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Renewable Energy 35 (2010) 1303–1307

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Renewable Energy
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/renene

Technical Note

Electricity generation of hybrid PV/wind systems in Iraq


Salwan S. Dihrab*, K. Sopian
Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI), University Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Renewable resources gained more attention in the last two decades due to persisting energy demand
Received 14 December 2008 coupled with decrease in fossil fuel resources and its environmental effect to the earth. In Iraq, the
Accepted 22 December 2009 electric power generated is not enough to meet the power demand of domestic and industrial sectors. In
Available online 13 January 2010
this article, a hybrid system was proposed as a renewable resource of power generation for grid con-
nected applications in three cities in Iraq. The proposed system was simulated using MATLAB solver, in
Keywords:
which the input parameters for the solver were the meteorological data for the selected locations and the
Wind turbine
sizes of PV and wind turbines. Results showed that it is possible for Iraq to use the solar and wind energy
Solar
PV panel to generate enough power for some villages in the desert or rural area. It is also possible to use such
Iraq a system as a black start source of power during total shutdown time. Results also indicated that the
preferred location for this system is in Basrah for both solar and wind energy.
Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction autonomous system. Reichling [5] modeled a hybrid wind–solar


power plant in southwestern Minnesota for a 2-year period using
The rapid depletion of fossil fuel resources worldwide has hourly wind and solar irradiation data. Yang [6] recommended an
necessitated an urgent search for alternative energy sources to meet optimal sizing method to optimize the configurations of a hybrid
the present day demand. Alternative energy resources, such as solar solar–wind system employing battery banks. Based on a genetic
and wind, which are clean, inexhaustible, and environmental- algorithm (GA), which has the ability to attain the global optimum
friendly are potential resources for renewable energy [1]. A system with relative computational simplicity, one optimal sizing method
that combines different sources of energy is called a hybrid system. was developed to calculate the optimum system configuration that
The hybrid system is not a new concept, rather it gains more could achieve the customers required loss of power supply prob-
consideration within the last two decades by many researchers such ability (LPSP) with minimum annualized cost of system (ACS).
as Yang [2], who recommended an optimal design model for hybrid Mahmoudi [7] analyzed hourly wind speed and solar radiation
solar–wind system which employs battery banks to calculate the measurement to assess the feasibility of using hybrid (wind, solar)
system’s optimum configurations in China. Ekren [1] showed an energy conversion system to meet the energy required to power
optimum sizing procedure of PV/wind hybrid system in Turkey. a seawater greenhouse in the Arabian Gulf country of Oman. Shakya
Ahmed [3] presented a hybrid system consists of wind turbine, [8] studied the feasibility of standalone hybrid wind–photovoltaic
solar photovoltaic and fuel cell generation. The wind and photo- (PV) system incorporating compressed hydrogen gas storage in
voltaic systems were used as its main energy sources while the fuel Australia. Tina [9] assessed the long-term performance of a hybrid
cell is used as a secondary or back-up energy source. Results from solar–wind power system (HSWPS) for both standalone and grid-
the study showed that even when the sun and wind are not linked applications. Elhadidy [10] investigated the potential of
available, the system is reliable and available and it can supply utilizing hybrid (wind solar) energy conversion systems to meet the
high-quality power to the load. Onar [4] combined wind turbine required load of a typical commercial building (with annual electrical
(WT), photovoltaic (PV), fuel cell (FC) and ultracapacitor (UC) energy demand of 620 000 kWh). The hybrid system considered in
systems for grid-independent applications. The main contribution the present analysis consists of different combinations of commer-
of this work was the hybridization of renewable energy sources cial wind energy conversion systems (WECS), photovoltaic (PV)
with FC systems using long- and short-term storage strategies with panels supplemented with battery storage unit and diesel back-up.
appropriate power controllers and control strategy to build an El-Shatter [11] employed fuzzy logic control to achieve
maximum power tracking for both PV and wind energies for hybrid
PV, wind and fuel cell systems. Kershman [12] used hybrid (solar
* Corresponding author. Tel.: þ60 172823170. and wind) system to power Sea Water Reverse Osmosis desalina-
E-mail address: salwan@vlsi.eng.ukm.my (S.S. Dihrab). tion plant in Libya’s coast of the Mediterranean Sea to supply

0960-1481/$ – see front matter Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.renene.2009.12.010
1304 S.S. Dihrab, K. Sopian / Renewable Energy 35 (2010) 1303–1307

