CITIZENSHIP

1 mark

When is the World Refugee Day celebrated?

World Refugee Day is celebrated on 20 June. It was created in 2000

by a special UN General Assembly resolution.

Give two reasons for statelessness.

Statelessness may occur due to reasons such as:

 Partition of states and denial of citizenship in a new state

due to discrimination.

 De-nationalisation of a minority group by abusive

governments.

What does the 1951 Geneva Convention deal with?

It is the main international instrument on refugee laws and

provides for the rights of refugees and duties of states towards

refugees.

Mention any two rights denied to refugees in a country.

Refugees do not enjoy political rights such as right to vote and

work in government institutions.

Who are climate refugees?

Climate refugees refer to the people displaced as a result of

changes in climate and environmental disasters. Their means of

livelihood have declined as a result of rising sea levels, droughts

and extreme weather conditions.

Mention two rights of refugees recognised by the international

law.

 Right of non-discrimination based on race, religion or

country of origin.

 Right of association.

Define repatriation.

Repatriation means the process of returning the person back to

his/her place of origin or citizenship. Often refugees are forcefully

returned to their native country after the war.

Martin Luther King said, “Segregation is like social leprosy”.

Comment.
Martin Luther King argued that segregation is like social leprosy

on the body politics (state) because as it inflicts deep psychological

wounds on the people who suffer as a result of such

discriminatory laws.

Name two states of India facing problem of illegal immigration?

Two Indian states with high influx of refugees are: Assam & West

Bengal.

Who are refugees?

Refugees are people forcibly expelled from their homeland and not

granted membership and rights by any state.

What are segregation laws?

These are the laws through which the black people were denied

many civil and political rights in the US.

Name the UN Commission working for refugees.

The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees is a UN

Agency mandated to protect rights of refugees.

When did Civil Rights Movements emerge in U.S.A.?

Civil Rights Movements began in U.S.A in 1950s, against the

inequalities that prevailed between black and white populations.

Who has written “Politics”?

“Politics” is written by Aristotle.

Which part of the Indian Constitution deals with the

citizenship?

The provisions of citizenship are included in the Part III of the

Indian Constitution.

In which year did the French Revolution take place?

The French Revolution had taken place in 1789.

Which all rights are enjoyed by the citizens in a democracy?

Rights enjoyed by citizens in a democracy include:

 Political Rights (right to vote)

 Civil Rights (freedom of speech)

 Socio-Economic Rights (right to minimum wage, right to

education).

Which are considered as the weaker sections of the Indian

society?
SCs, STs and Women are considered as the weaker sections of

Indian society.

What is the key concept in Marshall's idea of citizenship?

“Equality” is the key concept in Marshall's idea of citizenship.

Name the book written by T. H. Marshall.

T.H. Marshall, British sociologist, had written “Citizenship and

Social Class”.

Whose autobiography is '' Long Walk to Freedom''?

“Long Walk to Freedom” is the autobiography of Nelson

Mandela.

In which year '' Citizenship and Social Class'' was written?

“Citizenship and Social Class” was written by T.H. Marshall in

1950.
 2 marks

Is there any restriction on freedom of movement?

Reasonable restrictions may be imposed on freedom of movement

in the interest of general public. For example, restrictions may be

imposed for movement and travelling to control epidemics.

Freedom of movement is also restricted if a person is undergoing a

trial.

What is differentiated citizenship?

The members of certain marginalised groups shall be incorporated

into the political community not only as individuals but also

through the group. Poor, women and ethnic minorities demand

group rights for greater inclusion and participation in the

mainstream society.

Name any two refugee groups struggling for full membership of

a state.

 Palestinian refugees in Gaza strip, Lebanon, Jordan and

Syria.

 Refugees from Darfur region in Sudan immigrating into

neighbouring countries.
Why do people migrate? State any two reasons.

People migrate to urban centres in search of better job

opportunities, better lifestyle and public facilities. People migrate

due to loss of livelihood owing to climate change like rising sea

levels. Example: People are displaced in the Sundarbans due to

loss of habitation and land.

Read the quote and answer the questions:

“We must not allow our creative protest to degenerate into

physical violence.”

Who said the above lines?

