Power Control Strategy of Parallel Inverter

Interfaced DG Units
H.R. Baghaee, M.Mirsalim, M. J. Sanjari, G.B. Gharehpetian
Center of Excellence on Power system, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
E-mails: hrbaghaee@aut.ac.ir, mirsalim@aut.ac.ir, m_j_sanjari@aut.ac.ir, grptian@aut.ac.ir ,

Abstract—In this paper, a power control strategy for
parallel inverters of DGs, which are connected to harmonic
polluted grids, is proposed. In order to optimize the
controller performance, the dual-time sampling scheme is
implemented. Also, the parameters of the controller are
optimized by Harmony Search Algorithm. The simulation
results show that by using this scheme the system control
delay is minimized, and the proposed controller presents a
high performance even under presence of system harmonics
or fault.
Keywords— Parallel Inverters, Distributed Generation,
Harmonics, Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation.
I. INTRODUCTION
The Installation of a variety of small-size DG is changing
the traditional structure of distribution systems. The
integration of DG units within the existing infrastructure
requires a full understanding of their impact on power
flow and power quality at both customer and utility sides
[1-3]. Depending on the distribution system operating
characteristics and the DG characteristics, the impacts
might be positive or negative. DGs have different
characteristics, and therefore, their impact on voltage
control, stability, and system protection will also be
different [4-7]. DGs should meet various operating
requirements of the utilities or the power system
operators [8-10]. Considering the inherent benefits of
power electronic (PE) interfaces [11], they have widely
used for DG sources. Also, different aspects of DG
interconnection like power quality and protection issues
have been discussed, too [12-14].
As the system load grows, the Uninterruptible Power
Supply (UPS) needs to be replaced with a higher capacity
one. Also, if the UPS fails, the entire system is affected.
To increase the reliability as well as power capability of
the supply system, a single UPS unit can be replaced with
a multiple smaller UPS in parallel. This system has many
advantages like expandability, modularity,
maintainability, redundancy, and increased reliability
[15].
To realize the above mentioned goals, different
approaches have been discussed in [16-39]. The load
sharing of parallel three phase inverters has been
discussed in [20-24]. The current sharing control strategy
for parallel multi-inverter systems to achieve a weighted
output current distribution has been introduced in [25,
26]. The wireless load sharing and control of parallel
three phase inverters has also been presented [27-30].
Some other aspects like maximum current control
strategy, failure isolation and hot-swap features and
bidirectional power flow in grid connected inverters have
been investigated in [31-35]. In [30,36-38], the
interconnection of DGs to the system using this scheme
has been proposed.
With a pulse width modulation (PWM) based switching
strategy, the converter connecting DGs to the grid will
contains low-order harmonics. To decrease the current
harmonic content of the DG interconnection, a new
approach based on space vector pulse width modulation
(SVPWM) switching strategy is used in this paper. In the
proposed approach, a power control strategy for parallel
inverter interfaced DG units, shown in Fig. 1, is
presented, too. In order to optimize the parameters of the
controller, Harmony Search Algorithm (HSA) is used.
II. SVM SWITCHING STRATEGY
All modulation techniques try to obtain variable output
voltage with maximum fundamental component and
minimum harmonics. Many PWM techniques have been
developed to let the inverters to posses desired output
characteristics, achieve a wide linear modulation range
and higher efficiency, and have less switching and
commutation losses and lower Total Harmonic Distortion
(THD) [39-43].
The Space Vector Modulation (SVM) technique is more
popular than conventional techniques because it has
lower base band harmonics than regular PWM or
sinusoidal PWM (SPWM). SVM increases the output
capability of SPWM without distorting line to line output
voltage waveform. Moreover, SVM has 15% higher
fundamental output voltage than conventional modulation
methods and leads to better DC link utilization [43].
In SVM technique, the three phase quantities can be
transformed to their equivalent two phase quantity either
in synchronously rotating or stationary reference frame
[44, 45]. The reference vector magnitude can be found
using this two phase component and used to modulate the
inverter output. A three phase sinusoidal voltage set is
assumed to be as follows:
Va = Vm sin (ωt )
§ 2π ·
Vb = Vm sin ¨¨ ωt − ¸¸
© 3 ¹ (1)
§ 2π ·
Vc = Vm sin ¨¨ ωt + ¸
© 3 ¸¹