a village with potable water at the rate of 300 m3/d. Celik [13] In open circuit condition, the current is zero and the ‘1’ in Eq. 2 is
introduced a novel sizing method to model a PV-wind hybrid small as compared to the exponential term. Because of this, the
energy system with battery storage and found that the techno- diode current is given by:
economic optimization of autonomous energy systems should
include the following design parameters at the same time: the level Voc;ref
of autonomy i.e. the fraction of time for which the specified load Io;ref ¼ IL;ref e aref (4)
can be met, and the cost of the system.
Bakes [14] reported the technical feasibility and economical The measured values for I and V at the maximum power point given
viability of a hybrid solar/wind grid-connected system for electrical by the manufacturer can be substituted into Eq. 2 along with the
and thermal energy production that covers the energy demand of diode and light current to find the series resistance, RS
a typical residence in the city of Xanthi (Greece). Also, Deshmukh  Imp 
[15] described methodologies to model Hybrid Renewable Energy a ln 1   Vmp þ Voc
IL
Systems (HRES). It also highlighted few issues related to the pene- Rs ¼ (5)
Imp
tration of these energy systems in the present distribution network.
In this paper, a hybrid system (PV and wind) is proposed and The following equations are good approximations for the temper-
simulated for three different cities in Iraq namely Baghdad (33 N), ature effect on many PV modules.
Basrah (30 N) and Mosul (36 N), as one of the future system based
on renewable resources in Iraq. The system consists of 5 Mw of PV GT   
IL ¼ IL;ref þ mIsc Tc  Tc;ref (6)
panels and 100 wind turbines in which each one has the power of GT;ref
10 KW so that the total plant will generate about 6 MW of
maximum power. The system was seized in order to work as a black Tc;ref
start generator to power the auxiliary equipment during total a ¼ aref (7)
Tc
shutdown time, or to meet the power requirement of about 750
small houses in the remote area with the assumption that each " !#
house will consume about 30 Kwh/day of power at rated system " #2 3Ns Tc;ref
1
power. The proposed plant will need an area of 400 m  400 m of Tc aref Tc
Io ¼ Io;ref e (8)
square land. This area will be enough to carry the 57,500 panels of Tc;ref
PV as well as the 100 wind turbines which will be distributed along
a specified area. The basic components of the proposed plant are  
illustrated in Fig.1. Voc ¼ Voc;ref þ mVoc Tc  Tc;ref (9)

2. Mathematical model mVoc Tc;ref  Voc;ref þ 3Ns


aref ¼ (10)
mIsc Tc;ref
2.1. PV modules IL;ref 3

The PV cell can directly convert the sunlight to DC power Now we have to find the cell temperature at operating conditions. It
through the photoelectric phenomena. The power output of is essential to use the energy balance for a module that was over-
a single diode solar cell is given by [16]. viewed by Duffie and Beckman [16]. The energy balance for
a module is given by:
P ¼ IV (1)
saGt ¼ hc Gt þ UL ðTc  Ta Þ (11)
The general formula for monocrystalline solar cell current is the
current–voltage relationship for a single diode solar cell of an array If we know the cell temperature at a certain condition called
is given as follow: nominal operating temperature, NOCT with no load as given by the
manufacturer, then the term in Eq. 11 can be found from
V þ IRs !
 
I ¼ IL  ID ¼ IL  Io e a 1 (2) sa=UL ¼ Tc;NOCT  Ta Gt;NOCT (12)

The irradiation at NOCT is 800 w/m2 and the ambient temperature


Usually the PV manufacturer supply their products with a data
is 20 C. Then, the cell temperature at any operating condition (any
sheet that contains values of V and I for three conditions namely,
irradiation and any ambient temperature), if the value is assumed
the short circuit, the open circuit and the maximum power for
to be constant, is given by:
a given set of reference condition. The reference solar irradiation
and temperature is GT,ref ¼ 1000 W/m2 and Tref ¼ 25 C, respectively.
  
sa h
In short circuit condition, the diode current is very small and the Tc ¼ Ta þ Gt 1 c (13)
UL sa
light current is equal to the short circuit current.
And the cell efficiency is given by Eq. 14
IL ¼ Isc (3)
VI
hc ¼ (14)
Gt A
Wi nd Photovoltaic
turbines modules
Table 1
DC Specifications of the PV module.
AC

VOC ISC Vmax I max P max Area mISC mVOC Tc at NOCT


Bus bar To grid (V) (A) (V) (A) (W) (m2) (A/ C) (V/ C) ( C)
21.7 5.34 17.4 5.02 87 0.66 0.002 0.082 47
Fig. 1. A basic sketch outlining the components of the proposed plant.
S.S. Dihrab, K. Sopian / Renewable Energy 35 (2010) 1303–1307 1305

Table 2 Basrah Mosul Baghdad


Wind turbine specifications. 6

Average wind speed (m/s)


Diameter (m) Rated power kw AC Voltage (V) Hz 5
7 10 at 13 m/s 240 50
4

3
Eq. 13 indicates that the cell temperature depends on its efficiency.
2
At the same time, the cell temperature affects the current and
voltage of the module i.e. the cell temperature and the module 1
efficiency one affects each other. Therefore, the procedure for the
0
solution will be: JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

1. Assume an arbitrary amount of module efficiency (normally, Fig. 3. wind speed distribution during the year for Baghdad, Basrah and Mosul.
the cell efficiency is between 7 and 14 %)
2. Apply Eq. 13 to find the cell temperature
3. Apply Equations 7–9 to obtain the operating current and the data were collected over 8 years as monthly average data [18]. The
voltage of the module daily average data obtained from the mentioned source can be used
4. Calculate the module efficiency using Eq. 14 and compare this further to find the incident solar irradiation on the PV arrays. The
value with the first estimated value until they converge. solar irradiation distribution throughout the year for Baghdad,
Thereafter, the module efficiency and the cell temperature can Basrah and Mosul are illustrated in Fig. 2, and the wind speed
be obtained. distributions are shown in Fig. 3.

