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VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS OF A CARBONATE-BICARBONATE MIXTURE

Espinosa, Mark Vincent C. (2ChE-B)


Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering
University of Santo Tomas
España, Manila

ABSTRACT

The analysis of mixtures containing hydroxide (OH–), carbonate (CO32–), and bicarbonate
(HCO3–) ions requires two titrations, one with a base-range indicator, such as phenolphthalein,
and the other with an acid-range indicator, such as methyl orange. In the experiment, the general
objective was to calculate for the percentage of carbonate and bicarbonate present in the sample
by taking the volume of standard HCl solution consumed to attain the two endpoints. In the
Classical Method, the titration process was performed using two indicators, the phenolphthalein
and methyl orange indicator. In the Potentiometric Method, the progress of the titration was
monitored using the pH meter. For the Classical Method, the average percentage of Na2CO3
computed was 59.63% and the average percentage of NaHCO3 computed was 11.36%. For the
Potentiometric Method, the percentage of Na2CO3 computed was 55.32% and the percentage of
NaHCO3 was 12.00%.

INTRODUCTION

Numerous inorganic species can be determined by titration with strong acids or strong
bases. Some of the examples are the mixtures containing hydroxide (OH–), carbonate (CO32–),
and bicarbonate (HCO3–) ions. The quantitative and qualitative determination of the components
in a solution containing sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), and sodium
bicarbonate (NaHCO3) provides examples of how neutralization titrations can be used to analyze
mixtures. No more than two of these three components can exist in substantial amount in any
solution because reaction will remove one of them (Harris, 2002).

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Two titrations were needed for the analysis of such mixtures, one with the use of an
alkaline-range indicator and the other with an acid-range indicator. The composition of the
solution can then be inferred from the relative volumes of the standard acid needed to titrate
equal volumes of the sample. Once the composition of the solution has been established, the
volume data can be used to determine the concentration of each component in the sample
(Jeffery, 2004).

Table 1 below shows the volume relationships in the analysis of mixtures containing
hydroxide (OH–), carbonate (CO32–), and bicarbonate (HCO3–) ions. If the volume of the standard
acid needed for a methyl orange end point is equal to zero, the sample only contains sodium
hydroxide. If the volume of the standard acid needed for a phenolphthalein end point is equal to
the volume of the standard acid needed for a methyl orange end point, the component in the
sample is only sodium carbonate. If the volume of the standard acid needed for a phenolphthalein
end point is equal to zero, the sample only contains sodium bicarbonate. If the volume of the
standard acid needed for a phenolphthalein end point is greater than the volume of the standard
acid needed for a methyl orange end point, the components in the sample are sodium hydroxide
and sodium carbonate. But if the volume of the standard acid needed for a phenolphthalein end
point is lesser than the volume of the standard acid needed for a methyl orange end point, the
components in the sample are sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate.

Table 1 - Volume Relationships in the Analysis of Mixtures Containing Hydroxide (OH –), Carbonate
(CO32–), and Bicarbonate (HCO3–) Ions
Relationship between VHPH and VHMO in the Titration
Components in Sample
of an Equal Volume of Sample*
NaOH VHMO = 0
Na2CO3 VHPH = VHMO
NaHCO3 VHPH = 0
NaOH and Na2CO3 VHPH > VHMO
Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 VHPH < VHMO
* VHPH is the volume of the standard acid needed for a phenolphthalein end point; VHMO is the volume of the
standard acid needed for a methyl orange end point.

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Titrations are often recorded through the use of titration curves. The independent variable
is the volume of the titrant, while the dependent variable is the pH of the solution, which changes
depending on the composition of the two solutions. The equivalence point is a significant point
on the graph, the point at which all of the starting solution has been neutralized by the titrant
(Whitten, 2007).

Figure 1 below shows the titration curve and indicator transition ranges for the analysis of
carbonate-bicarbonate mixture. The titration curve for the analysis of mixture containing
carbonate-bicarbonate mixture can be inferred from Table 1. The titration involved in the
determination of the carbonate constituent is an example of a weak base being titrated with a
strong acid. The equivalence point pH for the first reaction occurs at about 8.3, with
phenolphthalein as indicator. The equivalence point for the second reaction occurs at a pH of
around 4.0 with methyl orange as indicator.

