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Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra
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Dipartimento di Matematica ed Applicazioni “R. Caccioppoli”
Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II” – Polo delle Scienze e delle Tecnologie
Abstract
In this paper we have described, in the Section 1, the Fibonacci’s zeta function and the Euler-Mascheroni
constant and in the Section 2, we have described some sectors of the string theory: zeta strings, zeta
nonlocal scalar fields and some Lagrangians with zeta Function nonlocality. In conclusion, in the Section 3,
we have described some possible mathematical connections.
1. The Fibonacci’s zeta function [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6]
∞
1
F (s) = ∑
k=1 Fib(k ) s
(1)
where s=a+jb.
1
ln F ( s ) ∞
− = ln( Fib# ) , dove Fib # = ∏ Fib ( k ) (2)
s k=1
We have that Fib# is the Fiborial , i.e. the product to the infinity of the Fibonacci’s numbers.
−s −s −s −s −s −s
F (s) = 1 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 5 + 8 + ...
ln F ( s ) ∞
− = ln ∏ Fib ( k ) = ln(Fib# )
s k=1
If we want to reach a possible functional equation for the Fibonacci’s zeta, then we need to ask first how to
express the "Fibonacci’s Gamma”.
We known that the Gamma function Γ (x) is an extension of factorial, by an integer k to a real number x.
The Gamma function was studied by Euler (see [1]) and has a significant importance in Number Theory and
in the study of the Riemann zeta.
1. Γ(k + 1) = k!, k ≥ 0;
2. Γ(1) = 1, Γ(x + 1) = x Γ(x) e Γ(x) is the unique solution of this functional equation for x > 0;
3. , x ≠ 0, -1, -2 …
(Euler form);
( 1i ) − log k ;
k
defined by γ = lim
k→ ∞
∑
i= 1
From above we can tell which should be considered in the follow, both the Euler form and the Weierstrass
form.
2
Generalized Euler form
We consider a series gk > 0, k > 0 and an extension g(x) > 0, x > 0 with the property that:
Γ g ( x) = lim g ( x)Γ g ,k ( x)
k→ ∞
g (k ) x k
g (i) (3)
= lim λ ( x)
k→ ∞ g ( x)
∏
i= 1 g ( x + i)
, g(x+i) ≠ 0,i=0,1,2,...
Thence
we obtain
for example:
we obtain
Γ g ( x + 1) = g ( x)Γ g ( x) (4)
such that
.
3
With this restriction, λ(k) can be extended to λ(x) or to have Γg(x) with additional properties.
Example A
A simple generalization of gk = k is gk = ak + b with a, b choose such that gk > 0, k > 0. Thence, we obtain:
with
Figure 1
(a) show Γg(x), an extension of the product to the real numbers, for a = 2, b =
-1. (b) show the comparison with the normal Gamma function Γ(x).
Example B
and
4
.
and we obtain
Fkx k
Fi
Γ F ( x) = φ ( x + 1) x / 2
lim
k→ ∞ F
∏
i= 1 Fx + i
(5)
x
where ΓF (k + 1) = (k!)F.
Figure 2
ΓF(x), an extension of the Fiborial to the real numbers with the property that ΓF(k + 1) = (k!)F. (a) show the
values for -2 ≤ x ≤ 1 (b) show the values for 0 ≤ x ≤ 5.
Using the eq. (3) and assuming that λ(x) and g(x) are differentiable, we obtain:
k g '(i )
γ g = lim ∑ − ln g (k ) (7)
x→ ∞
i = 1 g (i )
(we remember that the Euler-Mascheroni constant can be written also as follow
n 1 ∞ 1 1
γ = lim ∑ − ln ( n ) = ∫ x − dx , (7b))
n→ ∞
k=1 k 1 x
5
thence γ becomes the associated constant to the series gk = k.
