.
soluble (a) Identify the element. (1)
H H
(b) Write the formula for a molecule of this
element. (1)

(a) Propane and ethanol have similar molecular sizes but

TOTAL 10 Marks
widely different boiling points. Account for this
difference in boiling points. (2)
(b) Explain why ethanol is soluble in water. Higher Chemistry - Unit 1
(1) Homework 1
(c) In winter antifreeze is added to vehicle cooling systems
1 A metal X is thought to lie between copper and lead in the (a) How does the structure of a fullerene differ from
reactivity series. that
Suggest experimental procedures you could carry out to of a diamond?
confirm the position of metal X (2) (1)
(b) Fullerenes were first made by passing a high
2 Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction current of electricity through a graphite rod in an
between sodium carbonate and phosphoric acid. (2) atmosphere of helium. This caused the graphite
to vaporise. Suggest why helium gas was used.
3 A pupil was asked to prepare copper sulphate crystals (1)
by neutralisation and evaporation. He chose to use (c ) Fullerenes can be made into hydrocarbons. One
copper(II) oxide for reaction with sulphuric acid. such
hydrocarbon has the formula C60H36. Describe a
CuO(s) + H2SO4(aq) CuSO4(aq) + H2O(l) chemical test which could be carried out on a
solution
(a) Give one advantage of using copper (II) oxide of C60H36 to show whether the hydrocarbon is
in this preparation. (1) saturated or unsaturated.
(1)
(b) Calculate the volume of 0.15 moll-1 sulphuric
acid needed to exactly react with 0.24g TOTAL 10
copper (II) oxide. (2)
Marks

4 Diamond and graphite are well known forms of the

element carbon. New forms of pure carbon have
recently been made. They exist as individual
molecules of different sizes and are called fullerenes.
The main fullerene has the formula C60 .
 Higher Chemistry - Unit 1 (a) Explain why starch is added to the reaction mixture in

Homework 5 this experiment.

(1)

1 Temperature affects the rate of reaction between

persulphate ions (b) Identify two variables that require to be controlled in

and iodide ions. this investigation in order to obtain meaningful

results.

(a) What effect, if any, does increasing the temperature (1)

have on the frequency of collisions between the (c) Sketch a line graph showing how the rate of reaction

ions? (1) varies with concentration. (1)

(b) What effect, if any, does raising the temperature

have 4 A student set up the reaction shown with the beaker placed

on the energy of the collisions between the ions? on top of an electronic balance to investigate the reaction of

(1) hydrochloric acid with excess marble.

(c) What will be the overall effect of lowering the

temperature on the rate of this reaction?
(1)

2 Catalysts such as platinum are widely used in industry to

make reactions faster and therefore more economic.
Name a catalyst, other than platinum, used in industry and (a) What will happen to the concentration of the acid as
name the product of the manufacturing process it is used in. the reaction proceeds?
(1) (1)
(b) Sketch a graph showing how the rate of this reaction
3 The reaction between iodide ions and hydrogen peroxide can will vary with time. (1)
be used to investigate the effect of the iodide concentration (c) Add a second graph to your sketch to show what
on change, if any, there would be if the marble is first
the rate of the reaction. broken up into smaller pieces.
(1)
 C(s) + 2H2(g) + ½O2 CH3OH(l)
TOTAL 10 (2)

Marks
3 Page 9 of the SQA Data Book shows two tables, one of
Higher Chemistry - Unit 1
which is labelled “bond enthalpies” and the other is
Homework 8
labelled “mean bond enthalpies”. Why are mean bond
enthalpies quoted for certain chemical bonds while other
1 A camping gas stove has only 2g of butane, C4H10, left in it.
bonds are given simply as bond enthalpies?
(1)

4 In an experiment, 19.85g of magnesium carbonate

(RFM = 84.3) is reacted in 280 cm3 of 1.25 mol l-1
hydrochloric acid :
(a) Calculate the heat produced by the complete
combustion of 2g of butane. (You may wish to
MgCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq)  MgCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
consult page 9 of the SQA Data Book).
(2)
(b) Assuming only 70% of the heat produced is By what mass is the magnesium carbonate in excess?
absorbed by the water what is the maximum (2)
mass of water ( at 20 C ) that can be boiled to
o

make some tea?