VHPH
VHMO

Phenolphthalein (HPh) Transition range


Methyl orange (HMo) Transition range

Figure 1 - Titration Curve and Indicator Transition Ranges for the Analysis of Carbonate-Bicarbonate
Mixture

As seen in Figure 2 on the next page, sodium carbonate was neutralized first by the acid
because it is stronger base, changing it to bicarbonate. The end point was reached when the
phenolphthalein turned from dark pink to colorless. When sodium bicarbonate was further

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neutralized by the acid, it was changed to carbonic acid which was in equilibrium with water and
carbon dioxide.

Na2CO32– + HCl → NaHCO3 + NaCl

NaHCO3 + HCl → CO2 + H2O +

Figure 2 - Reactions Representing the Neutralization of Sodium Carbonate and Sodium Bicarbonate

Figure 3 below shows the schematic diagram of neutralization of carbonate and


bicarbonate ions. According to Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis, at the
beginning of the titration, only CO32– exists. When one equivalent of acid has been added, almost
all of the CO32– is changed into HCO3–. Addition of a further equivalent of acid changes all
bicarbonate into carbonic acid, H2CO, which is equilibrium with carbon dioxide and water. The
amount of carbonate present is determined by taking twice the volume of standard acid, which is
the HCl solution, consumed to attain the phenolphthalein endpoint. It was taken twice because
two times of the volume of the acid is needed to completely neutralize the sodium carbonate.

A mL

HPH changes color

A mL

A mL + B mL

B mL

HMO changes color

Figure 3 - Schematic Diagram of Neutralization of Carbonate and Bicarbonate Ions


Titration

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Titration is the process in which a solution of one reactant, the titrant, is carefully added
to a solution of another reactant, and the volume of titrant required for complete reaction is
measured (Whitten, 2007). An acid-base indicator is a substance that can exist in different forms,
with different colors that depend on the concentration of H+ in the solution. At least one of these
forms must be very intensely colored so that even very small amounts of it can be seen.

The experimenter chooses an indicator that changes color clearly at the point at which
stoichiometrically equivalent amounts of acid and base have reacted, the equivalence point. The
point at which the indicator changes color and the titration is stopped is called the end point.
Ideally, the titration end point should correspond or coincide with the equivalence point
(http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chemlab/techniques/titration.html).

Methyl Orange Indicator

Methyl orange is a common name for 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene-4-sulfonic acid


sodium salt. It has a conventional symbol, HMo. Its approximate pH ranges from 3.2 to 4.4. It
changes color at the pH of a mid-strength acid, it is usually used in titrations for acids. Unlike a
universal indicator, methyl orange does not have a full spectrum of color change, but has a
sharper end point (http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/acidbaseeqia/indicators.html).

According to the Acid-Base Indicators Chart from General Chemistry, in a solution


becoming less acidic, methyl orange moves from red to orange and finally to yellow with the
reverse occurring for a solution increasing in acidity. The entire color change occurs in acidic
conditions. In an acid, it is reddish, and in base, it is yellow.

Phenolphthalein Indicator

Phenolphthalein is a common name for 3,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)isobenzofuran-1(3H)-


one. It has a conventional symbol, HPh. Its approximate pH ranges from 8.2 to 10.0
(http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/acidbaseeqia/indicators.html). Phenolphthalein does not
dissolve very well in water, so for titrations it is usually prepared in alcohol solution. When
adding a drop of indicator to an acid you will sometimes detect a slight cloudy white color. This

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is actually a precipitate of solid phenolphthalein, as the high local concentration exceeds the
solubility product. It will usually disappear if you shake the solution, since enough solvent
becomes available to dissolve the solute.

It turns colorless in acidic solutions and pink in basic solutions. If the concentration of
indicator is particularly strong, it can appear purple. In strongly basic solutions,
phenolphthalein's pink color undergoes a rather slow fading reaction and becomes colorless
again (Acid-Base Indicators Chart from General Chemistry).