g '( i )
1 g ( x) xγ g ∞ g ( x + i ) −x
= e ∏ exp g ( i ) (8)
Γ g ( x ) λ ( x) i= 1 g (i)
λ ( x )λ ( − x ) ∞ g (i ) 2
Γ g ( x )Γ g ( − x ) = ∏
g ( x ) g (− x) i = 1 g ( x + i ) g ( − x + i)
(9)
we obtain
λ ( x )λ ( − x ) ∞ g (i) 2
Γ g ( x)Γ g (1 − x) =
g ( x)
∏i= 1 g ( x + i) g (− x + i ) (10)
1
2
λ ( 1 )λ ( − 1 ) ∞ g (i )2
Γg =
2
2
g (1 2)
2
∏i = 1 g ( 1 + i) g (− 1 + i ) (11)
2 2
Example A
where
6
The functional equation Γg(x + 1) = (ax + b)Γg(x) , thence, becomes
Example B
(12)
We have that:
Alternatively, can be considered a closed form for the constant of the Fiborial (Sloane's A062073
[4])
(If we replace ΓF(1/2) with Γg(1/2) where and φ is the aurea ratio ,
the precedent result can give a closed form for the infinite product where φ > 1. This product is
linked to the partitions functions and the q-series)
7
Other series and generalizations
Generalized Gamma functions can be obtained also for series as: , and
etc. The Euler-Mascheroni generalized constant can also be used to introduce sequences
that are well known. If then (A constant) such that:
with . Thence:
8
This satisfies also other relations:
Considering
,
where is the k-mo harmonic number, the 'g-harmonic' number can be defined as
.
Analogously, if we assume that g(x) is differentiable, also the properties of the poligamma function
can be considered.
For example:
while
with k>1
when g(i) = ai + b , we obtain
that can be extended to the real numbers and becomes the Hurwitz zeta function:
For the Fibonacci’s zeta, thence, we can take in consideration the eq. (5) or the eq. (12).
The Euler-Mascheroni constant (see eq. (7b)) is a mathematical constant, used principally in number theory
and in the mathematical analysis. It is defined as the limit of the difference between the truncated
harmonic series and the natural logarithm:
1 1 1 1
γ = lim 1 + + + + ... + − ln ( n ) ,
n→ ∞
2 3 4 n
9
n 1 ∞ 1 1
γ = lim ∑ − ln ( n ) = ∫ x − dx , (7b)
n→ ∞
k=1 k 1 x
∞ ln ( x ) 1 1 ∞ 1 1 ∞ 1 1
γ = −∫ dx = − ∫ ln ln dx = ∫ −x
− e − x dx = ∫ − e − x dx . (7c)
1− e x 1+ x
x
0 e 0
x 0 x 0
The Euler-Mascheroni constant is related to the zeta function from the following expressions:
4 ∞
( − 1) m − 1ζ ( m + 1) ; ∞
1 1
γ = lim+ ∑ s − n = lim ζ ( s ) −
1
γ = ln +
π
∑m = 1 2m ( m + 1) s→ 1
n= 1 n s s→ 1
. (7d)
s − 1
1 1 n n n
γ = lim x − Γ = lim ∑ − , (7e)
x→ ∞
x n→ ∞ n k = 1 k k
1
Γ Γ ( n + 1) n1+ 1 / n
n2
γ = lim
n
− . (7f)
n→ ∞ 1 n+ 1
Γ 2+ n+
n
Theorem (1).
1 a
{ a / x} dx = 1 − γ where γ is the Euler-Mascheroni constant.
a ∫1
lim
a→ ∞
We have:
10
( a / a − 1) a ( a / a− 2) a a
∫1 { a / x} dx = ∫1 ( a / x ) dx − ∫1 a / x dx = ∫1 ( a / x ) dx − ∫1
a a a a a
x dx + ∫( a / a − 1) x dx + .. + ∫( a / 2) x dx =
a a− 1
a a a
a
∑i = 1 ( a − i ) − ( a − i + 1) ( a − i ) = a ln( a ) − ∑
a
= ∫ 1
dx −
x i= 1 i
+ a.
