Networking Professionals

Online TechTalk
Motivations for Gigabit to the Desktop

© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Networking Professionals
Online TechTalk

Drew Pletcher
Technical Marketing Engineer
Ethernet/Switching Technologies Group

Steve Shalita
Senior Manager, Product Marketing
LAN Switching Networking Group

© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

 Client Workload Increasing Dramatically
Foreground

Speech Interface
CRM, SCM, ERP Apps
Collaboration Collaboration
E-Mail E-Mail E-Mail
Passive Browser Dynamic Browser Dynamic Browser
Office* Apps Net-Aware Office* Net-Integrated Office*
Multitasking OS M’tasking Net-Aware OS Next Generation OS

1998 Today Tomorrow

Background

Virus Scan Virus Scan Virus Scan

Compression Compression Compression
Back-Up Back-Up Back-Up
System Management System Management System Management
Java* Applets Authent/Encrypt Authent/Encrypt
Synchronization Synchronization
Java* Applets Directory Services
Portals Peer-to-Peer Services
Java* Applets
Portals
Smart Agents
Biz Automation Svcs.
© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Why Gigabit Ethernet to the Desktop
• Today’s driver for Gigabit
Ethernet to the Desktop is not
a single application but the MS-SQL DB Records
simultaneous use of multiple
250 47%
applications
200 45%
It’s not about a single
application—it’s about increasing 150 43%
user and network productivity 100 39% GbE
• Backup/recovery, large file 50 30% 10/100
transfers and large data
transactions will benefit the
MS-Office Apps
most from Gigabit Ethernet
end to end
GbE 36.02s
• Gig-enabled PCs/Workstations
(LOM)—Dell, HP/Compaq,
Apple, Sun, many Linux 10/100 60.29s
hardware manufacturers
Source: IBM Study November 2002
© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
True World Traffic Modeling
for Gigabit Ethernet to the Desk

• Study of application and traffic patterns

of a number of job types in a Fortune and
S&P 500 company
• Compute profiles developed by job type
• Compute profiles used to model true
traffic patters with client connectivity at
10Mbps, 100Mbps and 1000Mbps

© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Network Response Improvements
10mbps vs. 100mbps vs. 1000mbps

50M File 0.5

4.2
Transfer 42.8 1000
100
14.2
Clarify 26.8 10
142.2

17
Ariba 35
140

2.3
Outlook 5.2
53.7

9.8
1GB Backup 85
849.4

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

Time in Seconds

© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Network Response Improvements
10mbps vs. 100mbps vs. 1000mbps

1000
100
27 10

Over All 47

186

0 50 100 150 200

Time in Minutes

© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Gbe End to End Benefits More than the
Desktop

• Eliminate “Far-End”
bottleneck
• Reduce wire time, buffer
congestion & relieve flow
control mechanisms
• Server sessions shorter
• Fewer concurrent
sessions at server

© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Gigabit and QoS

• TCP (red) and UDP (green) streams with Gig attached hosts
• 1GB data using TCP with 0MB Loss
• 3.7GB data using UDP with 23MB lost
• 15K of 22.5M datagrams lost—154 max consecutive loss
© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Enabling QoS in the Campus
Congestion Scenario: TCP Traffic Burst + VoIP

Location of
Potential
Core Interface
Si Si
Typical 4:1 Congestion
Data Over-
Subscription
Distribution
Si Si

Typical 20:1
Data Over-
Subscription Access

= Data
= Voice
© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Maximum Throughput

TCP RTT TCP

Window Window

Delay x BW
A B

VS.

© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Improving Throughput—TCP Windows

TCP RTT TCP

Window Window

Delay x BW
A B
Window Size below RTT x BW/8bits
Results in Low Throughput

RTT RTT RTT RTT

RTT RTT RTT RTT

© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
TCP Windows

• Windows control the amount of data that

is allowed to be “in flight” in the network
• Maximum throughput is one window full
per round trip time
• The sender, receiver, and the network
each determine a different window size
• RFC 1323—TCP for high throughput

© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Improving Throughput—TCP Windows

Bandwidth Delay Product

400000
350000
Window Size (Bytes)

300000
10 Mbps
250000
100 Mbps
200000
1 Gbps
150000
100000
50000
0
0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3
RTT (ms)

© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

TCP Window Size and Throughput

• In our tests we initially ran a 32K windows

size, then increased it to 64K, 128K, 256K,
300K and finally 1M; the RTT was 3ms
• The performance we saw is as follows:
32K 720mbps average
64K 886mbps average
128K 903mbps average
300K 936mbps average
1M 941mbps average

© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

What to Do
• Start with default window and buffer sizes
• Find out the rtt with ping, compute BDP
• Can tune system wide, by application, or
automatically
• Check your TCP for high-performance
features
• Tune TCP values based upon the
configuration methods specified by the
OS or protocol vendor (e.g.. Microsoft,
RedHat, Solaris, etc.)
© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
 S2

Implementing Gigabit Ethernet

for Your Organization
• Switch-to-Switch
Deploy Gigabit Ethernet switches
in backbone to aggregate wiring
closets
• Switch-to-Server
Gigabit Ethernet servers
connections
• Wiring Closet-to-Desktop
New deployments should be
10/100/1000 to enable smooth
migration to Gigabit Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet for high-performance
users increases productivity
Upgrade remaining wiring closets
with 10/100/1000 as required

© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Phased Deployment
• Phase I
Implement Gigabit Ethernet NICs in key servers
Deploy Gigabit Ethernet switches in backbone to
aggregate Fast Ethernet switches
Upgrade wiring closet switches to provide Gigabit
Ethernet connectivity to servers, high-need users, or
large workgroups

• Phase II
Gigabit Ethernet on all new desktop purchases
Deploy non-blocking high performance switches/ports
where necessary

© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Parallel Deployment Strategy
• Any new hardware should be purchased with Gigabit
connectivity!
• Servers and switches
Multiple Gigabit connections in all new servers
Upgrade to Gigabit Ethernet NICs in key existing servers
Deploy Gigabit Ethernet switches in backbone to aggregate Fast
Ethernet switches

• Desktops and wiring closets

Gigabit Ethernet on all new desktop purchases
Upgrade wiring closet switches to provide Gigabit Ethernet
connectivity to servers, high-need users, or large workgroups
Deploy non-blocking high performance switches in the wiring closet
for all users

© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

 S2

10 Gigabit Ethernet
in the Core and for Uplinks
• Aggregates Gigabit
Ethernet segments
• Scales Enterprise and
Service Provider LAN
backbones
• Leverages installed base
of 250 million Ethernet
switch ports
• Supports all IP services
(data, packetized voice
and video),
• Supports metropolitan and
wide area networks
• Faster and simpler
than other alternatives

© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cabling and Gigabit Ethernet

• UTP is the medium of choice for

LAN cabling
• Category 5 is the original “data
grade” UTP cable specification
• 87% of companies have
Category 5 cabling installed
(Sage Research, Inc.)
• Focus on cabling standards—
follow TIA recommendations
and investigate various
performance parameters
• Cabling recommendations for
Gigabit Ethernet deployment

© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cabling Recommendations
• Installed Category 5 Cable that meets the defined
standard will support Gigabit Ethernet
Performance defined per TIA/EIA-568B.2
Cabling that does not meet the defined standard may require testing
to ensure support of the technology

• New installations should specify at least Category 5E with

Category 6 highly recommended
Ensure long-term utility of your cabling
Plan for the future

• Use a certified cabling installer

• Go to www.gigabitsolution.com
Gigabit Ethernet over Copper
Cabling White Paper

© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

 S2

Cisco Catalyst LAN Switching—

Comprehensive Portfolio
Wiring Closet

10/100/1000 10/100/1000

Catalyst 6500 Family

WAN
Servers
Catalyst 4500 Family
Distribution/Backbone

• Scalable, end-to-end intelligent switching

• Foundation for converged service deployment
• Simple, easy-to-use with consistent software Catalyst
and end-to-end management Fixed Configuration
2950/2970/3550/3750
© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Gigabit Intelligent Campus Network Design
Gigabit Ethernet • QoS Trust-Boundary
• Rate-Limiting
Gigabit EtherChannel® • Port-Security
• ACLs
Gigabit EtherChannel • STP Extensions
10 Gigabit Ethernet
• Identity (802.1x)
• High Availability
10 Gigabit Ethernet

CWDM GBIC
10 Gigabit EtherChannel

Internet
• Throughput
• High Availability
• IP Services • Firewall Services
• VPN/IPSec Services
• Rate-Limiting
• Intrusion Detection
• ACLs
• High Availability
• IP Services • Load Balancing
• STP Extensions Data Center • SSL Offload
© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Visit the Networking
Professionals Connection

• Discussion forums
• Online events
• Biweekly newsletter

www.cisco.com/discuss/networking

© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Networking Professionals
Online TechTalk

Steve Shalita Drew Pletcher

Senior Manager, Product Marketing Technical Marketing Engineer

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Motivations for Gigabit to the Desktop

© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Networking Professionals
Online TechTalk

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This Networking Professionals
Online TechTalk Has Ended
Thank You for Participating

© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
TIA Cabling Standards Development

• Category 5 specified in TIA/EIA-568-A (1995)

Performance through 100 MHz
Two Pair Technology
• Category 5E specified in TIA/EIA-568-B.2 (2001)
Performance through 100 MHz
Four Pair Technology
• Category 6 specified in TIA/EIA-568-B.2-1 (2002)
Performance through 250 MHz
Four Pair Technology
© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
TCP Throughput (window/rtt)

• The smallest of three windows determines

throughput
• sbuf, or sender side socket buffers rwin, the
receive window size cwin, TCP congestion
window
• Receive window (rwin) and/or sbuf are still the
most common performance limiters
E.g. 8kB window, 87 msec ping time = 753 kbps
E.g. 64kB window, 14 msec rtt = 37 Mbps

© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Bandwidth*Delay Product and TCP

• TCP needs a receive window (rwin) equal

to or greater than the BW*Delay product to
achieve maximum throughput
• TCP needs sender side socket buffers of
2*BW*Delay to recover from errors
• You need to send about 3*BW*Delay bytes
for TCP to reach maximum speed

© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Bandwidth*Delay Product

• The number of bytes in flight to fill the

entire path

• Includes data in queues if they

contributed to the delay

• Example:
100 Mbps path
ping shows a 75 ms rtt
BDP = 100 * 0.075 = 7.5 million bits
(916 KB)

© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.