629
978-1-4244-1742-1/08/$25.00 
c 2008 IEEE
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Fig.1 Configuration of system under study

When this three phase voltage set is applied to the AC Hence, we have:
machine, it produces a rotating flux in the air gap of the Vα + jVβ =
2§ 2 ·
¨Va + aVb + a Vc ¸
AC machine. This rotating flux component can be 3© ¹
2§ § 2π · § 2π · · 2 § § 2π · § 2π · · (6)
represented as a single rotating voltage vector. The = ¨Va + cos¨¨ ¸¸Vb + cos¨¨ 3 ¸¸Vc ¸¸ + j 3 ¨¨ sin ¨¨ 3 ¸¸Vb − sin ¨¨ 3 ¸¸Vc ¸¸
3 ©¨ © 3 ¹
magnitude and angle of the rotating vector can be found © ¹ ¹ © © ¹ © ¹ ¹

by means of Clark’s transformation [44-45]. The Separating the real and imaginary parts of (6), results in
representation of the rotating vector in the complex plane the following equations:
has been shown in Fig. 2. 2§ § 2π · § 2π · ·
Vα = ¨¨Va + cos¨ ¸Vb + cos¨ ¸Vc ¸¸ (7)
Space vector representation of the 3 phase quantity can be 3© © 3 ¹ © 3 ¹ ¹
expressed as follows.
2§ § 2π · § 2π · ·
* 2
V = Vα + jVβ = Va + aVb + a 2Vc
3
( ) (2) Vβ = ¨¨ 0Va + sin ¨
3© © 3 ¹
¸Vb − sin ¨ ¸Vc ¸¸
© 3 ¹ ¹
(8)

where, ª § 2π · § 2π · º ªV º
1 cos¨ ¸ cos¨ ¸» a
a = 1∠120$ (3) ªVα º 2 « © 3 ¹ © 3 ¹ ».«V »
« »= «
« b»
V = Vα 2 + Vβ 2 (4) «¬Vβ »¼ 3 «0 sin §¨ 2π ·¸ − sin §¨ 2π ·¸» « »
« 3 3 » ¬Vc ¼
¬ © ¹ © ¹¼
§ Vβ · (9)
α = tan −1¨¨ ¸
¸ (5) ª
1 −
1
−
1 º ªV º
a
© Vα ¹ 2« 2 2 »».«V »
= «
3« 3 3 » « b»
0 − «V »
¬« 2 2 »¼ ¬ c ¼
In the SVM switching strategy, a sinusoidal voltage is
treated as a constant amplitude vector rotating at constant
frequency. The reference voltage, Vref is usually
approximated by a combination of the eight switching
patterns (V0 to V7).Then, three-phase voltage vectors are
transformed into a vector in the stationary d-q coordinate
frame which represents the spatial vector sum of the
three-phase voltages [14].
To realize the SVM switching strategy, direct and
quadrature axis voltage components, Vd and Vq, and the