Therefore,
1 a 1 a
a a
1
lim ∫ { a / x} dx = lim a ln ( a ) − ∑ + a = lim ln( a ) − ∑ + 1 =
a→ ∞ a 1 a→ ∞ a
i= 1 i a→ ∞ i= 1 i
= 1 − lim ( H a − ln ( a ) ) = 1 − γ . (7g)
a→ ∞
Theorem (2).
1 n − 1 d ( i ) ln ( pn )
lim ∑ − = 0 where d ( i ) = pi + 1 − pi .
n→ ∞ n − 1 i = 1 pi n− 1
1 pn pn 1 p1 pn 1 p2 pn 1 pn− 1 p 1 pn pn
1− γ =
pn ∫ 1
dx =
x pn ∫ 1
dx +
x pn ∫ p1
dx + ...
x pn ∫ pn− 2 xn dx + pn ∫ p n− 1
x
dx =
1 n − 1 pi + 1 pn 1 n − 1 p i + 1 pn 1 n − 1 pi + 1 pn
= ∑
pn i = 0 ∫ pi x
dx = ∑
pn i = 0 ∫ p i x
dx − ∑
pn i = 0 ∫ pi x
dx =
1 n − 1 pi + 1 pn
= ln( pn ) − ∑
pn i = 0 ∫ pi x
dx . (7h)
1)
1 n− 1 n− 1
d ( i) 1 n− 1
1 − γ < ln ( pn ) − ∑ ( pi + 1 − pi ) pn − 1 = ln( pn ) − ∑i = 0 p + p ∑i = 0 ( pi + 1 − pi ) =
pn i = 0 pi i n
n− 1
d ( i) p − 1 n− 1
d ( i) n− 1
d ( i)
= ln( pn ) − ∑i = 0 p + np < ln( pn ) − ∑i = 0 p + 1 = ln( pn ) − ∑ .
i n i i = 1 pi
Hence we get
n− 1
d ( i)
∑ < ln ( pn ) − 1 + γ .
i = 1 pi
2)
11
1 n − 1 pi+ 1 pn 1 n− 1 p n− 1
d (i)
1 − γ = ln ( pn ) − ∑ ∫ dx > ln ( p n ) − ∑ ( pi + 1 − pi ) n = ln ( pn ) − ∑ =
pn i = 0 p i x pn i = 0 pi + 1 i= 0 pi + 1
n− 1
d ( i)
= ln( pn ) − ∑ − 1 . (7i)
i= 1 pi + 1
Hence we get
n− 1
d (i)
∑ > ln( pn ) − 2 + γ .
i= 1 pi + 1
n− 1
d (i) n− 1
d ( i)
ln( pn ) − 2 + γ < ∑ < ∑ < ln( pn ) − 1 + γ .
i= 1 pi + 1 i = 1 pi
1 n − 1 d ( i ) ln ( pn )
lim
n→ ∞
∑
n − 1 i = 1 pi
−
n− 1
= 0.
2. Zeta Strings, Zeta Nonlocal Scalar Fields and Some Lagrangians with Zeta Function Nonlocality [7], [8],
[9]
The exact tree-level Lagrangian for effective scalar field ϕ which describes open p-adic string tachyon is
1 p2 1 − 2
1 p+ 1
Lp = 2 − ϕp ϕ + ϕ , (13)
g p − 1 2 p+ 1
1 1
n− 1 − 1
L= ∑ Cn Ln = ∑n ≥ 1 n2 Ln = g 2 − 2 φ ∑ n 2φ + ∑n≥ 1 n + 1
φ n+ 1
. (14)
n≥ 1 n≥ 1
12
Recall that the Riemann zeta function is defined as
1 1
ζ ( s) = ∑ = ∏ , s = σ + iτ , σ > 1 . (15)
n≥ 1 n
s
p 1 − p− s
Employing usual expansion for the logarithmic function and definition (15) we can rewrite (14) in the form
1 1
L= −
g2 2 φ ζ 2 φ + φ + ln (1 − φ ) , (16)
where φ < 1 . ζ acts as pseudodifferential operator in the following way:
2
1 k2 ~
ζ φ ( x) = D ∫
eixk ζ − φ ( k ) dk , − k 2 = k02 − k 2 > 2 + ε , (17)
2 ( 2π ) 2
~
where φ ( k ) = φ ( x ) dx is the Fourier transform of φ ( x ) .