The pH Meter

A pH meter is an electronic device used for potentiometric pH measurements although


some probes are used to measure the pH of semi-solid substances. In potentiometric methods you
measure potential difference between known reference electrode and the measuring pH
electrode. Potential of the pH electrode depends on the activities of hydronium ions. A typical
pH meter consists of a special measuring probe (a glass electrode) connected to an electronic
meter that measures and displays the pH reading (http://www.ph-meter.info).

According to the Section of the Corning pH meter 430 Instructions Manual, the main
parts of the pH meter are: pH probe, meter, and circuit. The pH probe measures pH as the
activity of hydrogen ions surrounding a thin-walled glass bulb at its tip. The probe produces a
small voltage that is measured and displayed as pH units by the meter. The meter circuit is no
more than a voltmeter that displays measurements in pH units instead of volts. The input
impedance of the meter must be very high because of the high resistance of the glass electrode
probes typically used with pH meters. The inverting amplifier converts the small voltage
produced by the probe (+0.059 volt/pH) into pH units, which are then offset by seven volts to
give a reading on the pH scale.

The pH and Buffer Solution

The pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. In a solution pH


approximates to p[H], the negative logarithm (base 10) of the molar concentration of dissolved

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hydronium ions (H3O+); a low pH indicates a high concentration of hydronium ions, while a high
pH indicates a low concentration. For an aqueous solution to have a higher pH, a base must be
dissolved in it, which binds away many of these rare hydrogen ions. Hydrogen ions in water can
be written simply as H+ or as hydronium (H3O+). (General Chemistry Handouts, Pomona
College: How to Solve Equilibrium Problems: An Approach Based on Stoichiometry Part II,
Acid-Base Reactions).

A buffer solution contains a conjugate acid-base pair with both the acid and base in
reasonable concentration. The acidic component reacts with added strong bases. The basic
component reacts with added strong acids. When a solution of a weak electrolyte is altered b
adding one of its ions from another source, the ionization of the weak electrolyte is suppressed.
This behavior is termed the common ion effect. Solutions that contain a weak acid plus a salt of
the weak acid are always less acidic than solutions that contain the same concentration of the
weak acid alone (Whitten, 2007).

METHODOLOGY

Reagents and Apparatus

Standard 0.10 M NaOH solution, standard 0.10 M HCl solution, unknown solid sample,
phenolphthalein indicator, and methyl orange indicator were prepared along with the acid and
base burette, beakers, flasks, stirring rod, wash bottle, pH meter, and analytical balance.

Procedure

The reagent 0.10 M NaOH solution was prepared by primarily dissolving 4.0 grams of
NaOH pellets in 1.0 L of distilled water. The solution was then transferred into a labeled clear
reagent bottle. It was standardized by primarily weighing out a sample between 0.3000 g to
0.6000 g of potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP). The sample was then dissolved in 100 mL of
distilled water. Three drops of phenolphthalein indicator was added afterward. Subsequently, the
solution was titrated with the NaOH solution until a permanent light pink color was observed. A
second trial was performed and the molarity of the NaOH solution was calculated.

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The reagent 0.10 M HCl solution was prepared by initially measuring 500.0 mL of
distilled water in a beaker. Then, 4.2 mL of concentrated HCl was allowed to flow slowly along
the wall of the beaker of water while being stirred. The solution was then transferred into a
labeled amber reagent bottle. It was standardized by initially transferring 20 mL of standardized
NaOH into a beaker. Three drops of methyl orange was then added. Afterward, the acid burette
was filled with the HCl to be standardized. The standard NaOH was then titrated with the HCl
until an orange-colored solution was formed. A second trial was performed and the molarity of
the HCl solution was calculated.

Two methods were conducted in the experiment, namely: Classical Method and
Potentiometric Method. In the Classical Method, the titration was performed with the use of
indicators, such as phenolphthalein and methyl orange indicators. In the Potentiometric Method,
the pH meter was used to monitor the progress of titration.