Fig. 2 Representation of rotating vector in complex plane

630 2008 13th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (EPE-PEMC 2008)
 reference voltage and angle α must be obtained using and V0. T0 is the period in a sampling period for null
(10). vectors should be filled. As each switching period (half of
ª 1 1 º ªV º sampling period) Tz must start and end with zero vectors,
ªVd º 2 «1 − 2 − an
2 » «V » i.e., there will be two zero vectors per Tz or four null
« »= « » « bn » vectors per Ts, the duration of each null vector is Ts/4
«¬Vq »¼ 3 «0 3
−
3»
«V »
¬« 2 2 ¼» ¬ cn ¼ [43].Therefore, the time duration T1, T2 and T0 can be
(10) calculated as following:
Vref = Vd 2 + Vd 2 T2 T1 T1 + T2 T2
§ Vq · ³ Vref dt = ³ V1dt + ³ V2dt + ³ V2dt
α = tan −1 ¨¨ ¸ = ω s t = 2πf s t
¸ 0 0 T1 T1 + T2
© Vd ¹
T1, T2 and T0 represent the time widths for vectors V1, V2 (
∴Tz Vref = T1V1 + T2V2 )
ª § π ·º
ªcos(α )º 2 ª1 º 2 «cos¨ ¸»
© 3 ¹»
Tz Vref .« » = .T1.Vdc « » + .T2 .Vdc «
¬ sin (α ) ¼ 3 0
¬ ¼ 3 « § π ·»
sin ¨ ¸»
«
¬ © 3 ¹¼
_
V ref
where 0 < α < 60 (11)
§π ·
sin ¨ − α ¸
© 3 ¹
∴T1 = Tz a
§π ·
sin ¨ ¸
©3¹
sin (α )
∴T2 = Tz a
_ §π ·
V2 sin ¨ ¸
©3¹

1 Vref
T0 = Tz − (T1 + T2 ), where, Tz =
_
V ref and a = (12)
fs 2
.Vdc
T2 _ 3
V2
Tz
_ Then, switching time of each switch (S1 to S6) must be
V1
T1 _ determined. The voltage space vector and its components
V1
Tz in dq plane is show in Fig. 3a. The switching sequence
for the lower and upper switches has been shown in
Table. 1.
The above mentioned symmetrical pulse pattern for two
Fig. 3. a) Voltage Space Vector and its components in (d,q) axis consecutive Tz intervals are shown and Ts=2 and Tz=1/fs is
b) Reference vector as a combination of adjacent vectors at sector 1
the sampling time, where fs is switching frequency. Note
that the null time has been conveniently distributed
TABLE. 1 SWITCHING SEQUENCE
between the V0 and V7 vectors to describe the
Sector Upper Switches (S1, lower Switches symmetrical pulse width. Studies have been shown that a
S3, S5) (S4, S6, S2) symmetrical pulse pattern gives minimal output
1 S1=T1+T2+T0/2 S4= T0/2 harmonics [39].
S3= T2+T0/2 S6= T2+T0/2
S5= T0/2 S2= T1+T2+T0/2
2 S1=T1+ T0/2 S4= T2+T0/2 III. CONTROLLER DESIGN
S3= T1+ T2+T0/2 S6= T0/2
S5= T0/2 S2= T1+T2+T0/2 The line currents and the grid voltage at the Point of
Common Coupling (PCC) are feedback variables. These
3 S1= T0/2 S4= T1+T2+T0/2
variables are transformed to the dqo frame by the Park
S3= T1+ T2+T0/2 S6= T0/2
transform as [44] follows:
S5= T2+T0/2 S2= T1+ T0/2
4 S1= T0/2 S4= T1+T2+T0/2
ª
( )
«cos θ g
§
cos¨θ g −
2π · §
¸ cos¨θ g +
3 ¹
2π ·º
¸»
3 ¹» ª f º
S3= T1+T0/2 S6= T2+T0/2 ª fq º « © ©
a
S5= T1+T2+T0/2 S2= T0/2 « » 2«
( )
« f d » = 3 « sin θ g
§
sin ¨θ g −
2π ·
3
§
¸ sin ¨θ g +
2π · » « »
3
¸ » « fb » (13)
5 S1= T2+T0/2 S4= T1+ T0/2 «¬ f 0 »¼ « © ¹ © ¹ »« »
f
« 1 1 1 »¬ c ¼
S3= T0/2 S6= T1+T2+T0/2 « 2 »
2 2
S5= T1+T2+T0/2 S2= T0/2 ¬ ¼
6 S1=T1+T2+T0/2 S4= T0/2 Where,
t
S3= T0/2 S6= T1+T2+T0/2 θ g = ³ ω g (t )dt + α (0) (14)
S5= T1+T0/2 S2= T2+T0/2 0