Martin Luther King Jr. said the above lines in the context of

Apartheid.

Which creative protest is the person referring to?

Creative protest refers to the peaceful and non-violent resistance

initiated by King Jr. against the segregation laws.

What does the environmental citizenship mean?

Environmental citizenship refers to an idea that each of us is a vital

part of a larger environment and that our future depends on each

one of us accepting the challenge and performing sensibly and

positively towards our environment. The challenges include water

and noise pollution, depletion of ozone layer, population increase

on resource use.

Give two initiatives that you would take as a citizen to improve

environment and contributed to common good?

To save my environment from further degradation:

 I will reduce my carbon footprints by recycling waste.

 I will encourage my friends to ride bicycles or walk over

shorter distances.

 I will initiate ‘plant a tree’ project in my colony.

 I save fuel by car pooling with friends and family.

Which right was redefined in Olga Tellis vs. Bombay Municipal

Corporation in 1985?

In Olga Tellis vs. Bombay Municipal Corporation in 1985, the

Supreme Court said that “Article 21 of the Constitution which

guaranteed right to life included the right to livelihood.” As a

result, slum dwellers were to be provided with alternative

accommodation close to their place of work to protect their right to

livelihood.
Name the political party from South Africa that led the

movement against racial segregation.

Segregation laws prevented the blacks from exercising the

citizenship rights in South Africa. The movement began in 1948

and ANC (African National Congress) was in the forefront in the

movement against racial segregation. ANC is a political party that

led the movement against non-whites in South Africa.

State two methods through which a foreigner can acquire

citizenship.

A foreigner can acquire citizenship through –

 Marriage - By marrying a citizen, foreigner can acquires

citizenship.

 Purchase of Immovable property - If foreigner is allowed to

buy immovable property in the foreign country then one can

acquire citizenship.

State the relationship between citizenship and rights.

A citizen desires to have rights to participate in the functioning of

the government for the enhancement of his personality and for the

well being of the society. Indian constitution provides the

Fundamental Rights to the citizens and it is the duty of the citizens

to help the state in administration.

Mention Abraham Lincoln's view on the role of citizens in

democracy.

According to Abraham Lincoln, "Democracy is the government of

the people, by the people and for the people. In democracy all the

citizens have political rights to express their opinion in

government matters, so it is the duty of every citizen to take part

in democracy. He has not only rights to enjoy but has duties

towards his nation and other citizens also, to make democracy

successful."

What is citizenship?

Citizenship is the status of a legal member of the country.

• It involves rights, duties and privileges.

• The value of citizenship varies from nation to nation.

• In most of the countries, citizenship can mean a citizen has

the right to vote, the right to hold government offices.

What would happen to the citizenship rights of a person who

stayed away from his country for many years?

If a person stays away from the country for a long time, then

he/she may lose citizenship of his original country. The number of

years of absence varies from country to country.

Why struggle was launched by '' blacks'' in South Africa?

The struggle was launched by '' blacks'' in South Africa against

apartheid policies, which denied them equal citizenship rights.

When was National Policy on Urban Street Vendors framed?

National Policy on Urban Street Vendors was framed in January

2004.

How many types of citizenship prevail in the world?

In a democratic state, political identity is provided to the members

through citizenship. Two types of citizenships prevail in the

world:

• Single Citizenship

• Dual Citizenship

Who were denied of citizenship rights by Aristotle?

 Aristotle stipulated that the young and the old could not be

citizens, for one was immature and other infirm.

 Women and slaves were being denied citizenship rights.

 He described a good citizen as someone who could live in

harmony with the constitution and had sufficient leisure time to

devote himself to the task and responsibilities of citizenship.

Mention Aristotle's view on citizenship.

 Aristotle citizenship at the centre of his political analysis.

 A citizen was one who enjoyed the right to share in the

deliberative or judicial office and was able to exercise his political

rights effectively.

 A citizen also enjoyed constitutional rights under the system

of public law.

Is it possible for the citizens to influence government policies?

Yes, it is possible for the citizens to influence government policies,

infact citizens are empowered to influence public opinion and

government decision-making. The right to protest is an important

aspect of freedom of expression guaranteed in Indian constitution

to the citizens, through which citizens can bring changes in the

government policies.
 4 marks

Martin Luther king Jr. opposed segregation laws. Highlight the

arguments given by him?