( − ikx )
∫e
Dynamics of this field φ is encoded in the (pseudo)differential form of the Riemann zeta function. When
the d’Alambertian is an argument of the Riemann zeta function we shall call such string a “zeta string”.
Consequently, the above φ is an open scalar zeta string. The equation of motion for the zeta string φ is
1 k2 ~ φ
ζ φ = ∫ eixk ζ − φ ( k ) dk = (18)
( 2π ) D
2 k 02 − k 2 > 2 + ε
2 1− φ
For the case of time dependent spatially homogeneous solutions, we have the following equation of
motion
− ∂ t2 1 k2 ~ φ (t)
φ ( t ) = e − ik 0 tζ 0 φ ( k0 ) dk0 =
) ∫k
ζ . (19)
2 ( 2π 0 > 2+ ε
2 1 − φ (t)
13
With regard the open and closed scalar zeta strings, the equations of motion are
n ( n − 1)
1 k2 ~
ζ φ = D ∫
eixkζ − φ ( k ) dk = ∑θ 2
φ n , (20)
2 ( 2π ) 2 n≥ 1
n( n − 1)
n ( n − 1)
k2 ~
ζ θ =
1
D ∫
eixkζ − θ ( k ) dk = ∑n ≥ 1 θ n2
+
2( n + 1)
θ 2
−1
(φ n+ 1
)
− 1 , (21)
4 ( 2π ) 4
The exact tree-level Lagrangian of effective scalar field ϕ , which describes open p-adic string tachyon, is:
m Dp p 2 1 − 2 m 2p
1
Lp = 2 − ϕp ϕ + ϕ p+ 1
, (22)
gp p − 1 2 p+ 1
mnD n 2 1 − 2 mn2
+∞ +∞
1
L = ∑ Cn Ln = ∑ Cn 2 − φn φ + φ n+ 1
, (23)
gn n − 1 2 n+ 1
n= 1 n= 1
whose explicit realization depends on particular choice of coefficients Cn , masses mn and coupling
constants g n .
n− 1
Cn = , (24)
n2+ h
14
where h is a real number. The corresponding Lagrangian reads
mD 1 +∞ −
−h +∞
n− h
Lh =
g2
− φ ∑ n 2m2
φ + ∑n = 1 n + 1φ n+ 1
(25)
2 n= 1
and it depends on parameter h . According to the Euler product formula one can write
+∞
− −h 1
∑
n= 1
n 2m 2
= ∏ p
−
−h
. (26)
1− p 2m 2
+∞
1 1
ζ ( s) = ∑ = ∏ , s = σ + iτ , σ > 1 , (27)
n= 1 n
s
p 1 − p− s
which has analytic continuation to the entire complex s plane, excluding the point s = 1 , where it has a
simple pole with residue 1. Employing definition (27) we can rewrite (25) in the form
mD 1 +∞
n− h
Lh =
g2 − 2 φ ζ 2m 2 + h φ +
∑n = 1 n + 1φ n+ 1
. (28)
Here ζ 2
+ h acts as a pseudodifferential operator
2m
1 k2 ~
ζ + h φ ( x) = D ∫
eixk ζ − + h φ ( k ) dk , (29)
2 m 2
( 2π ) 2m
2
15
~
where φ ( k ) = φ ( x ) dx is the Fourier transform of φ ( x ) .