2008 13th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (EPE-PEMC 2008) 631
 Using this transform, the line currents and the PCC (HMS), or the number of solution vectors in the harmony
voltage are transformed to the dq0 frame. Then, the memory; harmony memory considering rate (HMCR);
reference currents of q and d axis can be calculated by the pitch adjusting rate (PAR); number of decision variables
following equations: (N) and the number of improvisations (NI), or stopping
Pref criterion. The harmony memory (HM) is a memory
I q ,ref = location where all the solution vectors (sets of decision
§2· (15)
¨ ¸ × V PCC ,q variables) are stored. This HM is similar to the genetic
©3¹ pool in the GA [48]. Here, HMCR and PAR are
Qref (16) parameters that are used to improve the solution vector
I d ,ref = and both defined in Step 3.
§2·
¨ ¸ × V PCC ,q
©3¹ B. Initialize the harmony memory
The difference between reference and actual currents of q The HM matrix is filled with as many randomly
and d axis are the input of the proportional integral (PI) generated solution vectors as the HMS.
controller. The outputs of PI controllers are added to the
actual q and d axis voltages. The result is the reference q
and d axis voltages. ª x 11 x 21 ... x N1 −1 x N1 º
Tend « 2 »
« x1 x 22 ... x N2 −1 x N2
( )
V d ,ref = V d + K P ,d I d ,ref − I d + K I ,d
³ (I d , ref )
− I d .dt (17) HM = «     
»
»
(20)
0 « HMS −1 »
Tend «x 1 x 2HMS −1 ... x NHMS
−1
−1 HMS −1
xN »
(
V q,ref = V q + K P,q I q,ref − I q + K I ,q ) ³ (I q ,ref )
− I q .dt (18) « x HMS
¬ 1 x 2HMS HMS
... x N −1 x NHMS »¼
0
where, Tend is the simulation time. These reference C. Improvise a new harmony
voltages are the input of SVM system. A new harmony vector, x 1′ = (x 1′, x 2′ ,..., x N′ ) , is generated
In the normal operating condition of parallel inverters, the
based on three rules: (1) memory consideration, (2) pitch
converter should compensate the harmonics of the grid.
adjustment and (3) random selection. Generating a new
The controller output signals are used as the input to the
harmony is called ‘improvisation’ [48]. In the memory
SVM pulse generating module.
consideration, the value of the first decision variable x 1′
IV. HARMONY SEARCH ALGORITHM for the new vector is chosen from any value in the
specified HM range (x 11 − x 1HMS ) . Values of the other
The parameters of the controller has been also optimized
using HAS described in the next section. The objective decision variables (x 2′ , x 3′ ,..., x N′ ) are chosen in the same
function is integral of time square of total error (ITSE) manner. The HMCR, which varies between 0 and 1, is the
namely: rate of choosing one value from the historical values
Tend stored in the HM, while (1 _ HMCR) is the rate of
ITSE = ³ t.((I
0
d , ref − Id )2 + (I q,ref − I q )2 )dt (19) randomly selecting one value from the possible range of
values.
The steps in the procedure of HSA are as follows [46-47]: ­°x ′ ∈ {x i1 , x i2 ,..., x i HMS } with probability HMCR
x i′ ← ® i (21)
Step 1: Initialize the problem and algorithm parameters. °̄ x i′ ∈ X i with probability (1 − HMCR )
Step 2: Initialize the harmony memory.
For example, a HMCR of 0.85 indicates that the HS
Step 3: Improvise a new harmony.
algorithm will choose the decision variable value from
Step 4: Update the harmony memory.
historically stored values in the HM with the 85%
Step 5: Check the stopping criterion.
probability or from the entire possible range with the
These steps will be described in the next five subsections.
100–85% probability. Every component obtained by the
memory consideration is examined to determine whether
A. Initialize the problem and algorithm parameters it should be pitch-adjusted. This operation uses the PAR
parameter, which is the rate of pitch adjustment as
The optimization problem is specified as follows:
follows:
min {f (x ) | x ∈ X } subject to g (x ) ≥ 0 and h (x ) = 0
­Y es with probability PAR
where, f(x) is the objective function and g(x) is the x i′ ← ® (22)
¯ No with probability (1 − PAR )
inequality constraint function; h(x) is the equality
constraint function. x is the set of each decision variable, The value of (1 _ PAR) sets the rate of doing nothing. If
x i , and X is the set of the possible range of values for the pitch adjustment decision for x i′ is Yes, x i′ is
each decision variable, that is X i ,min ≤ X i ≤ X i ,max . replaced as follows:
x i′ ← x i′ ± rand () * bw (23)
where X i ,min and X i ,max are the lower and upper bounds
Where, bw is an arbitrary distance bandwidth, rand () is a
for each decision variable. The HSA parameters are also random number between 0 and 1.
specified in this step. These are the harmony memory size