King Jr. raised many arguments against the then existing

segregation laws. First, in terms of self-worth and dignity every

person in the world is equal regardless of one’s race or colour.

Secondly, he argued that segregation creates artificial boundaries

between people and prevents them from cooperating with each

other for the overall benefit of the country.

Mention the four waves of modern citizenship given by Bryan S.

Turner.

Turner mentioned four waves of modern citizenship as an

alternative to the historical evolution that Marshall suggests. These

are:

 Consequences of removal of property connotation from

definition of citizenship.

 Removal of sex as a category.

 Redistribution of age, kinship and family for citizenship

rights.
 Expansion of citizenship rights by including nature and

environment.

What does the slogan ‘Mumbai for Mumbaikars’ tells us?

The slogan is an example of growing resentment among

Mumbaikars towards people coming from other states. It was a

parochial and unconstitutional demand raised by the MNS

(Maharashtra Navnirman Sena). Such resentment arises from the

competition over resources and jobs among the locals and those

coming to Mumbai from other states. These sentiments are further

fuelled by the political parties to gain political mileage. Such

regionalism often results in criminal deeds and lawlessness.

Which notion is closely linked to an understanding of

globalization and cosmopolitanism?

Global Citizenship is closely linked to an understanding of

globalization and cosmopolitanism. It is participatory action,

entails a responsibility to alleviate local and global inequality,

while simultaneously avoiding action that hinders the well being

of individuals or damage the planet.

Name the nation where “Dual Citizenship” prevails.

 ‘Dual Citizenship’ prevails in U.S.A.

 Citizenship clause in the fourteenth amendment of the

constitution of U.S.A states, ‘All persons born or naturalized in the

United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof are citizens of

the United States and of the state wherein they reside.’

Distinguish between citizen and an alien?

A citizen is a member of a state. In order to enhance the quality of

life, certain rights are provided to the citizens by the state, whereas

an alien is not a member of the state in which he is residing and his

stay is only for a temporary period.

Is it possible for the people to acquire citizenship of a state of

their choice?

No. It is not possible for the people to acquire citizenship of a state

of their choice.

 Criteria for granting citizenship are mentioned in the

constitutions.

 States often use discretionary powers to grant citizenship to

new applicants.

 In Germany, citizenship rights of Turkish worker’s children

are still being debated.

Write a short note on the universality of citizenship.

Modern political thought generally assumed that the universality

of citizenship transcends particularity and difference.

It further says, whatever be the social differences among citizens,

irrespective of their inequalities of wealth, status, and power,

political citizenship gives everyone the same status as members of

a political entity i.e. nation.

What type of citizenship prevails in India and mention an

important event which depicts “Unity in Diversity”.

 Single citizenship prevails in India. An attempt is being

made in Indian Constitution to accommodate different languages,

religions and cultural practices.

 Republic Day parade in Delhi depicts '' Unity in Diversity''

since all the states and union territories are represented in this.

Write a short note on equal rights of the citizens.

 One of the important aspects of citizenship is whether full

and equal membership would lead to equal rights.

 Equal rights for citizens do not imply that uniform policies to

be applied to all the people.

 It is important that while formulating policies government

should take account of different needs and claims of the people.

What are the provisions of the citizenship in the Indian

Constitution?

 Part III of the Indian Constitution includes provisions about

citizenship.

 Constitution provides that citizenship can be acquired by

birth, descent, registration, naturalization or inclusion of territory.

 State should not discriminate between citizens on grounds of

race, caste sex, place of birth etc.

 Rights of religious and linguistic minorities should be

protected.

“Citizenship is not just a relationship between state and its

members.” Comment.

 Citizens are inheritors and trustee of culture and natural

resources of the country. Citizenship is not just a relationship

between state and its members.

 It is a citizen-citizen relationship as well, involves obligations

of citizens, not just legal obligations but moral obligations as well.

 6 marks

Examine the reasons for resistance movements by locals against

outsiders?

One of the rights granted to citizens in India is freedom of

movement. This right is of particular importance for workers.