The Classical Method was conducted by initially weighing approximately 2.000 g of the
unknown solid sample in the previously calibrated analytical balance. The sample was then
dissolved in 100 mL of distilled water and was transferred into a 250-mL volumetric flask.
Afterward, the solution was diluted to the mark; stopped and inverted several times for even
mixing. Subsequently, 50.0 mL aliquot of the solution was transferred into a small beaker and
three drops of phenolphthalein indicator was added. The solution was then titrated with the
standard HCl that was previously filled up in an acid burette. After that, the volume of the HCl
used after a color change from dark pink to colorless was recorded. Then, three drops of the
methyl orange indicator was added to the same mixture. The solution was titrated continuously
with the acid until an orange-colored solution was obtained. Afterward, the final volume of the
acid used was recorded. A second trial was then performed and the percentage of Na 2CO3 and
NaHCO3 present in the sample was computed for both trials.

The Potentiometric Method was conducted by initially calibrating the pH meter with
specified buffers. In the experiment, buffers with pH 4, pH 7, and pH 10 were used. The
electrode was rinsed with distilled water using a wash bottle. After it was carefully dried, it was
immersed into the buffer. The pH meter reading was then checked if it corresponded to the pH of

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the buffer used. After the calibration of pH meter, the electrode was immersed into the spare
solution sample used for the Classical Method, excluding the addition of indicators. Afterward,
the solution was titrated with the standard HCl that was previously filled up in an acid burette.
The titration was continual until there was a very small difference or repeating results of pH
record after the second end-point. Afterward, the percentage of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 present in
the sample was calculated.

DISCUSSION OF DATA AND/OR RESULTS

As seen in Table 2 below, the volumes of the standard HCl used at first end point and
second end point for Trial 1 and Trial 2 were recorded. This data can prove that the mixture
contains carbonate and bicarbonate ions because the volume at methyl orange/second end point
or the volume needed to neutralize the bicarbonate ion is greater than the volume at
phenolphthalein/first end point or the volume needed to neutralize the carbonate ion.

Table 2 - Volumes of the Standard HCl used to Titrate the Sample Mixture (Classical Method)
Volume at 1st End Point Volume at 2nd End Point
Trial 1 23.10 mL 28.68 mL
Trial 2 22.60 mL 28.29 mL

Phenolphthalein was chosen to be the base-range indicator along with the methyl orange
indicator as the acid-range indicator because its transition range which is at pH 8.3 to 10
coincides with the pH at the first equivalence point which is more or less at pH 8.6. If
phenolphthalein is not available, cresol purple with transition state at pH 7.6 to 9.2 may be used
as a substitute.

Table 3 below shows the percentage of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 present in the unknown
solid sample in Classical Method. The average percentages of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 were
reported. The necessary calculations were included in the Appendix. This data was compared to
the data for Potentiometric Method.

Table 3 - Percentage of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 Present in the Unknown Solid Sample (Classical Method)
Percentage of Na2CO3 Percentage of NaHCO3
Trial 1 60.27% 11.54%
Trial 2 58.98% 11.17%

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Average Percentage 59.63% 11.36%

In Potentiometric Method, buffers are important because they were used to calibrate the
pH meter and to check if it measures the pH of the mixture accurately. Calibration should be
performed with at least two standard buffer solutions that span the range of pH values to be
measured. For general purposes buffers at pH 4 and pH 10 are acceptable.

Figure 4 below presents the illustration and labeled parts of a standard pH meter. The
main parts of the pH meter are pH probe, meter, and circuit. The pH probe measures pH as the
activity of hydrogen ions surrounding a thin-walled glass bulb at its tip. The meter circuit is no
more than a voltmeter that displays measurements in pH units instead of volts.

connecting wires
pH monitor
bendable
controllers

pH probe
electrode set and mode buttons

Figure 4 - Illustration of a Standard pH Meter with its Labeled


Parts
The Figure 5 below presents the titration curve of weak base to strong acid. The sample is
the weak base and the standard HCl is the strong acid. The data from Table 6 in the Appendix is
used to present this graph. On the first part of the graph, the mixture has a high alkalinity of pH
10.39 and the standard HCl is not been added yet. As 0.50-mL portions of standard HCl are
added to sample mixture, the pH of the solution goes down. The first end point is indicated by
the first steeping down of line on the graph. This means that the carbonate ion in the mixture was
neutralized to bicarbonate. Once the standard HCl is in excess, there will be a difference. Past the
equivalence point is a buffer solution containing sodium bicarbonate. This resists any large fall
in pH until the second end point is indicated by the second steeping down of line on the graph.
This means that the bicarbonate ion in the mixture was neutralized to carbon dioxide and water.