(2) TOTAL 10
(c) Give a reason why only 70% of the heat is Marks
gained by the water. (1)

2 Given the enthalpies of combustion of carbon, hydrogen

and methanol, as listed on page 9 of the SQA Data Book,
calculate the enthalpy change for the following reaction :
 (a) Explain the first ionisation energy.
(1/2)
(b) What is the energy value for the first ionisation
Higher Chemistry - Unit 1 energy
of oxygen?
Homework 2 (1/2)
(c ) Write a balanced symbol equation to represent this
1 Sulphur and phosphorus are both molecular solids change
for oxygen.
(a) What two types of bonding are present in these (1)
solids? (1/2)
(b) Which bonding type determines their boiling point? TOTAL 10 Marks
(1/2)
(c) Why is the bonding between sulphur molecules
stronger than that between phosphorus molecules?
(1)

2 The graphite form of carbon is unusual in being a conducting

element which is non-metallic.

(a) Describe with the aid of a diagram the structure of

graphite.
(2)
(b) Explain the availability of conducting electrons in
graphite.
(1)
3 The covalent radius of fluorine is 74pm.

(a) Draw a diagram of a fluorine molecule to show what is

meant by the covalent radius.
(1)
(b) Explain the change in covalent radius on going across
the period from lithium to fluorine.
(1)
(c) Explain the change in covalent radius on going down
group 7 from fluorine to iodine.
(1)

4 Ionisation energies have proved useful to

scientists trying to
understand the electronic structures of atoms.
 (a) What mass of carbon dioxide was produced?
(1)
(b) What was the overall rate of reaction?
(1)
(c)
2 Ethanal, CH3CHO, slowly decomposes to form methane and
Knox Academy Chemistry carbon monoxide:

Department CH3CHO CH4 + CO

The activation energy for the forward reaction is 190 kJ and
210 kJ for the reverse reaction.
Higher Chemistry - Unit 1 (a) Draw a potential energy diagram for the reaction
Homework 6 ( no graph paper required). (1)
(b) What is the enthalpy change for the forward reaction?
1 A beaker containing chalk powder and hydrochloric acid was (1)
placed on a balance. The mass of the beaker and its (c) The reaction is catalysed by iodine. Using a dotted
contents was recorded every minute and the following graph line, add the potential energy diagram for the
was drawn: catalysed reaction to your graph. (1)
3 The table below shows a set of results obtained when
examining the reaction between the persulphate ion and
the iodide ion:

S2O82-(aq) + 2 I-(aq)  2 SO42-(aq) + I2(aq

 Concentration Time to laboratory.
of S2O82-(aq) / complete
mol l-1 reaction /
seconds (a) How many
0.001 769 neutrons would there
0.002 333
0.003 217 be in 1g of this gas?
0.004 159 (2)
0.005 125
Plot a graph (on the paper provided) of the rate of
reaction against the concentration of persulphate ion.
(b) If the gas molar volume is 28 l what volume would
(2)
contain 2 x 1010 molecules of this gas?
4 (a) What is meant by the activation energy (EA) for (1)
a chemical reaction? (1)
(b) The diagram shows an energy distribution graph
for the reactants in a chemical reaction:
2 Starch is a carbohydrate polymer made up of repeating units
of C6H10O5. One type of starch is thought to contain
molecules made up of 108 repeating units.
How many molecules would there be in 500g of this type
of starch? (2)

Copy this diagram and use it to show how a small

3 4.5 l of propane gas were mixed with 30 l of oxygen
Change in temperature can cause a large increase in
The formation of product. (2) and exploded. What would the final composition of gases
be at room temperature? (2)
TOTAL 10 Marks
Higher Chemistry - Unit 1
Homework 7
4 In the manufacture of sulphuric acid by the contact process
sulphur dioxide gas is reacted with oxygen to form sulphur
1 The element chlorine occurs naturally as a mixture of
isotopes 3717Cl and 3517Cl. A sample of chlorine gas trioxide.
containing only the 3717Cl isotope was prepared in a (a) The density of sulphur dioxide at the reaction
 temperature is 4.6 g l-1. What is the molar
volume of the gas? (1)

(b) If 150 kg of sulphur dioxide is completely reacted

with oxygen what volume of oxygen is required?
(2)

TOTAL 10 Marks