( − ikx )
∫e
We consider Lagrangian (28) with analytic continuations of the zeta function and the power series
n− h
∑ n+ 1
φ n+ 1
, i.e.
mD 1 +∞
n− h
Lh =
g2
−
2 φ ζ
2m
2
+ h
φ + AC ∑n = 1 n + 1φ n+ 1
, (30)
mD φ 2 +∞
n− h
Vh ( φ ) = ζ ( h ) − AC ∑n = 1 n + 1φ n+ 1
, (31)
g 2 2
where h ≠ 1 since ζ (1) = ∞ . The term with ζ -function vanishes at h = − 2,− 4,− 6,... . The equation of
motion in differential and integral form is
+∞
ζ
2 m 2
+ h
φ = AC ∑
n= 1
n − hϕ n , (32)
ixk ~ +∞
1 k2
∫ R D 2m2
e ζ − + h φ ( k ) dk = AC ∑n = 1 n− hφ n , (33)
( 2π ) D
respectively.
Now, we consider five values of h , which seem to be the most interesting, regarding the Lagrangian (30):
h = 0, h = ± 1, and h = ± 2 . For h = − 2 , the corresponding equation of motion now read:
1 ixk k2 ~ φ ( φ + 1)
ζ − 2φ = ∫R e ζ −
2m − 2 φ ( k ) dk = . (34)
2m
2
( 2π ) D D
2
(1 − φ ) 3
This equation has two trivial solutions: φ ( x ) = 0 and φ ( x ) = − 1 . Solution φ ( x ) = − 1 can be also shown
~
taking φ ( k ) = − δ ( k )( 2π ) D and ζ ( − 2) = 0 in (34).
16
For h = − 1 , the corresponding equation of motion is:
1 k2 ~ φ
ζ − 1 φ = ∫ R D e ζ − 2m2 − 1 φ ( k ) dk = (1 − φ
ixk
. (35)
2m
2
( 2π ) D )2
1
where ζ ( − 1) = − .
12
The equation of motion (35) has a constant trivial solution only for φ ( x ) = 0 .
1 ixk k2 ~ φ
ζ 2
2m
φ =
( 2π ) D ∫ R D 2m2 φ ( k ) dk = 1 − φ . (36)
e ζ −
It has two solutions: φ = 0 and φ = 3 . The solution φ = 3 follows from the Taylor expansion of the
Riemann zeta function operator
= ζ ( 0) +
ζ ( n)
( 0)
n
ζ 2
2m
∑ n≥ 1 n!
2
2m
, (37)
~
as well as from φ ( k ) = ( 2π ) D 3δ ( k ) .
For h = 1 , the equation of motion is:
1 ixk k2 ~ 1
( 2π ) D ∫ R D 2m2 + 1 φ ( k ) dk = − 2 ln(1 − φ
e ζ − )2 , (38)
17
k2 ~ φ ln (1 − w)
2
1
∫ R D e ζ − 2m2 + 2 φ ( k ) dk = − ∫ 0 2w dw . (39)
ixk
( 2π ) D
ln (1 − w) 1
∑ = ζ ( 2)
1 ∞
− ∫ 0 w
dw = n= 1
n2
n2 − 1
Now, we want to analyze the following case: Cn = . In this case, from the Lagrangian (23), we obtain:
n2
mD 1 φ2
L= − φ ζ
− 1 + ζ 2
φ + . (40)
g2 2 2m
2
2m 1− φ
m D 31 − 7φ 2
V (φ ) = − φ . (41)
g 24(1 − φ )
We note that 7 and 31 are prime natural numbers, i.e. 6n ± 1 with n =1 and 5, with 1 and 5 that are
Fibonacci’s numbers. Furthermore, the number 24 is related to the Ramanujan function that has 24
“modes” that correspond to the physical vibrations of a bosonic string. Thence, we obtain:
18
[
φ ( φ − 1) + 1
2
]
ζ 2m 2 − 1 + ζ 2m 2 φ = (φ − 1) 2
. (42)
ζ 2m 2 − 1 + ζ 2m 2 − 2 φ = 0 , (43)
M2 M2
ζ 2
− 1
+ ζ = 2 . (44)
2
2m 2m
From (44) it follows one solution for M 2 > 0 at M 2 ≈ 2.79m 2 and many tachyon solutions when
M 2 < − 38m 2 .
5−1 5+1
We note that the number 2.79 is connected with φ = and Φ = , i.e. the “aurea” section and
2 2
the “aurea” ratio. Indeed, we have that:
2
5+ 1 1 5 − 1
2 + 22 2 = 2,772542 ≅ 2,78 .