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Figure 5 - Titration Curve of Sample Mixture (Weak Base) to Standard HCl (Strong Acid)

The Figure 6 on the next page presents the graph that represents the titration curve if a
diprotic acid were used. If a diprotic acid (a weak acid) is used such as ethanedioic acid (oxalic
acid), the reaction with sodium carbonate takes place just like in the titration of weak base to
strong acid but the titration curve does not show more of the steepness of the large pH fall.

Figure 6 - Titration Curve


of Sample Mixture (Weak Base) to Ethanedioic Acid (Diprotic/Weak Acid)

Table 4 below shows the volumes of the standard HCl used to titrate the sample mixture
for the Potentiometric Method. Unlike in Classical Method, Volume A and Volume B were used
to denote the volume of standard HCl used to titrate the sample mixture as referred to Figure 3
on page 4. The Volume A represents the volume of standard HCl at the first end point. It was
assumed from the graph with the corresponding pH that Volume A is 10.60 mL. The Volume
A+B represents the volume of standard HCl at the second end point which is assumed from the
graph to be 24.10 mL. Volume B of 2.9 mL is obtained by subtracting twice of Volume A to the
Volume A+B.

Table 4 - Volumes of the Standard HCl used to Titrate the Sample Mixture (Potentiometric Method)
Volume A Volume B

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Volume of Standard HCl 10.60 mL 2.9 mL

Table 5 on the next page shows the percentage of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 present in the
unknown solid sample for Potentiometric Method. The necessary calculations were included in
the Appendix. This data was compared to the true value for the percentage of Na2CO3 and
NaHCO3. The true value for the percentage of Na2CO3 was 64.74% and the true value for the
percentage of NaHCO3 was 21.00%. It is observed that there is a large percent error for the result
and the true value. Possible sources of error were stated in the Conclusion.

Table 5 - Percentage of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 Present in the Unknown Solid Sample (Potentiometric
Method)
Percentage of Na2CO3 Percentage of NaHCO3
55.32% 12.00%

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

The general objective was answered as the percentage of carbonate and bicarbonate
present in the sample was calculated using the two methods, the Classical Method and the
Potentiometric Method. For the Classical Method, two indicators such as phenolphthalein and
methyl orange were used in the titration process. The average percentage of Na2CO3 computed
was 59.63% and the average percentage of NaHCO3 computed was 11.36%. For the
Potentiometric Method, the pH meter was used to monitor the progress of titration having the
percentage of Na2CO3 of 55.32% and the percentage of NaHCO3 of 12.00%.

The results were too far from the true value for the percentage of Na2CO3 and the
percentage of NaHCO3. The true value for the percentage of Na2CO3 was 64.74% and the true
value for the percentage of NaHCO3 was 21.00%. It is important to consider many sources of
error that were present in the experimental procedure. The following may be the possible sources
for this large error: careless determination of sample weight, careless use and reading of burette
and pipettes, overshooting the mark with the volumetric flask and the unknown solution,
overrunning endpoint for the indicator, and confusion or wrong amounts of reagents throughout
the experiment since the preparation and standardization HCl and NaOH were prepared on the
previous experiments: Analysis of Lactic Acid and the Analysis of Soda Ash.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books

Christian, G., (2004). Analytical Chemistry, 6th ed., Wiley Publishing: New York.
Harris, D.C., (2002). Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 6th ed., W.H. Freedman and Company:
USA.
Jeffery, G.H., Basset, J., Mendham, J., Denney, R.C., (1989). Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative
Chemical Analysis, 5th ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc.: New York.
Whitten, K.W., Davis, R.E., Peck, L., Stanley, G.G., (2007). Chemistry, 8th ed., Thomson Co.:
USA.

Electronic Sources

Chemistry Guide. http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/acidbaseeqia/indicators.html. Date


visited: February 25, 2011.
Dartmouth College. http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chemlab/techniques/titration.html. Date visited:
February 24, 2011.
pH Meter Product Info. http://www.ph-meter.info. Date visited: February 17, 2011.

