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Longitudinal: 8-#9
Transverse: #5 spiral @ 4.5”
• Steel: Grade 60
24”
fu=65 to 75 ksi
• Concrete: 4 ksi
f’c=5.2 to 6.4 ksi
Site Location
• Caltrans Owned Property
• Located at the I-405 and I-105 interchange in the city of
Hawthorne, CA
• Two 3000 kip reaction blocks
Site Characterization
• Soil Testing
SCPT, SPT, Down-hole Suspension Logging, Pressure-meter, Pit
Excavation Mapping completed in 1999
Normalized Cone Norm alized Friction Ra tio, Soil B ehavior Ty pe Inde x,
( N1 )60 Su (ksf) Wn (%) Soil Stress (ksf) Resist ance, Q F Ic
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 25 50 75 0 3 6 9 12 0 100 200 300 0 10 20 30 0 1 2 3 4
0
FILL, concret e U-U Wn σv
LL
and asphalt debris PMT PL σ 'p
5
25
S AND, silty medium
to fine- grained
30
CLAYE Y SAND,
35 slightly silty
40
45
wt
50 Mean Q Mean F Mean Ic
S AND, fine-grained
Mean Q +/- 1 Std Mean F +/- 1 Std Mean Ic +/- 1 Std
Instrumentation
• 6 Instrumentation types, 182 total sensors
• 54 Fiber Bragg gratings
Small strains (<1.5% tension)
Average strain in concrete
• 50 DC LVDTs
Large strains (<18%)
Average strain in concrete
• 60 strain gauges
Local strain in steel
• 11 inclinometers
• 4 pressure gauges
• 3 external string pots
Test Results
Load vs. Displacement Moment vs. Curvature
Displacement [mm] Curvature [x10-3 /mm]
0 100 200 300 400 500 0 0.02 0.04 0.06
40 5000
160 500
4000
30
400
120
Moment [kN-m]
Moment [k-in]
3000
Load [kips]
Load [kN ]
300
20
80
2000
North Direction North Direction
200
South Direction South Direction
10 Exp. p-y P-y
40
API p-y 1000 FEM 100
FEM SWM
SWM
0 0 0 0
0 4 8 12 16 20 0 0.0004 0.0008 0.0012 0.0016 0.002
Displacement [in] Curvature [1/in]
2 ft Fixed-head Test
• Specimen construction
completed
• Data acquisition with 2
computers and GPS
synchronized time-
stamping
• Real-time load-
displacement plotting
• Displacement controlled
testing using 4 external
LVDTs
P-y Interpretation
• Curvature Profiles
Curvatures obtained by Curvature vs. Depth for 9” Head
measuring strain Displacement on 6ft Flagpole Test
gradient over cross-
section
Curvatures obtained 20
WEST EAST
data -10
experimental data 0
-10
-20
∆ = 9 in (≈ 0.5×∆y )
-30
FOS
EX
-40
IN
-50
0.0001 5E-005 0 -5E-005 -0.0001
Curvature (1/in)
P-y Interpretation
• Procedure 20
WEST EAST
experimental data 0
-10
Obtain moment profiles using
-20
experimental M-φ relationship ∆ = 9 in (≈ 0.5×∆y )
-30
FOS
EX
-40
IN
-50
0.0001 5E-005 0 -5E-005 -0.0001
Curvature (1/in)
WEST EAST
20
-10
-20
∆ = 9 in (≈0.5×∆ y)
-30
FOS
EX
-40
IN
-50
experimental data 0
-10
Obtain moment profiles using
-20
experimental M-φ relationship ∆ = 9 in (≈ 0.5×∆y )
-30
FOS
Fit regression models to curvature -40
EX
IN
and moment profiles -50
0.0001 5E-005 0 -5E-005 -0.0001
• Piece-wise, high-order polynomial Curvature (1/in)
-10
-20
∆ = 9 in (≈0.5×∆ y)
-30
FOS
EX
-40
IN
-50
30000
25000
20000
p (lb/in)
15000
10000
5000
0
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5
y (in)
Outcomes
• Performance data from full-scale tests (archived
in NEES data repository)
• Experimental p-y relationships for various
configurations
Diameter effects (6ft flagpole to 2ft flagpole)
Head fixity effects (2ft flagpole to 2ft fixed-head)
Group effects (2ft fixed-head to 9-pile group)
• Cap passive and frictional resistance
Future Work
• Dynamic stiffness and damping
characteristics of critical
foundation components
(previous tests were only quasi-
static)
• Stiffness, damping, and failure
mechanism of full scale
abutment system
• Coupled vertical and horizontal
behavior of drilled shaft
foundations.
• Full scale dynamic testing of
complete bridge-column-
abutment systems
More Information
• Detailed information, photos, video, papers and more at:
http://www.nees.ucla.edu/caltrans
Future Work
• Proposed Tests
Coupled dynamic/pushover testing of large diameter
individual shaft or small diameter shaft group
(Hawthorne site)
Cyclic loading to failure of drilled shaft group (remote
site)
Coupled vertical/horizontal testing of drilled shafts
(Hawthorne site)
Full scale pushover/abutment test (Hawthorne site)