With regard the extension by ordinary Lagrangian, we have the Lagrangian, potential, equation of motion
n2 − 1
and mass spectrum condition that, when Cn = , are:
n2
19
mD φ φ2 φ2
L= 2 − ζ − 1 − ζ − 1 φ + ln φ 2
+ , (45)
g2 2 m 2m
2
2
2m 2 1− φ
mD φ 2 1
V (φ ) = ζ ( − 1) + ζ ( 0 ) + 1 − ln φ 2 − , (46)
2
g 2 1 − φ
2φ − φ 2
ζ
2m 2 − 1 + ζ 2
− + 1 φ = φ ln φ 2
+ φ + , (47)
2m m
2
(1 − φ ) 2
M2 M2 M2
ζ 2
− 1 + ζ
= 2 . (48)
2
2 m 2 m m
In addition to many tachyon solutions, equation (48) has two solutions with positive mass: M 2 ≈ 2.67 m 2
and M 2 ≈ 4.66m 2 .
We note also here, that the numbers 2.67 and 4.66 are related to the “aureo” numbers. Indeed, we have
that:
2
5+ 1 1 5 − 1
2 + 2⋅ 5 2 ≅ 2.6798 ,
2
5+ 1 5+ 1 1 5 + 1
+
2 2 + 22 2 ≅ 4.64057 .
n− 1
Now, we describe the case of Cn = µ ( n ) . Here µ ( n ) is the Mobius function, which is defined for all
n2
positive integers and has values 1, 0, – 1 depending on factorization of n into prime numbers p . It is
defined as follows:
20
0, n = p 2m
µ ( n ) = ( − 1) ,
k
n = p1 p2 ... pk , pi ≠ p j (49)
1,
n = 1, ( k = 0 ).
mD 1 +∞
µ ( n) +∞
µ ( n)
Lµ = C0 L0 + − φ
g2 2
∑
n= 1
φ + ∑n = 1 n + 1φ n+ 1
(50)
n 2m2
1 +∞
µ ( n)
ζ ( s)
= ∑
n= 1 n
s , s = σ + it , σ > 1 . (51)
m 1 1 D
∞
Lµ = C0 L0 + 2 − φ φ + ∫ M ( φ ) dφ , (52)
g 2 0
ζ 2
2m
Vµ ( φ ) = − Lµ ( = 0 ) =
m D C0 2
g 2 2
(
φ 1 − ln φ 2
)− φ 2
− ∫
φ
M ( φ ) dφ , (53)
0
1
φ − M ( φ ) − C0 2 φ − 2C0φ ln φ = 0
m , (54)
ζ 2
2m
21
1 M2
− C + 2C0 − 1 = 0
, φ < < 1 , (55)
0
M2 m2
ζ
2
2m
where usual relativistic kinematic relation k 2 = − k02 + k 2 = − M 2 is used.