632 2008 13th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (EPE-PEMC 2008)
In Step 3, HM consideration, pitch adjustment or random Case2: Normal condition, DG units are not the same
selection is applied to each variable of the new harmony
In this case, both DG units of parallel inverter interfaced
vector in turn.
are micro turbine generator (MTG) discussed in [49] and
the fuel cell discussed in [50]. The PCC voltage,
D. Update harmony memory
harmonic spectrum and active and reactive power of the
If the new harmony vector, x i′ = ( x 1′, x 2′ ,..., x N′ ) is better
inverters have been shown in Fig. 5. In this case, THD of
than the worst harmony in the HM‘, judged in terms of PCC voltage is equal to 6.63%.
the objective function value, the new harmony is included
in the HM and the existing worst harmony is excluded Case3: Fault condition of case1
from the HM. In this case, a three phase fault has been simulated in the
case 1. The PCC voltage and active and reactive power of
E. Check stopping criterion the inverters have been shown in Fig. 6.
If the stopping criterion (maximum number of
improvisations) is satisfied, computation is terminated. Case4: Fault condition of case 2
Otherwise, Steps 3 and 4 should be repeated. In this case, the three phase fault has been applied to the
case 2. The PCC voltage and active and reactive power of
V. SIMULATION RESULTS the inverters has been shown in Fig. 7. Simulation results
The proposed parallel inverter interfaced DG units has indicate that the proposed controller presents a good
been simulated for four different cases: performance for normal and fault conditions.
Case1: Normal condition
In this case, both DG units of parallel inverter interfaced VI. CONCLUSION
are microturbine generator (MTG) discussed in [49]. The In this paper, a new control strategy for parallel inverter
PCC voltage, harmonic spectrum and active and reactive interfaced distributed generation units have been
power of inverters have been shown in Fig. 4. in this case proposed. The space vector pulse width modulation has
THD of PCC voltage is equal to 4.06%. also used to generate switching signals of parallel

4000
4000

3000
3000

2000 2000

1000 1000
Phase A Voltage (V)
PCC Voltage (V)

0 0

-1000 -1000

-2000 -2000

-3000 -3000

-4000 -4000
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05 0.055 0.06 0.065 0.07 0.075 0.08
Time (sec.) Time (sec.)

a) a)

b) b)

c) c)
Fig. 4. a) PCC voltage, b) Harmonic Fig. 5. a) PCC voltage, b) Harmonic
spectrum and c) active and reactive power spectrum and c) active and reactive power
for case1 for case2

2008 13th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (EPE-PEMC 2008) 633
 4000 4000
Voltage of phase A

3000 3000

2000 2000

1000 1000

Phase A Voltage (V)