The PV manufacturer should provide the characteristic specifi- 4. Results and discussion
cations such as (VOC, ISC,Vmp, Imp, mISC and mVOC) coefficients of the
short circuit current and open circuit voltage. The technical char- The proposed hybrid system was simulated using MATLAB. The
acteristics of the PV module (Kyosera) used in this simulation are major inputs for the solver for the PV modules were solar irradia-
given in Table 1. tion and atmospheric temperature, as well as the PV manufacturing
data sheet information’s. For the wind turbine, the inputs were
2.2. Wind turbine wind speed and the wind turbine manufacturing data sheet. In
general, the average daily radiation for Basrah (refer to Fig. 2) had
Wind is a form of solar energy. It is caused by uneven heating of the maximum value. It was slightly higher than Mosul, especially
the atmosphere by the sun, irregularities of the earth’s surface, and for the first and last 3 months of the year, and it was noticeably
rotation of the earth. Wind flow patterns are modified by earth’s higher than Baghdad. Therefore, the expected annual PV output for
terrain, bodies of water, and vegetation. Human use this wind flow, Basrah was the highest, higher than Mosul and Baghdad respec-
or motion energy, for many purposes such as sailing, flying a kite, tively. Fig. 4 showed the annual PV output for the selected sites.
and even generating electricity [17]. The amount ofpower- The output power for the wind turbine is strongly affected by
transferred to a wind turbine is directly proportional to the area the wind speed as shown in Eq. 15. Fig. 3 showed that the wind
swept out by the rotor, the air density, and the cubic power of the speed for Basrah was the highest, as compared to Baghdad and
wind speed, as given by: Mosul. This is not surprising due to its location, which is at the top
south of Iraq, near the gulf. Consequently, the annual wind turbines
Pwind ¼ 0:5arAv3 (15) output for Basrah was also the highest. Fig. 4 also showed the
annual wind turbine power output for all cities.
The technical characteristics of the wind turbine used in this study Basically, the PV modules generate DC power. Therefore, the DC/
are given in Table 2. AC inverters are recommended to be used in the system in order to
switch the PV modules voltage from DC to AC. In this study, a DC/AC
3. Metrological data is assumed to have 90 % electrical efficiency. Fig. 4 showed that
Basrah had the highest PV modules output and wind turbines
The main input parameters for the solver are solar radiation and power, while Baghdad had the lowest PV output power, but
wind speed. The daily average solar radiation and wind speed data a slightly higher wind turbine power than Mosul. Fig. 5
for Iraq were collected from a metrological weather web site, the

Annual wind power Annual PV power


Basrah Mosul Baghdad
Annual wind turbines power (MWh)

750 9000
Average daily radiation (kwh/m2)

8
Annual PV power (MWh)

7
700 8500
6
5
4 650 8000
3
2 600 7500
1
0 550 7000
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Basrah Baghdad Mos ul

Fig. 2. Solar irradiation distributions during the year for Baghdad, Basrah and Mosul. Fig. 4. PV power output distribution during the year for Baghdad, Basrah and Mosul.
1306 S.S. Dihrab, K. Sopian / Renewable Energy 35 (2010) 1303–1307

Acknowledgment
Annual total power sent to grid (MWh)

9000

The authors would like to thank the Solar Energy Research


8500 Institute (SERI), University Kebangsaan, Malaysia, for their invalu-
able support.

8000 Nomenclature

7500 a Wind turbine efficiency factor


s Transmittance absorbance product
r Density of air (Kg/m3)
7000
m Temperature coefficient
Basrah Baghdad Mos ul
3 Bandgap energy (e V)
Fig. 5. Total annual power sent to grid for Basrah, Mosul and Baghdad. a Curve fitting parameter (V)
A Swept area of turbine’s rotor (m2)
G Irradiation (W/m2)
Table 3 I Current (A)
The full simulation results of the proposed system. N No. of cell
Month Basrah Mosul Baghdad
P Power (w)
R Resistance (ohm)
PV Wind PV Wind PV Wind
Rs Series resistance (ohm)
outputa turbinesa output turbines output turbines
v Wind speed (m/s)
MWh MWh MWh MWh MWh MWh
V PV voltage (V)
JAN 619 26 554 21 490 12
FEB 671 23 561 107 530 28
MAR 770 64 718 31 657 76
Subscripts
APR 728 26 753 73 666 73 c Cell
MAY 780 64 836 76 707 51 d Diode
JUN 774 117 821 31 735 87 l Light
JUL 777 105 839 76 768 90
mp Maximum point
AUG 834 76 852 33 753 76
SEP 827 42 850 31 736 50 oc Open circuit
OCT 768 43 734 32 602 32 o Diode reverse saturation
NOV 660 25 590 20 463 30 sc Short circuit
DEC 579 9 489 76 446 12 ref Reference
a
The power of PV arrays and wind turbines are calculated base on assumption s Series
that power produced would have been produced if system operated at maximum t Tilted
output (100%) of the time.

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