Labour tends to travel in search of jobs when opportunities are not

available in their own states. For instance, I.T workers may flock to

Bangalore, infrastructure projects like road making in

metropolitans attract workers from different regions of the

country.

The coming of people from other regions often causes competition

and conflict over resources and jobs. Often resistance builds up

among the local people against so many jobs going to people from

outside the area sometimes at lower wages. Resistance could even

take the form of organised violence against ‘outsiders’. Political

parties also take up these issues to secure their vote bank. Almost

every region in India has experienced such movements. It should

be remembered that migrants make a significant contribution to

the local economy. These issues have a debate on the right to

freedom of movement – whether it includes right to live and work

in any part of the country.

In the context of the global community, explain “Global

Citizenship”.

Global Citizenship may refer to a nation-state’s responsibilities to

act with awareness of the world as a global community, by both

recognizing and fulfilling its global obligations and recognizing

the right of global ‘citizen’.

 Global Citizenship is both moral and ethical disposition

which might guide an individual or group's understanding of the

local and global context and their relative responsibilities within

different communities.

 It is motivated through a set of commitments to local

interests (love of family, communal fairness, self interest) and a

sense of universal equality and notions of care for human beings

and the world in its entirety.

 Global Citizenship as participatory action entails a

responsibility to remove local and global inequality, while

simultaneously avoiding action that hinders the well being of

individuals or damage the planet.

State the qualities of a good citizen.

 A good citizen must be loyal to perform his duties sincerely

and consciously.
 Exercise political power, keeping in mind the interest of the

country.

 Pay his taxes honestly and regularly.

 Should strictly follow the laws.

 Help public servants during the course of investigation.

 During war, if required, should join armed forces.

 Should keep national interest above his own self-interest.

Explain T.H. Marshall's views in ‘Citizenship and social class’.

 T.H. Marshall, in ‘Citizenship and Social Class’ emphasized

on the relationship between citizenship, equality and rights.

 He distinguished between three dimensions of citizenship:

1. Political Equality

2. Civil Equality

3. Social Equality

 Citizenship implies political equality- ‘an equal right to

participate in the exercise of political power, as a member of a

body invested with political authority’.

 All citizens enjoy civil equality- ‘an equality of rights

necessary for individual freedom- liberty of the person, freedom of

speech, thought and faith, the right to own property and to

conclude valid contracts and the right to justice.

 Citizenship implies a degree of social equality.

 Social elements of citizenship encompass the whole range of

rights- right to economic welfare and security, access to education

and employment and opportunities to lead a life of dignity.

Write a note on ‘A Treatise on Government’.

In ‘A Treatise on Government’ Aristotle is forced to admit that the

state is not possible without the co-operation of men whom he will

not admit to membership in it, either because they are not capable

of sufficient rational appreciation of political ends, like the

barbarians whom he thought were natural slaves, because the

leisure necessary for citizenship can only be gained by the work of

the artisans who by that very work make themselves incapable of

the life which they make possible for others. Aristotle placed the

theme of citizenship at the centre of his political analysis.

A citizen was one who enjoyed the right to share in the

deliberative or judicial office and was able to exercise his political

rights effectively.

Under the system of public law, constitutional rights were enjoyed

by the citizens.
What are major hindrances for the successful functioning of the

democracy?

The citizens have an important role to play for the smooth

functioning of the democracy. Infact questions have been raised

whether there is a need to have a qualification to be a citizen or

not? Major hindrances for the successful functioning of the

democracy are:

 Illiteracy - Illiterate persons don’t understand their rights

and duties and so they are unable to discharge their

responsibilities as a citizen. They are ignorant of the importance of

their vote many are innocent and easily influenced by others while

exercising their right to vote.

 Poverty – Poverty is a major hindrance, which subsequently

affects the growth of a nation.

 Indifference - If a citizen is indifferent to government

matters, how can democracy of the people function?

 Unemployment - High rate of unemployment is a matter of

concern.

 Lack of People’s participation - People’s participation plays

an important role for the success of the development programme.

It is important that the citizens should participate in all the

developmental activities to make it a success. If people are

disillusioned with politics, they may not participate actively and

express their opinion on various issues.