PCC Voltage (V)
0 0

-1000 -1000

-2000 -2000

-3000 -3000

-4000 -4000
0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05 0.055 0.06 0.065 0.07 0.075 0.08 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05 0.055 0.06 0.065 0.07 0.075 0.08
Time (sec) Time (sec.)

a) a)

b) b)

Fig. 6. a) PCC voltage, b) Harmonic Fig. 7. a) PCC voltage, b) Harmonic

spectrum and c) active and reactive power spectrum and c) active and reactive power
for case3 for case4

[11] B. Kroposki, C. Pink, R. DeBlasio, H. Thomas, M. Simoes and

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harmonics and power flow control. [12] J. Liang, T. C. Green, G. Weiss, and Q.-C. Zhong, “Evaluation of
repetitive control for power quality improvement of distributed
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BIOGRAPHIES
Hamid Reza Baghaee (IEEE Student Member'
2008) received the BSc degree in Electrical
Engineering from Kashan University in 2006.
Currently he is graduate student of Power
Engineering in Amirkabir University of
Technology. His research interests are power
system dynamic and control, HVDC & FACTS
devices, Distributed Generation (DG) and
application of Artificial Intelligence in power
systems.
Mojtaba Mirsalim (IEEE Senior Member' 2004)
was born in Tehran, Iran, on February 14, 1956.
He received his B.S. degree in EECS/NE, M.S.
degree in Nuclear Engineering from the
University of California, Berkeley in 1978 and
1980 respectively, and the PhD in Electrical
Engineering from Oregon State University,
Corvallis in 1986. Since 1987 he has been at
Amirkabir University of Technology, has served
5 years as the Vice Chairman and more than 7 years as the General
Director in Charge of Academic Assessments, and currently is a Full
Professor in the department of Electrical Engineering where he teaches
courses and conducts research in energy conversion and CAD, among
others.
His special fields of interest include the design, analysis, prototyping,
and optimization of electric machines, renewable energy, FEM, and
hybrid vehicles. Mirsalim is the author of more than 100 international
journal and conference papers and three books on electric machinery
and FEM. He is the founder and at present, the director of the Electrical
Machines & Transformers Research Laboratory at
http://ele.aut.ac.ir/EMTRL/Homepage.htm
635
 Mohammad Javad Sanjari received the BSc
degree in Electrical Engineering from Amirkabir
University of Technology in 2006. Currently he
is graduate student of Power Engineering in
Amirkabir University of Technology. His
research interests are power system dynamic and
control, power system security assessment,
HVDC & FACTS devices, Distributed
Generation (DG) and application of Artificial
Intelligence in power systems.

G.B. Gharehpetian (IEEE Member) was born

in Tehran, in 1962. He received his BS and MS
degrees in electrical engineering in 1987 and
1989 from Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran and
Amirkabir University of Technology (AUT),
Tehran, Iran, respectively, graduating with First
Class Honors. In 1989 he joined the Electrical
Engineering Department of AUT as a lecturer.
He received the Ph.D. degree in electrical
engineering from Tehran University, Tehran,
Iran, in 1996. As a Ph.D. student he has received scholarship from
DAAD (German Academic Exchange Service) from 1993 to 1996 and
he was with High Voltage Institute of RWTH Aachen, Aachen,
Germany. He held the position of Assistant Professor in AUT from
1997 to 2003, and has been Associate Professor since 2004. Dr.
Gharehpetian is a Senior Member of Iranian Association of Electrical
and Electronics Engineers (IAEEE), member of IEEE and member of
central board of IAEEE. Since 2004 he is the Editor-in-Chief of the
Journal of IAEEE. The power engineering group of AUT has been
selected as a Center of Excellence on Power Systems in Iran since
2001. He is a member of this center and since 2004 the Research
Deputy of this center. Since November 2005 he is the director of the
industrial relation office of AUT. He is the author of more than 200
journal and conference papers. His teaching and research interest
include power system and transformers transients, FACTS devices and
HVDC transmission.

636 2008 13th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (EPE-PEMC 2008)