Handouts

Acid-Base Indicators Chart from General Chemistry


General Chemistry Handouts, Pomona College: How to Solve Equilibrium Problems: An
Approach Based on Stoichiometry Part II, Acid-Base Reactions

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APPENDIX

Table 6 below presents the 0.50-mL intervals of the volume of standard HCl used to
titrate the sample mixture. The corresponding pH is being recorded each time 0.50-mL of the
standard HCl is being added to the mixture. The first end point was indicated by the first gap or
large difference between two pH readings. The ideal pH for the first end point is about 8.3. The
second end point was indicated by the second gap or large difference between two pH readings.
The ideal pH for the second end point is about 4.0. This data is used to present the titration curve.

Table 6 - 0.50-mL Intervals of Volume of Standard HCl and the Corresponding pH of the Mixture
mL pH mL pH mL pH mL pH
0.00 10.39 11.00 8.11 22.00 6.02 33.00 1.76
0.50 10.32 11.50 7.72 22.50 5.90 33.50 1.74
1.00 10.28 12.00 7.50 23.00 5.77 34.00 1.73
1.50 10.22 12.50 7.26 23.50 5.55 34.50 1.71
2.00 10.15 13.00 7.16 24.00 5.07 35.00 1.69
2.50 10.06 13.50 7.05 24.50 3.53 35.50 1.68
3.00 10.00 14.00 6.94 25.00 2.78 36.00 1.66
3.50 9.94 14.50 6.87 25.50 2.56 36.50 1.65
4.00 9.89 15.00 6.80 26.00 2.43 37.00 1.64
4.50 9.83 15.50 6.74 26.50 2.31 37.50 1.62
5.00 9.76 16.00 6.67 27.00 2.23 38.00 1.61
5.50 9.69 16.50 6.60 27.50 2.15 38.50 1.60
6.00 9.62 17.00 6.57 28.00 2.07 39.00 1.59
6.50 9.56 17.50 6.52 28.50 2.04 39.50 1.58
7.00 9.46 18.00 6.48 29.00 1.99 40.00 1.57
7.50 9.38 18.50 6.46 29.50 1.95 40.50 1.56
8.00 9.30 19.00 6.42 30.00 1.92 41.00 1.55
8.50 9.19 19.50 6.37 30.50 1.89 41.50 1.54
9.00 9.04 20.00 6.31 31.00 1.85 42.00 1.53
9.50 8.90 20.50 6.26 31.50 1.83 42.50 1.52
10.00 8.87 21.00 6.20 32.00 1.80 43.00 1.51
10.50 8.60 21.50 6.13 32.50 1.78 43.50 1.50

The following figures were the necessary calculations used in the experiment. The 0.0985
M of the standard HCl solution was obtained from the previous experiment, Analysis of Soda
Ash. The amount of carbonate present is determined by taking twice the volume of standard HCl
solution, consumed to attain the phenolphthalein endpoint because two times of the volume of
the acid is needed to completely neutralize the sodium carbonate.

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%Na2CO3 = 2 x 23.1 mL x 0.0985 mmol/mL x 106 g/2000 x 250/50 x
100
2.0005 g

%Na2CO3 = 60.27%
Figure 7 – Calculation for the % Na2CO3 for Classical Method Trial 1*
* same computation for Trial 2

%NaHCO3 = 28.68 mL x 0.0985 mmol/mL x 84.0059 g/1000 x 250/50 x


100
2.0005 g

% NaHCO3 = 11.54%

Figure 8 – Calculation for the % NaHCO3 for Classical Method Trial 1*


* same computation for Trial 2

%Na2CO3 = 2 x 10.6 mL x 0.0985 mmol/mL x 106 g/2000 x 250/25 x 100


2.0005 g

%Na2CO3 = 55.32%

Figure 9 – Calculation for the %Na2CO3 for Potentiometric Method

%NaHCO3 = 2.9 mL x 0.0985 mmol/mL x 84.0059 g/1000 x 250/25 x 100


2.0005 g

% NaHCO3 = 12.00%

Figure 10 – Calculation for the %NaHCO3 for Potentiometric Method

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