Now, we take the pure numbers concerning the eqs. (44) and (48). They are: 2.79, 2.67 and 4.66. We note
5+1
that all the numbers are related with Φ = , thence with the aurea ratio, by the following
2
expressions:
3. Mathematical connections
Now we take the eqs. (5) and (12) of the Section 1, and the eqs. (18), (21) and (36) of Section 2. We obtain
the following mathematical connections:
Fkx k
Fi 1 k2 ~ φ
Γ F ( x) = φ ( x + 1) x / 2
lim ∏ ⇒ ∫ eixkζ − φ ( k ) dk = ⇒
( 2π ) D
k→ ∞ F
x i= 1 Fx + i k 02 − k 2 > 2 + ε
2 1− φ
n( n − 1)
n ( n − 1)
k2 ~
⇒
1
D ∫
eixk ζ − θ ( k ) dk = ∑n≥ 1 θ n2
+
2( n + 1)
θ 2
−1
(φ n+ 1
)
− 1 ⇒
( 2π ) 4
1 ixk k2 ~ φ
⇒
( 2π ) D ∫ R D 2m2 φ ( k ) dk = 1 − φ ; (57)
e ζ −
22
⇒
1 ixk k2 ~ φ
⇒
( 2π ) D ∫ k02 − k 2 > 2 + ε 2 φ ( k ) dk = 1 − φ ⇒
e ζ −
n( n − 1)
n ( n − 1)
k2 ~
⇒
1
D ∫
eixk ζ − θ ( k ) dk = ∑n≥ 1 θ n2
+
2( n + 1)
θ 2
−1
(φ n+ 1
)
− 1 ⇒
( 2π ) 4
1 ixk k2 ~ φ
⇒
( 2π ) D ∫ R D 2m2 φ ( k ) dk = 1 − φ . (58)
e ζ −
Now we take the eqs. (7h) and (7i) of the Section 1, and the eqs. (18), (21) and (36) of Section 2. We obtain
the following mathematical connections:
1 pn 1 n − 1 pi + 1 pn
( ) ∑
pn
1− γ =
pn ∫ 1
x
dx = ln pn −
pn i = 0 ∫ pi x
dx ⇒
1 k2 ~ φ
⇒ ∫ eixk ζ − φ ( k ) dk = ⇒
( 2π ) D
k 02 − k 2 > 2 + ε
2 1− φ
n( n − 1)
n ( n − 1)
k2 ~
1
θ ( k ) dk = ∑n≥ 1 θ
−1
(φ )
( 2π ) D ∫
n2
⇒ eixk ζ − + θ 2 n+ 1
− 1 ⇒
4 2( n + 1)
1 k2 ~ φ
⇒ ∫ R D e ζ − 2m2 φ ( k ) dk = 1 − φ ; (59)
ixk
( 2π ) D
1 n − 1 pi + 1 pn n− 1
d ( i)
1 − γ = ln ( pn ) − ∑ dx = ln ( pn ) − ∑
pn i = 0 ∫ pi x
− 1⇒
i= 1 pi + 1
1 k2 ~ φ
⇒ ∫ eixk ζ − φ ( k ) dk = ⇒
( 2π ) D
k 02 − k 2 > 2 + ε
2 1− φ
23
n( n − 1)
n ( n − 1)
k2 ~
1
θ ( k ) dk = ∑n≥ 1 θ
−1
(φ )
( 2π ) D ∫
n2
⇒ eixk ζ − + θ 2 n+ 1
− 1 ⇒
4 2( n + 1)
1 ixk k2 ~ φ
⇒
( 2π ) D ∫ R D 2m2 φ ( k ) dk = 1 − φ . (60)
e ζ −
Acknowledgments
The co-author Nardelli Michele would like to thank Prof. Branko Dragovich of Institute of
Physics of Belgrade (Serbia) for his availability and friendship.
References
[1] Sulle spalle dei giganti - Rosario Turco, Maria Colonnese, Michele Nardelli, Giovanni Di Maria, Francesco
Di Noto, Annarita Tulumello
[2] C’è solo un’acca tra pi e phi - Rosario Turco, Maria Colonnese
[3] Gamma and related functions generalized for sequences -R. L. Ollerton
[4] Ward, M. (1936), un calcolo di sequenze. American Journal of Mathematics 58: 2, pp. 255-266.
[5] Sloane, NJA (2006) On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences - Disponibile online all'indirizzo:
www.research.att.com/ ~ njas / sequenze / (accessed 23 giugno 2005)
[6] Andrews, GE, Askey, R. Ranjan, R. (1999) Funzioni speciali. Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its
Applications 71 , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
[7] Branko Dragovich – “Zeta Strings” – arXiv:hep-th/0703008v1 – 1 Mar 2007.
[8] Branko Dragovich – “Zeta Nonlocal Scalar Fields” – arXiv:0804.4114v1 – [hep-th] – 25 Apr
2008.
[9] Branko Dragovich – “Some Lagrangians with Zeta Function Nonlocality” – arXiv:0805.0403
v1 – [hep-th] – 4 May 2008 .
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